BANDSTOP FILTER

In signal processing, a band-stop filter or band-rejection filter is a filter that passes most frequencies unaltered, but attenuates those in a specific range to very low levels. It is the opposite of a band-pass filter. A notch filter is a band-stop filter with a narrow stopband (high Q factor). Notch filters are used in live sound reproduction (Public Address systems, also known as PA systems) and in instrument amplifier(especially amplifiers or preamplifiers for acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitar, mandolin, bass instrument amplifier, etc.) to reduce or prevent feedback, while having little noticeable effect on the rest of the frequency spectrum. Other names include 'band limit filter', 'T-notch filter', 'band-elimination filter', and 'band-reject filter'. Typically, the width of the stopband is less than 1 to 2 decades (that is, the highest frequency attenuated is less than 10 to 100 times the lowest frequency attenuated). In the audio band, a notch filter uses high and low frequencies that may be only semitones apart. Audio example 1: Anti-hum filter Low Freq: 59 Hz High Freq: 61 Hz

This means that the filter passes all frequencies, except for the range of 5961 Hz. This would be used to filter out the mains hum from a 60 Hz power line, though its higher harmonics could still be present. The common European version of the filter would have a 4951 Hz range. Audio example 2: Anti-presence filter Low Freq: 1 kHz High Freq: 4 kHz

RF example 1: Non-linearities of power amplifiers For instance, when measuring non-linearities of power amplifiers a very narrow notch filter could be very useful to avoid the carrier so maximum input power of e.g. a spectrum analyser used to detect spurious content will not be exceeded. RF example 2: Wave trap A notch filter, usually a simple LC circuit, used to remove a specific interfering frequency. This is a technique used with radio receivers that are so close to a transmitter that it swamps all other signals. The wave trap is used to remove, or greatly reduce, the signal from the local transmitter.
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BANDSTOP FILTER
A Band-Stop Filter is a circuit that allows most frequencies to pass, but blocks or attenuates a certain range or band of frequencies. It is also known as a 'band-elimination' filter or a 'bandrejection filter'. The band-stop filter is the opposite of the band-pass filter. The range of frequencies that a band-stop filter blocks is known as the 'stopband', which is bound by a lower cut-off frequency f1 and a higher cut-off frequency f2. A special type of band-stop filter, known as the 'notch filter', is one whose stopband is very narrow, thus creating a 'notch' in the frequencies allowed to pass. The notch filter is therefore a band-stop filter that has a high Q factor. Combining several notch filters together forms a 'comb filter', which is a filter that has multiple stopbands. An ideal band-stop filter is one whose stopband is completely rejected by it, while allowing all other frequencies to pass unchanged (no gain nor attenuation). In an ideal band-stop filter, the transition of the response from outside the stopband to within the stopband and vice versa is instantaneous. Of course, an ideal notch filter doesn't exist in the real world, i.e., complete attenuation within the stopband can not be achieved while frequencies outside the stopband undergo some level of attenuation. The over-all impedance of a resonant series LC circuit consisting of an inductor and a capacitor in series with each other will drop to zero at the resonant frequency because the reactances of the inductor and the capacitor cancel each other out under resonance. On the other hand, the over-all impedance of a resonant parallel LC circuit consisting of an inductor and a capacitor in parallel with each other will increase to infinity at the resonant frequency, i.e., the reactances of the inductor and the capacitor result in zero current flow under resonance. Resonant series and parallel LC circuits may thus be combined to form a notch filter as shown in Figure 1. In this circuit, the resonant parallel LC circuits are used to block frequencies within the stopband, while the resonant series LC circuit is used to attenuate frequencies within the stopband by shunting them towards the ground.

Figure 1. A Notch Filter Using Resonant LC Circuits

The following equations apply to the notch filter in Figure 1 above: 1) L = Zo (f2-f1) / (f1f2); Lf = Zo / (4(f2-f1)) 2) C = 1 / (4(f2-f1)Zo); Cf = (f2-f1) / ((f2f1Zo)) 3) fo = sqrt(f1f2) = 1 / (2(sqrt(LC))) = 1 / (2(sqrt(LfCf))) 4) Zo = sqrt(L/Cf) = sqrt(Lf/C) where Zo = line impedance; f1 = lower cut-off frequency; f2 = upper cut-off frequency; fo = resonant frequency.

BANDSTOP FILTER
Also called band-elimination, band-reject, or notch filters, this kind of filter passes all frequencies above and below a particular range set by the component values. Not surprisingly, it can be made out of a low-pass and a high-pass filter, just like the band-pass design, except that this time we connect the twofilter sections in parallel with each other instead of in series. (Figure below)

System level block diagram of a band-stop filter. Constructed using two capacitive filter sections, it looks something like (Figure below).

Twin-T band-stop filter. The low-pass filter section is comprised of R1, R2, and C1 in a T configuration. The highpass filter section is comprised of C2, C3, and R3 in a T configuration as well. Together, this arrangement is commonly known as a Twin-T filter, giving sharp response when the component values are chosen in the following ratios:

Given these component ratios, the frequency of maximum rejection (the notch frequency) can be calculated as follows:

The impressive band-stopping ability of this filter is illustrated by the following SPICE analysis: (Figure below) twin-t bandstop filter v1 1 0 ac 1 sin r1 1 2 200 c1 2 0 2u r2 2 3 200 c2 1 4 1u r3 4 0 100 c3 4 3 1u rload 3 0 1k .ac lin 20 200 1.5k .plot ac v(3) .end

Response of twin-T band-stop filter. REVIEW:

A band-stop filter works to screen out frequencies that are within a certain range, giving easy passage only to frequencies outside of that range. Also known as bandelimination, band-reject, or notch filters. Band-stop filters can be made by placing a low-pass filter in parallel with a highpass filter. Commonly, both the low-pass and high-pass filter sections are of the T configuration, giving the name Twin-T to the band-stop combination. The frequency of maximum attenuation is called the notch frequency.

How does a designer create a Band Reject Filter? Solution: The best way to implement a band reject filter is to sum together the outputs of a low pass and high pass filter:

The best implementation is definitely NOT a low Q notch filter:

Some points are worth noting:

The figure shows that although both filters have identical 3 dB points, there is much more rejection of unwanted signals in the stop band with the low pass summed with the high pass than there is with the notch filter - with the single exception of the center frequency. The performance increase that comes with summing low pass and high pass filter outputs comes at the expense of an additional opamp - the opamp that performs the summing function. Higher order low pass and high pass filters will improve the performance of the band reject filter. The farther apart the passbands are, the better the performance of the band reject filter.