PAPER 6 NOTES

Abdul Wahhab Azam

ERRORS and DISTURBANCES

Measurments Mass Weight and Density Force Moment Work
Parallax error: Parallax error: when taking Spring and extension Parallax error
When taking measurement from scale either not linear in the Didn’t measure the
Measurement from rule or flask or beaker spring extension distance of object
Scale either rule or Didn’t read bottom of meniscus experiment from pivot from the
Flask or Beaker for liquids other than mercury Metre rule not center or apparent
Didnt read meniscus oflike for water when measuring uniform/straight center of mass of
of mercury from top volume Test load doesn’t the object
because it is curved Precision error have the weight you Rule tipping over
Didn’t read bottom of thought it had Rule sliding off pivot
meniscus for liquids or mass off rule
other than mercury Mass placed on top
Timer/Stopwatch not of the rule
precise enough Rule not straignt
Pendulum not or uniform
oscillated more than Test load not exactly
one time of the weight it was
Didn't use tenticks expected to have
instead used 1 tick
in tickertape timer
Used a small scale
for big value and big
one for small
(precision error)
Rule not straight or
uniform
Measuring cylinder
on slanted surface
Measuring cylinder
scale not precise
Water lost by
splashing or left on
object in sinking
experiment to find
volume or the object
may have absorbing
abilities
Pressure Light Waves Voltage Current and Resistance
Refraction error in Refraction error in Parallax error when mesuring
reflection of rays reflection experiment voltage and current
experiment or if or any other Refraction error glass was too
watching through a having a clear object thick and c aused refraction
clear object Image formed when reading value from a
Pins less than 5cm couldn’t be measured voltmeter and ammeter
away from each other because of small Heating of wire during the
in ray tracing size of it experiment can influence the
experiment resistance
Pins too thick for the Width of sliding contact on the
ray tracing variable resistor may cause error
experiment
Blunt pencil used to
draw rays in the ray
tracing experiment
Difficulty in aligning
the pins in a ray
tracing experiment
Hand/Rule covering
the image formed
Pins not vertical
Power Heat capacity Heat transfer Sound Electricity
Didn’t read mercury reading of the Stopwatch/Timer Parallax error when
meniscus from top thermometer wasn’t wasn’t precise measuring voltage
Reading of the made stable before enough or current
thermometer wasn’t measuring the Components placed
made stable before temperature in different positions
measuring the Thermometer bulb can cause results to
temperature was touching walls vary
Thermometer bulb of the container The length of the
was touching the mostly a beaker wire wasn’t measured
walls of the container filled with water accurately not to the
mostly a beaker The atmospheric nearest millimeter
filled with water temperature was The length at which
The atmospheric changing during the crocodile clip
temperature was measuring the was attached is
changing while temperature during not accurately
measuring the the experiment measured and noted
temperature during Didn’t read mercury and the placement
the experiment meniscus from top or in otherwords grip
Didn’t stir the liquid Didn’t stir the liquid of the crocodile clip
before measuring the before measuring the isnt precise enough
temperature temperature is covering less/more
Draught can change than what was
results expected of it to
Thickness of the
insulation isnt
noticable
 Miscellaneous
Didn't repeat the
experiment only
did one time

’t measured
PAPER 6 NOTES
Abdul Wahhab Azam

PRECAUTIONS
Measurements Mass Weight and Density Force Moment Work
To avoid the Parallax Level eye with scale when Level eye with scale
error always read taking measurements to avoid to avoid Parallax error
scale by levelling it Parallax error Measure from center
with eye not from Always read bottom of meniscus of mass the
top or bottom for water when measuring the perpendicular
Read Meniscus of Volume of an object or liquid distance between
Mercury from top Always use a PRECISE scale the object and pivot
because it is curved Try to Pivot the rule
like a mini dome on it's center of mass
Read the Menicus so that it doesn’t tip
of liquid other than over
Mercury from the Try to have a rule
bottom it is shaped with enough friction
like a bowl to not slide off the
Always use a Timer/ pivot and the masses
Stopwatch that can to not slide off it
match the level of It is preffered to hang
precision of the the mass instead of
experiment the placing it directly on
experiment may the rule
only need a precision
of minutes or a
precision of millisecs
Always oscillate the
pendulum more than
1 time (atleast 10)
when measuring
time period for 1
always take average
Use more than 1
tick for tickertape
timer
Always use a precise
scale by using a
bigger one for big
values and smaller
for small ones
Place measuring
cylinder on vertical
smooth surface
Pressure Light Waves Voltage Current and Resistance
Use a thin mirror Use thin mirror when To avoid Parallax error when
for reflection carrying out any measuring the voltage or current
experiments to experiment of from a voltmeter ot ammeter
avoid multiple reflction or when keep eye level with scale
distorted reflections seeing through clear Glass of ammeter or voltmeter
Pins or any object objects should be thin to avoid refraction
that they’ve given you Use a transparent Don’t let too much current flow
should be at least and small scale for in the wire which can cause the
5cm away from each small images resistance to be changed by
other for accurate ray heating and influencing the
tracing experiment results
Use thin fine tip The sliding contact on the
pencil for ray tracing variable resistor should be
experiment thin for greater accuracy
view bottom of pins Difficult to measure/intepolate
in ray tracing reading(s) between graduations
Use thin pins for ray Tap the meter glass in case the
tracing experiment needle sticks
Mirror too thick for
the ray tracing
experiment
Use a translucent
screen and view from
behind
Use the darkest room
and the brightest
image for the image
forming experiment
Move the lens slowly
back and forth to
find the sharpest
image
The object lens and
screen should be
vertical for lens
experiment
Object and center of
lens should be of the
same height
Mark the center of
the lens on it's holder
or gripper
Clamp rule should be
fixed to the bench
Pins must be vertical
Move lense near to
object to make image
more clear
Power Heat capacity Heat transfer Sound Electricity
Read meniscus of Make reading of Stopwatch/Timer Don’t touch the wire
Mercury from top thermometer stable should be precise Put components on
Make the reading of before using it exact same position
the thermometer thermometer bulb to get same results
stable before using it musnt touch the Use a precise scale
to measure the walls of the container to measure length of
temperature so that Atmospheric temp the length at which
any other temp wont should be kept the crocodile clip is
influence the result constant placed at the wire
Thermometer should Read mercury should be measured
not touch the walls of thermometer using a precise scale
the container mostly meniscus from the and then note it
a beaker with water top The grip of the
so that the reading Stir the liquid to crocodile clip should
isnt influenced regulate the temp be precisely known
Atmospheric temp Draughts should be it musnt be less or
should be kept same avoided when trying more covering than
during the whole to match results what is needed
experiment so that Thickness of the
results are accurate insulation can affect
Stir the liquid to the results
regulate the temp Thermometer depth
before measuring must be kept
constant for greater
accuracy and
reliability
Miscellaneous
Repeating the
experiment increases
its accuracy