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Questioning the Primacy of Topology over Geometry: A Configurational

Analysis of the Rural Houses (1984-2005) of Glenn Murcutt.

Article · December 2011

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 The Journal of Space Syntax

([DPLQLQJWKH5HODWLRQVKLS%HWZHHQ7RSRORJ\DQG*HRPHWU\
$&RQ¿JXUDWLRQDO$QDO\VLVRIWKH5XUDO+RXVHVRI*OHQQ0XUFXWW

Michael  J.  Ostwald

University  of  Newcastle,  Australia

Pages:  223-­246

The  Journal  of  Space  Syntax

ISSN:       2044-­7507
Year:       2011.       Volume:2,  Issue:       2
Online  Publication  Date:       15  December    2011  

http://www.journalofspacesyntax.org/
Examining  the  Relationship  Between  Topology  and  Geometry:  
$&RQ¿JXUDWLRQDO$QDO\VLVRIWKH5XUDO+RXVHVRI*OHQQ0XUFXWW

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University  of  Newcastle,  Australia

One  of  the  fundamental  axioms  attributed  to  the  ‘space  syntax’  method  is  that  the  topology  of  the  plan   
VKDSHVWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHGHVLJQ7KDWLVWKHVRFLDOUHODWLRQVHPEHGGHGLQWKHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDOSURS-­
HUWLHVRIWKHSODQDUHWKHFDWDO\VWIRUWKHSURJUDPPDWLFTXDOLWLHVRIDGHVLJQZKLFKLQWXUQLQÀXHQFHV
its  form.  Over  the  last  four  decades  a  large  volume  of  research  has  been  published  in  support  of  this  
position,  most  of  which  has  been  derived  from  urban  studies  or  the  analysis  of  vernacular  buildings.  
However,  several  studies  of  architect-­designed  houses  have  suggested  that  the  reverse  is  potentially  
true  in  such  cases;;  that  geometry  takes  precedence  over  topology.  The  present  paper  adopts  a  variation  
RIWKHFODVVLF-XVWL¿HG3ODQ*UDSK-3*PHWKRGWRWHVWWKHUHODWLYHSULPDF\RIJHRPHWU\DQGWRSRORJ\
LQ¿YHODUJHKRXVHVGHVLJQHGE\$XVWUDOLDQDUFKLWHFW*OHQQ0XUFXWW7KH-3*RIHDFKKRXVHLVDQDO\VHG
and  the  data  derived  from  this  process  is  then  used  to  construct  a  series  of  inequality  genotypes.  These  
JHQRW\SHVDUHWHVWHGDJDLQVWDQLQWLPDF\JUDGLHQWEHQFKPDUNFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDJDLQVWHTXLYDOHQWGDWDIRU
HDUOLHU0XUFXWWKRXVHVDQG¿QDOO\WKURXJKFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHFDOFXODWHGIUDFWDOGLPHQVLRQRIHDFK
plan.  The  paper  concludes  that,  for  this  limited  set  of  houses,  the  data  suggests  that  topology  is  not  the  
sole  or  primary  catalyst  and  that  other  factors  -­  potentially  including  geometry  -­  may  also  play  a  role.

Keywords:  -XVWL¿HG3ODQ*UDSK6SDFH6\QWD[)UDFWDO$QDO\VLV*OHQQ0XUFXWW

,QWURGXFWLRQ
µ6SDFHV\QWD[¶SURPRWHVDFRQFHSWXDOVKLIWLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJDUFKLWHFWXUHZKHUHLQµGLPHQVLRQDO¶RU
µJHRPHWULF¶WKLQNLQJLVUHMHFWHGLQIDYRXURIµUHODWLRQDO¶RUµWRSRORJLFDO¶UHDVRQLQJ+LOOLHUDQG+DQVRQ
:KHUHDVPRVWDUFKLWHFWXUDODQDO\VLVDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVFRQFHUQHGZLWKHLWKHUIRUPOHQJWK
EUHDGWKDQGGHSWKRUWHFWRQLFVFRQVWUXFWLRQVWUXFWXUHDQGPDWHULDOLW\VSDFHV\QWD[LVIRFXVVHGRQ
SHUPHDELOLW\FRQWURODQGKLHUDUFK\+LOOLHUDQG+DQVRQS[LLDUJXHWKDWWKHVHµPRUSKRORJL-­
FDOTXDOLWLHV¶DUHDUHÀHFWLRQRIWKHVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHVZKLFKJLYHULVHWRDEXLOGLQJRUFLW\6LPLODUO\
3HSRQLVDQG:LQHPDQSPDLQWDLQWKDWWKHFHQWUDOVXSSRVLWLRQLQVSDFHV\QWD[UHVHDUFK
‘is  that  it  is  possible  to  identify  certain  underlying  structures  of  space  that  are  linked  to  observable  
patterns  of  behaviour  and  that  these  patterns,  in  turn,  create  social  function,  whether  generative  or  
reproductive’.  This  summary  acknowledges  that  the  correlation  between  social  patterns  and  spatial  
FRQ¿JXUDWLRQPLJKWEHHLWKHUIRUPDWLYHRUUHDFWLYH:KLOHWKLVTXHVWLRQUHPDLQVWKHVXEMHFWRIVRPH
GHEDWH'RYH\0RQWHOORLWLVDQRWKHURIWKHDVVXPSWLRQVFRPPRQO\DWWULEXWHGWRVSDFH
syntax  that  is  the  focus  of  the  present  paper.  

Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011

   :KHQ+LOOLHUDUJXHGWKDWµVSDFHLVWKHPDFKLQH¶ZKLFKVKDSHVWKHZD\DUFKLWHFWXUHLV
designed  and  inhabited,  he  effectively  promulgated  the  position  that  in  design,  topology  has  primacy  
over  geometry.  Or  alternatively,  that  the  creation  of  a  network  of  functional  spaces,  with  appropri-­
ate  connections  and  separations,  necessarily  both  precedes  and  takes  precedence  over  the  shape  of  a  
building.  A  range  of  evidence  has  been  published  supporting  this  general  proposition  as  observed  in  
PDMRUSXEOLFEXLOGLQJYHUQDFXODUKRXVHVDQGKLVWRULFFRPPXQLWLHV+LOOLHUHWDO0DUNXV
9DQ'\NH6KDSLUR=DNR)XUWKHUPRUHDWOHDVWRQHH[DPSOHRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ
of  this  method  to  the  analysis  of  architect-­designed  houses  also  partially  supports  this  proposition  
+DQVRQ+RZHYHUVHYHUDOVWXGLHVH[LVWZKLFKVXJJHVWWKDWWKHUHYHUVHFDVHPD\EHWUXHIRU
some  architect-­designed  houses;;  that  geometry  may  take  primacy  over  topology.  This  might  imply  
that,  for  some  architect-­designed  houses,  the  social  pattern  of  space  may  be  less  important  than  the  
DUFKLWHFWXUDOIRUPWKDWHQFRPSDVVHVLW3VDUUD0DMRUDQG6DUULV%DIQD
The  concept  that,  contrary  to  logic,  function  might  follow  formLVQRWQHZLQDUFKLWHFWXUH5DEHQHFN
 +D\V6FKZDUW]DQGLWLVHYHQZLGHO\DFFHSWHGLQDUFKLWHFWXUDOFULWLTXH-HQFNV
+RZHYHUZKLOH+LOOLHUSRVWXODWHVWKDWIRUDUFKLWHFWGHVLJQHGZRUNVDUDQJHRIIDFWRUV
may  take  precedence  over  topology,  the  body  of  evidence  developed  to  support  this  idea  is  more  
limited.

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*OHQQ0XUFXWW$VSDUWRIWKHPHWKRGHDFKRIWKHKRXVHVLVVHSDUDWHO\VXEMHFWHGWRWZROHYHOVRI
analysis  –  visual  and  mathematical  –,  before  the  data  derived  from  this  process  is  used  to  construct  
DVHULHVRILQHTXDOLW\JHQRW\SHVDQGDSDUWLDOVWDWLVWLFDOJHQRW\SH:KLOHWKHVHVWDJHVRIWKHSURFHVV
provide  new  evidence  to  inform  the  debate  about  form  and  function,  they  largely  follow  accepted  
practices.  Thereafter,  three  additional  analytical  stages  are  described,  two  of  which  offer  new  compara-­
WLYHDSSURDFKHVWRDVVLVWLQLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHUHVXOWV)LUVWWKHVWDWLVWLFDOJHQRW\SHLVFRPSDUHGDJDLQVW
DVHWRIµLQWLPDF\JUDGLHQW¶UHVXOWVZKLFKUHSUHVHQWDSRVVLEOHEHQFKPDUNFRQ¿JXUDWLRQZKHUHIRUP
IROORZVIXQFWLRQ6HFRQGWKHQHZGDWDLVFRPSDUHGZLWKDVHWRISUHYLRXVO\SXEOLVKHGUHVXOWVGHYHO-­
RSHGXVLQJWKH-3*PHWKRGIRU¿YHRI0XUFXWW¶VHDUO\KRXVHGHVLJQV,QWKLVVWDJHWKHUHVXOWVIRUWHQ
KRXVHVFROOHFWLYHO\FRPSULVLQJRYHUURRPVDUHFRPSDUHGLQWZRVHWV)LQDOO\WKHER[FRXQWLQJ
method  is  used  to  calculate  the  fractal  dimension  of  the  exterior  and  interior  plan  forms  of  each  of  the  
¿YHKRXVHV7KLVDSSURDFKSURYLGHVDQDOWHUQDWLYHPHDVXUHRIWKHUHODWLYHFRPSOH[LW\RIIRUPDVLWLV
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DQGWKHIUDFWDOUHVXOWVIRUHDFKKRXVH%HFDXVHWKHVHUHVXOWVUHO\RQFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWPHWKRGV
ZKLFKKDYHQRWSUHYLRXVO\EHHQFRPELQHGLQWKLVZD\WKLVVWDJHRIWKHDQDO\VLVLVFRQFHUQHGZLWK
comparative  patterns,  rather  than  absolute  values,  and  its  outcomes  are  necessarily  speculative.  

  7KLVUHVHDUFKLVIRFXVVHGRQ0XUFXWW¶VDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGLQSDUWLFXODUKLVODWHUFDUHHUKRXVHV
IRUWKUHHPDLQUHDVRQV)LUVW0XUFXWW¶VKRXVHVKDYHEHHQUHSHDWHGO\SUDLVHGIRUWKHLUWLPHOHVVIRUPV
)UDPSWRQ%DNHU,QVXFKTXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKWKH$UFDGLDQPLQLPDOLVPRI0XUFXWW
–  typically  described  as  a  modern  evocation  of  the  primitive  hut  –  has  elicited  extensive  discussion  
Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry
DERXWWKHFORVHUHODWLRQVKLSKLVGHVLJQVH[KLELWEHWZHHQIRUPDQGLQKDELWDWLRQ'HVSLWHWKLV0XU-­
cutt’s  work  has  only  rarely  been  subjected  to  any  form  of  computational  or  mathematical  analysis.  
2QHH[FHSWLRQWRWKLVLVWKHZRUNRI+DQVRQDQG5DGIRUGDEZKRDQDO\VHG0XUFXWW¶V
early  houses  using  a  variation  of  the  shape  grammar  approach  to  attempt  to  understand  their  formal  
SURSHUWLHV7KHVHFRQGUHDVRQIRUFKRRVLQJWKHVHSDUWLFXODUKRXVHVLVWKDW-3*GDWDLVDYDLODEOHIRU
0XUFXWW¶VHDUO\KRXVHVDQGWKXVDORQJLWXGLQDOJHQRW\SHFRPSDULVRQPD\EHFRQVWUXFWHG7KH¿QDO
UHDVRQLVWKDW0XUFXWW¶VODWHUFDUHHUKRXVHVDUHDPRQJVWKLVODUJHVWZRUNVPHDQLQJWKDWWKHVHKRXVHV
DUHPRUHVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWWKDQWKHHDUOLHUGHVLJQV7KH¿YHKRXVHVEHLQJDQDO\VHGLQWKHSUHVHQW
SDSHUZHUHFRQVWUXFWHGRQUXUDOVLWHVEHWZHHQDQG7KH\LQFOXGHWKH0DJQH\+RXVHWKH
6LPSVRQ/HH+RXVHWKH)OHWFKHU3DJH+RXVHWKH6RXWKHUQ+LJKODQGV  +RXVHDQGWKH:DOVK+RXVH
7KHVHSDUWLFXODUKRXVHVZHUHFKRVHQEHFDXVHWKH\DUHDOORQLVRODWHGRSHQVLWHVZKHUHRXWVLGHLQÀX-­
HQFHVRWKHUWKDQFOLPDWHRQWKHIRUPRIWKHGHVLJQDUHPLQLPLVHG

  ,QWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQRIWKHSDSHUWKHWKHRULVHGUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQJHRPHWU\DQGWRSRO-­ 
ogy  is  considered.  Thereafter,  a  brief  background  is  provided  to  the  relevant  aspects  of  the  method  
along  with  a  description  of  the  particular  variations  that  have  been  selected  for  this  paper.  The  results  
are,  then,  provided  and  discussed  separately  for  each  house,  before  they  are  combined  together  for  
analysis  using  inequality  genotypes,  intimacy  gradient  benchmarks  and  fractal  analysis.  The  paper  
concludes  with  a  discussion  of  the  possible  implications  of  the  results.

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)URPWKHHDUOLHVWZRUNVRQVSDFHV\QWD[WKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQWRSRORJ\DQGJHRPHWU\KDVEHHQDUH-­
curring  theme.  That  geometry  has  the  potential  to  shape  topology  has  never  been  denied,  but  because  
the  analytical  methods  used  in  space  syntax  are  focused  on  topological  properties,  geometry  has  only  
LQGLUHFWO\EHHQLPSOLFDWHGLQWKHUHVXOWV$V3VDUUDSREVHUYHVµ>L@QWKHDEVHQFHRIDWKHRU\
and  a  method  that  relates  geometrical  to  spatial  properties,  space  syntax  has  buried  the  physical  at-­
WULEXWHV>«@RIIRUPLQWRWKHQRWLRQ>RI@HPERGLHGVSDFH¶7KLVSUDFWLFHLVHYLGHQWLQ+LOOLHU¶V
differentiation   between   the   vernacular   tradition   of   building   and   architect-­designed   buildings.  The  
IRUPHUFDWHJRU\UHSURGXFHVWRSRORJLFDOO\DµNQRZQDQGVRFLDOO\DFFHSWHGSDWWHUQ¶ibid.  SZKLOH
WKHODWWHUWKURXJKµV\VWHPLFLQWHQW¶ibid.  SFUHDWHVDQHZSDWWHUQ7KLVSURSRVLWLRQPDLQWDLQV
that,  it  is  the  designer’s  conscious  decision  to  innovate  that  potentially  transforms  the  vernacular  into  
WKHDUFKLWHFWXUDO,QWKHSUHVHQWFRQWH[WWKHEDVLVRQZKLFKWKHQHZLQWHQWLRQDOSDWWHUQLVSUHGLFDWHG
LVXQLPSRUWDQW:KDWLVVLJQL¿FDQWLVWKDWIDFWRUVRWKHUWKDQWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOVRFLRORJLFDOLPSHUD-­
tive  have  shaped  a  design.  This  argument  accepts  that  geometry  may  shape  topology,  but  it  is  still  
topologically  measured.

  6WHDGPDQSKDVDUJXHGWKDWEHFDXVHDUFKLWHFWXUDOSODQVDUHFRQVWUDLQHGE\µRWKHU

³JHQHULFIXQFWLRQV´EHVLGHVWKRVHRIDFFHVV¶LWFDQQRWEHDVVXPHGWKDWWKHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDOSURSHUWLHV
RIDEXLOGLQJQHFHVVDULO\UHYHDODQ\WKLQJDERXWVRFLDOSDWWHUQVRILQKDELWDWLRQ%DIQDDS
acknowledges  that  it  is  a  common  assumption  that  ‘the  internal  spatial  structure  of  buildings  carries  
the  essential  genotypical  structure,  while  the  actual  physical  form  of  buildings  carries  the  less  sig-­
Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011
 QL¿FDQWSKHQRW\SLFDOYDULDWLRQV¶+RZHYHUFRUSRUHDOIRUPLVPRUHWKDQMXVWDVSDWLDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ
that  is  given  two-­dimensional  properties  and  then  projected  into  the  third  dimension  to  respond  to  site  
FRQGLWLRQV*HRPHWU\SOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKHZD\LQZKLFKSHRSOHXQGHUVWDQGVSDFHGHYHORS
FXOWXUDOPHDQLQJDQGSURSRVHQHZXVHV$V%DIQDDSFRQFOXGHVJHRPHWU\PD\QRWEHHV-­
sential  for  ‘buildings  to  exist  in  a  basic  sociological  sense’,  but  it  is  ‘to  the  architectural  elaboration  
RIEXLOGLQJV¶ibid.3VDUUDSUHLQIRUFHVWKLVYLHZZKHQVKHSURSRVHVWKDWZKLOHVSDFHDQG
form  are  ‘different  from  each  other,  they  are  an  essential  part  of  architecture  as  experienced  reality’.

7KH-3*0HWKRG
'HYHORSHGLQWKHODWHVWKH-3*DQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGUHPDLQVRQHRIDVPDOOVHWRIPDWKHPDWLFDO
approaches  that  can  be  used  to  interrogate  the  social  structure  of  space  and  the  relationship  between  
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map  or  boundary  map.  There  are  a  number  of  alternative  variations  of  this  stage,  ranging  from  the  
 KLJKO\SURVFULEHGWRWKHYHU\JHQHUDO+LOOLHUDQG+DQVRQ0DUNXV7KHPRUHUHFHQWDS-­
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3HSRQLVHWDO%DIQDE2QFHWKHFRQYH[SODQLVFRQVWUXFWHGLWLVFRQYHUWHGLQWRDJUDSK
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DUHWKUHHFRPPRQZD\VWRDSSURDFKWKH-3*WKH¿UVWWZRRIZKLFKDUHUHSHDWHGIRUHDFKKRXVHLQWKH
present  paper,  while  the  third  is  used  for  the  comparative  analysis.

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of  the  spatial  structure,  including  relative  depth,  control  or  permeability.  The  majority  of  the  examples  
of  this  approach  are  concerned  with  inhabitant-­visitor  relations  and  they  rely  on  the  production  of  
-3*VZLWKWKHH[WHULRUDVFDUULHU$YLVXDOLQVSHFWLRQRIVXFK-3*VFDQUHYHDOWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKVSD-­
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LQWHJUDWLRQiDQGGLIIHUHQFHIDFWRUHDUHGHYHORSHG

  Once  the  houses  have  been  individually  analysed,  then  these  results  can  be  combined  to  pro-­
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RIDFRQVLVWHQWSDWWHUQRIFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDOUHODWLRQVDVµRQHRIWKHPRVWJHQHUDOPHDQVE\ZKLFKFXOWXUH
is  built  into  spatial  layout’.  The  inequality  genotype  is  one  way  of  representing  this  consistent  pattern.  
,QSUDFWLFHDQLQHTXDOLW\JHQRW\SHLVDVHTXHQFHRIIXQFWLRQDOO\GH¿QHGVSDFHVUDQNHGLQDFFRUGDQFH
ZLWKWKHLULQWHJUDWLRQYDOXHV,WLVWKHUHODWLYHJDSEHWZHHQWKHSUHFHGHQFHDFFRUGHGWRYDULRXVVSDFHV
WKHLULQHTXDOLW\WKDWLVWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHVSDWLDOSDWWHUQ+RZHYHULQRUGHUWRPHDVXUHWKHUHOD-­
WLYHVWUHQJWKRUZHDNQHVVRIWKHLQHTXDOLW\±ZKLFKFRXOGEHUHJDUGHGDVWKHGHJUHHRIGHOLEHUDWLRQ
SUHVHQWLQWKHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ±DQDGGLWLRQDOPHDVXUHLVUHTXLUHGWKHGLIIHUHQFHIDFWRUH=DNR
SQRWHVWKDWWKH  difference  factor  ‘was  developed  to  quantify  the  degree  of  difference  between  the  
Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry
LQWHJUDWLRQYDOXHVRIDQ\>«@VSDFHVRUIXQFWLRQV¶$QLQHTXDOLW\JHQRW\SHZLWKDORZH  ‘value  will  
WKHUHIRUHEH>D@³VWURQJ´JHQRW\SHZKHUHDVRQHWKDWH[LVWVEXWWHQGVWRKDYHDKLJK>HYDOXH@ZLOO
EHD³ZHDN´JHQRW\SH¶ibid.+LOOLHUDQG7]RUW]LSSURSRVHWKDWVXFKUHVXOWVFDQEHXVHG
to  demonstrate  how  a  ‘culture  manifests  itself  in  the  layout  of  space  by  forming  a  spatial  pattern  in  
ZKLFKDFWLYLWLHVDUHLQWHJUDWHGDQGVHJUHJDWHGWRGLIIHUHQWGHJUHHV¶:KLOHWKHUHKDYHEHHQDOWHUQDWLYH
SURSRVDOVIRUFRPSDULQJWKHSURSHUWLHVRIJUDSKV&RQUR\'DOWRQDQG.LUVDQWKHLQHTXDOLW\
genotype  remains  the  most  common.

  7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOPHWKRGRORJLFDOSUHFHGHQWVIRUWKHSUHVHQWSDSHU+DQVRQ¶VVWXG\RI

KRXVLQJXVLQJDFRPELQDWLRQRI-3*DQG$[LDO/LQHPHWKRGVLQFOXGHVDTXDOLWDWLYHRUYLVXDOUHYLHZ
RIWKHSODQVRIVHYHUDOIDPRXVKRXVHVE\$GROI/RRV-RKQ+HMGXN0DULR%RWWDDQG5LFKDUG0HLHU
7KHIROORZLQJ\HDU0DMRUDQG6DUULVVHWRXWWRXVHWKH-3*PHWKRGWRDQDO\VHHLJKWKRXVHVE\
3HWHU(LVHQPDQ,QHDFKFDVHWKH\SURGXFHGD-3*IRUYLVXDODQDO\VLVDQGWKHQGHYHORSHGDQLQHTXDO-­
LW\JHQRW\SH%DIQDXQGHUWRRNDQDQDO\VLVRI0LHVYDQGHU5RKH¶VKRXVHGHVLJQVZLWK 
the  not  unreasonable  starting  assumption  was  that  there  would  be  a  ‘genotypical  consistency  in  these  
KRXVHV¶ZKLFKFRXOGEHXVHGµDVDEDVLVXSRQZKLFKWRVWXG\WKHLUSKHQRW\SLFDOGLIIHUHQFHV¶ibid.  
S8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHLQHTXDOLW\JHQRW\SHVZHUHIDUPRUHGLYHUVHWKDQDQWLFLSDWHGDQGHYHQ
simplifying  the  node  set  did  not  produce  the  anticipated  result.  As  described  in  the  following  section,  
WKHSUHVHQWSDSHUDGRSWVDYDULDWLRQRI%DIQD¶VPHWKRG

$SSURDFK
7KHYHUVLRQRIHDFKKRXVHEHLQJDQDO\VHGLQWKLVSDSHULVWKHRQHGHSLFWHGLQWKH¿QDOFRQVWUXFWLRQ
GUDZLQJVDQGWKHRULJLQDOQDPLQJRIHDFKKRXVHKDVEHHQUHWDLQHG$VWKH¿UVWVWDJHLQWKHSURFHVV
QHZSODQVIRUHDFKKRXVHZHUHSUHSDUHGDQGDQQRWDWHGZLWKDVWDQGDUGVHWRIDEEUHYLDWLRQV>7DEOH@
The  general  principle  adopted  in  this  paper  for  the  construction  of  a  boundary  map  is  to  try  to  keep  
WKHVHWDVHFRQRPLFDODVSRVVLEOH7KXVWKHPHWKRGIROORZV%DIQD¶VDSSURDFKZKHUHWKH-3*V
DUHEDVHGRQQDPHGRUSURJUDPPDWLFDOO\GH¿QHGDQGKDELWDEOHVSDFHV)XUWKHUPRUHXWLOLW\]RQHV
which  often  encompass  several  small  airlocks  and  cupboards,  have  been  merged  into  single  areas,  
and  bathrooms  with  internal  partial  partitions  are  also  treated  as  one  space.

Å ([WHULRU L /LYLQJ$UHD B %HGURRP

V Veranda F )DPLO\5RRP :,5 :DONLQ5REH
LBY /REE\ D 'LQLQJ b %DWKURRP
C &RXUW K .LWFKHQ 6+ 6KRZHU
+ Hall ST 6WXGLR WC Toilet
G *DUDJH 0 0XVLF5RRP A Alcove
U 8WLOLW\5RRP l /DXQGU\ S 6WRUH
Table  1.  General  abbreviations  for  rooms  used  in  the  JPG.  

  7KHLVVXHRIWKHµRSHQSODQ¶LVPRUHFRPSOH[ZLWKPDQ\RI0XUFXWW¶VVSDFHVEHLQJGH¿QHG
E\DFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHIXUQLWXUHZLWKLQWKHPDQGWKHODEHORQDSODQ,QWKHSUHVHQWSDSHUDVHWRI
WKUHVKROGFRQGLWLRQVKDVEHHQLGHQWL¿HGZKLFKKDYHEHHQXVHGWRGHFLGHKRZWRKDQGOHRSHQVSDFH
)RUDVSDFHWREHVXEGLYLGHGDWOHDVWWZRRIWKHIROORZLQJWKUHHFRQGLWLRQVQHHGWREHIXO¿OOHG$
Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011
 SK\VLFDOEDUULHUHYHQLILWGRHVQRWEORFNYLVLRQIRUH[DPSOHDQLVODQGNLWFKHQEHQFKDFKDQJHLQ
ÀRRU¿QLVKLQJVD\IURPWLPEHUWRFDUSHWRUOHYHODQGDFRPELQDWLRQRIIRUPVWKDWVXJJHVWDVSDWLDO
HQFORVXUHHYHQLILWLVQRWFRPSOHWHO\SK\VLFDOO\UHVWUDLQHGIRUH[DPSOHDSDUWLDOZDOODQGDQDGMDFHQW
FROXPQZKLFKDUHFRQQHFWHGDERYHE\DQDUFKRUEHDP$OORIWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVVXJJHVWDGLYLVLRQ
of  space  -­  although  typically,  at  least  two  are  required  to  strongly  imply  such  a  division  -­,  while  still  
EHLQJSDUWRIDQRSHQSODQ:KHUHQRFOHDUWKUHVKROGFRPELQDWLRQVH[LVWWKHVSDFHLVFRXQWHGDVD
VLQJOHQRGH%HFDXVHVSDFHVLQVHYHUDORI0XUFXWW¶VKRXVHVIDOOLQWRWKLVFDWHJRU\VRPHFRPELQHG
ODEHOVDUHXVHGIRUH[DPSOH.'/PHDQVDQRSHQSODQNLWFKHQGLQLQJDQGOLYLQJVSDFH

  7RJLYHDVHQVHRIWKHDUFKLWHFWXUHWKDWLVEHLQJH[DPLQHGWKH¿UVWWZRKRXVHVDUHLOOXVWUDWHG
LQWKUHHGLPHQVLRQVDQGWKHUHDIWHURQO\SODQVDUHSURYLGHG6RPHJUDSKLFFRQYHQWLRQVZKLFKGRQRW
DIIHFWWKHFDOFXODWHGUHVXOWVKDYHDOVREHHQXVHGLQWKH-3*V/DUJHRSHQSODQVSDFHVKDYHHORQJDWHG
RYDOQRGHVDVRSSRVHGWRFLUFXODURQHVDGRXEOHOLQHLQD-3*LQGLFDWHVDSULPDU\FDUDFFHVVDQGD
 GDVKHGDQGGRWWHGOLQHKDVEHHQXVHGIRUVHFRQGDU\RUVHUYLFHDFFHVVIURPWKHH[WHULRU,QWKHFDVHRI
‘trivial  loops’  –  that  is  where  there  are  two  or  more  direct  connections  between  the  same  two  nodes  
IRUH[DPSOHPXOWLSOHDGMDFHQWVOLGLQJJODVVGRRUVVHSDUDWLQJWKHVDPHWZRVSDFHV±DOORIWKHOLQHV
DUHGUDZQRQWKHJUDSKEXWRQO\RQHLVLQFOXGHGLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQV)LQDOO\DOWKRXJKWKHFRPSOHWH
set  of  mathematical  results  has  been  developed  for  each  house,  only  the  most  important  are  reported  
for  each  project.

)LYH+RXVHV
Magney  House,  Bingie  Bingie  (NSW)  1982-­84
7KH0DJQH\+RXVHLVORFDWHGRQDQLVRODWHGVLWHRQWKHFRDVWDOSODLQVVRXWKRI6\GQH\7KHKRXVH
LVDVLQJOHOLQHDUSDYLOLRQRQDQRSHQJHQWO\VORSLQJVLWH)DFLQJQRUWKWKHKRXVHLVVLWHGDERXW
PHWUHVIURPWKHRFHDQZLWKGLVWDQWPRXQWDLQYLHZVWRWKHZHVW7KHKRXVHZKLFK)UDPSWRQ
SGHVFULEHVDVKDYLQJµDSHFXOLDUO\DHURQDXWLFFKDUDFWHU¶LVYLVXDOO\GRPLQDWHGE\LWVQDUURZ
VLGHSUR¿OHGLVSOD\LQJDQXQGXODWLQJSDUWLDOEXWWHUÀ\URRIIRUP>)LJXUH@

Figure  1.  Perspective  view  of  the  Magney  House.  

Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

 Figure  2.  Perspective  view  of  the  Magney  House.  

  3ODQQHGDFFRUGLQJWRDµSURWHFWLYHEDFNDQGRSHQIURQWRUJDQLVDWLRQDOVWUDWHJ\¶*XVKHKLQ
*XVKHKHWDOSWKHKRXVHRSHQVWRWKHQRUWKDQGWKHVRXWKIDoDGHLVHQFORVHGWRSURWHFW
WKHUHDUZDOOIURPKDUVKZLQWHUZLQGV$ORQJWKHOHQJWKRIWKHVRXWKIDoDGHLVDZLGHVHUYLFHZDOOLQ
WKHLQWHULRUZKLFKLVFRXSOHGZLWKDQDGMRLQLQJDFFHVVFRUULGRUFRQQHFWLQJWKHHQWLUHKRXVH,QSODQ

WKHURRPVDUHDOLJQHGWRWKHVHUYLFHVSDFHVRQWKHVRXWKZDOO>)LJXUH@

Figure  3.  Annotated  plan  of  the  Magney  House.  

  $YLVXDODQDO\VLVRIWKH0DJQH\+RXVH-3*UHYHDOVWKUHHORRSVLQVWDQFHVRIµULQJLQHVV¶
HPEHGGHGLQDQRWKHUZLVHDUERUHVFHQWRUµWUHHOLNH¶VFKHPDWKH¿UVWFRQQHFWLQJWKHH[WHULRUWRWKH
FRXUW\DUGWKHQWRWKHNLWFKHQGLQLQJOLYLQJDUHDWKHQWREHGURRPDQG¿QDOO\EDFNWRWKHH[WHULRU
>)LJXUH@7KHVHFRQGDOVRFRPPHQFHVZLWKWKHH[WHULRUDQGWKHFRXUW\DUGWKHQOLYLQJURRPKDOOZD\
ODXQGU\DQG¿QDOO\WKHH[WHULRURQFHPRUH7KH¿QDOORRSFRQQHFWVWKHH[WHULRUWRWKHJDUDJHODXQGU\
and  then  returns  to  the  exterior.  These  are  partial  loops  because,  despite  the  strict  nomenclature  of  the  
PHWKRGZKHUHLQDOOH[WHULRUVDUHWKHVDPHWKHH[WHULRUVSDFHVZKHUHWKHVHORRSVVWDUWDUHRIWHQWKH
middle  of  the  plan,  while  the  ones  that  end  the  loops  are  at  the  ends  of  the  plan.  

:LWKLQWKHRYHUDOODUERUHVFHQWSODQWKHUHLVDOVR
a  sub-­instance  of  ‘bush-­like’  structure  where  liv-­
LQJURRPHQWHUVDKDOOZKLFKFRQWUROVDFFHVV
to   two   bedrooms   and   a   bathroom.   Overall,   the  
planning  diagram  could  be  said  to  reveal  the  ves-­
tigial  planning  of  two  partial  houses,  one  nested  
within  the  other.  
Figure  4.  JPG,  with  exterior  as  carrier,  for  the  
Magney  House.

Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011

   'HVSLWHKDYLQJRQO\HOHYHQQRGHVWKHSODQLVUHODWLYHO\GHHSZLWKEHGURRPKDYLQJWKH
KLJKHVWWKHFXPXODWLYHWRWDOGHSWKTD  =  >7DEOH@7KHPRVWLQWHJUDWHGVSDFHVDUHWKHH[WHULRUi  
DQGWKHKDOOZD\i   DQGWKHOHDVWLQWHJUDWHGVSDFHLVEHGURRPi   $H*  result  
RIVLJQL¿HVDSODQZLWKDKLJKGHJUHHRIXQLIRUPLW\RUFRQYHUVHO\DORZOHYHORIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
or  deliberation;;  this  result  occurs  in  part  because  of  the  multiple  ring  networks,  suggesting  a  loose  
quality  to  the  plan.

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6 ./'    
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0HDQ 26.83 0.28 0.997 3.81
0D[LPXP    

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Table  2.  Summary  of  JPG  results  for  the  Magney  House.  

Simpson-­Lee  House,  Mount  Wilson  (NSW)  1989-­94.

7KH6LPSVRQ/HH+RXVHLVDGRXEOHSDYLOLRQUHVLGHQFHORFDWHGDW0RXQW:LOVRQDQGVLWHGRQDURFN
OHGJHRYHUORRNLQJDQHVFDUSPHQWRIWKH%OXH0RXQWDLQVQRUWKZHVWRI6\GQH\>)LJXUHV±@$FFRUG-­
LQJWR)URPRQRWSWKHFOLHQWEULHIDVNHGIRUµDVDQFWXDU\IRUDUHWLUHGFRXSOH¶2ULHQWDWHG
to  the  east,  the  larger  of  the  two  pavilions  contains  two  bedrooms  that  are  separated  by  a  central  living  
DUHD6KDUSO\WXUQLQJDURXQGWKHURFNOHGJHWRZDUGVWKHQRUWKHDVWWKHVPDOOHUSDYLOLRQFRPELQHVWKH
JDUDJHZLWKDSRWWHU\VWXGLR>)LJXUH@$VERWKSDYLOLRQVDUHOLQHDUDQGKDYHPRQRSLWFKURRIVWKDW
OLIWXSWRZDUGWKHYLHZVWKHKRXVHFRUUHVSRQGVWRZKDW'UHZSGHVFULEHVDVµ0XUFXWW¶V
GHYHORSPHQWRIDQHVVHQWLDOO\OLQHDUW\SRORJ\ZKHUHWKHFKLHIYDULDEOHLVWKHVHFWLRQDQGURRISUR¿OH¶

Figure  5.  Perspective  view  of  the  Simpson-­Lee  House.

Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

 Figure  6.  Perspective  view  of  the  Simpson-­Lee  House.



Figure  7.  Annotated  plan  of  the  Simpson-­Lee  House.

  $ YLVXDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH -3* IRU WKH

6LPSVRQ/HH+RXVHUHYHDOVDODUJHO\DUERUHVFHQW
structure,  but  with  four  minor  ring  networks;;  two  
based  on  exterior  connections  and  two  on  interior  
FRQ¿JXUDWLRQV7KH¿UVWWZRVWDUWZLWKWKHH[WH-­
rior,  which  connects,  in  turn,  through  hallway  1,  
OLYLQJGLQLQJDQGKDOOZD\EHIRUHUHWXUQLQJWR
the  exterior.  The  second  starts  with  the  exterior,  
then   the   garage,   laundry   and   the   exterior   once  
more.  Once  again,  neither  of  these  sequences  goes  
Figure   8.   JPG,   with   exterior   as   carrier,   for  
through  the  same  exterior  door,  so  the  ‘ringiness’   Simpson-­Lee  House.

in  the  plan  is  an  artefact  of  the  method,  whereas  

the  ‘lived’  structure  of  the  house  is  a  tree  with  a  
QHWZRUNRIFURVVFRQQHFWHGEUDQFKHV>)LJXUH@

  $VLV¿WWLQJIRUDPRUHFRPSOH[GHVLJQWKHWRWDOGHSWKRIWKHGHHSHVWVSDFHLQWKH6LPSVRQ/HH
+RXVHLVEDWKURRPTD   ZKLOHWKHPRVWVKDOORZLVWKHH[WHULRUTD   ZLWKIRXUVHSDUDWH
GRRUVOHDGLQJWRLW6LPLODUO\WKHH[WHULRULVWKHPRVWLQWHJUDWHGRIWKHVSDFHVi ZKLFKLVDOVRWR
be  expected  given  that  a  person  has  to  go  outside  to  pass  between  the  two  pavilions  and  each  pavilion  
KDVPXOWLSOHDOWHUQDWLYHURXWHVWRWKHH[WHULRU6RPHRIWKHPLQRUDQRPDOLHVLQWKLVVHWRILQWHJUDWLRQ
UHVXOWVLQFOXGHWKHUHODWLYHO\KLJKOHYHOIRUEHGURRPi DQGDUHVXOWIRUWKHVHFRQGZDONLQ
ZDUGUREHi ZKLFKLVFORVHWRWKHPHDQi $H YDOXHRIVXJJHVWVDUHODWLYH
Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011
 looseness  of  planning  structure,  which  is  supported  by  the  four  partial  loops,  giving  the  plan  a  high  
GHJUHHRISHUPHDELOLW\RURSHQQHVV>7DEOH@

# 6SDFH TDn RA RRA i

     
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3 *    
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 :,5    
6 '    
7 /    
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 67    
 %    
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 .    
 % 44   
 :,5    
  b1    

0LQLPXP    

0HDQ 47.12 0.30  3.65
0D[LPXP    

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Table  3.  Summary  of  JPG  results  for  the  Simpson-­Lee  House.

Fletcher-­Page  House,  Kangaroo  Valley  (NSW)  1996-­98

7KH)OHWFKHU3DJH+RXVHLVDQRWKHUQDUURZOLQHDUEXLOGLQJWKLVWLPHRQVORSLQJJUDVVODQGLQWKHKLOOV
RI.DQJDURR9DOOH\VRXWKRI6\GQH\7KLVKRXVHLVVOLJKWO\VPDOOHUWKDQWKH6LPSVRQ/HH+RXVH
KDYLQJRQO\QLQHKDELWDEOH]RQHVLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHODWWHU¶V¿IWHHQ7KH)OHWFKHU3DJH+RXVH
LVRQHRIWKHVHULHVRIZKDW)UDPSWRQSFDOOVµ0XUFXWW¶VOLQHDUPRQRSLWFKHGGZHOOLQJV¶
However,  the  house  is  unusual  in  this  sequence,  as  its  roof  is  tilted  upwards  to  the  north  and  parallel  
WRWKHKLOOVLGHZKLFKOHDYHVWKHQRUWKHUQIDoDGHSDUWO\KLGGHQE\WKHVORSH,QUHVSRQVHWRWKLVRQWKH
southern  side  of  the  house,  large  openings  are  positioned  toward  the  primary  views.  This  opposition  
between  views  and  sunlight  gives  this  house  an  unusual  spatial  quality,  in  the  context  of  the  remainder  
RI0XUFXWW¶VUXUDOZRUNV$FFRUGLQJWR)UDPSWRQibid.µORQJYLHZVWKURXJKWKHKRXVH>«@LPSDUWD
VHQVHRIJUDQGHXUWKDWWRWDOO\EHOLHVLWVUHVWULFWHGGLPHQVLRQV¶,QWKLVGHVLJQ0XUFXWWKDVDOVRUHSODFHG
his  typical  corridor  planning  strategy  with  a  series  of  connecting  doors  along  the  southern  length  of  
WKHKRXVHWRHQFORVHHDFKURRP$GHHSHQWU\VSDFHLQWKHPLGGOHRUJDQLVHVWKHKRXVHLQWRWZR]RQHV
FUHDWLQJDZHVWDQGDQHDVWVLGH7RWKHHDVWDUHWKHJDUDJHVWXG\DQGEHGURRPZKLOVWWRWKHZHVWHUQ
VLGHLVDNLWFKHQDGMDFHQWWRWKHPDLQEHGURRPZLWKDQHQVXLWHDQGDSULYDWHYHUDQGD>)LJXUH@

  7KH-3*IRUWKH)OHWFKHU3DJH+RXVHUHYHDOVRQFHDJDLQDSDUWLDOWUHHVWUXFWXUHZLWKWKUHH
LQWHUPHGLDWHORRSVDOORIZKLFKDUHUHOLDQWRQH[WHULRUFRQQHFWLRQV:LWKIRXUH[WHULRUGRRUVLQFOXGLQJ
WKHJDUDJHGRRUWKHVHORRSVDUHDOVRVRPHZKDWDUWL¿FLDODOEHLWWKLVLVDFRQVLVWHQWSDWWHUQDFURVVWKH

Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

¿UVWWKUHHKRXVHV+RZHYHUXQOLNHWKHSUHYLRXVWZRKRXVHVWKLVRQHKDVWZRUHODWLYHO\VWUDLJKWIRU-­
ZDUGVLGHVWRWKHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ±UDWKHUWKDQWKHPRUHFRPSOH[QHVWHGWRSRORJ\RIWKHSUHYLRXVWZR
±UHÀHFWLQJWKHGRPLQDQWHDVWZHVWGLYLVLRQLQWKHSODQ>)LJXUH@

Figure  9.  Annotated  plan  of  the  Fletcher-­Page  House.


  The  most  integrated  space  in  the  house  
LVWKHH[WHULRUi IROORZHGE\WKHRSHQSODQ
OLYLQJGLQLQJNLWFKHQ VSDFH i   DQG WKH
KDOOZD\i 7KLVUHVXOWUHÀHFWVWKHFORVH
connection  between  the  open  plan  area  and  the  
exterior.  The  lowest  integration  result  is  for  bath-­
URRPi DOWKRXJKEDWKURRPDQGWKH
VWXG\DUHDOVRTXLWHORZUHVSHFWLYHO\ i  Figure  10.  JPG,  with  exterior  as  carrier,  for  
Fletcher-­Page  House.
and  i %HGURRPKDVDVXUSULVLQJO\KLJK
LQWHJUDWLRQOHYHOi ZKLFKXQH[SHFWHGO\DOPRVWPDWFKHVWKHKDOOZD\UHVXOW7KHH*UHVXOWRI
implies  a  slightly  more  balanced  approach  to  the  plan  than  found  in  the  previous  houses,  although  it  
LVVWLOOVXJJHVWLYHRIDPDUJLQDOODFNRIFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDOGHWHUPLQDWLRQ>7DEOH@

# 6SDFH TDn RA RRA i

     
 % 18   
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3 H    
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6 E    
7 %    
 67    
 b1    

0LQLPXP    

0HDQ 21.40 0.34 1.111 3.36
0D[LPXP    

H 
H* 

Table  4.  Summary  of  JPG  results  for  the  Fletcher-­Page  House.

Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011

 Southern  Highlands  House,  Kangaloon,  (NSW)  1997-­01.
7KLVGZHOOLQJLVORFDWHGLQWKHIDUPLQJFRPPXQLW\RI.DQJDORRQZKLFKLVSDUWRIWKH6RXWKHUQ+LJK-­
ODQGVGLVWULFWVRXWKZHVWRI6\GQH\2SSRVLWHDSRQGDQGVWDQGLQJDPRQJVWWDOOWUHHVWKHKRXVHLVVLWHG
RQDJULFXOWXUDOODQGDQGLVRULHQWDWHGWRWKHQRUWK&RPSOHWHGLQWKLVKRXVHPDUNVDVLJQL¿FDQW
FKDQJHLQWKHVL]HRI0XUFXWW¶VUHVLGHQWLDOZRUN$V*XVKHKLQ*XVKHKHWDOSVWDWHVµWKLV
LVRQHRIWKHODUJHVWKRXVHVWKDW0XUFXWWKDVGHVLJQHGEHLQJRIDOPRVWVTXDUHPHWHUVLQDUHDZLWK
URRPVRIPHWHUVZLGWKDQGPHWHUVKLJKFHLOLQJV¶7RSURWHFWDJDLQVWVHYHUHZLQGVWKHKRXVH
has  a  protective  shield  in  the  form  of  a  curved  metal  plane  along  the  entire  length  of  the  southern  
IDoDGH$WERWKWKHHDVWDQGZHVWRIWKHSODQDUHHQWU\SRLQWVWRWKHKRXVHKRZHYHUWKHZHVWOREE\LV
WKHPDLQHQWU\VSDFHEHVLGHWKHKLJKZDOORIWKHVKLHOGDWKLVFXUYHGSODQHRIWKHVRXWKIDoDGHUXQV
DORQJJDOOHULDKDOOZD\WKDWOLQNVDVHULHVRIURRPV'LYLGLQJWKHVOHHSLQJDUHDVRIWKHSDUHQWVDQG
children  between  east  and  west,  the  communal  spaces  that  face  an  external  northern  terrace  occupy  
WKHFHQWUHRIWKHKRXVH>)LJXUH@


Figure  11.  Annotated  plan,  Southern  Highlands  House.

  :LWKWZHQW\IRXUKDELWDEOHVSDFHVLQFOXGLQJWHQH[WHULRUGRRUVWKLVLVWKHPRVWFRPSOH[RI
0XUFXWW¶VKRXVHV>)LJXUH@'HVSLWHLWVOLQHDUSODQPXFKRIZKLFKLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKDVLQJOHORDGHG
corridor,  the  house  has  ten  non-­trivial  loops,  all  but  four  of  which  involve  the  exterior.  This  plan  is  
further  complicated  by  a  parallel  circulation  system,  made  up  of  a  series  of  short  corridors  that  are  
effectively  airlocks  between  spaces.  The  plan  also  features  several  small,  tree-­like  sections,  mostly  
involving  bedrooms  and  bathrooms.  Overall,  if  the  airlocks  and  dual  roots  are  ignored,  this  plan  could  
EHFRQVLGHUHGWREHDODUJHUYHUVLRQRIWKHSUHYLRXVWKUHHZLWKDUKL]RPRUSKRXVEDVHFRPSULVLQJD
VHWRIHLJKWORRSVXQGHUO\LQJDQDUERUHVFHQWLQWHULRUPDGHXSRIIRXUWUHHOLNHRUEXVKOLNHIRUPD-­
WLRQV

Figure  12.  JPG,  with  exterior  as  carrier,  Southern  Highlands  House.

Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

     0XOWLSOHVSDFHVLQWKH6RXWKHUQ+LJKODQGV+RXVHKDYHWRWDOGHSWKVRIRYHU
DQGWKHORZHVWGHSWKWKHH[WHULRUZLWKLVKLJKHUWKDQWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVWRIWKHUHVXOWVRI
WKHRWKHUIRXUKRXVHV>7DEOH@7KHPRVWLQWHJUDWHGVSDFHLVKDOOZD\i ZKLFKPDWFKHV
the  intuitive  reading  of  the  linear  plan,  mostly  connected  by  a  single  hallway.  Alternatively,  the  least  
LQWHJUDWHGVSDFHVDUHWKHEHGURRPVDQGDQGEDWKURRPVDQG6RPHRIWKHPDQ\DQRPDOLHV
LQWKHLQWHJUDWLRQUHVXOWVLQFOXGH:&i ERWKJDUDJHVi DQGi DQGWKHODXQGU\
i DOOEHLQJLQWKHXSSHUKDOIRIWKHLQWHJUDWLRQUHVXOWV7KHH*UHVXOWRILVZLWKLQWKH
VDPHUDQJHDVWKRVHRIWKHSUHYLRXVKRXVHVH*FRQ¿UPLQJDVLPLODUORRVHQHVV
LQWKHSODQQLQJDSSURSULDWHIRUDGHVLJQZLWKORRSVLQLWVFRQ¿JXUDWLRQV,QGHHGPDQ\SDUWVRI
this  house  resemble  an  open  lattice,  with  a  multitude  of  possible  routes  through  and  around  them.

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Table  5.  Summary  of  JPG  results  for  Southern  Highlands  House.

Walsh  House,  Kangaroo  Valley  (NSW)  2001-­05

7KH:DOVKKRXVHLVRULHQWDWHGWRWKHQRUWKDQGVLWHGRQDJHQWO\VORSLQJVLWHLQWKH.DQJDURR9DOOH\
The  principle  north  frontage  addresses  the  prominent  views  across  hills,  while  the  east  face  is  directed  
WRZDUGVDODUJHURFNIRUPDWLRQ7LOWHGXSWRWKHQRUWKWKHURRÀLQHH[WHQGVSDVWWKHKLJKQRUWKHUQ
windows  in  order  to  protect  them  against  the  summer  sun.  To  the  north-­eastern  corner  of  the  house  
Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011
 LVDUHÀHFWLQJSRRODWDFWLFWKDWGLVWLQJXLVKHVWKHKRXVHIURPSUHYLRXVRQHVGHVLJQHGE\0XUFXWW
'HVLJQHGZLWKPLQLPDOZLQGRZRSHQLQJVDQGFRQVWUXFWHGIURPUXVWLFPDWHULDOVWKHVRXWKDQGZHVW
facades  present  the  visual  ‘working  character  of  a  farmhouse,  with  garage,  gas-­tank  storage,  laundry  
DQGODUJHZDWHUVWRUDJHWDQNV¶*XVKHKHWDOS7KHUHLVDVLQJOHODUJHZLQGRZRQWKH
VRXWKHUQZDOOWKDWDGMRLQVWKHFRPELQHGNLWFKHQDQGGLQLQJURRP>)LJXUH@

Figure  13.  Annotated  plan,  the  Walsh  House.


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a  bush-­like  structure  with  most  access  branches  
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only  one,  non-­trivial  loop,  this  is  less  permeable  
than   the   other   four   plans.   The   loop   goes   from  
the   exterior,   to   the   hallway,   then   the   foyer,   the  
dining  area  and  the  living  area,  before  returning  
WRWKHRXWVLGH7KHJDUDJHDQGEHGURRPFDQ
also  only  be  accessed  by  way  of  the  exterior,  so  
they  almost  operate  as  separate  pavilions,  much   Figure  14.  JPG,  with  exterior  as  carrier,  for  
the  Walsh  House.
OLNHWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH6LPSVRQ/HHKRXVHHYHQ
though  they  are  contained  in  the  same  volume.  
There  are  also  several  short  branching  points  in  
WKH FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ OHDGLQJ WR WKLV KRXVH EHLQJ
SRWHQWLDOO\WKHPRVWKLHUDUFKLFDORIWKH¿YH

  7KHKLJKHVWGHSWKRIDQ\URRPTD LVIRUWKHXWLOLW\URRPIROORZHGE\EDWKURRP

DQGEHGURRPZLWKHTXDOUHVXOWVTD 7KHPRVWLQWHJUDWHGVSDFHLVWKHH[WHULRUi DQG
the  least  integrated  conform  to  the  set  of  deepest  spaces  in  the  plan.  The  H*UHVXOWRILVLQWKH
VDPHUDQJHDVWKHSUHYLRXVIRXUKRXVHVUHÀHFWLQJWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIDVKDOORZORRSVDQGDVHULHVRI
shallow  trees,  none  of  which  -­  the  mathematics  suggests  -­  are  strongly  determined.  However,  a  visual  
inspection  does  not  completely  support  this  result;;  ignoring  the  garage  loop,  the  plan  is  for  several  
VHSDUDWHSDYLOLRQVXQGHURQHURRIRQHRIZKLFKKDVDVLQJOHORRSWKURXJKWKHSXEOLFDUHDV>7DEOH
@

Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

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0HDQ 39 0.33 1.31 3.33
0D[LPXP     
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Table  6.  Summary  of  JPG  results  for  the  Walsh  House.

'LVFXVVLRQ
7KHLQHTXDOLW\JHQRW\SHIRUDVLQJOHKRXVHLVQRWVLJQL¿FDQWLQLVRODWLRQLQSDUWEHFDXVHORFDOFRQGL-­
tions  and  programmatic  differences  might  produce  divergent  results.  However,  when  a  set  of  multiple  
inequality  genotypes  -­  for  similarly  sited  and  designed  houses  -­  are  compared,  it  is  thought  to  be  more  
OLNHO\WRSURGXFHDFRQVLVWHQWUHVXOW)RUWKH¿UVWVWDJHRIWKHSUHVHQWFRPSDULVRQWKHVSDFHVLQWKH
¿YHKRXVHVDUHVHTXHQFHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHWKHRU\RILQWLPDF\JUDGLHQWV$QLQWLPDF\JUDGLHQW
LVDOLVWRIIXQFWLRQDOO\GH¿QHGVSDFHVVWDUWLQJZLWKWKHPRVWSXEOLFDQGHQGLQJZLWKWKHPRVWSULYDWH
7KHJHQHUDOSULQFLSOHXQGHUO\LQJWKLVFRQFHSWZDVZLGHVSUHDGLQWKHVZKHUHLWZDVRIWHQFDOOHG
DµSULYDF\VFDOH¶DQGXVHGWRLQIRUPWKHGHVLJQRIVXEXUEDQKRPHVIRUQXFOHDUIDPLOLHV0RRUH$OOHQ
DQG/\QGRQ$OH[DQGHUHWDOGHYHORSHGDQGGH¿QHGWKHLQWLPDF\JUDGLHQWXVLQJLWDV
WKHEDVLVIRUVHYHUDOGHVLJQSDWWHUQV:KLOHQHYHUQXPHULFDOO\GHVFULEHG$OH[DQGHUibid.LGHQWL¿HVD
OLQHDUVHTXHQFHWKDWFRPPHQFHVZLWKSXEOLFSODFHVIR\HUVKDOOZD\VDQGOLYLQJURRPVDQGHQGVZLWK
SULYDWHRUXWLOLWDULDQVSDFHVVWRUHURRPVEDWKURRPVDQGVHUYLFHDUHDV,QWKLVVHQVHWKHLQWLPDF\
gradient  is  a  type  of  inequality  genotype,  loosely  derived  from  social  mores  of  the  era.

  7RDVVLVWLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH¿UVWFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHKRXVHVWKUHHFDWHJRULHVRI
LVRODWHGURRPW\SHVZHUHPHUJHGWKH¿UVWLQFOXGHVIR\HUVDQGHQWU\FRXUWVWKHQH[WHQFRPSDVVHV
VWXGLRVSDFHVPXVLFURRPVDQGVHFRQGDU\OLYLQJURRPVDQGWKHODVWXWLOLW\DQGVWRUDJHDUHDV,IWKH
VDPHKRXVHKDGWZRRIWKHVHURRPVIURPWKHVDPHFDWHJRU\VD\ERWKDXWLOLW\URRPDQGDVWRUDJH
DUHDWKHLQWHJUDWLRQUHVXOWVZHUHDYHUDJHG7KHFRPSDULVRQFKDUW>)LJXUH@GLVSOD\VWKHLQWHJUD-­
WLRQUHVXOWVIRUHDFKURRPW\SHDUUD\HGIURPWKHPRVWSXEOLFWKHH[WHULRUWRWKHOHIWWRWKHPRVW
SULYDWHVWRUHDQGXWLOLW\URRPVRQWKHULJKW7KHUHVXOWVIRUWKH6RXWKHUQ+LJKODQGV+RXVHDQGWKH
Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011
 6LPSVRQ/HH+RXVHDUHORZHVWLQWKHFHQWUDOUHJLRQRIWKHJUDSKWKHEHGURRP]RQHEXWULVHDJDLQ
for  several  utility  and  service  areas  to  the  right  of  the  chart.  The  results  for  the  remaining  three  houses  
KDYHVRPHVLPLODULWLHVWRWKLVSDWWHUQDOWKRXJKOHVVSURQRXQFHG)XUWKHUPRUHDVSUHYLRXVO\QRWHGD
QXPEHURIKRXVHVIHDWXUHFRXQWHULQWXLWLYHUHVXOWV)RUH[DPSOHWKHUHDUHXQH[SHFWHGO\KLJKi  results  
IRUWKHODXQGU\LQWKH0DJQH\+RXVHDZDONLQUREHLQWKH6LPSVRQ/HH+RXVHDQGWKHWRLOHWDQG
ODXQGU\LQWKH6RXWKHUQ+LJKODQGV+RXVH



)LJXUH,QHTXDOLW\JHQRW\SHVIRUWKH¿YHKRXVHV

  ,IDQDYHUDJHUHVXOWIRUHDFKSURJUDPIXQFWLRQLVFDOFXODWHGIRUWKH¿YHKRXVHVHIIHFWLYHO\
producing  a  partial  statistical  genotype,  it  can  then  be  compared  with  the  anticipated  result  derived  
from  intimacy  gradient  theory;;  which  is  one  possible  explanation  for  the  level  of  integration  of  do-­
PHVWLFVSDFHLQDGHVLJQZKHUHJHRPHWU\IROORZVWRSRORJ\%HFDXVHDQLQWLPDF\JUDGLHQWLVUHODWLYH
QRW¿[HGDW\SLFDOXSSHUiYDOXHLQWKHVHWRI0XUFXWW¶VKRXVHVZDVXVHGDVRQHOLPLWDQGWKHEDVH
OLQHDVWKHRWKHU:LWKLQWKLVUDQJHWKHi  values  for  intermediate  levels  were  generated  by  an  equal  
division.

  7KHUHIRUHWKHFRPSDULVRQLVEHWZHHQWKHLQWLPDF\JUDGLHQWµ%HQFKPDUN¶DQGWKHDYHUDJH

IRUWKH¿YHKRXVHVLQWKLVSDSHUµ/DWHU+RXVHV¶$WUHQGOLQHXVLQJVWDQGDUGOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQZDV
GHYHORSHGIRUHDFKGDWDVHWDQGDSRO\QRPLDOUHJUHVVLRQWUHQGOLQHXVLQJµOHDVWER[HV¶PHWKRGZDV
DOVRJHQHUDWHGWRDVVLVWLQLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHHI¿FDF\RIWKHOLQHDUWUHQG>)LJXUH@)URPDFRPSDUL-­
son  between  the  statistical  genotype  and  the  intimacy  gradient  it  is  clear  that  there  is  slightly  less  
GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQWHJUDWLRQOHYHOVRIVSDFHVLQ0XUFXWW¶VKRXVHVWKDQDQWLFLSDWHGLQWKH
SURSRVLWLRQWKDWJHRPHWU\IROORZVWRSRORJ\:KLOHWKHOLQHDUWUHQGVIRUHDFKPD\IDOOEURDGO\LQWKH
VDPHGLUHFWLRQWKHSRO\QRPLDOWUHQGIRU0XUFXWW¶VODWHUKRXVHVDFWXDOO\ULVHVWRWKHULJKWRIWKHFKDUW
FRQ¿UPLQJWKHYLVXDODQDO\VLVLQWKHSUHYLRXVFRPSDULVRQ>)LJXUH@0RUHRYHUWKHUHDUHDOVRVHYHUDO
PDMRUGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHVWDWLVWLFDOUHVXOWVDQGWKHEHQFKPDUNFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ6RPHRIWKHVHFDQ
EHH[SODLQHGE\FRQVLGHULQJWKHFKDQJLQJXVHRIURRPVIURPWKHVWRWKHV)RUH[DPSOH

Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

the  garage  is  more  central  to  contemporary  living  than  it  once  was  and  the  function  of  the  lobby  has  
changed  from  being  an  internal  privacy  division  to  being  an  entry  space  from  the  exterior.  However,  
DQXPEHURIGLYHUJHQWUHVXOWVDOVRH[LVWLQFOXGLQJKLJKLQWHJUDWLRQYDOXHVLQ0XUFXWW¶VGHVLJQVIRU
toilets,  bathrooms,  walk-­in-­robes,  laundries  and  secondary  hallways.  Overall,  the  comparison  between  
WKHVWDWLVWLFDOJHQRW\SHDQGWKHEHQFKPDUNFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVXSSRUWVWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHH*  results  
IRUHDFKKRXVHZKLFKLQGLFDWHGDUHODWLYHODFNRIGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQLQWKHSODQQLQJ



)LJXUH6WDWLVWLFDOJHQRW\SHFRPSDUHGZLWKDSURMHFWHGEHQFKPDUNFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ.

  8VLQJWKH-3*UHVXOWVIRU¿YHHDUO\KRXVHVE\0XUFXWWFRPSOHWHGEHWZHHQDQG
2VWZDOGELWLVSRVVLEOHWRFRPSDUHWKHWZRVWDWLVWLFDOJHQRW\SHV,QRUGHUWRGRWKLVERWKVHWV
RIUHVXOWVDUHFRQVWUXFWHGXVLQJWKHVDPHSURJUDPPDWLFDUHDVDQGWKHVDPHVSDWLDOVHTXHQFH>)LJXUH
@,IWKHVWDQGDUGOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQWHFKQLTXHIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWUHQGVLVDOVRXVHGIRUERWKGDWDVHWV
WKHWUHQGVDSSHDUDOPRVWWKHVDPHDOWKRXJKRIDFRQVLVWHQWRUGHUKLJKHUIRUWKHODUJHUKRXVHV

Figure  17.  Statistical  genotype  comparison  between  early  and  late  career  houses  and  their  trends.

Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011

 ,IDSRO\QRPLDOUHJUHVVLRQWUHQGOLQHLVJHQHUDWHGWRWHVWWKHFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHRULJLQDOOLQHDUWUHQG
LWFRQ¿UPVWKHUHVXOWIRUWKHHDUO\KRXVHVEXWDVSUHYLRXVO\VKRZQ>)LJXUH@IRUWKHODWHUKRXVHV
WKHUHLVDVWURQJWHQGHQF\WRULVHWRWKHULJKWRIWKHFKDUW:KLOHWKHUHDUHYDULRXVH[SODQDWLRQVIRUWKH
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHHDUO\DQGODWHUUHVXOWVLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWDJUDGXDOVKLIWKDVRFFXUUHGLQ0XU-­
cutt’s  design  practice  that  has  at  least  partially  reduced  the  importance  of  social  structure  in  shaping  
the  geometry  of  design.

)RUPDOFRPSOH[LW\
All  of  the  analysis  recorded  in  this  paper  thus  far,  has  derived  relative  values  for  the  properties  of  
JHRPHWU\IURPFDOFXODWLRQVRIWRSRORJ\WKDWLVXVLQJVSDFHWRFRQVLGHUIRUP,QWKLV¿QDOVHFWLRQD
VHULHVRIFDOFXODWLRQVRIJHRPHWULFFRPSOH[LW\DUHXVHGWRGHULYHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVSDWLDOFRQ¿JX-­
UDWLRQWKDWFDQEHXVHGIRUFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKH-3*UHVXOWV6SHFL¿FDOO\LQWKLVVHFWLRQWKHIUDFWDO
GLPHQVLRQDPHDVXUHRIIRUPDOFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHSODQVRIHDFKRIWKH¿YHKRXVHVLVFDOFXODWHG
 7KHUHLVDORQJWUDGLWLRQLQDUFKLWHFWXUDODQDO\VLVRIXVLQJIUDFWDOGLPHQVLRQVDDVDPHDVXUHRI
formal  complexity.  The  box-­counting  method  for  determining  the  approximate  fractal  dimension  of  
DUFKLWHFWXUDOSODQVDQGHOHYDWLRQVKDVEHHQZLGHO\SXEOLVKHGDQGUH¿QHGRYHUDOPRVWWZRGHFDGHV
%RYLOO%XUNOH(OL]RQGRDQG9DOGp]&HSHGD2VWZDOGDQG9DXJKDQ
7KHIUDFWDOGLPHQVLRQRIDQLPDJHLVDQXPEHULQWKHUDQJHEHWZHHQDQGZLWKWKHORZHU
the  number,  the  less  the  level  of  formal  complexity.  Architecture  tends  to  fall  into  the  range  between  
DQG%RYLOO/RUHQ]

  The  box-­counting  method  for  architecture  commences  with  an  image,  typically  a  plan  or  
elevation  of  a  building.  A  grid  is  then  placed  over  that  image  and  each  square  analysed,  to  see  if  there  
are  any  of  the  lines  of  that  drawing  present  in  the  grid.  The  number  of  boxes  with  detail  in  them  is  
WKHQUHFRUGHG7KHQDJULGRIUHGXFHGVL]HLVRYHUODLGRQWKHLPDJHDQGWKHVDPHSURFHVVLVUHSHDWHG
although  now  at  a  different  scale,  and  the  number  of  boxes  with  information  in  them  is  also  recorded.  
$FRPSDULVRQLVWKHQPDGHRIWKHQXPEHURIER[HVZLWKGHWDLOLQWKH¿UVWJULGNVDQGWKHQXP-­
EHURIER[HVZLWKGHWDLOLQWKHVHFRQGJULGNV6XFKDFRPSDULVRQLVPDGHE\SORWWLQJDORJORJ
GLDJUDPORJ>NV@YHUVXVORJ>V@IRUHDFKJULGVL]H7KHVORSHRIWKHVWUDLJKWOLQHSURGXFHGE\
WKLVFRPSDULVRQLVFDOOHGWKHER[FRXQWLQJGLPHQVLRQDE7KLVYDOXHLVFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV

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    V  WKHQXPEHURIER[HVLQJULGQXPEHU³´DWWKHEDVHRIWKHJULG

:KHQWKLVSURFHVVLVUHSHDWHGDVXI¿FLHQWQXPEHURIWLPHVIRUPXOWLSOHJULGRYHUOD\VRQWKHVDPH
LPDJHWKHDYHUDJHVORSHZKLFKLVWKHIUDFWDOGLPHQVLRQDFDQEHFDOFXODWHG

Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

   8VLQJWKHFRPSXWDWLRQDOYHUVLRQRIWKHER[FRXQWLQJPHWKRG2VWZDOGHWDOWZR
YHUVLRQVRIWKHSODQVRIHDFKRIWKH¿YH0XUFXWWKRXVHVZHUHDQDO\VHG3ODQVUDWKHUWKDQHOHYDWLRQV
RURWKHUYLHZVZHUHFKRVHQEHFDXVHWKH-3*LVGHULYHGIURPDUHDGLQJRIDQDUFKLWHFWXUDOSODQ7ZR
YHUVLRQVRIHDFKSODQZHUHGUDZQWRDOORZIRUDFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQH[WHULRUIRUPDOH[SUHVVLRQLVR-­
ODWHGIURPWKHLQWHULRUDQGWKHWRWDOIRUPDOFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHSODQLQWHULRUDQGH[WHULRU7KHIRUPHU
version  could  be  considered  as  providing  a  measure  of  the  geometric  complexity  of  the  house,  as  it  is  
experienced  from  the  exterior;;  and  the  latter  as  a  measure  of  the  geometric  complexity  of  the  house  
DVLWLVLQKDELWHG7KHLPDJHVWDQGDUGVLGHQWL¿HGE\%RYLOOZHUHDGRSWHGIRUWKHVHFDOFXODWLRQV
DORQJZLWK2VWZDOGHWDO¶VPHWKRGRORJLFDOVHWWLQJV

  7KHFDOFXODWHGIUDFWDOGLPHQVLRQUHVXOWVIRUWKH¿YHKRXVHVDUHDOOLQWKHYHU\ORZUDQJHIRU
DUFKLWHFWXUHDQGLQPRVWFDVHVDPLQLPDOH[WHULRUIRUPWKHD([WUHVXOWPDVNVDQRQO\VOLJKWO\PRUH
FRPSOH[LQWHULRUIRUPWKHD([W,QWUHVXOW>7DEOH@:LWKRXWDQ\IXUWKHUDQDO\VLVWKLVFRQ¿UPV
WKHFRPPRQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI0XUFXWW¶VKRXVHVDVPLQLPDOJHRPHWULFREMHFWV,QDOO¿YHFDVHVWKH 
GHJUHHRIGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHLQWHULRUDQGWKHH[WHULRUZDVERWKFRQVLVWHQWLQDUDQJHEHWZHHQ
DQGDQGVLJQL¿FDQWDGLIIHUHQFHEHLQJUHDGLO\LGHQWL¿DEOHE\VLJKW7KLVUHVXOWZKLOH
QRWGH¿QLWLYHFRQ¿UPVWKDWWKHUHLV
only  a  low  level  of  correspondence  
EHWZHHQ WKH H[WHULRU IRUP WKH
JHRPHWU\ RI WKH KRXVH DQG H[WH-­
ULRUDQGLQWHULRUIRUPFRPELQHGD
UHÀHFWLRQRIWKHSDWWHUQRILQKDELWD-­
WLRQLQWKHKRXVH>)LJXUH@ Figure  18.  Fractal  dimension  estimates  
for  the  exterior  plan  form  (D(Ext))  
and  the  total  plan  (D([W,QWRIWKH¿YHKRXVHV

0DJQH\ 6LPSVRQ/HH )OHWFKHU3DJH 6RXWKHUQ+ Walsh

D([W     
D([W,QW     
D'LIIHUHQFH     
'LIIHUHQFH    18 19

Table  7.  Summary  of  fractal  dimension  (DUHVXOWVIRUWKH¿YHKRXVHV

  7KLVSDSHUKDVGHYHORSHGWZRVHWVRIGDWD7KH¿UVWJHQHUDWHGE\WKH-3*DQDO\VLVLVSUL-­
marily  concerned  with  topology,  but  it  may  also  be  used,  by  inference,  to  comment  on  other  factors  
including  geometry.  The  second,  from  fractal  analysis,  is  concerned  with  geometry,  but  it  may  be  used  
WRVXJJHVWYDULRXVSURSHUWLHVRIWRSRORJ\:KLOHDFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQSDWWHUQVLQ-3*GDWDDQGLQ
IUDFWDOGLPHQVLRQYDOXHVPLJKWVHHPFRXQWHULQWXLWLYHDQGLVZLWKRXWSUHFHGHQWLWGRHVUHÀHFWWZR
ways  of  viewing  the  same  plan;;  either  in  terms  of  spatial  permeability  or  in  terms  of  characteristic  
JHRPHWU\)RUH[DPSOHLWPXVWEHUHPHPEHUHGWKDWLQVLPSOHGHVLJQVFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDOFRPSOH[LW\
Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011
 OLWHUDOO\WKHQXPEHURIRSHQLQJVEHWZHHQVSDFHVDQGWKHQXPEHURIVSDFHVGH¿QHGE\ZDOOVLVWKH
primary  factor  shaping  the  formal  complexity  of  a  plan.  This  may  not  be  the  case  for  major  buildings  
RUXUEDQVSDFHVEXWLWLVIRUKRXVHV±ZKHUHURRPVDQGGRRUVGH¿QHERWKVSDFHDQGIRUP7ZRW\SHV
of  indicative  patterns  are  sought  in  the  present  comparative  analysis,  both  of  which  are  relative  to  the  
VHWRI¿YHKRXVHV

  )LUVWif  geometry  follows  topology,  it  might  be  anticipated  that  higher  visual  complexity  
ZLOOEHIRXQGLQDSODQZKLFKDOVRKDVDKLJKHUGHJUHHRIFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDOGHSWKRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
Thus,  the  pattern  of  the  D([W,QWUHVXOWVDFURVVWKH¿YHKRXVHVPLJKWEHUHÀHFWHGLQWKHRA  and  
RRA  results  or  in  an  inverted  H*.  The  H*  is  inverted  in  this  case  to  ensure  that  the  higher  the  result  
WKHPRUHGHWHUPLQHGFRQVLGHUHGRUGHOLEHUDWHO\VKDSHGWKHSODQLV%RWK  RA  and  RRA  results  are  
also  used  here  because,  GHVSLWHFRQWLQXLQJGLVDJUHHPHQWRYHUWKHPHULWVRIHDFKFI.UJHU
6KDSLUR0DQXPWKHSXUSRVHLVRQO\WRFRPSDUHLQGLFDWLRQVRIWRSRORJLFDOFRPSOH[LW\
 with  those  of  geometric  complexity.  The  second  type  of  pattern  sought  in  the  comparison  is  to  see  if  
WKHUHDUHLQGLFDWLRQVWKDWWRSRORJ\IROORZVJHRPHWU\,IVXFKDUHODWLRQVKLSH[LVWVWKHQWKHH[WHULRU
JHRPHWU\RIWKHKRXVHD([WUHODWLYHWRWKHVHWRI¿YHZLOOKDYHDVLPLODUSDWWHUQRIUHVXOWVWRRA,  
RRA,  or  H*LQYHUWHG

  5HPHPEHULQJWKDWWKHQXPHULFDOYDOXHVDUHOHVVLPSRUWDQWWKDQWKHSDWWHUQRUULVLQJDQGIDOO-­
ing  vectors  across  the  chart;;  in  the  comparison  the  RRA  pattern  is  more  closely  aligned  to  the  D([W
trend  than  it  is  to  the  D([W,QWWUHQGWKH6RXWKHUQ+LJKODQGVKRXVHLVWKHH[FHSWLRQ>)LJXUH@
&RQYHUVHO\WKHH*  inverted  trend  is  possibly  more  similar  to  the  D([W,QWWUHQGWKDQLWLVWRWKH
SDWWHUQRIWKHH[WHULRUIRUPDORQHD([W,QFRPELQDWLRQWKHVHWZRUHVXOWVSURYLGHVRPHHYLGHQFH
for  the  case  that  topology  follows  geometry  and  also  some  for  the  inverse  proposition.  Although  neither  
result  is  conclusive,  the  exterior  form  displays  a  slightly  higher  level  of  correlation  with  the  results  
for  topology  than  the  interior  form  does;;  meaning  that  the  systemic  intention  of  the  design  may  be  
PRUHVWURQJO\UHÀHFWHGLQWKHJHRPHWU\WKDQLQWKHWRSRORJ\RIWKHVHKRXVHV

Figure  19.  Combined  scale,  fractal  dimension,  RA,  RRA  and  H*  trends.

Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

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SURYLGHGDGH¿QLWLYHRXWFRPH7KHSUREOHPLVWKDWIRUWKHVSDFHV\QWD[PHWKRGVXVHGLQWKLVSDSHU
geometry  is  only  considered  by  implication.  That  is,  certain  values  developed  for  topology  imply  
WKDWWKHUHLVQRWDVWURQJDQGFRQVLVWHQWFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDOSDWWHUQLQ0XUFXWW¶VKRXVHVDQGVRVRPHWKLQJ
HOVHSRVVLEO\JHRPHWU\PD\EHWKHFDXVH&RQYHUVHO\IRUWKHIUDFWDODQDO\VLVVHFWLRQWKHFRPSDULVRQ
EHWZHHQH[WHULRUJHRPHWU\DQGLQWHULRUJHRPHWU\FRQ¿UPVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFRUSRUHDOIRUPEXWWKH
correlation  between  form  and  spatial  pattern  developed  in  the  paper  is  not  compelling  evidence  that  
JHRPHWU\VKDSHVWRSRORJ\7KHLVVXHLVWKDWDV+LOOLHUSREVHUYHVµ>D@UFKLWHFWXUDOUHDOLWLHV
DUHGHQVHDQGDVZKROHVXQDQDO\]DEOHEXW¶KHJRHVRQWRDUJXHµWKDWGRHVQRWPHDQWKDWWKHUROHRI
VSDWLDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ>«@FDQQRWEHDQDO\VHGDQGHYHQJHQHUDOL]HG¶7KHUROHRIJHRPHWU\LVVLPLODUO\
complex  and  contingent,  but  this  should  not  preclude  attempts  to  identify  patterns  and  extrapolate  
WKHLUVLJQL¿FDQFH,WLVLQWKLVVSLULWWKDWWKLVFRQFOXGLQJVHFWLRQGHYHORSVVRPHTXDOLWDWLYHREVHUYDWLRQV
about  the  relationship  between  topology  and  geometry. 

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FXWW¶VKRXVHVZKDWPLJKWLWEH",I0XUFXWW¶VGHVFULSWLRQRIKLVGHVLJQDSSURDFKLVDFFHSWHGprima  facie,  
WKHQKLVSULPDU\FRQVLGHUDWLRQVDUHIRUFOLPDWHDQGWHFWRQLFV*XVKHKHWDO)URPKLVHDUOLHVW
GHVLJQVNHWFKHVKLVIRFXVLVRQVWUXFWXUDOV\VWHPVORFDOPDWHULDOVDQGHFRORJ\)UDPSWRQ
,QSUDFWLFHWKRXJK±DQGGHVSLWHEHLQJRQGLIIHUHQWVLWHVDQGXVLQJGLIIHUHQWPDWHULDOVDQGVWUXFWXUDO
systems  –  these  priorities  have  produced  a  consistent  set  of  formal  solutions.  This  is  not  to  suggest  
WKDW0XUFXWWLVFRQWUDU\WRKLVRZQVWDWHGLQWHQWOHWWLQJIRUPGRPLQDWHKLVFRQFHUQVIRUFOLPDWHRU
WHFWRQLFV5DWKHULWPHDQVWKDWKHKDVGHYHORSHGDODQJXDJHRIIRUPWKDWFDQUHDGLO\DFFRPPRGDWH
KLVRWKHUJRDOV%XWZKHUHGRHVVSDWLDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ¿WLQWR0XUFXWW¶VVWDWHGGHVLJQVWUDWHJ\",IWKH
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interior  space,  then  there  should  be  evidence  for  this.

  $UHFXUULQJVWUDWHJ\LQ0XUFXWW¶VKRXVHVLQYROYHVWKHXVHRIGH¿QHGVHUYLFH]RQHVWRVHSDUDWH
and  control  access  to  habitable  areas.  The  habitable  areas,  like  bedrooms  and  living  rooms,  are  typi-­
FDOO\DUUD\HGDORQJWKHOHQJWKRIWKHSDYLOLRQZKLOHQDUURZVHUYLFH]RQHV±FRPELQLQJEDWKURRPV
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DUHDOZD\VJHRJUDSKLFDOO\RUJHRPHWULFDOO\GH¿QHGWKDWLVPXOWLSOHIXQFWLRQVDUHFRPELQHGWRJHWKHU
ZLWKLQDQRUWKRJRQDOVKDSHG]RQHLQWKHSODQ

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DQGEDWKURRPVHSDUDWHVEHGURRPIURPWKHUHVWRIWKHKRXVH>)LJXUH@+RZHYHUEHFDXVHWKH
SDYLOLRQLVVRQDUURZDQGLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQWKHIRUPDOFODULW\RIWKLVVHUYLFH]RQHHQWU\WREHGURRP
LVWKURXJKWKHKDOOZD\andWKHZDONLQUREHDQXQXVXDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQJLYHQPRUHGLUHFWDOWHUQDWLYHV
7KLVVDPHGHVLUHWRPDLQWDLQWKHRUWKRJRQDOJHRJUDSK\RIVHUYLFH]RQHVLVHYLGHQWLQWKH6RXWKHUQ
+LJKODQGV+RXVHZHUHWKHUHDUHWKUHHVHSDUDWHLQVWDQFHVRIWKLVVWUDWHJ\>)LJXUH@,QWKH¿UVWWZR
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Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011
 DQGWKHPXVLFURRPIURPHDFKRWKHUDQGLQGRLQJVRFUHDWLQJWZRDLUORFNVSDFHVKDOOZD\DQG
KDOOZD\:KLOHGLUHFWHQWU\IURPKDOOZD\ZDVSRVVLEOHLQWRHDFKRIWKHWKUHHKDELWDEOHVSDFHV
0XUFXWWKDVORFDWHGDOORIWKHDFFHVVSRLQWVWRWKHVHURRPVZLWKLQWKHVHUYLFH]RQHVMXVWDVKHGRHVLQ
WKH6LPSVRQ/HH+RXVH7KHIXQFWLRQDOLPSDFWRIPDLQWDLQLQJWKLVVWULFWJHRPHWULF]RQLQJLVHVSH-­
cially  unusual,  given  that  it  means  the  music  room,  a  space  that  might  be  regarded  as  relatively  public,  
VKDUHVDVPDOOHQWU\IR\HUZLWKDSULYDWHEHGURRP,QWKHWKLUGH[DPSOHLQWKH6RXWKHUQ+LJKODQGV
+RXVHD]RQHIHDWXULQJDODXQGU\WRLOHWDQGVWRUDJHDUHDVHSDUDWHVWKHPXVLFURRPIURPWKHNLWFKHQ
DQGGLQLQJURRP7KHGLUHFWRXWFRPHRIWKLV]RQLQJGHFLVLRQLVWKDWWKHODXQGU\EHFRPHVDVLJQL¿FDQW
thoroughfare,  generating  the  abnormally  high  integration  result  that  was  previously  noted.  There  are  
PDQ\PRUHLQVWDQFHVRIWKLVDSSURDFKWRSODQQLQJLQWKH¿YHKRXVHVLQWKLVSDSHULQFOXGLQJDQDOPRVW
LGHQWLFDOFDVHLQWKH:DOVK+RXVHZKHUHHQWU\WREHGURRPLVE\ZD\RIWKHH[WHULRUWKHQWKURXJK
DQDLUORFNLQDVHUYLFH]RQHKDOOZD\>)LJXUH@

   ,QWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHSUHVHQWUHVHDUFKWKHUHDUHWZRSRVVLEOHZD\VRILQWHUSUHWLQJ0XUFXWW¶V
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architecture.  The  pattern  also  explains  the  tendency  in  the  more  recent  houses  for  service  areas  to  be  
more  highly  integrated  than  predicted.

  Ultimately,  the  methods  used  in  this  paper  to  interrogate  the  relative  importance  of  topology  
DQGJHRPHWU\LQ0XUFXWW¶VODWHUFDUHHUKRXVHVVXJJHVWZLWKYDU\LQJGHJUHHVRIFRQYLFWLRQWKDWWKHUH
is  a  disconnection  between  the  two  and  that  potentially  geometry  is  more  important  than  topology  in  
shaping  the  overall  design.

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Journal of Space Syntax, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 223-­246, 2011

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Examining the Relationship Between Topology and Geometry

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