CHAPTER TWO

INFORMATION SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT

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 Lecture outline
➢ An overview of Information Systems Development
➢ system Development Life Cycle
✓ System Investigation
✓ System Analysis
✓ System Design
✓ System Implementation
✓ System Maintenance
➢ Factors Affecting System Development Success
➢ System Development Approach (assignment)

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 Chapter Objectives Overview
• Define system development and list the system
development phases
• Explain activities performed in each system
development phase.
➢Identify factors affecting system development
success
➢Identify the various System Development
Methodologies

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 An overview of Information Systems
Development
• Business firm plan, develop, and implement
information system to meet the challenges and
opportunities faced in today’s business
environment.

• When an organization needs to undertake a new

task, change, or improve an activity or business
process, it develops a new system or modifies an
existing one.

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 An overview of Information Systems
Development Cont’d
• Thus, system development is a process of
creating a new or modifying an existing
system.
• Information system development requires
system approach.
• System approach is management perspective
which advocates that any business problem
should be seen as system as a whole rather
than seeing the problem in parts.

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 An overview of Information Systems
Development Cont’d

• System approach helps to see the problem at

holistic level not at sub-system level.
• Applying system approach perspective to the
development of information system to solve
business problem is called information system
development.

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 An overview of Information Systems
Development Cont’d

• System thinking is one aspects of the system approach

which focuses on the way that a system's elements
interrelate and works within the context of larger
systems.

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 Participants in Information System
Development

• Effective and efficient system development

highly requires a team work.
• Including all the necessary stakeholders for a
system development project is critical to
project success.

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 Participants in Information System
Development Cont’d
• The participants of information system
development usually consists of system owner,
users, project manager, systems analyst, system
designer , technical specialists, etc.

• So, a stakeholder in the system development is

any party that has an interest in an existing or
proposed information system.

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 Information System Planning and
organizational goal

• Information systems development must align

with organizational goals.
• Information system planning is translating
strategic and organizational goal into systems
development initiatives.

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 Systems Analysis and Design (SAD)

• The overall process by which information systems are

designed and implemented within organizations is
called SAD.
• It includes the identification of business problems;
proposing the solution, designing and implementing
the proposed systems to the business problems.

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 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

• The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a

conceptual model that describes the stages involved in
an information system development project.

• The system life cycle is a series of stages that are

worked through during the development of
information system.

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 SDLC cont’d

• The life of the system is continuous or repetitive

,because the system needs improvement or
replacement due to continuous change in technology
or business environment.

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 Phases of Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)

• Traditional system development life cycle contains

five major phases or stages.

• These are:
1. Systems Investigation
2. Systems Analysis
3. Systems Design
4. Systems Implementation
5. Systems maintenance
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 phase one : Systems Investigation

• Identifying or understanding business problems and

opportunities in line with business goals.
• Focus on how to address the existing business
problems and opportunities.
• The result of systems investigation is feasibility
study.
• Feasibility is conducted to determine whether a new
or improved business system is a feasible solution to
the business problems or opportunities.

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 Systems Investigation cont’d

• Feasibility study is conducted to answer the following

questions:
✓ Is the system proposed is feasible operationally,
economically, technically, legally, politically, in terms of
human factors and time?
✓ Feasibility study is a measure of how suitable the
development of a system will be the organization.
N.B A project that is feasible at one point during
system development might become infeasible at a
later point.

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 Systems Investigation cont’d
Operational Feasibility
✓ How well the proposed system will solve
the identified problem.
✓ How well the proposed system will fit
with the existing organizational
structure
Technical Feasibility
✓ Do an organization has or can obtain the
hardware,software,and people needed to
deliver and then support the proposed
information system?
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Economic Feasibility
✓Is the benefits of the proposed
information system will be greater
than its costs?
✓Investment cost versus return on
investment
Schedule Feasibility
✓Is the project can be completed
within reasonable amount of time?
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 Systems Investigation cont’d
Human Factors Feasibility Legal Feasibility

✓ Is the proposed system is acceptable and ✓No patent or copyright violations

perceived as relevant by customers, ✓No violation of government

suppliers and employees regulation

✓ Is there support from management body ✓Is the laws or regulations prevent

✓ Is there skilled and sufficient manpower or limit a systems development or

to operate the new or modified system. modifications ,etc

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 Systems Investigation cont’d

• The primary outcome of systems investigation is a

systems investigation report or simply a feasibility study
report.

• The system analyst writes the feasibility study report and

present the findings about the benefits of a new or
modified system and the recommendation.

• Based on feasibility study report, the decision to continue,

modify or drop the project will be made by concerned body
such steering committee or advisory committee.

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 Phase two: System Analysis
• System analysis answer ‘what must the information
systems do to solve the problem?’
• Studying existing systems to identify strengths,
weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement.
• In-depth study of the old system and new
requirements to determine systems functional
requirements
• Analyzing the information needs of end-users
( employees, customers, and business stakeholders)

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 System Analysis cont’d

• Systems analysis is the analysis of a problem

that a firm tries to solve with information
system.
• Systems analysis describes what a system should do
to meet information requirements.
• System analysis includes organizational analysis,
present system analysis, logical analysis and
functional requirements analysis.

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 System Analysis cont’d

1. Organizational analysis
✓ Systems analyst should know very well about
organizational (structure, people, business activities
,environment, etc)

2. Analysis of the present System

✓ Detailed study system of the current system to understand
whether the system should be improved or replaced.

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 System Analysis cont’d

3. Logical analysis
✓ Constructing the a logical model that is used as a blueprint to
study the current system process, function and etc.
4. Functional requirements analysis
✓ the process of determining user expectations for a new or
modified system such as type of information, format,
volume, frequency, information processing capabilities
of each system activities and etc to meet end-user
information needs.

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 Phase three: Systems Design

• Converting the system requirements in system

analysis stage into design specification.
• The system design is the overall plan or model for
that system like the blueprint of a building consisting
all the specifications that give the system its form and
structure.
• Develop logical models of new system
• Develop specifications for resource and activity
components information systems that will satisfy the
functional requirements of the proposed system.

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 Phase four: System Implementation
• Involves the creation or acquisition of various system
components specified in the system design stage,
assembling or installing them, and putting the new
or modified system into operation.
• It is a stage at which systems components are made or
acquired, testing system takes place, training people
to operate and use the system, convert an old system
to the new system and manage changes due to the
new system.

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 System Implementation cont’d

• Implementation can be a difficult and time

consuming.
• Even a well-designed system will fail if it is not
properly implemented.
• System implementation requires replacing an old
system with the new or modified one.
• There are four methods of conversion.

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 System Implementation cont’d

1. Pilot approach
✓ New system is tried out in only one part of
the organization first
✓ Failures are contained within a limited boundary.
✓ It reduces the exposure of the business.
✓ It protects the new system from developing a
negative reputation
✓ Once new system is operating smoothly, implementation
goes organization wide.

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 System Implementation cont’d

2.Parallel approach
✓ The new system runs in parallel with the old system until the
new one is tested and fully operational.

✓ It’s very expensive to use this method because you must

operate two systems at the same time

✓ Users’ work doubles because they must use both systems for
all their tasks.

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 System Implementation cont’d

3.Phase –in approach

✓ A new system is implemented gradually over a period
of time.

✓ Only a portion of the system is installed at a time.

✓ Once it works, another portion is installed.

✓ Tightly integrated systems cannot use this method

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 System Implementation cont’d

4. Direct/plunge/ approach
✓ The old system is shut off one day and the new system is
turned on the next day.

✓ If the new system fails, the organization is in trouble.

✓ This is an extremely risky conversion method because you’re
putting a lot of faith in the new system working correctly the
first time.
✓ Not recommended most of the time.

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 System Maintenance

• System maintenance is a post-implementation review

of the new system which involves monitoring,
evaluating and enhancing the system to make it more
useful in delivering the purpose of its development.

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 Factors affecting systems development
success

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 Environmental design considerations

• Also called green design, involves developing a

system that reduce resource consumption such as
power, physical space and does not harm the
environment during its disposal.

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 System Development Methodologies

• What are the various system development

methodologies?
• When to use each methodology?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of each
system development methodology?

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 Thank you for your
attention!

Questions?

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