In conclusion based on reading of Lesson 1 and Lesson 2, deviance covers the actions, feelings and

social status in their environment not just criminal acts. In some sociologist view, deviance is a
multitude conditions of a persons and the act of societies that disvalues the norms. It can be divided
into two types, physical deviance and cognitive deviance. Physical deviance is a visible form of
deviance that can lead to stereotypes, stigma and discrimination. Cognitive deviance refers
to holding beliefs that are unconventional and non-normative.

Physical deviance can be described into two types. First is violation of aesthetic norms which is a
standard of how a person ought to look like within a culture and society. For example, height and
weight. Next, physical incapacity because it violates institutional expectations. The social strain
typology is a theory of deviance that was developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton. The theory
suggests that there are four types of deviant behaviour: subcultural, serial, situational, and cultural.
Merton's theory is based on the idea that there is a tension between goals and means in society.
Cognitive deviance have two ways of belief, normatively which violates a dominant belief system and
reactively where the audience and adherents are likely to be condemned by mainstream society.

Lesson 3 talks about alcohol and drugs problem in public health and justice system. Drugs is a
chemical substances that will alters the structure or functioning of the body in some way whenever
we take. It is to be used as a way of inducing a bodily or psychological change. There is two ways of
looking at drugs and behavior. Psychoactive drugs that influence the functioning of brain and another
one is focus on the circumstances in our lives that lead to drug-taking behavior. Alcohol may seems
as simply social beverage in society but it is actually a social drug. Drinking may become deviant,
depending on the norms of the group to which an individual belongs.