Dr.

BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

LONERE, RAIGAD (M.S.)

TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR
( EVERY ASPECT OF ENERGY )

Submitted by
Ajinkya Vishnupant Darphade [18]

Under the guidance of

Prof. Ruchita P. Dahad

In partial fulfillment of the award of

Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering)

Department of Electrical Engineering.

Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Maharashtra)
[2022-23]

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled [“TRIBOELECTRIC
NANOGENERATOR:- EVERY ASPECT OF ENERGY”], submitted by [Ajinkya
Vishnupant Darphade] is the bonafied work completed under my supervision and
guidance in partial fulfilment for the award of Third Year B.Tech in (Electrical Engg.) of
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad (M.S.).

Place: Chht.Sambhajinagar
Date:

Dr. S.M.Badave Prof. R. P. Dahad

Head Guide
Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Dr. S.P Bhosle

Director
M.I.T, Chh. Sambhajinagar

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Apart from the efforts of me, the success of this seminar depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this
project.

I am highly indebted to (Prof. R. P. Dahad), for her guidance and constant support.
I can’t thank enough for his/her tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and
encouraged every time I attended his meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance
this seminar would not have materialized.

I take this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to Prof. S. M. Badave, Head
of Electrical Engineering Department, for providing guidance and whole hearted
cooperation.

I am thankful to Dr. S.P Bhosle, Director, M.I.T., Chh. Sambhajinagar, for his
encouraging attitude.

I also extend my genuine thanks to all the staff of Electrical Engineering

Department for providing valuable guidance.

Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved

parents for their blessings, and my all friends and all others for their help, backing and good
wishes.

Finally, I would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful
realization of project report, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention
personally one by one.

Ajinkya Vishnupant Darphade (18)

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 ABSTRACT

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a new power-generation technology

was reported by Wang and co-workers in 2012. Because of its great potential for
scavenging mechanical energy from living environment and sustainably driving portable
devices, many researchers have developed various methods to improve output
performances of TENG. The progress in TENG made as flexible power sources by
integrating flexible materials and stretching structures, especially for the applications of
flexible electronics. For optimizing performances of TENG, the structural designs, material
selections, and hybrid energy cells are presented. The reported TENG as flexible power
sources has the potential applications in lighting up light emitting diodes (LEDs), powering
sensors, and monitoring biomechanical motions.Charges induced in triboelectric process
are usually referred as a negative effect either in scientific Research or technological
applications, and they are wasted energy in many cases. Here, a simple, low cost and
effective approach of using the charging process in friction to Convert mechanical energy
into electric power for driving small electronics. The triboelectric Generator (TEG) is
fabricated by stacking two polymer sheets made of materials having distinctly Different
triboelectric characteristics, with metal films deposited on the top and bottom of the
Assembled structure. Once subjected to mechanical deformation, a friction between the
two films, Owing to the nano-scale surface roughness, generates equal amount but opposite
signs of charges at Two sides. Thus, a triboelectric potential layer is formed at the interface
region, which serves as a Charge ‘‘pump’’ for driving the flow of electrons in the external
load if there is a variation in the Capacitance of the system. Such a flexible polymer TEG
gives an output voltage of up to 3.3 V at a Power density of – 10.4 mW/cm3. TEGs have
the potential of harvesting energy from human activities, rotating tires, ocean waves,
mechanical vibration and more, with great applications in Self-powered systems for
personal electronics, environmental monitoring, medical science and even Large-scale
power.

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 CONTENTS

Acknowledgment. I
Abstract. i
List Of Figures. ii

1.INTRODUCTION. 8
1.1.Block Diagram of TENG. 9
1.2.Need of Triboelectric Nanogenerator. 10
1.3.Operating Principle. 11
1.4.Summary. 12
1.5.Energy Conversion Diagram. 13

2.LITERATURE SURVEY. 14
2.1.Literature Survey. 14
2.2.Energy Distribution of TENG. 15

3.SYSTEM MODELING. 16
3.1.Model Development. 16
3.2.Geometry. 16
3.3.Material. 16
3.4.Multiphysics. 17
3.5.Meshing And Study. 17
3.6.Block Diagram of TENG Working 18

4.ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY CONCERN. 19

4.1.Performance of System. 19
4.2.Block Diagram of Environment Concern. 21

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5.CONCLUSIONS. 22
5.1.Conclusion. 22
5.2.Future Scope. 23

REFERENCES. 24

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 List of Figures

Figure Illustrations. Page

1.1. Block Diagram of TENG. 9
1.5. Energy Conversion Diagram. 13
2.2. Energy Distribution of TENG. 15
3.6. Block Diagram of TENG Working. 18
4.2. Block Diagram of Environment Concern. 21

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 1.INTRODUCTION

With the growing requirement of electronics, it is of great importance to investigate

clean and portable energy sources. Our surrounding environment has an abundance of
energies including mechanical energy, wind power, solar energy, thermal energy,
chemical energies etc, which can be collected and exploited. Researchers have
developed various self-sufficient power sources by scavenging various forms of energy
sources from the environment. However, conventional technologies could not reach the
require1ment of high-efficient and sustainable capability. Therefore, it is necessary to
develop new energy harvesters for solving the power source issues of future functional
electronics. In 2012, Wang et al. fabricated a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which
can effectively convert various mechanical energies into electricity. For the TENG,
there are many advantages, such as large output power, low cost, simple production, and
high conversion efficiency.Wang and co-workers have developed various TENGs,
which are mainly based on the coupling between triboelectric effect and electrostatic
induction. Researchers have designed some outstanding TENGs, where the area power
density can reach up to 500W/m2 and a corresponding conversion total efficiency of
about 85%.With fast-growing demand for flexible electronics, such as wearable
electronics, bendable displays, and electronic skin, flexible TENGs as power sources
have been extensively studied. Suitable materials and optimized structures are two key
elements, which can affect both the output performance and mechanical stability of the
flexible TENGs. In the last 5 years, a significant amount of research work has been
achieved to improve the performance and application of f lexible TENGs.

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1.1 Block Diagram of TENG:-

Figure 1.1:- Block Diagram of TENG

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1.2 Need of Triboelectric Nanogeneraters :-

A Nanogenerator is a type of technology that converts mechanical/thermal energy

as produced by small-scale physical change into electricity. A Nanogenerator has
three typical approaches: piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric
nanogenerators. Both the piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators can convert
mechanical energy into electricity. However, pyroelectric nanogenerators can be
used to harvest thermal energy from a time-dependent temperature fluctuation. The
Nano Energy journal describes Nanogenerators (NGs) as a field using “displacement
current as the driving force for effectively converting mechanical energy into
electric power/signal.

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1.3 Operating Principle :-

Triboelectric nanogenerator based devices attracts global focus owing to its simple
operation and higher efficacy in performance. The working mechanism of the
triboelectric nanogenerator focused on contact dissociation induced electrostatic
induction and electrification. The triboelectric nanogenerator is able to transform
almost all forms of mechanical stress to electrical energy. Triboelectric
nanogenerator entails main three components specifically generation unit, rectifier,
and storage sections. The fabrication of a multiresponse cell coupled with a
triboelectric and supercapacitor unit is economical and simple. The system utilizes
bending and pressing as a mechanical energy source and is able to produce 3 V with
excellent electrochemical stability. The system demonstrated the maximum current
density of 68.2 μC/m2 under an optimum power density-0.81 W/m2. It was able to
power up the LED or panel of the commercial sensor. The construction of multi-
responsive cell produced electrostatic charge during contact-separation poly-
tetrafluoroethylene film and nanoparticles were utilized as well. The supercapacitors
were fabricated using graphene which was developed based on the computer-aided
laser system. The supercapacitor and triboelectric nanogenerator were tested
separately and the performance was excellent. The output of the triboelectric
nanogenerator is alternating current unable to store directly, there requires a full-
wave bridge. The mechanical constancy of the multi-responsive cell can be
enhanced using plastic configuration. Bipal and team developed woven carbon fiber-
based triboelectric nanogenerator cum supercapacitor connected by the rectifier to
store the energy produced. The electrodes were later modified by using P-doped Cu-
Mn selenide nanowires. The triboelectric nanogenerator was able to produce power
of 7.4 Wm− 2 and supercapacitor demonstrated power and energy densities of 54.2
and 97.2 Wh/kg.

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1.4 Summary :-

Recently, the energy storage unit was able to charge 40 mV through small mechanical
sensations by the movement of the human finger. The storage system can be charged
rapidly within 30 s. To improve output voltage more energy storage systems can be
connected in series. Song et al. (2016) designed a new system using carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) derived electrodes that were packed between poly-dimethylsiloxane. The cell
exhibited excellent output voltage of 900 mV and charged within 3 h under the influence
of frequent compressive stress. The potential generated was enough for operating a
scientific calculator. Similarly, Luo and colleagues were successful in designing an
intelligent system using a multi-responsive cell (Luo et al., 2016). The cell fabricated
using fluorinated propylene film on grid-based indium tin oxide mesh as power
generation component and 3D Au@MnO2 as storage unit respectively. The system was
capable of charging to 2.5 V within 1.5 h and discharged within 30 min within the
applied current of 1 μA. Triboelectric nanogenerator with a yarn-based supercapacitor
has found its way to wearable electronics. The textile-based nanogenerator system was
capable of charging to 2.1 V within 30 min and took 13 s for discharging at a current
load of 1 μA (Pu et al., 2016). The efficacy of the cell can be further enhanced by
harmonizing the impedance of storage unit and generator. However, the nanogenerator
still faces a lot of limitations as the output of an electric power generator is abnormal in
magnitude and it has distinctive pulses. These limitations make it unsuitable for direct
utilization of energy to power up electronic devices. These limitations make it necessary
to couple the energy storage system with a power source so that it could produce an
adequate and stable output. Numerous designs were proposed in combining energy
harvesting and storage system.

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1.5 Energy Conversion Diagram :-

Figure 1.5 :- Energy Conversion Diagram

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 2.LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Literature Survey :-

A triboelectric nanogenerator is an energy harvesting device that converts the

external mechanical energy into electricity by a conjunction of triboelectric effect
and electrostatic induction. This new type of nanogenerator was firstly demonstrated
in Prof. Zhong Lin Wang’s group at Georgia Institute of Technology in the year
of 2012. As for this power generation unit, in the inner circuit, a potential is
created by the triboelectric effect due to the charge transfer between two thin
organic/inorganic films that exhibit opposite tribo-polarity; in the outer circuit,
electrons are driven to flow between two electrodes attached on the back sides of
the films in order to balance the potential. Since the most useful materials for
TENG are organic, it is also named organic nanogenerator, which is the first of
using organic materials for harvesting mechanical energy. Ever since the first report
of the TENG in January 2012, the output power density of TENG has been
improved for five orders of magnitude within 12 months. The area power density
reaches 313 W/m2, volume density reaches 490 kW/m3, and a conversion efficiency
of ~60% has been demonstrated. Besides the unprecedented output performance,
this new energy technology also has a number of other advantages, such as low
cost in manufacturing and fabrication, excellent robustness and reliability,
environmental-friendly, and so on. The triboelectric nanogenerator can be applied to
harvest all kind mechanical energy that is available but wasted in our daily life,
such as human motion, walking, vibration, mechanical triggering, rotating tire, wind,
flowing water and more.

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2.2 Energy Distribution of TENG :-

Figure 2.2 :- Energy Distribution of TENG

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 3.SYSTEM MODELING

3.1. Model Development :-

Here, the comsol multiphysics 5.2 is used to develop the computation model. In this
module, structural mechanics and electrostatic are combined. A 3D model is used in this
study; the normal meshing and stationary study simulate the modeled system.

3.2. Geometry:-

The designed TENG model. It has two opposite polarity dielectric layers designed in a
circular form to get uniform deformation among the entire layers. Here, the bottom layer
is the negative polarity layer, and the top is the positive polarity layer. The bottom
negative layer is designed with the dimension of 1 μm diameter and 0.18 μm thickness.
Instead of a flat surface on the negative layer, the entire layer is structured with a square
shape morphology with the dimension of 0.08 μm × 0.08 μm × 0.08 μm to enhance the
output performance of the designed TENG. Compared to the other surface morphology,
the rectangular-shaped surface TENG produced an improved output voltage, (26). The
terminal of the negative layer is placed on the back with the dimension of 1 μm diameter
and 0.2 μm thickness. The top positive layer is designed with the dimension of 1 μm
diameter and 0.2 μm thickness, the same act as the terminal also. The two opposite
dielectric polarity layers are separated with a 0.915 mm interval.

3.3. Material :-

The following materials are given to the modeled TENG. For the negative layer, the
material PTFE is used. PTFE has a more negative charge compared to other negative
charge materials in the triboelectric material series. (28) To design the terminal of the
negative layer, aluminum is used. Copper is used for the positive layer, and the same
copper acts as a positive terminal. Therefore, it does not require any additional material

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for the positive terminal. Table 1 shows the parametric value for positive, negative, and
terminal material.

3.4 Multiphysics:-

The solid mechanics interface is deliberated for structural analysis, which performs the
analysis and produces the result based on the solution of Navier’s equation. In this
system, solid mechanics convert the pulse pressure into a discrete form of displacement.
The negative dielectric layer of the designed TENG is placed over the wrist position of
the human, whereas the positive layer is placed over the negative layer with a small
interval. The wrist pulse has slight pressure, which acts on one side of the negative layer;
on the other side, the layer gets deformation. This deformation is used to harvest the
biosignal into electrical energy. In addition to solid mechanics, electrostatics physics is
also used in this model.

3.5 Meshing and Study:-

Meshing splits the entire modeled structure into a small block before computing, making
a fast computation response. In this system, normal and coarse meshing is used for
simulating the model in solid mechanics and electrostatics interfaces. To study the
simulated output response of the modeled system, the stationary study is used. The load
is variable on both interfaces but does not depend upon the time, so the stationary study
is enough for simulating the proposed system in solid mechanics and the electrostatic
interface.

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3.6 Block Diagram of TENG Working :-

Figure 3.6 :- Block Diagram of TENG Working

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 4. ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC CONCERN

4.1 Performance of System :-

With the growing requirement of electronics, it is of great importance to investigate

clean and portable energy sources. Our surrounding environment has an abundance of
energies including mechanical energy, wind power, solar energy, thermal energy,
chemical energies etc,1,2,3,4 which can be collected and exploited. Researchers have
developed various self-sufficient power sources by scavenging various forms of energy
sources from the environment.5, 6 However, conventional technologies could not reach
the requirement of high-efficient and sustainable capability. Therefore, it is necessary
to develop new energy harvesters for solving the power source issues of future
functional electronics. In 2012, Wang et al. fabricated a triboelectric nanogenerator
(TENG), which can effectively convert various mechanical energies into electricity.7
For the TENG, there are many advantages, such as large output power, low cost, simple
production, and high conversion efficiency. Wang and co-workers have developed
various TENGs, which are mainly based on the coupling between triboelectric effect
and electrostatic induction.8,9,10,11 Researchers have designed some outstanding
TENGs, where the area power density can reach up to 500 W/m2 and a corresponding
conversion total efficiency of about 85%.12, 13 With fast-growing demand for flexible
electronics, suchas wearable electronics, bendable displays, and electronic skin, flexible
TENGs as power sources have been extensively studied. Suitable materials and
optimized structures are two key elements, which can affect both the output performance
and mechanical stability of the flexible TENGs. In the last 5 years, a significant amount
of research work has been achieved to improve the performance and application of
flexible TENGs.This review focuses on the progress of TENGs as flexible power
sources for flexible electronics, which contain both scientific understanding and
technology developments. First, we present a summary of the basic principle of TENGs,
including fundamentals, structural designs, work mechanism, and output performance.
Second, we present some methods to improve output performances of the TENGs. In
this section, hybrid nanogenerators, which can simultaneously harvest multimode

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energies from the surrounding environment, will be emphatically explained. Third, we
introduce some applications based on different kinds of flexible TENGs. Finally, some
perspectives and challenges are discussed to open the way for future
applications.Triboelectrification is an effect that exists widely in human life. It is one of
the fundamental principles of TENGs, which creates static polarized charges. TENGs
always contain two different materials that are assembled face to face. When the two
materials are in contact, opposite static charges appear on the surfaces due to contact
electrification. In addition, the back side of the materials has an electrode. The charges
can flow between two electrodes through an external circuit and a potential difference
is created as the materials are separate. The transferred charges are defined as Q.Despite
these issues, TENGs have a great adaptability meaning that they could be employed in
incredibly large area applications. TENGs have already been used as a power source for
electrocatalytic systems, micro-welding, self-powered microsystems and medical
applications. TENGs will also be instrumental in the future evolution of the Internet of
Things, such as human-machine interfacing. Energy generating TENGs could become
the fourth main form of green energy alongside solar, wind and wave. The outlook for
TENGs is massive and with the field developing rapidly, TENGs certainly have the
potential to become one of the most diversly used energy generators. It should also be
noted that the development of sustainable technologies such as TENGs will be vital for
achieving the global target of ‘net zero emissions’ by 2050.

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4.2 Block Diagram of Environment Concern :-

Figure 4.2 :- Block Diagram of Environment Concern

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 5.CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Conclusions:-

To summarize, we introduced a low-cost TENG to generate energy for operating low

power electronics. The proposed GPTENG was fabricated through an environment-
friendly approach by recycling plastic and electronic wastes. Furthermore, the presented
fabrication technique is rapid and easy to implement in household environment without
the use of specialized equipment and expertise. The prototype GP-TENG demonstrated
excellent performance by exhibiting an open-circuit voltage of 83.88 V, a short circuit
current of 101 µA, and a maximum output power density of 26.54 µW/cm2. We further
showed that our GP-TENG can power a digital calculator, an electronic watch, and
nineteen blue LEDs, verifying its practical usability in low power electronics. The
recommended GP-TENG is completely based on waste materials whichh is in line with
the idea of circular economy, as not only the triboelectric layers were recycled but the
electrode is also formed with the help of recycled electronic waste. The paper based
triboelectric layer is fully biodegradable, while the plastic based triboelectric layer is
extracted from waste plastic bottle, therefore the proposed GP-TENG reduces the
environmental pollution and supports the idea of sustainable development.

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5.2 Future Scope :-

Since the invention of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in 2012, it has become
one of the most vital innovations in energy harvesting technologies. The TENG has seen
enormous progress to date, particularly in applications for energy harvesting and self-
powered sensing. It starts with the simple working principles of the triboelectric effect
and electrostatic induction, but can scavenge almost any kind of ambient mechanical
energy in our daily life into electricity. Extraordinary output performance optimization
of the TENG has been achieved, with high area power density and energy conversion
efficiency. Moreover, TENGs can also be utilized as self-powered active sensors to
monitor many environmental parameters. This review describes the recent progress in
mainstream energy harvesting and self-powered sensing research based on TENG
technology. The birth and developmentof the TENG are introduced, following which
structural designs and performance optimizations for output performance enhancement
of the TENG are discussed. The major applications of the TENG as a sustainable power
source or a self-powered sensor are presented.The TENG, with rationally designed
structures, can convert irregular and mostly low-frequency mechanical energies from
the environment, such as human motion, mechanical vibration, moving automobiles,
wind, raindrops, and ocean waves. In addition, the development of self-powered active
sensors for a variety of environmental simulations based on the TENG is presented. The
TENG plays a great role in promoting the development of emerging Internet ofThings,
which can make everyday objects connect more smartly and energy-efficiently in the
coming years. Finally,the future directions and perspectives of the TENG are outlined.
The TENG is not only a sustainable micro-power source for small devices, but also
serves as a potential macro-scale generator of power from water waves in the future.

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 REFERENCES

[1] Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator and activities of salt ions

Jan 6,2022
Authors:- Shatrudhan Palsaniya, Komal Nehra and Ashok Kumar
Dasmahapatra

[2] Opportunities and Challenges in Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) based

Sustainable Energy Generation Technologies: A Mini-Review
Volume 9,15 March,2022
Authors:- Ryan Walden, Charchit Kumar ,Daniel M. Mulvihill,Suresh C. Pillai

[3] A paper triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered electronic systems

August 2017,Nanoscale9(38).
Authors:- Yanchao Mao,Nan Zhang(Peking University);Yingjie Tang, Meng Wang
(Westlake University)

[4] Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review. Feb

1,2021 Authors:- Jing Han, Nuo Xu, Yuchen Liang, Mei Ding, Junyi Zhai, Qijun
Sun, and Zhong Lin Wang

[5] Paper triboelectric nanogenerator designed for continuous reuse and quick
construction. 28 August, 2021 Authors:- Zhenhuan Zhang, Yang Jie, Jiaqing Zhu,
Zongye Zhu, Hong Chen, Qixin Lu, Yuanming Zeng, Xia Cao, Ning Wang &
Zhonglin Wang

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