HF GUIDELINES 1st Year by ARC Revised

﷽
1st YEAR MBBS GUIDELINES

Revised 16-05-2021
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
1st Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
CONTENTS
Special Credits to: MUHAMMAD ZOHAIB (N69) for assisting me in

compilation of these guidelines.
Remember us in your prayers.
PAGE 2 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE #
GENERAL OVERVIEW 4
RECOMMENDED BOOKS 5
ANATOMY-I 6
TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS 6
GENERAL GUIDELINES 7
1. GENERAL ANATOMY 7
2. HISTOLOGY 9
3. EMBRYOLOGY 10
4. UPPER LIMB 13
5. LOWER LIMB 16
6. THORAX 19
PHYSIOLOGY-I 22
1. BASIC & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 22
2. BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY 23
3. NERVE & MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY 25
4. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 26
5. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 28
6. SKIN & BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION 30
7. HUMAN RESPONSES IN VARIED ENVIRONMENTS 30
BIOCHEMISTRY-I 31
1. CELL, WATER & pH BIOCHEMISTRY 32
2. CARBOHYDRATES BIOCHEMISTRY 32
3. AMINO ACIDS & PROTEINS BIOCHEMISTRY 33
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS & NUCLEOTIDES BIOCHEMISTRY 34
5. LIPIDS CHEMISTRY 34
6. ENZYMES 35
7. PORPHYRINS & HEMOPROTEINS 35
8. VITAMINS 36
9. MINERALS 37
10. NUTRITION 37
11. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 38
PAGE 3 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
GENERAL OVERVIEW
GENERAL OVERVIEW
I know there are a lot of ambiguities and issues in your mind regarding studies
and management. All credit goes to CORONA. First of all, there is no need to
worry. Secondly, you guys should know, it’s not FSc or MDCAT, its MBBS, the place
for which you work so hard. Let me clear you in very start, you have come across
multiple people saying,
‫اہیںآےئگںیہوتابڈارٹکنبرکیہںیلکنےگ‬
But this line needs a modification as
‫اہیںآےئگںیہنکیلڑپںیھےگوتیہڈارٹکنبرکیہںیلکنےگ‬
Let me start with the basic queries you guys may have. It’s not like FSc, that
you have to prepare the topic being taught in the lecture daily. No, it will not go
like that. You have to study for clearing the concepts. It does not work out with
cramming the things. You have to clear the concepts, for the moment when you
have to decide within seconds about your next approach while handling the patient
in emergency. So, give proper time for clearing concepts.
Now usually question arises, how to divide time for each subject daily? Listen
guys, there is no need to do three different subjects on each day. Pick any one
book, select your chapter and clear it in as much time as required. People have
different approaches in this regard. Some can complete the topic in 30 minutes
which you are doing in an hour. Still no worries!! There is no competition here.
Study for better concepts. Believe me you can pass with average marks by
studying for 2 months at end of year but let me know, is it sincere with your
profession? No, you are going to be a good doctor Insha'Allah not only a doctor.
So, regarding time management, in short, you have to make proper time table
of the day (not for weeks/months), get a proper study place with study table and
chair and at least give 1.5 to 2 hours daily at this time of year.
I will give you detailed guidelines of each topic and also mention the reference
from the books being used. Have a look over next few pages where I have
mentioned the recommended books you have to buy and some other books like
Anatomy Atlas by Netter which you guys just need in PDF format to clear the
difficult concepts. Always appreciate yourself for even a half page which you are
doing in a day. Be consistent with your efforts. Insha’Allah at the end of year
things will be really easy for you.
There are three subjects in 1st Year which are then followed in 2nd Year too. It
means you guys have to do half syllabus each year. The subjects are Anatomy,
Physiology and Biochemistry. Each paper is of 200 marks i.e. 100 marks each for
written exam & OSPE/Viva.
PAGE 4 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
 ANATOMY-I
1. General Anatomy by Prof. Laiq Hussain Siddiqui

2. Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain Siddiqui
3. Clinically Oriented Embryology by Keith L Moore
4. Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith L Moore
5. BD Chaurasia Volume I and II
6. Anatomy Atlas by Netter (in PDF)
 PHYSIOLOGY-I
1. Textbook of Physiology by Guyton and Hall, 14th edition

2. Firdaus Physiology
3. Jaypee Physiology (Only PDF)
 BIOCHEMISTRY-I
1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry by Murrary RK, Granner DK and Rodwell

VW, 31st edition, McGraw Hill 31st Edition
2. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry by Harvey R and Ferrier D, 7th
edition, published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
3. Biochemistry by Satyanarayan, 5th Edition
NOTE
Buy the MATT version of Books instead of buying Original Books. Do not
buy short books, they will only waste your time and will not cover the
entire syllabus
PAGE 5 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
ANATOMY-I
UHS TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
THEORY
MCQs SEQs
# SUBJECT TOPIC
(45x1) (9x5)
Anatomical Terms & Sectional Planes of Body
1
Skeletal system
1
Joints 1
ANATOMY
GENERAL
(w.r.t
Muscles 1
Upper
1 Circulatory system
1 Limb or
(a) Cardiovascular (b) Lymphatic Systems
Lower
Nervous System 1
Limb)
Skin and Fasciae
1
Diagnostic Techniques
Cell 1
Epithelium 1
HISTOLOGY
Connective Tissue
2
(a) Bones (b) Cartilage (c) CT Proper
2 Muscular Tissue 1 1
Nervous Tissue, Skin and Mammary Gland 1
Lymphoids organs 1
Vascular System 1
Respiratory System 1
Cell Divisions (Mitosis & Meiosis), Gametogenesis 1
Fertilization, Development 1-2 Weeks 1
1
Development 3-8 Weeks 1
EMBRYOLOGY
Fetal Period and Teratogenesis 1

Fetal membranes and Placenta 1
3
Multiple pregnancies & diagnostic procedures 1
Development of muscular system, skeletal
2 1
system & limbs
Development of skin, appendages & mammary
1
glands
Pectoral Region, Shoulder Region, Axilla 2
1
UPPER
LIMB
Arm 1
4
Forearm 2
1
Hand 2
Gluteal Region 1
LOWER
1
LIMB
Thigh 2
5
Leg 2
1
Foot 2
Heart 1
Lungs 1
THORAX
Pericardium/Pericardial Sac 1
6 Pleura, Pleural Cavity 1 1
Thoracic Wall, Joints, Bones, Diaphragm 1
Intercostal space and contents 1
Mediastinum and its contents 1
7 Internal Assessment (10 Marks)
PAGE 6 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
PRACTICAL
# PART TOPIC MARKS
Upper Limb (12 spots) 6
Lower Limb (12 spots) 6
Thorax (8 spots) 4
1 OSPE
Radiological Anatomy (4 spots) 2
Embryology (12 spots) 6
Histology Short Slides (10 slides) 10
Surface Anatomy 4
Upper Limb 10
Lower Limb 10
2 Viva Voce Thorax 10
Embryology 12
Histology Long Slide (1)
3+7
(Identify/Draw/Label + Viva)
3 Internal Assessment 10
GENERAL GUIDELINES
You have to read multiple books for giving prof exam. I have shared detailed guidelines
in coming pages. Here, I am giving you a general view.
1. For General Anatomy, you have to selectively do the important topics only. In prof.
preps you will easily revise it in 2 to 4 hours
2. For Histology, you have to do only a few topics from book and remaining topics
from the practical manual of your college
3. For Embryology, you have to follow KLM Embryology only.
4. BD Volume 1 contains upper limb and thorax. While from BD Volume 2, you only
have to do lower limb in first year. In it, you have to only do selective topics which I
will share in guidelines. And from KLM Anatomy, you have to do BLUE PAGES only.
For clearing the concepts in anatomy, you must use Atlas.
While doing anatomy, it’s totally up to you how you clear you concepts,. You can use Dr.
Najeeb’s video lectures or you can Google for other videos. Some people use Atlas by
Netter for clearing the concepts.
Always make short notes for the topic which you are doing. Whether use Sticky
notes, different coloured highlighters or pointers to mark the important points.
1. GENERAL ANATOMY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
General Anatomy by Laiq
6 1 11
Hussain Siddiqui
You guys don't have to prepare the whole book but only the most important questions
which are repeated again and again in Prof. Insha’Allah these topics will cover the whole of
your Prof. questions. Important questions include:
PAGE 7 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
CHAPTER 1
1. Only read definitions from this chapter. (MCQ)
CHAPTER 2
2. Define anatomical position and explain planes of body.
3. Terms of Movement (vv.imp for viva)
CHAPTER 3
4. Types of bones (compact & spongy bone)
5. Bones Classification (developmental, regional and structural classification)
6. Epiphyses and Types
7. Osteogenesis (Intramembranous & Intracartilagenous)
8. Growing end Hypothesis and Fibular Exception
9. Blood Supply of Long Bone (vv. Imp)
10. Classification of cartilage
11. Remodeling of bones
CHAPTER 4
12. Classification and subclassification of Joints (vvv.imp)
13. Features of and Factors stabilizing synovial joint
14. Hilton's Law (vvv.imp)
CHAPTER 5
15. All the types of muscles develop from mesoderm except smooth muscle of iris
which develops from ectoderm. (MCQ)
16. Difference of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle (You will also do this topic in
histology and physiology)
17. Red, White and Intermediate Fibers
18. Lubricating mechanisms
19. Muscles classification (v.imp) (Group Action base classification is vvv.imp)
20. Motor Units
21. Types of Muscle Contraction (Isotonic and Isometric difference vv.imp)
22. Muscle paralysis(plegia) and strain
CHAPTER 6
23. Types of capillaries
24. Functional classification of vessels
25. Types of Anastomosis
26. Portal system
CHAPTER 7
27. Functions of skin
28. Five Layer of epidermis
29. Cleavage Lines and their clinical importance
CHAPTER 8
30. Types of neurons
31. Supporting cells of PNS and CNS
32. Names of cranial nerves
33. Spinal nerve (vv.imp for viva)
34. Functional classification of Nerve Fibers (vvv.imp)
35. Difference between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
36. Cranial Ganglia (imp for viva only)
CHAPTER 9
37. Contrast media in Radiography (viva only)
PAGE 8 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
38. Advantages and drawbacks of all imaging techniques
IMPORTANT NOTE:
Specifically there is no Viva for General Anatomy but your HODs may ask one or two basic
questions to assess our General Knowledge.
2. HISTOLOGY
Medical Histology by Laiq
9 1 14 Hussain Siddiqui +
DiFore Atlas
Generally there is no need to prepare the whole book except a few topics. Mostly in Prof,
SEQ from Histology has two parts.
(a) DIAGRAM: It is of 3 marks in which you have to draw diagram with Histology (H&E)
Pencils and label it
(b) THEORY QUESTION: It is of 2 marks from theory.
(A) DIAGRAM
For (a) part you guys have to prepare your 38 to 40 Histology diagrams which you have
drawn on your Practical Manuals or Notebooks. And then prepare the summary of that
topic from DiFore Atlas. (Specifically for Nishtarians as we are demonstrated the whole
topics covering 3 to 4 pages on our practical notebooks so you guys have to read that
practical copy only not DiFore Atlas).
Important Diagrams are:
1. Compact and Spongy Bone
2. Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
3. Hairy and Non Hairy Skin
4. Mammary Gland
5. Lymphoid Organs (all are vvvvvv.imp)
6. Lung
7. Muscular Artery
NOTE: If you have time, then have a look over remaining diagrams too.
(B) THEORY
Important Questions for Theory are:
CHAPTER 2
1. Cell junctions
2. Difference between apotosis and necrosis.
3. Enumerate 5 acidophilc and 5 basophilic cell organelles.
4. Why lysosomal enzymes don't digest lysosomal membrane?
CHAPTER 3 (VVVVVV.IMP)
5. General structure and all* examples of location of epithelium (vvvv.imp)
6. Urothelium (vvv.imp)
7. Structures found on free surface of epithelium cells and structure and functions of
kinocilia/microvilli/stereocilia (vvv.imp)
8. Stratified sq. non-keratinized epithelium
9. Stratified sq. keratinized epithelium
10. Pseudostratified epithelium
11. What happens to respiratory epithelium in smoking patients?
PAGE 9 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
CHAPTER 4
12. Classification of Glands
CHAPTER 5 & 6
13. Varieties of Collagen and their occurrence (only do from Laiq Chapter 5)
14. Enumerate resident and mobile cells of CT
15. Structure and Functions of Mast Cells and adipocytes
16. Why Collagen Type II fibers are invisible in hyaline cartilage?
17. Name cells found in loose areolar CT.
18. Differentiate between white and brown adipocytes
CHAPTER 7
19. Cartilage classification (no need to do here if you have done in General Anatomy)
CHAPTER 8
20. Difference between Compact and Spongy bone.
21. What is Osteon?
22. Types of bone cells
CHAPTER 9
23. Erythropioesis (no need to do here if you have done in Physiology)
CHAPTER 10
24. Sliding Filament Model (you will do it in physiology)
CHAPTER 11
25. Name and draw neuro-glial cells.
26. Name sensory nerve endings and give structure of Muscle spindle.
CHAPTER 13 & 14
27. Functions of Endothelium
28. Blood Supply of Spleen
29. Differentiate between sinusoidal and fenestrated capillaries
30. Features of Lymphoid Organs
CHAPTER 15
31. Cells of epidermis of skin and their functions.
32. Differentiate between Hairy and Non Hairy Skin
CHAPTER 17
33. Enumerate cells of olfactory and respiratory epithelium
3. EMBRYOLOGY
9 2 19 KLM Embryology Ed. 10
There will be two SEQs in Embryology (see TOS for detailed explanation).
(a) SEQ 1: From General Embryology
(b) SEQ 2: From Special Embryology & Placenta
In KLM Embryology, you guys don’t have to do molecular genetics in each of the chapter I
am mentioning here. Just short list the important things and solve the questions/cases
present at the end of each chapter to evaluate your preparation. If you are doing as I am
guiding you, then Insha’Allah things will be much easy. Do watch Dr. Najeeb’s videos for
General Embryology portion. They will really help you grasp the important concepts fast. I
know these are too long videos but watch them at 1.5x.
PAGE 10 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
(A) SEQ 1: GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Read all the important topics I have mentioned here. After that, must read the summary
given at end of each chapter.
CHAPTER 1 (THERE IS NO NEED TO DO)
CHAPTER 2 (VERY IMPORTANT CHAPTER)
1. Meiosis and its significance
2. Steps of Gametogenesis (Fig 2.1)
3. Spermatogenesis
4. Prenatal maturation of oocytes
5. Postnatal maturation of oocytes
6. Ovarian cycle
7. Menstrual cycle
8. Maturation of sperms
9. Phases of fertilization
10. Clinicals:
a. Male fertility (pg. 26)
b. Vasectomy (pg. 26)
c. Assisted reproductive technologies (pg. 30)
d. Mosaicism (pg. 33)
CHAPTER 3
11. Development of chorionic sac
12. Implantation of blastocyst
13. Clinicals:
a. Extrauterine implantations (pg. 46)
b. Types of abortion (pg. 48)
CHAPTER 4
14. Gastrulation
15. Neurulation
16. Development of intraembryonic coelom
17. Fate of allantois
18. Fate of primitive streak
19. Chorionic villi
20. Clinicals:
a. Saccrococcegeal teratoma (pg. 55)
b. Abnormal growth of trophoblast and Choriocarcinoma (pg. 66)
CHAPTER 5
21. Folding of embryo
22. Figure 5.5 (vv. imp)
23. Clinicals:
a. Estimation of gestational and embryonic age (pg. 87)
CHAPTER 6
24. Factors affecting fetal growth
25. Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status (just give a read)
26. Clinicals:
a. Viability of fetus (pg. 93)
b. Diagnostic value of amniocentesis (pg. 100)
c. Diagnostic value of chorionic villus sampling (pg. 101)
PAGE 11 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
CHAPTER 20
27. Numeric chromosomal abnormalities
28. Structural chromosomal abnormaities
29. Table 20.1, 20.3, 20.6
30. Clinicals:
a. Aneuploidy and polyploidy (pg. 461)
b. Mosacism (pg. 465)
(B) SEQ 2: SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY +
PLACENTA
Read all the important topics I have mentioned here. After that, must read the summary
given at end of each chapter.
CHAPTER 7
31. Parts of placenta
32. Fate of placenta
33. Placental barrier
34. Functions of placenta (headings only)
35. Stages of labor
36. Circulation, significance and composition of amniotic fluid
37. Significance of umbilical vesicle
38. Dizygotic twins
39. Clinicals:
a. Hemolytic disease of the neonate (pg .116)
b. Preeclampsia (pg. 118)
c. Placental abnormalities (pg. 124)
d. Disorders of amniotic fluid volume (pg. 129)
e. Amniotic band syndrome (pg. 129)
f. Twin transfusion syndrome (pg. 135)
CHAPTER 14
40. Development of vertebral column
41. Clinicals:
a. Klippel-Feil syndrome (Brevicollis) (pg. 347)
b. Hemivertebra (pg. 347)
c. Rachischisis (pg. 347)
NOTE: There is no need to do summary of this chapter
CHAPTER 15
42. Development of skeletal muscles
43. Development of smooth muscles
44. Development of cardiac muscles
45. Clinicals:
a. Anomalies of muscles (pg. 359)
b. Arthrogryposis (pg. 360)
c. Congenital torticollis (pg. 361)
d. Prune belly syndrome (pg. 361)
e. Accessory muscles (pg. 361)
CHAPTER 16
46. Early stages of limb development
47. Late stages of limb development
PAGE 12 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
48. Clinicals:
a. Limb anomalies (pg. 374)
b. Split-hand/foot malformations (pg. 375)
c. Polydactyly (pg. 376)
d. Brachydactyly (pg. 376)
e. Syndactyly (pg. 376)
f. Congenital clubfoot (pg. 377)
CHAPTER 17
49. Clinicals:
a. Spina bifida occulta (pg .390)
b. Spina bifida cystic (pg. 390)
NOTE: There is no need to do summary of this chapter
CHAPTER 19
50. Development of skin and appendages (LEAVE ‘TEETH’)
51. Clinicals:
a. Albinism (pg 442)
b. Gynecomastia (pg. 443)
c. Absence of nipples or breasts (pg. 444)
d. Aplasia of breast (pg. 444)
e. Supernumerary breasts and nipples (pg. 444)
f. Inverted nipples (pg. 444)
g. Alopecia (pg. 445)
h. Hypertrichosis (pg. 445)
i. Pili torti (pg. 445)
j. Aplastic anonychia (pg. 446)
4. UPPER LIMB
BD Chaursia Volume 1 +
7 2 17
KLM Anatomy Blue Pages
There will be two SEQs in Upper Limb (see TOS for detailed explanation). Kindly do all the
diagrams given in chapters to clear your concepts and use Netter Atlas (in PDF) where
necessary.
 Do all clinicals related to bones (from starting chapters of BD) and from KLM too
 Do past papers for better understanding of questions
 Try to learn everything from clinical point of view
 Always prefer KLM over BD or any other book (where necessary)
 Use NETTER Atlas or 3D Anatomy App for better understanding
 Always do clinicals terms from Appendix given at end of BD
SEQ NO. 1
CHAPTER 3: PECTORAL REGION
1. Cutaneous innervation (also its figure)
2. Platysma (imp)
3. Breast (whole topic most imp*)
a. Breast cancer (reasons, indications, diagnosis)
PAGE 13 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
b. How breast cancer spreads to pelvis?
c. Lymphatics of breast (most imp)
4. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of pectoral region (table from
KLM)
5. Clavipectoral fascia and structures passing through it
6. All clinicals of BD and KLM
CHAPTER 4: AXILLA
7. Axilla (boundaries, contents, structures passing through it)
8. Axillary artery (complete) and relations of 2nd part
9. Axially vein (also do it from KLM)
10. Axillary lymph nodes and their location
11. Brachial plexus ( whole topic most imp with diagram)
12. Erb's and Klumpke's paralysis
13. All clinicals from BD and KLM
CHAPTER 5: BACK These are muscle that join limb to vertebral column
14. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of back (table from KLM)
15. Triangle of auscultation (use 3D ANATOMY APP or Netter Atlas)
16. Lumbar triangle of Petit
17. Shrugging muscle: Trapezius
CHAPTER 6: SCAPULAR REGION
19. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of scapular region (table from
KLM)
20. Deltoid muscle (most imp) and its injection site
21. Regimental badge or Dawbarn’s sign
22. Rotator cuff muscles (SITS)
23. Axillary nerve (course and branches)
24. Anastomosis around scapula with diagram (most imp)
CHAPTER 7: CUTANEOUS SUPPLY
26. Table 7.1 (especially do arm and forearm )
27. Cutaneous nerve theory with diagram
28. Dermatomes (diagram)
29. Superficial veins (basilic, cephalic, medial cubital veins) – formation & tributaries
30. Deep veins
31. Why medial cubital vein is vein of choice for IV injections?
32. Lymphs (superficial + deep)
CHAPTER 8: ARM
34. Compartments of arm
35. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of arm (table from KLM)
36. Musculocutaneous nerve (course and branches)
37. Brachial artery (most imp) (course and branches)
38. Anastomosis around elbow joint with diagram (very imp SEQ)
39. Median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve (just give a read and prepare them from
Appendix at the end of Upper Limb as a whole)
40. Cubital fossa (boundaries, roof, floor, names of contents)
41. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of triceps (table from KLM)
PAGE 14 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
SEQ NO. 2
CHAPTER 9 FOREARM AND HAND
43. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of forearm (table from KLM)
44. Vincula longa and brevia
45. Synovial sheaths of flexor tendons
46. Radial and ulnar artery (course and branches)
47. Median, ulnar and radial nerve (do them from appendix as a whole and their clinical
from chapters where they are mentioned)
48. Flexor retinaculum
49. Palmar aponeurosis
50. Fibrous flexor sheath
51. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of hand (table from KLM)
52. Palmar superficial and deep arterial arches with diagrams (very imp for SEQ)
53. Nerve supply of hand (very imp)
54. Spaces of hand (imp)
55. Extensor retinaculum (imp)
56. Anatomical snuff box
57. Table 9.7 and 9.8
58. Compartments of back of forearm (imp)
59. Dorsal digit expansion
60. Posterior interosseous nerve and artery (course and branches)
CHAPTER 10: JOINTS
62. Table 10.2
63. Radioulnar joints
64. Supination and pronation
65. Wrist joint
66. Joints of hand (just types)
Note: Only do past papers for joints portion.
CLINICALS
Consult them from both BD and KLM accordingly. Important clinicals are:
68. Brachial plexus (very important)
69. Clinicals of all nerves (especially radial, ulnar, median)
70. Smith and Colle's fracture
71. Madelung deformity
72. Dupuytren's fracture
73. Mallet finger
74. Cubital tunnel syndrome
75. Carpal tunnel syndrome
76. Pulled elbow
77. Elbow tendinitis
78. Wrist drop
79. Synovial cyst of wrist
80. Hand grips
81. Palms compartment
PAGE 15 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
82. Tenosynovitis
83. Ulnar canal syndrome
84. Ape's monkey
85. Subluxation of radial head
86. Pointing index finger
87. Winging of scapula
88. Cleidocranial dyostosis
89. Scaphoid scapula
90. Intercondylar fractures of Humerus
91. Volkmann's fracture
92. Dinner fork’s deformity
93. Buddy splint
94. Bennett's fracture
5. LOWER LIMB
7 2 17
KLM Anatomy Blue Pages
There will be two SEQs in Lower Limb too (see TOS for detailed explanation). Kindly do all
the diagrams given in chapters to clear your concepts and use Netter Atlas (in PDF) where
necessary.
SEQ NO. 1
CHAPTER 3: FRONT OF THIGH
1. Skin (just give a read)
2. Holden's line and importance
3. Cutaneous nerve supply and their root values
4. Patellar plexus
5. Great saphenous vein (imp)
6. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (imp)
7. Subcutaneous bursa
8. Deep fascia (imp)
9. Femoral triangle (boundaries, contents and diagrams) - (most imp)
10. Difference between femoral and inguinal hernia
11. Femoral artery (origin, course and branches only)
12. Profunda femoris artery (course and branches)
13. Femoral nerve (origin, course and branches only)
14. Why femoral nerve lies outside femoral sheath?
15. Hilton's law
16. Why femoral hernia is more common in females?
PAGE 16 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
17. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of front of thigh (table from
KLM)
18. Adductors Canal (whole topic most imp)
CHAPTER 4: MEDIAL SIDE OF THIGH
20. Adductor compartment
21. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of medial side of thigh (table
from KLM)
22. Obturator nerve (origin, course, branches)
23. Accessory obturator nerve with clinical (imp)
24. Comparison of femoral and obturator nerve (just give a read)
25. Medial circumflex femoral artery
CHAPTER 5: GLUTEAL REGION
27. Superficial fascia, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics (with diagrams)
28. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of gluteal region (table from
KLM) + do actions from BD too
29. Structures under gluteus maximus, medius and minimus (most imp)
30. Through bed of which muscles does sciatic nerve pass?
31. Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
32. Lurching and waddling gait
33. Abductor mechanism
34. Trendelenburg sign
35. Trochanteric and cruciate anastomosis (most imp)
36. Structures passing through greater and lesser sciatic foramina
37. Sciatic nerve injury
CHAPTER 6: POPLITEAL FOSSA
39. Popliteal fossa (location, boundaries, contents, clinicals)
40. Popliteal artery (origin, course, branches)
41. Tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve (just give a read and prepare them from
Appendix at the end of Lower Limb as a whole)
42. Anastomosis around knee joint with diagram (most imp. prof SEQ)
CHAPTER 7: BACK OF THIGH
44. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of back of thigh (table from
KLM)
45. Sciatic nerve (whole topic very important)
46. Arteries of back of thigh
47. Anastomosis of back of thigh with diagram (most imp)
SEQ NO. 2
CHAPTER 8: FRONT OF LEG
49. Cutaneous innervation of leg
50. Extensor retinaculum (attachment and structures)
51. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of front of leg (table from
KLM)
52. Anterior tibial artery (origin , course, branches)
PAGE 17 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
53. Deep peroneal nerve
54. Dorsalis pedis artery
55. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of lateral side of leg (table
from KLM)
56. Peroneal retinaculum
57. Guy ropes
58. Superficial peroneal nerve
CHAPTER 9: BACK OF LEG
60. Great and small saphenous vein
61. Flexor retinaculum
62. Tarsal tunnel syndrome
63. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of back of leg (table from
KLM)
64. Posterior tibial artery (course and branches)
65. Peroneal artery (course and branches)
66. Tibial nerve (course and branches)
CHAPTER 10: SOLE OF FOOT
68. Cutaneous innervation of sole with diagram
69. Plantor aponeurosis and its functions
70. Compartments of sole (KLM)
71. Origin, insertion, actions and nerve supply of muscles of sole (table from KLM)
72. Medial and lateral plantar nerve (most imp) (course and branches)
73. Medial and lateral plantar artery (most imp) (course and branches)
74. Morton's neuroma
75. Plantar arterial arch with diagram and branches (most imp)
CHAPTER 11: VENOUS AND LYMPHATICS
77. Veins of lower limb(complete)
78. Great and small saphenous vein (tributaries, course, diagram)
79. Perforating veins
80. Lymphatic drainage
81. Dermatomes (figure only)
CHAPTER 12: JOINTS
83. Hip, Knee, Ankle & Tibiofibular Joints (most most imp)
a. Enumerate names of all ligaments
b. Do them from both BD and KLM
c. Extra and intra capsular ligaments of knee (imp)
d. 3) Locking and unlocking of knee joint (imp)
e. Inversion and eversion (muscles and nerves involved)
CHAPTER 13: ARCHES OF FOOT (very important chapter)
85. Table 13.1 and 13.2
CLINICALS
PAGE 18 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
87. Genu valga and vara
88. Coxa vera and valga
89. Femur fractures
90. Femur neck fracture
91. Transverse fracture
92. Bones, nerve, muscle and ligament used for grafting
93. Saphenous vein grafting
94. Saphenous cut down
95. Os trigonum
96. Psoas access
97. Charley horse
98. Bakers cyst
99. Patellar tendon reflex
100. Piriformis syndrome
101. Femoral hernia
102. Hamstring injuries
103. Shin splints
104. Ski boots syndrome
105. Calcaneal tendon reflex
106. Tennis leg
107. Plantar reflex
108. Dislocation of hip and knee joints
109. Unhappy triads
110. Runners knee
111. Fresher's syndrome
112. Claw toe
113. Club foot
114. Hallux vagus
115. Hammer toe
116. Club foot
117. Prepatellar bursitis
118. Gait cycle (from KLM)
6. THORAX
7 1 14
KLM Anatomy
There will be only one SEQ in Thorax (see TOS for detailed explanation). Kindly do all the
diagrams given in chapters to clear your concepts and use Netter Atlas (in PDF) where
necessary.
PAGE 19 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
CHAPTER 12: INTRODUCTION
1. Landmarks (most imp for Viva)
2. Sternal angle
3. Types of ribs
4. Diaphragm openings
5. Sibsons fascia
CHAPTER 13: BONES (only important for Viva)
6. Identification of ribs
7. Parts of sternum
8. Respiratory movements (imp)
CHAPTER 14: WALL OF THORAX (main chapter of thorax)
9. Blood and nerve supply
10. Superior vena cava blockage (before and after azygos vein entry)
11. Azygous and hemizygous vein
12. Lymphatics
13. Internal thoracic artery
CHAPTER 15: PLEURA
14. Pulmonary ligaments and their benefits
16. Intercostal muscles
17. Internal thoracic artery
18. Thoracic sympathetic trunk
19. Drainage of pleura
20. Paracentesis thoracis
CHAPTER 16: LUNGS
21. Features of lungs (read for MCQs)
22. Difference between right and left lung
23. Root of lungs (contents + diagram)
25. Lymphatic drainage (most imp)
26. Bronchopulmonary segments (most imp)
27. Paradoxical respiration
28. Sentinal nodes
CHAPTER 17: MEDIASTINUM (important for both viva and theory)
29. Do whole chapter (All the boundaries and contents)
CHAPTER 18: PERICARDIUM AND HEART
30. Blood and nerve supply of pericardium
31. Pericardial effusion/Cardiac tamponade
32. Fibrous skeleton Of heart
33. Types of circulation
34. Conducting system (most imp)
35. Cardiac anastomosis
36. Cardiac dominance
37. Cardiac plexus with diagram
38. Right and left coronary arteries (KLM)
39. Venous drainage of heart (KLM)
40. Why coronary arteries are end arteries?
41. Which arteries are used for bypass surgery?
PAGE 20 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ANATOMY-I
CHAPTER 19: VENA CAVAE, AORTA AND PULMONARY TRUNK
43. Names of their tributaries or branches
44. Branches of descending thoracic aorta (imp)
45. Vena cava obstruction before and after azygous vein obstruction
46. Ductus arteriosus
CHAPTER 20: TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS AND THORACIC DUCT
47. Lymphatic drainage, nerve supply and blood supply of trachea
48. Constrictions of trachea (most imp)
49. Oesophageal varices
50. Achalasia cardia
51. Course of thoracic duct
52. Dysphagia, Dyspnea
CLINICALS
53. Pulmonary edema
54. Recurrent layrngeal injury
55. Teratology of Fallot
56. Pulmonary embolism
57. Fractures of Ribs
58. Pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax
59. Pleaural effusion
60. Thoracentesis
61. Flail and pigeon chest
62. Lungs cancer
63. Atelectasis
64. Cardiac tamponade
65. Myocardia infarction
66. Angina pectoris
67. Coronary bypass
68. Coronay angioplasty
69. Pericarditis
DIAGRAMS
Most important diagrams are:
70. Bronchopulmonary segment
71. Cardiac plexus
72. Coronary arteries
73. Root of lungs
74. Mediastinal surface of lungs
75. Azygous and hemiazygous veins
PAGE 21 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
PHYSIOLOGY-I
PHYSIOLOGY-I
S. MCQS SEQS
Topic
No. (45 x 1) (9 x 5)
1 Basic and Cell Physiology 2 1
2 Blood Physiology 9 2
3 Nerve and Muscle Physiology 9 2
4 Cardiovascular System 14 2
5 Respiration System 7 1
6 Skin and Body Temperature Regulation 2 0.5
7 Human Responses in Varied Environments 2 0.5
# PART TOPIC MARKS
Non-Observed Stations (Total: 10) 10
1 OSPE
Observed Stations (Total: 3) 15
Performance and Viva 20
2 Practical Procedure Writing 5
Yearly Workbook Assessment 5
Internal Examiner 15
3 Viva Voce
External Examiner 20
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Let me first tell you the importance of this subject. A doctor from our college relates this
as;
"‫اےھچےسڑپھےتکسوہ۔‬MS ‫وہےتںیہ۔ارگآپاوکناےھچےسڑپوھوتآپ‬3P’s ‫"اٹیب! ڈیملکیںیمان‬
Here, the P’s stands for (1) Physiology, (2) Pharmacology, (3) Pathology; M for Medicine
and S for Surgery.
1. BASIC AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY

Guyton Physiology Ed. 14th
2 1 7 (Chapter 1 to 4)
+ Firdaus Physiology
Most of things you have already read in F.Sc. so you just have to give it a read. Do not try
to study from Guyton like you do from books from F.Sc. Use sticky notes and highlighters
to HIGHLIGHT the important points so that it will become easy for you guys to revise
quickly during prof. exams.
PAGE 22 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
CHAPTER 1
Read the whole chapter. The important questions are
1. What is homeostasis?
2. What is feedback mechanism?
3. Why positive mechanism is vicious in nature?
4. What is Gain and its examples?
CHAPTER 2
Only do following topics thoroughly from Guyton.
5. Structure of cell membrane and types of transport across cell membrane
6. Difference between lysosome and peroxisome
7. Glycocalyx
8. Functions of SER
9. Mechanism of phagocytosis and pinocytosis (bulk flow)
10. Figure 2.5
11. Locomotion (not important but read from FIRDAUS)
CHAPTER 3
Only do following topics thoroughly from Guyton.
12. Types of RNA specially types other than mRNA, rRNA and tRNA (you can also do it
from Biochemistry Satya page 84 table)
13. Concept about transcription and translation (can be covered from FIRDAUS)
14. Apoptosis and cancer (FIRDAUS only)
CHAPTER 4
It is very easy chapter and usually only 1 or 2 MCQs appeared from this chapter in Prof.
This chapter is not important for SEQs. Important questions are:
15. Give a general read from start of chapter to “diffusion of water and other insoluble
molecules through protein channel” (optional)
16. Table 4.1 (only conc. of Na+, K+ and Ca++ in extracellular and intracellular fluid)
17. Diffusion through protein pores and channels (imp)
18. Gating of protein channel i.e. voltage and ligand gating (imp)
19. Facilitated diffusion (definition only)
20. Factors affecting diffusion
21. Nernst’s potential with its equation (imp)
22. Osmosis, osmotic pressure and osmolarity (just definitions)
23. Primary active transport and Na+-K+ ATPase pump (vv. imp)
24. Why is Na+-K+ ATPase pump electrogenic in nature? (imp SEQ)
25. Secondary active transport (imp)
26. Important figures: 4.2, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.12, 4.13 and 4.14
2. BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY
(Chapter 33 to 37)
9 2 19
+ Jaypee Physiology
It is important from clinical point of you. So, learn it by heart. You have to memorize
normal values in blood count. Very basic but very important!
PAGE 23 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
CHAPTER 33
Read complete chapter. Important questions from this chapter are:
1. Plasma proteins along with their functions (Consult Jaypee)
2. Stages of erythropoesis and factor affecting erythropoesis (MCQs)
3. Fate of RBCs and hemolysis (imp)
4. How can you differentiate between different types of jaundice? (Jaypee)
5. What are the various types of Anemia, diagnosis, effect and treatment?
6. Iron metabolism (read only)
7. Thalassemia
8. Methemoglobinemia
9. Difference between primary and secondary Polycythemia.
CHAPTER 34
This chapter is important from MCQs point of view.
10. Concentration of different WBCs
11. Life span of WBCs
12. Functions of neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil
13. Monocyte-macrophage system
14. Inflammation
15. Leukemia and leukopenia (Table 16.4 Jaypee)
CHAPTER 35
Read the whole chapter for MCQs and SEQs.
16. Types of immunity (Humoral and acquired immunity)
17. Processing areas of B and T lymphocyte (Figure 5.1)
18. Memory cells
19. Nature and classes of antibody (v. imp)
20. Mechanism of reaction of antibody
a. Direct method
b. Complement pathway and it's products (imp for MCQs)
21. Types of T cells (most imp question of this chap)
22. Function of helper T cells and interleukins
23. Function and other names of cytotoxic and suppressor T cells
24. Name of autoimmune disorders
25. Atopic allergy (imp. SEQ)
CHAPTER 36
Most important SEQs from this chapter include;
26. Erythroblastosis fetalis, it's clinical picture, treatment, prevention (usually there is
scenario question from this topic)
27. Transfusion reactions and acute kidney failure
CHAPTER 37
It is again the most important chapter. Read it from Guyton.
28. Functions of platelets (imp)
29. Enlist clotting factors
30. Mechanism of coagulation (most imp question)
a. Extrinsic pathway
b. Intrinsic pathway
c. Prof. scenarios:
i. Clotting in beaker = intrinsic mechanism
ii. Clotting due to external injury (shaving cut) = extrinsic mechanism
PAGE 24 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
31. Fibrinolysis & its clinical significance
32. Why blood does not clot in normal vascular system? (vv. imp)
33. Enlist vitamin K dependent factors & conditions that cause excessive bleeding
34. Mechanism of action of heparin and its functions
35. Difference between hemophilia and thrombocytopenia (Jaypee)
36. INR and its significance and values (vvv. imp)
37. What is warfarin therapy?
38. Bleeding time and clotting time (only definitions)
3. NERVE AND MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

(Chapter 5 to 8)
9 2 19
+ Jaypee Physiology
It is the most important and shortest topic with highest weightage. So do it smartly.
CHAPTER 5
Read the whole chapter from Guyton. The important questions are
1. Classification of neurons (from Jaypee) (imp. for MCQs)
2. Structure of neuron (from Jaypee) (imp. for MCQs)
3. Classification of nerve fibers (from Jaypee) (imp. for MCQs)
4. Compound action potential and properties of nerve fibers (from Jaypee) (imp)
5. Resting membrane potential (vvv. imp)
6. Stages of action potential (vv. imp)
7. Activation and inactivation of sodium and potassium channels
8. Role of Ca++ in action potential and tetany
9. Difference between tetany and tetanization
10. Saltatory conduction (vv. imp)
11. Properties of nerve fibers
a. Rheobase (Google or Past papers)
b. Utilization time (Google or Past papers)
c. Refractory period
d. All or no law
12. Important figures: 5.1, 5.5, 5.6, 5.11 and 5.17
CHAPTER 6
Read the whole chapter from Guyton. It is the most important chapter for SEQs and MCQs.
The important questions are
13. General anatomy of skeletal muscles (read only)
14. General mechanism of contraction (read only)
15. Molecular mechanism (from Sliding Filament Model to Walk Along Theory) (vv. imp
prof. SEQ)
16. Actin and myosin (imp)
17. Tension developed by muscle
18. Effect of muscle length and velocity on force of contraction (read)
19. Energetics of muscle contraction (MCQs)
PAGE 25 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
20. Difference between isometric and isotonic contraction (vv. imp)
21. Difference between fast and slow muscle fibers (vv. imp)
22. Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction (multiple fiber summation, frequency
summation, tetanization, stair case effect or treppe, skeletal muscle tone and
fatigue) (vv. imp)
23. Remodeling of muscle to match function (just read atrophy, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia, muscle denervation)
24. Rigor mortis (vv. imp)
25. Important figures: 6.3, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9 and 6.14
CHAPTER 7
Read the whole chapter from Guyton. It is also the important chapter for SEQs and MCQs.
You should have a clear concept of potentials and muscle contraction. Understand it from
Guyton. Do figure 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3 well for understanding. The important questions are:
26. Physiologic anatomy of neuromuscular junction
27. Formation and destruction of acetylcholine
28. End plate potential and types (Google it)
29. Drugs that enhance or block neuromuscular junction (vv. imp for MCQs)
30. Myasthenia Gravis (vv. imp clinical scenario in prof.) (Jaypee or Past Papers)
31. Muscle contraction with diagram 7.7
32. Important figures: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.6 and 7.7
CHAPTER 8
Read the whole chapter from Guyton. Important questions are:
1. Types of smooth muscles
2. Difference between skeletal and smooth muscles
3. Latch Mechanism (vv. imp for SEQ)
4. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle (Figure 8.3 and 8.5) (imp)
5. Sources of calcium in skeletal and smooth muscles
6. Nervous and hormonal control (give a read for MCQs)
4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
(Chapter 9 to 24)
14 2 24
+ Jaypee Physiology (PDF)
This is the most important portion of your 1 st year Physiology. Usually one SEQ is from HEART
(Guyton Chapter 9-13) and other SEQ is from CIRCULATION (Guyton Chapter 14-24)
HEART
This topic is very much important for your written prof. as well as your viva. You must have
complete understanding of this topic.
CHAPTER 9
Read complete chapter. Important questions from this chapter are
1. Action potential of cardiac muscle
2. Cardiac cycle (vvv. imp, You can also consult Firdaus for this topic because it is more
organized there)
3. End systolic volume, end diastolic volume & ejection fraction
4. Aortic pressure curve and what is incisura?
PAGE 26 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
5. Volume pressure diagram (vvv.imp)
6. Explain Frank Starling mechanism
7. What is effect of sodium, potassium, calcium, and temperature on heart activity? (Consult
JAYPEE for it)
CHAPTER 10
First learn this chapter from Firdaus (optional) and then just read out this chapter from Guyton.
Important question from this chapter are
8. What is total delay in impulse conduction from SA node through atria till outer most fibers of
ventricles?
9. Explain ectopic pacemakers.
10. Effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on heart (vv.imp) (make flowchart of
it)
CHAPTER 11
I personally suggest you to do this chapter from JAYPEE Chapter Electrocardiogram. The only
question from this chapter is
11. Plot ECG of a normal person (vvvvv.imp)
12. What abnormalities are in ECG of person having myocardial infarction? (ANSWER: Deep Q
wave, inverted T wave, ST segment elevation)
CHAPTER 12
This chapter is not part of our syllabus. You have to do following topics from FIRDAUS
13. Abnormalities in P wave
14. Abnormalities in QRS complex
15. Abnormalities in T wave
16. J current
CHAPTER 13
Read this whole chapter from Guyton. It is the most important chapter after chapter 9. Important
questions are
17. Classification of arythmia (Jaypee)
18. Sinus arrythmia (Jaypee)
19. Heart blocks (vv. imp) and Strokes Adam Syndrome
20. Flutter and Fibrillations
21. Properties of cardiac muscle (first two pages of FIRDAUS)
CIRCULATION
Usually SEQ of Circulation is scenario based and comes from chapter 17, 18, 19, 23, 24. It is one of
the most confusing portions for 1st Year students because of its length and sharing almost the same
weightage as other topics. So, just try to do everything according to the guidelines. It will surely
help you attempt the entire questions in prof.
CHAPTER 14 to 16
These chapters are very unimportant. Just read out following important topics from FIRDAUS or
GUYTON.
22. Ohm's law of blood flow & Poiseuille’s law
23. Laminar and streamline flow; Conditions causing turbulent flow; What are Eddy currents?
24. Reynold's number and its significance (Guyton must)
25. Concept of total pulmonary resistance (Guyton must)
26. Korotkoff Sounds
27. Muscle pump & Varicose veins (imp)
28. Starling forces, Starling equilibrium and Filtration coefficient
CHAPTER 17 to 19
Read whole chapter from Guyton and then cram from Firdaus. Note down all the important points on
Sticky Notes. Important questions are:
PAGE 27 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
29. Theories for control of local blood flow and regulation
30. Name vasodilators and vasoconstrictors
31. What do you about fainting? Explain its mechanism (Jaypee)
32. Short term, intermediate time consuming, long term regulation of arterial blood pressure
(vvv.imp)
33. Baro-receptor reflex (make flowcharts using Jaypee) (vvvv.imp)
 Scenario: A person is profusely bleeding, how his blood pressure will be regulated or
how blood pressure is maintained when a person stands from lying position?
(ANSWER: Baro-receptor reflex)
34. Renin angiotension aldosterone system (make flowcharts using Jaypee) (vvvv.imp)
35. You must know about pressure ranges in which these reflexes are activated
36. Hypertension and its effect (Must from Guyton)
CHAPTER 20-21
Read only mentioned topics from Guyton and then cram from Firdaus. Important questions are:
37. Factors affecting cardiac output (Firdaus)
38. Pathological causes of high cardiac output (Guyton)
39. Measurement of cardiac method (Oxygen Fick method: Cram the formula)
40. Circulatory adjustments during exercise
41. Diseases in coronory circulation (they all are really important so must read them from
Guyton once and the cram them from Firdaus)
CHAPTER 22
Read whole chapter from Firdaus. Each heading of chapter is important SEQ.
CHAPTER 23
You MUST have to prepare it from Guyton. SEQ come up mostly from chapter 23 and 24.
42. Description of Heart sounds (table from Jaypee for better understanding) (vvvv. imp)
43. Valvular and congenital heart defects (vvv. imp)
CHAPTER 24
You MUST have to prepare it from Guyton. SEQ come up mostly from chapter 23 and 24. Important
questions are:
44. Stages of shock
45. Hypovolemic shock and its compensation
46. Vicious cycle of events in progressive shock
47. Neurogenic shock (vvv.imp)
5. RESPIRATION SYSTEM
(Chapter 38 to 43)
7 1 12
+ Jaypee Physiology
This is a lengthy topic with less weightage, so do it smartly.

CHAPTER 38
Read whole chapter from Guyton.
1. Pleural /alveolar pressure with graph
2. Compliance of lungs & graph (v.imp)
3. Composition and role of surfactant
4. Effect of radius on pressure
5. Pulmonary capacities & volumes with Graph (imp for vivas + written)
PAGE 28 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
6. Measurement of dead space
7. Difference between physiological and anatomical dead space
8. What is minute respiratory volume and alveolar ventilation?
9. Just give a read of the chapter from “functions of respiratory passages” to end.
(leave ‘vocalization’)
CHAPTER 39
Only do important questions:
10. Blood volume of lungs and zones of pulmonary blood flow
11. Pulmonary edema and safety factor (vv.imp)
12. Causes of edema
13. Capillary fluid exchange (v. imp)
14. What is pleural effusion?
CHAPTER 40
15. Respiratory unit and membrane (v. imp)
16. Factors affecting diffusion rate (vvv. imp)
17. Diffusion capacity (SEQ)
18. Physiological shunt and physiological dead space (you can learn this topic from
Jaypee or give a read from Guyton only)
19. Table 40.1 (vv. imp)
CHAPTER 41 (very important chapter)
20. Diffusion of oxygen from peripheral capillaries into the tissue fluid
21. Oxygen-Hb curve and graph
22. Effect of exercise on transport of Oxygen
23. What is utilization coefficient?
24. Bohr’s effect & Haldane’s effect
25. Effects of BPG
26. How is carbon dioxide transported in blood? (v. imp)
27. Respiratory exchange ratio, its formula & values
28. What is p50? What is its importance? (Jaypee)
CHAPTER 42
29. Respiratory centers along with inspiratory ramp signal
30. Chemoreceptors and their role
31. Factors affecting respiration
32. What is hering-breuer reflex?
33. Chemical control of respiration (v. imp)
34. Cheyne stoke’s breathing and sleep apnea
CHAPTER 43
Do this chapter from Jaypee. It is not written much good in Guyton.
35. What are restricted and constricted lung diseases?
36. FEV1 and its significance with graph
37. Respiratory distress syndrome
38. Types of hypoxia types
39. Hypercapnia (imp)
PAGE 29 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
6. SKIN AND BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

2 0.5 4.5 (Chapter 74)
This topic is not properly mentioned in any book other than GUYTON. Must SHORTLIST this
topic for prof.
CHAPTER 74
You have to do only mentioned topics from Guyton and rest of chapter from FIRDAUS.
1. Composition of sweat
2. Sweat production in hot weather and how sweat gets concentrated?
3. Means of heat loss (vv.imp)
4. Temperature increasing and decreasing mechanisms.
5. Role of cytokines in fever, how fever develops?
6. Important clinicals
a. Crisis
b. Heatstroke
c. Frostbite
7. HUMAN RESPONSES IN VARIED TEMPERATURE

2 0.5 4.5 (Chapter 44 to 45)
CHAPTER 44
Only important SEQs are frequently repeated in Exams. Leave the rest of chapter. The
important questions are
1. Page 561 (only for MCQs)
2. Effects of hypoxia and acclimatization (vv.imp)
3. How are natives acclimatized at high altitudes?
4. Difference between acute and chronic mountain sickness (vvv.imp)
CHAPTER 45
Again only important SEQs are frequently repeated in Exams. Leave the rest of chapter.
The important questions are
5. Nitrogen narcosis and its effects (vv.imp for MCQs and SEQs- frequently for MCQs)
6. Decompression sickness and symptoms (vv.imp) (frequently asked SEQs)
7. Scuba diving (imp)
8. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (imp)
PAGE 30 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
BIOCHEMISTRY-I
BIOCHEMISTRY-I
S. MCQS SEQS
Topic
No. (45 x 1) (9 x 5)
Biochemistry of Cell, Cell Membranes and
1 Membrane Phenomena & Water, pH and 3 0.5
Buffers
2 Chemistry of Carbohydrates 4 1
Chemistry of Amino Acids and Proteins: Plasma
3 6 1
Proteins including Immunoglobulins
4 Chemistry of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 3 0.5
5 Chemistry of Lipids 5 1
6 Enzymes 5 1
7 Porphyrins and Hemoproteins 4 1
8 Vitamins 7 1.5
9 Minerals 4 0.5
10 Nutrition 2 0.5
11 Extracellular Matrix 2 0.5
# PART TOPIC MARKS
Non-Observed Stations (Total: 8) 16
1 OSPE
Observed Stations (Total: 2) 6
Principle, Supposed Calculation 4
Performance by Internal Examiner 4
2 Practical
Table Viva by External Examiner 5
Yearly Workbook Assessment 5
Internal Examiner 25
3 Viva Voce
External Examiner 25
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Biochemistry is a scattered subject. So you will always have to make combination of 2 or
more books. Don't be panicked. In start, some of you will get exhausted, like, how to do it
and from where to do it! But don't worry, Biochemistry is the most interesting and easiest
subject of MBBS, although it's a bit scattered. Do open your UHS syllabus while reading
about concerned topic. InshaAllah these guidelines will cover all the important topics of
UHS. The books to be consulted are:
1. Harper
2. Lippincot
3. Satya
PAGE 31 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
1. CELL, WATER & pH BIOCHEMISTRY

Lippincott Chapter 8 +
3 0.5 5.5
Satya Chapter 1 and 21
CELL & SIGNALING

1. G proteins (Lippincott Chapter 8)
2. Table 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 (Satya Chapter 1)
3. Transport Mechanisms (Revise Guyton Chapter 4) – not important
WATER & pH
4. Water electrolyte balance
5. Acid-base balance (leave the details of acidosis and alkalosis; just definitions)
6. Lines of defense (imp)
7. Anion group
2. CARBOHYDRATES BIOCHEMISTRY
Satya Chapter 2 +
4 1 9 Harper Chapter 15 +
Lippincott Chapter 7 and 14
Carbohydrates Biochemistry is the simplest and high yield topic of UHS. You guys have
already read most of terms about carbohydrates in F.Sc. Complete structural linkages will
cover 70% of carbohydrates. There is no need to draw the structures. Only linkages are
important.
SATYA CHAPTER 2
1. Classification of carbohydrates
2. Derivatives of carbohydrates
a. Sugar acids
b. Sugar alcohols
c. Sugar amines
d. Glycosides
3. Oxidation and reduction products of carbohydrates
4. Homopolysacchrides and heteropolysacchrides
5. Proteoglycans, glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides
HARPER CHAPTER 15
6. Isomers (imp)
7. Table 15.1, 15.2, 15.3 and 15.4
LIPPINCOTT CHAPTER 7
8. Lactose intolerance (pg. 87-88)
9. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) (pg. 157-159) – no need to do synthesis
10. Uses of dextran, dextrin and heparin (most imp)
11. Figure 14.4 (most imp)
12. Hunter and Hurler syndrome (pg. 164)
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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3. PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS BIOCHEMISTRY

Satya Chapter 4 & 9
6 1 11 + Harper Chapter 50
+ Lippincott Chapter 2 & 4
This is the most lengthy topic of biochemistry, but don't need to worry, it's easy one
though.
SATYA CHAPTER 4
1. Classification of amino acids (polarity, structure nutritional value, metabolic)
2. Classification of protein
3. Properties of amino acids (give a read)
4. Functions of amino acids and protein
5. Standard and non-standard amino acids (Table 4.2) (very imp.)
6. Selenocysteine
7. Titration of amino acids
8. Buffers and isoelectric pH
9. Henderson's equation and it's uses
10. Structure of protein (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)
11. Properties of peptide bond
12. Secondary structure (most imp)
13. Motifs
14. Difference between a-helix and beta-sheet
15. Denaturation of proteins
16. Chaperones and their uses
17. Amyloid diseases (most imp)
18. Difference between collagen and elastin (Table from Harper Chapter 50)
19. Collagen
a. Table 4.2 (MCQs)
b. Synthesis of collagen and degradation (Must remember the role of enzymes)
c. Collagenopathies (EDS, OI)
d. Scurvy (most imp)
 Clinical indications of scurvy: Joint pain, swollen gums, bruises,
capillary fragility, shortness of breath
20. Elastin
a. Structure
b. Marfan’s syndrome
c. Antitrypsin role (most imp.)
d. William syndrome, supravalvular aortic stenosis, pulmoray emphysema and
aging (from Satya)
21. Role of fibronectin and laminin (from Satya Chapter 22)
SATYA CHAPTER 9
Read whole chapter once;
22. Plasma Proteins’ functions
a. Prealbumin and albumin
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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
b. Haptoglobin
c. Ceruloplasmin
d. Antitrypsin
e. Macroglobulin
f. Transferrin
23. Immunoglobulins (diagram + functions only)
SATYA CHAPTER 41
24. Separation techniques (all are imp)
25. Chromatography and types (v. imp for MCQs)
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOTIDES

3 0.5 5.5 Satya Chapter 5
SATYA CHAPTER 5
1. Types and structures of purines and pyramidines (just check the number of total
nitrogen atoms in structures)
2. Function of nucleotides (most repeated SEQ)
3. Function and types of nucleic acids
4. Atypical bases
5. Synthetic analogues
6. Melting temperature (imp.)
7. Types of RNA (with figures)
8. Ribozymes and their examples
9. Histone proteins
5. LIPIDS BIOCHEMISTRY
Satya Chapter 3 +
5 1 10 Harper Chapter 15 +
Lippincott Chapter 17 & 27
SATYA CHAPTER 2
1. Biomedical importance
2. Classification of lipids
3. Fatty acids (properties and isomers)
4. Trans fatty acids (most imp)
5. Saponification number and rancidity with examples (Satya)
6. Essential fatty acids
HARPER CHAPTER 15
7. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (Harper) Table (31.2) – only names
8. Triacyglycerols
9. Phospholipids
a. Structure and functions of all phospholipids
b. Cardiolipin, plasmologens and lecithin (most imp)
10. Cholesterol (structure and function)
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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
11. Lipid peroxidation (most imp)
12. Figure 17.23
13. Functions of eicosanoids, prostaglandins and leuktotrienes Figure 17.23)
14. Uses of aspirin
15. Gangliosides
LIPPINCOTT CHAPTER 27.15
16. Difference b/w omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (most imp)
6. ENZYMES
5 1 10 Satya Chapter 6 +
Harper Chapter 7
LIPPINCOTT CHAPTER 5 (very much important chapter)

1. Classification
2. Properties
3. Mechanism of enzyme action (imp)
4. Regulation (imp)
5. Inhibition
6. Michaelis-Menten kinetics (imp)
7. Lineweaver Burk plot (imp)
8. Enzyme inhibitor as medicine (imp)
SATYA CHAPTER 6
9. Proenzyme
10. Isoenzymes
11. Allosteric enzymes
12. Cofactor
13. Induction and repression
14. Activators
15. Ribozymes
16. Substarte strain theory
17. Metalloenzymes
18. Diseases related to enzyme deficiency
19. Therapeutic importance of enzymes (most imp) – Table 6.8, 6.9, 6.10 and 6.12
HARPER CHAPTER 7
20. Mechanism of enzymes’ catalysis (repeated prof. SEQ)
7. PORPHYRINS AND HEMOPROTEINS

Lippincott Chapter 3 & 21 +
4 1 9
Satya Chapter 10
1. Haemoglobin and it's types
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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
2. Oxygen dissociation curve and it's significance
3. Allosteric and Bohr effects
4. 2,3-BPG effects
5. CO role as silent killer
6. Hameoglobinopathies (most imp)
7. Thalassemia (most imp)
8. Summary (at the end of chapter)
LIPPINCOTT CHAPTER 21 (only from start to ‘jaundice’ is included in syllabus)
Do remember action of each enzyme in each step.
9. Heme synthesis (imp)
10. Heme degradation
11. Bilirubin metabolism
12. Jaundice (most imp) its types and clinical point of view questions in prof
SATYA CHAPTER 10
13. Criglar-Najjar syndrome
14. Gilbert disease
15. Types of porphyria's
8. VITAMINS
7 1.5 14.5 Lippincott Chapter 28
It is the most important topic of UHS. Do it with concepts and with respect to clinical
terms.
 Must remember uses and diseases of all vitamins
 All fat soluble vitamins are very important
 Usually clinical based questions are asked from vitamins
 Do read each and every line, it's the most most important topic
1. Water soluble vitamins
a. Folic acid production and uses
b. Folate trap hypothesis
c. Pernicious anemia
d. Functions of vitamin C
e. Pantothenic acid and its clinical indication (i.e. burning feet syndrome)
2. Fat soluble vitamins
a. Vitamin A
i. Mechanism, functions and deficiency symptoms
ii. Visual cycle
iii. Figure 28.19 and 28.21
b. Vitamin D
i. Mechanism and diseases
ii. Functions (should be on fingertips)
iii. Difference between rickets and osteomalacia
iv. Figure 28.23 and 28.24
c. Vitamin K
i. Responsibility for prothrombin interaction
PAGE 36 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
ii. Effect on RBC membrane
iii. Functions
d. Vitamin E
i. Functions (very imp) i.e.
 Antioxidant
 Slows down aging
 Protects RBC from hemolysis
 Required for cellular respiration through ETC
 Boosts up immune system
 Involves in chain breaking
 Maintains membrane structure
 Component of glutathione peroxide
9. MINERALS
SATYA CHAPTER 18
Do all the tables of this chapter
1. Calcium (functions, disorders and regulation)
2. Cushing’s and Addison’s disease
3. Iron (absorption and transport)
4. Anemia, hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis
5. Wilson disease (most imp)
6. Functions of (most imp)
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Zinc
d. Copper
e. Phosphorous
f. Iodine
g. Selenium
10. NUTRITION
SATYA CHAPTER 23
1. Respiratory quotient
2. SDA
3. Calorie
4. BMR and factors effecting BMR
5. Balanced diet
6. Glycemic index
7. Benefits of fiber
8. Deficiency of EFA (essential fatty acids)
PAGE 37 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
9. Functions of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
10. Difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor
11. Obesity and it's types
12. How to find BMR?
13. Nitrogen balance, its types and examples
11. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

2 0.5 4.5
Satya Chapter 22
This topic is also covered in Carbohydrates and Proteins portion.

1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) (pg. 157-159) – no need to do synthesis
2. Uses of dextran, dextrin and heparin (most imp)
3. Figure 14.4 (most imp)
4. Hunter and Hurler syndrome (pg. 164)
SATYA CHAPTER 22
5. Role of fibronectin and laminin (from Satya Chapter 22)
PAGE 38 OF 39
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
PAGE 39 OF 39

HF GUIDELINES 1st Year by ARC Revised

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HF GUIDELINES 1st Year by ARC Revised

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1st YEAR MBBS GUIDELINES

Special Credits to: MUHAMMAD ZOHAIB (N69) for assisting me in

Remember us in your prayers.

1. General Anatomy by Prof. Laiq Hussain Siddiqui

1. Textbook of Physiology by Guyton and Hall, 14th edition

1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry by Murrary RK, Granner DK and Rodwell

Fetal Period and Teratogenesis 1

1. BASIC AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY

3. NERVE AND MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

This is a lengthy topic with less weightage, so do it smartly.

6. SKIN AND BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

7. HUMAN RESPONSES IN VARIED TEMPERATURE

1. CELL, WATER & pH BIOCHEMISTRY

CELL & SIGNALING

3. PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS BIOCHEMISTRY

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOTIDES

LIPPINCOTT CHAPTER 5 (very much important chapter)

7. PORPHYRINS AND HEMOPROTEINS

11. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

This topic is also covered in Carbohydrates and Proteins portion.

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