Ngữ âm âm vị học

ĐỀ 1

1. Airstream Mechanism

Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the words provided (some words may
be used more than once):

voiced    clicks      ejectives    velaric   voiceless    glottalic    pulmonic    plosives   

implosives

There are three principle airstream mechanisms: the ____________ airstream mechanism, the
____________ airstream mechanism, and the ____________ airstream mechanism. In normal
utterances in all the languages of the world, the airstream is always flowing outward if the
_______________ airstream mechanism is involved. Stops made with this mechanism are called
______________. The only mechanism that is used in some languages to produce some sounds
with inward going air and some sounds with outward going air is the _____________ airstream
mechanism. Stops made with this mechanism acting ingressively are called ____________.
Stops made with this mechanism acting egressively are called ______________. The mechanism
that is used in language to produce sounds only with inward going air is the __________
airstream mechanism. Stops made with this mechanism are called _____________. Stops may
vary in their voice onset time. In this respect, [b,d,g] are ___voiced__________ stops, [p,t,k] are
voiceless________stops.

2. Phonetic description

Give the appropriate phonetic symbol in brackets for each of the sounds described
below:

a) voiceless velar stop [ k ]

b) voiced labio-dental fricative [ v ]

c) voiced palato-alveolar affricate [ dʒ ]

d) voiced palatal glide [ ]

e) voiced velar nasal [ ŋ ]

f) voiceless interdental fricative [ z ]

3. Phonetic description

Work out the vowel sound associated with each of the following descriptions. Supply
its correct phonetic symbol and illustrate the vowel with a word in English. One
example has been done for you.

a) long (tense) high front unrounded [  ] heat

b) short low central unrounded [   ] _____

c) short high back rounded [    ] _____

d) long mid-high back rounded [    ] _____

e) long mid central (slightly) rounded [     ] _____

4.  Assimilation

Provide two phonetic transcriptions for each of the following examples, one which
reflects the way you would say it in formal or careful speech style, the other the way
you would say it in more rapid, casual speech style. Identify the assimilation process
that occurs in the sound sequence.

1.                                                         Would you like it

Careful style:

Casual style:

Assimilation process:

2.                                                         A basket maker

Careful style

Casual style
Assimilation process:

3.                                                         A good cook

Careful style:

Casual style:

Assimilation process:

5. Stress

Stress in a sentence is used to emphasize important information in a sentence, usually

Noun, Verb, Adjective & Adverb.

Look at the underlined word that receives the stress in each sentence, and tell what the
speaker means. One example has been done for you. 

Word stressed in sentence What the speaker means

1. I asked you to buy red roses. E.g. It was me who was asking – not him or her

2. I asked you to buy red roses.

3. I asked you to buy red roses.

4. I asked you to buy red roses.

5. I asked you to buy red roses.

6. I asked you to buy red roses.

6.  Choose either Question A or Question B. Do NOT do both.

Question A

Consider the distribution of [r] and [l] in Korean in the following words:

[rupi]       ‘ruby’             [mul]               ‘water’

[kiri]      ‘road’              [pal]                ‘big’

[saram]   ‘person’          [soul]/[seul]    ‘Seoul’

[irumi]   ‘name              [ilkop]             ‘seven’

[ratio]     ‘radio’             [ipalsa]                        ‘barber’

Are [r] and [l]  two different phonemes or are they allophones of the same
phoneme? State your reasons.

Question B

Consider the distribution of [p] and [pʰ] in the following words. Are they two different
phonemes or are they allophones of the same phoneme? State your reasons.

spat [sp&t]                  pat [pʰ&t]                    lap [l&p]

spool [spu:l]               pool [pʰu:l]                 stop [stQp]

speak [spi:k]               peak [pʰi:k]                 steep [sti:p]

7. Analyze the syllable structure of the words: spring, little, doctor,

structure.

Number of First Second

Word
syllables syllable syllable

    Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme

      Nucleus Coda   Nucleus coda

spring              

little              

doctor              

structure              
8. Why do the rules for marking stress and intonation keep changing?
Don’t we have any fixed rules?
ĐỀ 2

1. Human speech organs

In the spaces provided, fill in the names of the human speech organs numbered in the
diagram.

1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
6. ____________________
11. ___________________
7. ____________________
12. ___________________
8. ____________________
13. ___________________
9. ____________________
14. ___________________
10. ___________________

Human Speech Organs

2. Description of consonants

Give the IPA symbol corresponding to the consonants underlined in the following
words and provide the appropriate description for them. The first two have been done
for you.

                        IPA                  Voiced or        Place of               Manner of

                        symbol            voiceless          articulation          articulation

————————————————————————————————————

Peter                              /p/                  voiceless            bilabial                      stop

oven                                /n/                   voiced                         alveolar                       nasal

singing

this                                

chew                            

hall                 

haggis                                              

funny                          

hedge              

rough                        

fines               

behind                                              

seizure

3. Phonetic description

Work out the vowel sound associated with each of the following descriptions. Supply
its correct phonetic symbol and illustrate the vowel with a word from English.

a) long (tense) high front unrounded [  ] heat

b) short low central unrounded [   ] _____

c) short high back rounded [    ] _____

d) long mid-high back rounded [    ] _____

e) long mid central (slightly) rounded [     ] _____

4.  Assimilation

Provide two phonetic transcriptions for each of the following examples, one which
reflects the way you would say it in formal or careful speech style, the other the way
you would say it in more rapid, casual speech style. Identify the assimilation process
that occurs in the sound sequence.

1.                                                         last year

Careful style:

Casual style:

Assimilation process:

2.                                                         red carpet

Careful style:

Casual style:

Assimilation process:

3.                                                         the green belt

Careful style:

Casual style:

Assimilation process:

5. Stress
  Stress in a sentence is used to emphasize important information in a sentence,
usually Noun, Verb, Adjective & Adverb.

Look at the underlined word that receives the stress in each sentence, and tell what the
speaker means. One example has been done for you. 

Word stressed in sentence What the speaker means

1. Sophie adored her gorgeous new  e.g. It was Sophie – not Delia or Nigella or anybody
motorbike. else

2. Sophie adored her gorgeous new

 
motorbike.

3. Sophie adored her gorgeous new

 
motorbike.

4. Sophie adored her gorgeous new

 
motorbike.

5. Sophie adored her

 
gorgeous new motorbike.

6. Sophie adored her gorgeous

 
new motorbike.

6.  Choose either Question A or Question B. Do NOT do both.

Question A

Consider the distribution of [r] and [l] in Korean in the following words:

[rupi]       ‘ruby’            [mul]               ‘water’

[kiri]      ‘road’              [pal]                 ‘big’

[saram]   ‘person’         [soul]/[seul]     ‘Seoul’

[irumi]   ‘name              [ilkop]              ‘seven’

[ratio]     ‘radio’             [ipalsa]                        ‘barber’

Are [r] and [l]  two different phonemes or are they allophones of the same
phoneme? State your reasons.

Question B

Consider the distribution of [p] and [pʰ] in the following words. Are they two different
phonemes or are they allophones of the same phoneme? State your reasons.

spat [sp&t]                  pat [pʰ&t]                    lap [l&p]

spool [spu:l]               pool [pʰu:l]                 stop [stQp]

speak [spi:k]               peak [pʰi:k]                 steep [sti:p]

7. Analyze the syllable structure of the words: spy, apple, delight, convict.

Word Number of syllables First syllable Second syllable

    Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme

      Nucleus Coda   nucleus coda

spy              

apple              

delight              

convict              

8. What is Received Pronunciation in English? What is the difference

between an accent and a dialect? Give examples to illustrate the points
you make.
Dẫn nhập NA – AV – Phonetics & Phonology – Khoa Anh chuyên ngành- Mã đề
101

Question I. Write the phonetic symbol for that sound between the brackets below the
appropriate drawing.

Instruction: For each drawing presented, there is only one consonant sound of English that
could be produced by a vocal tract positioned as shown; you are to figure out which
consonant sound is represented (either by referring to the descriptions of different sounds
or by experimenting with your own vocal tract-some of each is recommended). Be sure that
you take into account the voicing, manner, and place of articulation of each sound. Note
that voicing is shown by two wavy or bumpy lines (representing vocal fold vibration) where
the larynx would be, whereas voiceless sounds are represented by two lines shaped like an
ellipse at the larynx level, indicating an open glottis. Take care also to note whether the air
passage to the nasal cavity is open or closed (i.e., if the velum is lowered or raised).
Mã đề 101

Question II. Write a summary of PHONOLOGY. Your summary should include the following
points:

 the domain of phonology

 the basic elements used to make up the phonological patterns
 the differences between the phoneme and the allophone
 the internal structure of a syllable