5.

DARLINGTON EMITTER FOLLOWER AMPLIFIER

I. Objectives
The primary objectives of this experiment are to design, test and analyze the Darlington emitter
follower amplifier. The students are expected to (i) draw the frequency response of the amplifier
(ii) study the phase shift between the input and output signal and (iii) measure the input impedance
and output impedance of the amplifier.

II.Components and Apparatus Required

Transistors, Resistors, Capacitors, Bread board, Connecting wires, Voltmeter, Ammeter,
Regulated Power supply, Function generator, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, DRBs.

III. Circuit Diagrams

IV. Specifications
𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 12𝑉, 𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 0.7𝑉, 𝐼𝐶2 = 5𝑚𝐴, ℎ𝐹𝐸 = 100, 𝐶𝐶 = 22µ𝐹, 𝑅𝐸 = 1.2 𝐾𝛺
V. Design Equations
1. 𝑉𝐵1 = 𝑉𝐵𝐸1 + 𝑉𝐵𝐸2 + 𝐼𝐸2 𝑅𝐸 ; 𝐼𝐸 ≈ 𝐼𝐶
𝐼𝐶1
2. 𝐼𝐵1 = = 𝐼𝐵2 /𝛽
𝛽
3. 𝑅1 = (𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵1 )/10𝐼𝐵1
4. 𝑅2 = 𝑉𝐵1 /(9𝐼𝐵1 )

1
VI. Experimentations
(i) Frequency response of the amplifier

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

2. Apply 𝑉𝑆 = 1V peak-to-peak sinusoidal signal (zero dc) as input to the amplifier.
3. Observe the input and output signals simultaneously on the CRO.
4. Vary the frequencies from 0Hz to 1000 KHz and tabulate the amplitudes 𝑉𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑆 for
every frequency.
𝑉
5. Compute the voltage gain using the formula 𝐴𝑣 = 20log(𝑉𝑜 ) and tabulate them.
𝑆
6. Plot the frequency response of the amplifier in a semilog graph sheet.
7. Note down the lower cut-off frequency (𝑓𝑙 ) and higher cut-off frequency (𝑓ℎ ) in the graph.
8. Compute the Bandwidth of the amplifier as 𝑓ℎ − 𝑓𝑙 .
9. Note down the mid band gain of the amplifier.

Tabulations:

Sl.No 𝑉𝑜 (V) 𝑉𝑜 𝑉
𝐴𝑣 = 20log(𝑉𝑜 ) dB
𝑆
𝑉𝑆
Model graph

(ii) Observe the phase shift between the input and output signal and hence comment on the
observation.

(iii) Measure the input and output impedance

Procedure:
 To measure the input impedance
1. Connect the DRB at the input side as shown in the above figure. Do not replace
𝑅𝐿 with DRB.
2. Apply 𝑉𝑆 = 1𝑉(𝑝 − 𝑝), 1𝐾𝐻𝑧
3. Vary the values of 𝑅 in DRB and measure the output voltage. When 𝑅 is equal
to the input resistance 𝑅𝑖𝑛 of the amplifier, the output voltage is half of 𝑉𝑜 .
 To measure the output impedance
1. Connect DRB in the place of 𝑅𝐿 at the output side. Remove the DRB at the
input side.
2. Apply 𝑉𝑆 = 1𝑉(𝑝 − 𝑝), 1𝐾𝐻𝑧
3. Vary the values of 𝑅 in DRB and measure the output voltage. When 𝑅 is equal
to the input resistance 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 of the amplifier, the output voltage is half of 𝑉𝑜 .
The input impedance of the amplifier is _______________
The output impedance of the amplifier is _______________

VII. Results and Inferences: