‫بررسي فعاليت هاي پژوهشي دانشجويان متقاضي خوابگاه متاهلين‬

‫حميد حيدري قوالنلو‬ ‫نام و نام خانوادگي دانشجو‬

810508001 ‫شماره دانشجويي‬

09165028895 ‫تلفن همراه‬

‫اعتبار و امتياز كل‬ ‫ذكرنام دانشگاه‬

‫مقطع تحصيلي‬ ‫ترتيب نويسندگان‬ ‫ كنگره‬/‫كتاب‬/‫نام مجله‬ ‫ كنگره‬/ ‫ كتاب‬/‫عنوان مقاله‬ ‫رديف‬
‫اثر‬ ‫تهران‬

Estimation of water saturation

1- Hamid Heydari Gholanlo by using radial based function
‫کارشناسی ارشد‬ - 2- Masoud Amirpour Petroleum artificial neural network in 1
3- Saeid Ahmadi carbonate reservoir: A case
study in Sarvak formation
Saturation exponent
1- Hamid Heydari Gholanlo determination by using genetic
‫کارشناسی ارشد‬ Egyptian Journal of 2
- 2- Siavash Sajedi algorithm in carbonate
3- Vahed Goudarzi Petroleum
reservoirs: A case study in
Sarvak Formation
Estimation of cementation
‫کارشناسی ارشد‬ 1- Hamid Heydari Gholanlo Neural Comput & factor in carbonate reservoir 3
- 2- Zohreh Hajipour Applic by using genetic fuzzy inference
system
‫کارشناسی ارشد‬ Journal of Petroleum Analysis of permeability based 4
- 1- Hamid Heydari Gholanlo
Exploration and on petrophysical logs:

1- Hamid Heydari Gholanlo
‫کارشناسی ارشد‬ - 2- Jamshid Moghadasi
3- Reza Motafakerfard
‫ حمید حیدری قوالنلو‬-1
‫کارشناسی ارشد‬ - 6
‫ مجید نیکخواه‬-2
1- Hamid Heydari Gholanlo
‫کارشناسی ارشد‬ - 2- Majid Nikkhah
‫کارشناسی ارشد‬ 1- Hamid Heydari Gholanlo
- 2- Majid Nikkhah
Production comparison
between heuristic numerical and
analytical methods
Iranian Journal of Oil New Approach to Measuring
& Gas Science and Cementation Factor by Using an 5
Technology Intelligent System
‫هشتمین کنفرانس‬ ‫محاسبه موج برشی از نمودار بندش‬
‫مکانیک سنگ ایران‬ ‫سیمان‬
Breakout Geometry
SPE Characterization by means of 7
Ultrasonic Borehole Imager
Application of Signal Envelope
Classification to Estimate Shear
J. Petrol.Science and 8
Wave Slowness from
Engineering
Conventional Cement Bonding
Logging Tools
Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01163-9

ORIGINAL PAPER-EXPLORATION GEOLOGY

Analysis of permeability based on petrophysical logs: comparison

between heuristic numerical and analytical methods
H. Heydari Gholanlo1 

Received: 18 October 2020 / Accepted: 7 April 2021

© The Author(s) 2021

Abstract
A series of novel heuristic numerical tools were adopted to tackle the setback of permeability estimation in carbonate reser-
voirs compared to the classical methods. To that end, a comprehensive data set of petrophysical data including core and log
in two wells was situated in Marun Oil Field. Both wells, Well#1 and Well#2, were completed in the Bangestan reservoir,
having a broad diversity of carbonate facies. In the light of high Lorenz coefficients, 0.762 and 0.75 in Well#1 and Well#2,
respectively, an extensive heterogeneity has been expected in reservoir properties, namely permeability. Despite Well#1,
Well#2 was used as a blinded well, which had no influence on model learning and just contributed to assess the valida-
tion of the proposed model. An HFU model with the aim of discerning the sophistication of permeability and net porosity
interrelation has been developed in the framework of Amaefule’s technique which has been modified by newly introduced
classification and clustering conceptions. Eventually, seven distinct pore geometrical units have been distinguished through
implementing the hybridized genetic algorithm and k-means algorithm. Furthermore, a K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm
has been carried out to divide log data into the flow units and assigns them to the pre-identified FZI values. Besides, a cross
between the ε-SVR model, a supervised learning machine, and the Harmony Search algorithm has been used to estimate
directly permeability. To select the optimum combination of the involved logging parameters in the ε-SVR model and reduce
the dimensionality problem, a principle component analysis (PCA) has been implemented on Well#1 data set. The result of
PCA illustrates parameters, such as permeability, the transit time of sonic wave, resistivity of the unflashed zone, neutron
porosity, photoelectric index, spectral gamma-ray, and bulk density, which possess the highest correlation coefficient with
first derived PC. In line with previous studies, the findings will be compared with empirical methods, Coates–Dumanior, and
Timur methods, which both have been launched into these wells. Overall, it is obvious to conclude that the ε -SVR model is
undeniably the superior method with the lowest mean square error, nearly 4.91, and the highest R-squared of approximately
0.721. On the contrary, the transform relationship of porosity and permeability has remarkably the worst results in comparison
with other models in error (MSE) and accuracy (R2) of 128.73 and 0.116, respectively.

Keywords  Permeability · Carbonate Reservoir · Support Vector Regression · Harmony Search · Principal Component
Analysis · Hydraulic Flow Unit

Abbreviations Md Millidarcy
ε-SVR Support Vector Regression MSE Mean Square Error
FZI Flow Zone Index NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
GA Genetic Algorithm PCA Principal Component Analysis
HFU Hydraulic Flow Unit R2 R-squared
HS Harmony Search RBF Radial Basic Function
KNN K-Nearest Neighbor RQI Reservoir Quality Index
Lk Lorenz coefficient SCAL Special Core Analysis

* H. Heydari Gholanlo
heydaripost@gmail.com
1
Well Services of Iran (Schlumberger Method), Tehran, Iran

13
Vol.:(0123456789)
 Petroleum xxx (2016) 1e5

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Petroleum
journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/petlm

Original article

Estimation of water saturation by using radial based function

artificial neural network in carbonate reservoir: A case study
in Sarvak formation
Hamid Heydari Gholanlo a, Masoud Amirpour a, *, Saeid Ahmadi b
a
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
b
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Water saturation determination in core laboratory is known as a cost and time consuming labor.
Received 16 January 2016 Hitherto, many scientists attempted to estimate accurately water saturation from well-logging data
Received in revised form which has a continuous record without losing information. Therefore, various model were intro-
6 April 2016
duced to relate reservoir properties and water saturation. Since carbonate reservoir is very het-
Accepted 8 April 2016
erogeneous in shape and size of pore throat, the relation between water saturation and other
carbonates reservoir properties is very complex, and causes considerable overall errors in water
Keywords:
saturation calculation. By increasing the usage and improvement of soft computing methods in
Water saturation
Radial basis function neural network
engineering problems, petroleum engineers have been attended them to measure the petrophysical
Genetic algorithm properties of the reservoir.
Archie model In this study, a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) improved by genetic algorithm has
Carbonate reservoir been employed to estimate formation water saturation by using conventional well-logging data.
The used logging and core data have been gathered from a carbonated formation from one of
oilfield located in south-west Iran, and finally their results of the proposed model were compared
with the core analysis results. By checking the testing data from another well, it showed this
method had a 0.027 for mean square errors and its correlation coefficient is equal to 0.870. These
results implied on high accuracy of this model for oil saturation degree estimation. While the
common methods like Archie, had a 0.041 mean square error and 0.720 of the correlation coeffi-
cient, which indicate a high ability of RBF model than the other usual empirical methods.
Copyright © 2016, Southwest Petroleum University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on
behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction water contact from zero to one. Accurate estimating of water

The saturation of formation fluid means the ratio of porous
media occupied by fluid. The sum of all fluid saturations (water,
gas and oil) equals to unit. In the primary lifetime of an oil
reservoir, oil column includes oil and connate water, and water
(or oil) saturation changes according to the distance from oil-
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: amirpour.masud@gmail.com (M. Amirpour).
Peer review under responsibility of Southwest Petroleum University.
Production and Hosting by Elsevier on behalf of KeAi
saturation in all points of a reservoir is essential to characterize
the reservoir and calculation of in-place hydrocarbon volume.
Accurate and direct method to measure Sw is the laboratory core
analysis. This method has some drawbacks like taking long time,
be expensive, and losing the some intervals in coring operation,
hence, this method is not applicable for all wells of same filed.
Well-logging interpretation is another method to estimate the
Sw. Well-logging tools records continually the physical and
chemical properties of formations and containing fluids.
During the past years, extensive research has been conducted
to related Sw with some measurable reservoir parameters by
means the simple mathematical models. Archie (1942) studied
electrical parameters of core sample in different water satura-
tion, and succeeded to calculate the water saturation by using

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2016.04.002
2405-6561/Copyright © 2016, Southwest Petroleum University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: H.H. Gholanlo, et al., Estimation of water saturation by using radial based function artificial neural
network in carbonate reservoir: A case study in Sarvak formation, Petroleum (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2016.04.002
 Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Egyptian Journal of Petroleum

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com

Full Length Article

Saturation exponent determination by using genetic algorithm in

carbonate reservoirs: A case study in Sarvak Formation
Hamid Heydari Gholanlo a,⇑, Siavash Sajedi Yeganeh b, Vahed Goudarzi Dehrizi a
a
Homai Well Service Company, Iran
b
National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC), Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Well logging analysis has been recognized as the best way to characterize reservoir properties, especially
Received 25 May 2017 water saturation. Archie equation is known as the best method to estimate water saturation from well
Revised 14 July 2017 logging data. Determination of Archie parameters is an incessant challenge in advanced reservoir engi-
Accepted 30 July 2017
neering because of its complex intrinsic. Measurement of Archie parameters in core laboratory has a high
Available online xxxx
sensitive, expensive and time consuming procedure, that causes the excluding of core analysis to be
impossible for the entire depth of reservoir zone. Although some empirical and mathematical models
Keywords:
have been introduced to measure cementation factor, without the need of coring, there is not exist a reli-
Saturation exponent
Genetic algorithm
able method to estimate saturation exponent in similar way.
Sarvak Formation Genetic algorithm is excelled than other meta-heuristic global search methods, which could be used in
solving engineering problems. In this study, a genetic algorithm based strategy has been developed to
develop a model to estimate saturation exponent from a core of drilled well in Sarvak Formation at
Marun Oil Field in Iran. This model has been validated with laboratory measurements of saturation expo-
nent with the accuracy (R2) of 0.91 and the miscalculation (MSE) of 0.23.
Ó 2017 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article
under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
Based on Archie model [1], the ratio of a sandstone sample
resistance saturated partially with brine, Rt, to saturated com-
pletely, Ro, has a logical relation to Sw as follows:
Rt
S
n
w ¼ ¼ IR
Ro
The ratio of Rt/Ro is famed as resistance index (IR) that is mainly
influenced by formation water salinity [2], and n is known as sat-
uration exponent. Although IR is primarily considered to be unit
on Sw of 100%, many researchers [2–4] approved experimentally
that this value is not unit, and the Archie formula (Eq. (1)) had been
revised as follows:
b
Sw ¼
IRn
where b is a drift coefficient and its behavior appertains to the wet-
tability of reservoir rock, temperature, pore size distribution, exis-
tence of micro- and macro fractures, and uncertainty caused by
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: heydaripost@gmail.com (H. Heydari Gholanlo).
core analysis [2]. The value of n can be obtained from the slope of
the best straight line on the semi-log plot of IR vs. Sw for several
brine saturated level of core sample. In many studies regarding
the prediction of water saturation, the researchers assumed the
value of n to be 2 [5]. This assumption is not absolutely incorrect,
and is attributable only for samples with macro-scale porous space
ð1Þ and high Sw value [6]. Many researchers have studied the depen-
dency of n to some reservoir rock and fluid properties such as sat-
uration history [4], wettability ([7,8]), capillary pressure [9],
salinity of brine [10], and the geometry of pore space [11]. By sur-
viving in the widely studies have been done on the relationship
between the n and other petrophysical parameters, apparently wet-
tability has the greatest impact on n value [8]. Wettability between
rock and fluid systems can be highly varied from highly water-wet
rock to highly oil-wet [7]. IR value of water-wet rock is more than
ð2Þ oil-wet rock [4]. Although, saturation exponent of water-wet rock
is approximately equal to 2, it can be changed abruptly from 1.5
to 3 in carbonate rock [12]. Donaldson measured it more than 8
in oil-wet rock [13]. On the other hand, wettability can also change
with the saturation history [8], consequently it could be concluded
that n always changes when Sw changes in the carbonate rock [14].
Data mining is a set of intelligent tools and machine learning
techniques that can explore the hidden patterns behind the
existing data sets, and extract a quantity formula between the

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.07.013
1110-0621/Ó 2017 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: H. Heydari Gholanlo et al., Saturation exponent determination by using genetic algorithm in carbonate reservoirs: A case
study in Sarvak Formation, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.07.013
Neural Comput & Applic (2018) 30:1657–1666
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-016-2770-1

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Estimation of cementation factor in carbonate reservoir

by using genetic fuzzy inference system
Hamid Heydari Gholanlo1 • Zohreh Hajipour2

Received: 12 June 2014 / Accepted: 29 November 2016 / Published online: 22 December 2016
 The Natural Computing Applications Forum 2016

Abstract Water saturation is a key parameter in reservoir composed of pure limestone. The final results show a high
engineering to calculate the volume of hydrocarbon in exactness of the proposed model estimating cementation
reservoirs. The first attempt to estimate water saturation factor with an R-squared of 0.864 and a mean squared error
using well log data was implemented by Archie in 1942 for of 0.01899 .
a clean sandstone reservoir. This method requires labora-
tory measurement of cementation factor. This parameter Keywords Water saturation  Cementation factor 
has the most impression on water saturation calculation Carbonate reservoir  Mamdani fuzzy inference system 
compared to the other parameters, which is nearly constant Genetic algorithm  Sarvak Formation
in homogenous sandstone reservoirs. However, due to high
variation of cementation factor along depth of wellbore in Abbreviations
carbonate reservoirs due to rock’s nature, it is incorrect to m Cementation factor
assign a constant value to cementation factor. On the other u Porosity
hand, experimental core analysis to determine cementation a Tortuosity factor
factor values is an expensive and time-consuming work, n Stauration exponent
and it is impossible to calculate this parameter in labora- FIS Fuzzy inference system
tory for the whole depth of a drilled wellbore. In industrial FRF Formation resistivity factor
applications, using a constant cementation factor can lead R2 R-squared
to erroneous calculations of water (and hence oil) satura- MSE Mean square error
tions. Also, previous conventional methods estimating k Permeability
cementation factor from logging data are not often sensi- MF Membership function
tive to pore system of rock and generate a massive source c Center of Gaussian and sigmoidal membership
of error. In this study, a new approach to estimate function
cementation factor using a genetic Mamdani fuzzy infer- r Width of Gaussian membership function
ence system was implemented for a case study in Sarvak a Parameter of sigmoid membership function
Formation located in Zagros Basin which is mostly GA Genetic algorithm
MD Membership degree
FMI Formation micro imager
& Hamid Heydari Gholanlo NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
heydaripost@gmail.com
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Abadan Faculty of
Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology,
1 Introduction
Abadan, Iran
2 Archie [1] derived a formula between water saturation (Sw)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Abadan Faculty of
Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, and formation properties for clean sandstone reservoirs
Abadan, Iran obtained from well logs with interparticle pore system

123

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 2 (2013), No. 4, pp. 39-53
http://ijogst.put.ac.ir

A New Approach to Measuring Cementation Factor by Using an Intelligent

System
Hamid Heydari1, Jamshid Moghadasi*2, and Reza Motafakkerfard3
1
Department of Reservoir Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
2
Department of Reservoir Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
3
Department of Exploration Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
Received: July 19, 2013; revised: October 20, 2013; accepted: November 07, 2013

Abstract
Cementation factor is a critical parameter, which affects water saturation calculation. In carbonate
rocks, due to the sensitivity of this parameter to pore type, water saturation estimation has associated
with high inaccuracy. Hence developing a reliable mathematical strategy to determine these properties
accurately is of crucial importance. To this end, genetic algorithm pattern search is employed to find
accurate cementation factor by using formation resistivity factor and the porosity obtained from
laboratory core analyses with considering the assumption that tortuosity factor is not unity.
Subsequently, particle swarm optimization (PSO) fuzzy inference system (FIS) was used for the
classification of cementation factor according to the predominated rock pore type by using the input
variables such as cementation factor, porosity, and permeability to classify the core samples in three
groups, namely fractured, interparticle, and vuggy pore system. Then, the experimental data which
was collected from Sarvak formation located in one of the Iran southwestern oil fields was applied to
the proposed model. Next, for each class, a cementation factor-porosity correlation was created and
the results were used to calculate cementation factor and water saturation profile for the studied well.
The results showed that the constructed model could predict cementation factor with high accuracy.
The comparison between the model presented herein and the conventional method demonstrated that
the proposed model provided a more accurate result with a mean square error (MSE) of around 0.024
and led to an R2 value of 0.603 in calculating the water saturation.
Keywords: Cementation Factor, Carbonate Reservoir, Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm
Optimization, Fuzzy Logic

1. Introduction
In order to determine the total hydrocarbon content of oil and gas reservoirs and to characterize
reservoir during field-development planning, water saturation (Sw) is known to be a key parameter.
The accurate estimation of the Sw is a critical issue in reservoir studies and has almost a high
uncertainty especially in carbonate reservoirs.
Archie (1942) derived a formula between the porosity and electrical resistivity properties of the
formation, which was obtained from well logs and water saturation; the correlation was later modified
by Winsauer, et al. (1952) as follows:

*
Corresponding Author:
Email: j.moghadasi@put.ac.ir
 SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering-Formation Evaluation

Breakout Geometry Characterization by means of Ultrasonic

Borehole Imager

Journal: SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering-Formation Evaluation

Manuscript ID Draft

Manuscript Type: Technical Paper

Fo
Date Submitted by the
n/a
Author:

Complete List of Authors: Heydari Gholanlo, Hamid; Shahrood University of Technology, Faculty of
rR

Mining, Petroleum, and Geophysics Engineering

Nikkhah, Majid; Shahrood University of Technology, Faculty of Mining,
Petroleum, and Geophysics Engineering
ev

Keywords: Stress State, Breakout, Ultrasonic Imager Tools, Active Shear Zone
iew

Note: The following files were submitted by the author for peer review, but cannot be converted to PDF.
You must view these files (e.g. movies) online.

Figures.rar
On
ly
 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
Application of Signal Envelope Classification to Estimate Shear Wave Slowness from
Conventional Cement Bonding Logging Tools
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: PETROL32304

Article Type: Full Length Article

Keywords: Monopole Logging Tools; Shear Wave Slowness; Dipole Logging Tools; Signal
Processing; Wave Envelope

Corresponding Author: Hamid Heydari Gholanlo, PhD

Shahrood University of Technology
Ahvaz, IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF

First Author: Hamid Heydari Gholanlo, PhD

Order of Authors: Hamid Heydari Gholanlo, PhD

Majid Nikkhah, Assistant Professor

Abstract: The shear wave slowness plays a vital role in the modelling of the reservoir
geomechanics and wellbore stability in the deep underground opening, such as oil and
gas wells. In many cases, such as old wells, bad hole conditions or because of cost
controlling, dipole sonic logging tools, which are equipped with the last developed
acoustic measuring technology, are preferred not to be run. Also, the shear wave
slowness was not probably recorded in the oil wells. Although, the conventional sonic
tool, as a part of full-suit combo, provides compressional wave slowness
measurement, it is not sufficient for geomechanical reservoir modelling. The paper
suggests a novel method to generate shear wave slowness profile along depth utilizing
of conventional cement bonding tools. To that end, an algorithm has been developed
based on the signal envelope classification in Octave programming environment. A
well drilled recently in the southwest of Iran, has been selected to assess the
performance of the proposed model. The comparison of the acquired shear wave
slowness in the dipole sonic and the cement bonding tools shows the proposed model
is of high accuracy in generating shear wave slowness profile in well-cemented
intervals.

Suggested Reviewers: Mark Deakin, Ph.D

Course Instructor and Technical Consultant
mark@petrophysics.net
He is expertise in petrophysics.

Jongkook Kim
Korea National Oil Corporation
jk.kim2008@knoc.co.kr
Similar Work

Shantanu Chakraborty
shantanu.ism@gmail.com
He is paraphysicist.

Jorge Mendoza
jsmendoz@espol.edu.ec
Similar Work

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