Technology Dcvoloprnent for tho Gfflcl€fit

use of
ht€rlor quolltu groundurotet rcsoutccs ,
tor cio-p production ----2/
?t (
/ /, 9z-^
-'/"4 ,^
\eEAtn / !r,
By ::,.. ",!.t foit sct *.
i!i,:';".,' t'""*',
Wkaywnad Ahhtar Abbas
M.Sc.iHons.) So Sironc6; CSp
lcotd Msdatist,

^'T:l"i:1[ff1,1,3:13'i:XlT:T'

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

so[ sctENCE

Tfi*,m?siP"[ifirffi"
I 996
 The Conrollcr of Exrninrrions,
UDivcrcity of Agriculdlrc,
F isallbld.
W€, thc Supcflisory Commid.r, c.nify rhar thc conr.Dts dd forn of
thclis subEitt€d by Muh.mmrd Akh6r Abb$ have ben found satishcro.y aod

recomheDd that it bc procossed for evaharion by tho Bxlsm Ennilcr(s) for thc

rwdd of dcgre.

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE:

CHAIRMAN
(Dr. Tdft |{u!s.jtr)

MBMBB \atL t
(Dr. Iftikbsr Ailnd o .thry)

MEMBER : 61,:P-t
(Dr. 4irz Rrrool)
 (I\ ttE ttew E atw. th. h.nqtu, th. dktdf,t)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The at tho, apprecia!.s th. h.atthy M.! cot

lal coop.tuton a,.hde.!
by th. fau|t wnb.ft of th. Univcrsitf; especialty Dt. Tahit
Hursai", Dr. UiHa, ,rhnad Chautharr,
Dr. A. Razzas, D.. R.H.
Ouresht aad Dr EJa. Rasoot. Th. granr prcvtded
by aognD, USA
for the acconp st nn oJthb project is atso yalejutr acknowkdgcd.
me awhor also thrn&s Dr. Sani.t Nazir,
his coueagu. at Ciril
S.nices Acad.nty lor rcvi.tr,iag the na\usctipt. nnab, h. awhor
wbhes b aprcss his d.ep selRe oj gruritude b his af.ctionale
fonity
nenbeb lor thcir invatubt
suppon atd coop.talio,t.

(M UHAMMAD
AKHTAR A88AS)

i,larch t7, 1996

 I slnll h uitl a sisr
ull;lng this
sofiad4ere rys ad rys lwe:
Two touls dfuryed in
a *vil" mlI
I trnh the one less tmnlled fo,
fuul this has ,Mde ail tlg
ffitmce.

"Ih" T?nwt Tlnt Taheu" by Robert Frosr

 To
Tho*Who
.Lorye
-, , 'l/1-l--.--
I aulw, Y
 TABLf, OF CONTENTS
N^ Peor
t. INTRODUCIION 0l
2.. R.EVIEW OF LIIERATIIRE 04
2.1 Use of br.ckish irrigarioD w er 04
2.2 Managemenr of brackish irrigation wate. l0
2.2.r. Effect of chcmical alnctrdments l0
2.2.2 Effcct of orgnic amcndDenrs t4
2.3. Co'rjunctive use of b.ackish and sood qualiry l6

2.3.1. Bl€ndins of brackish end good quatiry t6

2.3.2. The cyclic use of brackish and good quality I0

3. MATERIAL ANI) MDTIIODS

3.t. Ma!erials
3.Ll. soil ,. [s 22
1.1.2_
3.2. Erperimenr-alprocedures n" =j3 a 23
3.2.1. Ulilizariotr of poor qualiry t'""ri"r' ;.lJ;it;tl 25
water fo. crop production wirh th€ use of

3.2.2. Udlizalion of poor qualiry brackish irrigation 27

water for crop production wirh rhe use of
chemictl ardcndnents
l.l.l. Cyclic and blend usc of good qualiry canal 29
and brackish tubewell warer for crop

3.3. Collection of data 12

3.4. Analyticnl procedures for chemjcal and 33
physical d€terminlriorc of soil/war€r Sanptes.
 3.4.1. Soil chcmical analys€s 33
3.4.2 Soil physicat dere.rniMrions 34
3.4.3.
Statisrical procedlres 36
4.0 RFSI'LTS AND DISCUSSION

4_ 1. Utiliz{ion of poor quatiry b.ackkh irrigarion 37

waler ior crbp producrion with rh. use of
oraanic amcndmcnrs
4.t.1. Soil charactoristics
37
4. t.t.l. Soil chemical cha.acteristics 37
4.1.1. t. t. Elcctrical conducriviry of soil c*racts
37
4.l.t.t.z- Sodium adsorprion rario of soil ertmds
40
4.r.1.t.3. Soil .€actioo (pHJ
43
4.t.1.2. Soil physic't Characterisdcs
45
4.t.t.2.1. Wate. nanslni$io! ctaracic.istics
4. t.1.2.2. Soil srr.ngtn
49
4.1.2. Gro\rtt response of c.ops to 49

4_t.3. Economics of va.ious rreahnerrs

54
56
4.2. Utilizarion of poor quatrty brackish irripariotr
wakr tor dop production wirh rbc us. 56
cnemrcat
of
amendmenB
4.2.1.
57
4.2.1.t- Soil ch€micat cha.acre.isrics
57
4.2.t.t.1. Electric.l conducrivity of soit exrracts
57
4.2.1.1.2. Sodiun adsorplion ratio of soil ertracts
59
4.2.t.1.3. Soil .eacrioD (pHs)
62
 Soil Phyrical charactcristisq 64
'Wale. lransmission cha.acteristics &
Soil strcnglh/soil crusting 66
Growth rasponsc of crops !o thc tr€ahenls 67
Eco.omics of th€ tfeatments 70
72
Cyclic and blcd usc of good quility crml 72
and brackish tubowell water lor crop
Produotiotr
'13

B - Fiold study 15
4.3.L Soil charactertutics 75
4.3.1.r. Soil chcDicrl charuc&risdcs 75
4.3.1.1.1. Ele.trical coductivity of lhc soil extr.cl! 't5
4.3.t.t.2. Sodium adsorption rltio of thc soil extracts 't7
4.3.1.t.3. Soil rc{ction (p4) EO

4.3,1.2. Soil physical chlraclerisrics 80

4.3.1.2.1. Water tranrmission characteriatics 82
4.3.1.2.2. Soil strcngrb E4
4.3.3. Crop .€sponse to varioG strategies 85
4.3.4. Econonics of thr vltious ir€atnents 89
4.3.4. 9l
5.0 SIJMMARY 92
5.1. Use of organic amefldmeDts 94
5.2. Use of chcdical amcndments 94
5.3. Cyclic and blend use of salin€ and non-saline 95

5.4. Ecomnic conparisons of rhe

brackish 96
irrigation w.t€r man.Scmdt str.ragies
 97
LITERATIJRE CITED 98
APPENDICES 122
 LIST OF TAJLES
No Tirle Page
1.1- Ch.mical composirion of waters used for ir.igarion 24
3.2. Th€ derails of organic practiccs foltowcd durinSthe 26
lwo year study iD rice_wheat fotation
3.3. Chemical composnioD of yarious o.ganic 28
nanures/anendm€nrs uscd in the srudy
3.4. Amount of ch.micat amcnddents appticd to rice and 30
whcat
4.1.1. Effet of br.ckish irriS*ion wat.. manaSemenr 4,1
stralegres using orSanic amendmenrs on soit physical
characte.istics at the harvcst of€acl lrop
4.1.2. Yield p{sm€ters of c.ops ar .ffect d by brsckish 52
nrigation wa0er maDagemenr srrat€8ies with biotogicat
amendments
4.1.3. Economic comparison of differenr organic 55
am€ndm.nB used for manaScmen! of brackish
n.igation warer.
4.2.)- Effect of brackish jrrigation water manatenent 65
strategies with chemical amendments on soit physical
characteristic ar rhe harvesr of each !,up
4.2.2. Yield parameters of c.ops as affccred by brackish 69
irrigation warer mamgemcnr strategies wirh ch€mical
rmendmerts
4.2.1. Economic comparison of differ€nr ch€micat 7l
anendm€nts used for ameliorarion of brackish
irrigation water
4.3.1. Effecl of cyclic and blend use of canat and rubewell j4
w.re.s on th€ c.op yi€tds (Po! exp.mcnrr.
4.3.2. Effcct of cyclic and blend use of good quality canat 83
and brackish irrigation waters on soil physical
characb.isrics rhc hadcst of qch crop
1.3.3. Bffoc! of cyclic .d u.. of ipod qudtly o|!d
bLad E6
|!d brl.Eh irdt lbo $c.. 6 th cra gmerh rDd
yicld paraolt6n
4.3.1, Corrolrtioo ud rcgc.sio! .nrlFb rd.dqg .oononic 88
yi.ldr of crop. to vrioo. i.dla ot ..&tiay/.odiclly
4,3.j. Cyclic rd blod ulc of food qdiay c.oi |!d 90
brrdilh irtigriid w&!r! . rn €conomic cory ilo!
 LIST OF ITGURES
No. Titte pas€
4. l l. Etr.t of
v!.ious brackish krigarior warer l8
managemcnt slraregies using organic
aDendnctus on soil chenicrl characierisdcs _
Effect on soil EC.
4.t.2. Effcct of va.ious b.ackish irriSatior w?tcl
managemenr st..tegres using o.aanic
rmcndmcnr! otr soit chcmicat ch..acrcflslics
Effcct on soil SAR
_
4.t.3 Effec( of various brackish irrigalion warer
manaS€men. stratcgjes using organic
aDendd.nts on soil chemicat characrerisrics
Eff.ct on soit pHs
4.2_l Etrect of various brackish ir.igation warer 58
nanag€Dcnt st.atcEies with chemical
amendmerts on soit chenical characrerisrica
Eff.rr otr soil EC.
Eff€ct of various bractish irrigation warcr 60
nanag.mcnt srrat.Sies wrrh cheDical
amendments otr soit chcmical characrerislics
|jfred on soit sAR
4.2.1 Effect of various brackish irrigation water
managem.nr strarcgi.s wirh chemical 6l
ad€ndments on soil chemicat characterisrics
rft€ct on soil plt!
4.3.1. Etfec! of cyctic and btend use of sood lualirv
76
canal ard bmckish irrigarion ware6 oi soir
chemical characlerisrics_ Effe.t on Soil EC.
Effect of cyctic and btend use of
sood qualitv 't9
canal and b.ackish trrigar,on waFrs on so;t
chenical charactc.istics_ Effecr on Soit SAR
4.3.3. Effect of c/ctic aDd btend use of good quality
81
canar aDd brackish nrigarton warers on soir
cnenrcal characterhtics _ Bffecr on Soit pH.
NTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

Cropyi€lds as inlluenc€d bv wat€.qualny€nd qu.nlnyar6or immenso interesr

in srid sreas $roughout th€ wo.ld. Limirod Bupply ol nrigation wat6r lrom

canars b one ol th. m.lor const.aints in lhs low sgricuhura, productivily in

Paklslan, Many ottha potenrially culrlvarable lands llo as ba/en becauso of ih6

w.t.r shonao€, Th.i d€erih ol krroatlon war.r 3nd rack ol .afici€nr

.nanaq€nonr sr.arooiss 316 .osponsibls lor mating abour 8.85 mha as

cultur.ble waste {F€dsral Sureau ol St6ti.ti6, 1994,. th6 copious supply ol

canal @ter, in rhs imm6diar6 turur€, is . r6mro possibalaty. Howsv6r, fie

avaihbb rosourc€sof€nd wato. aro b6ing supplomontod by rh6 groundwarer
rese.vons, But, lhe poo. quolity oi groundwar6., du6 ro excessive satt

concentration is bar tur crop producrlon. lt has been repofted rhat 70-75 ot
rhe rotalwater being punp.d olt th. country is ot brackilh narure {Matikeral,

1944j Ahngd and Chaudhry, 198a1, a.d thot conrinlous uso without prop€r

management is making the soils sodic. Fafiq (1990)esiimated rhar abour 3 x

l05 ha have dovelopsd sudgce sslinity/sodiclty du€ to the !s€ of rhese poor
q!.lity lubew6ll w.toB, Tho pr6singn6od lor moro lood nscossitat$ th6 lse

0l waters 0f €ven maroinelqualily lor crop produclion.

Th6 varloG €xl.tlng sultablllty ..!.!.m6.r p.oc!du..!and obs.ruations made

world wide lndicat€ that watgrs oJ inuch higher s.tinitaes rhan rhose
customa.ily cl.sslflod as slir.ble c.n elt€clively b€ u36d tor trb.nng s6t€ct6d

crops ir properly adapted manag€msnt prscricosar€ applied (Rho.dos, 1984a,

Rhodd€s errl.19a9), lmproving notritlon und.r s.tr slr€ss environment can

also r€ducath. d.let6rlou! oll€cr! ot b.scklsh wat6rs provldsd rh6 srress is oot

ffidl {Mallwal .nd Patlwst, 1971j Ahattl .r a/,, t966; Chaldhry 6r r1, 19a5,
1984; Hussain erat,'1991a}. Th6 sppllcsrion of f€niti:6r, howv.., doesnot

mat6ri6lly chang6 rh. s.llnlry .a3pon!o lunctlo. ol fiopr {Shathev6r, 994), bur
'1

rhe effects of salinlty and nurlrion€l !tre!36s r6nd to be addnive iBerstein er

al, 19741, so when yillds rre rlhit.d by sallnhy, inc.oaslng ionility sives berter
rosulta. R.oular€ddlrlom ot o.C6nlc mr.n.l. .uch e.lsrm y.rd hanuro {FVMI

.nd crop .esiduos ar. ot urmosr imponance in improvino the soit physical
condition. {Hornick and Pa(, 1987), th.t i$ orherwise deteriorarod when

brackkh w6t.6 conrahlng 6xcos! oi Na+ or HCO3 ..e us€d for irrigation.

The brackish war€rs can also b6 m6de productiv6 through rhe 6ddition ot

various chemic.ls lik€ Oypsum or quick acting actds tik6 HCt or H2SOa, or by

using ol b..cklshwsrers in conlunctlon with good qlallty canatwater (Oureshi

et at., 1975, Ahmad et at., 1979r ayors 6nd W6stcol, 1985; ch6foor er at,

l9a7i Hussaln €r al, l992a,b). Fudh6., th6 cycttc us6 ot w.ters or tow and

high salinity prevents rho soil lrom b.coming salino, besidos, pormiriing over

2
the longo. pe.iod,lo. subsrnutionofa bGckish wat6t to.. bstet quahYwaier
ot larg. t,.crion ol irrilorion n6ods lnho6d6!, 1985)

K€epi.g In vlew above possibilili€s ol rh6 use ot tackbh wdt6., three

compr.h€nsiv. stodig3 viz. ilutilizsiion di poor qualily brackisha.rigation w.te,

ior dop production wirh ihe u!. ol org6nic 6m.ndm6oG i0 utiliu.tion or poot
quality bEckish inio.tlon wat6r with tho lssol ch.mical am.ndmonrs, and iii)

cyclic 8nd bl6nd urd ol sood qu.lity canal and bracklsh tub6w€ll wdter5 tor

c.op produclion, w€16 pl€nnod wirh the lollowin0 objectlves:

Whsther it is porsibls to hav€ sunainable..op producrion bvrh€

us. of poor qu.lity wato. wilhoul aliocing much tho physic.l
aod ch€mical chsracl€rirlics ot soil-

2, whether $6 poo. quality nrioarlon w6l€r can soppl.he.t lhe

canrl w.r6r by.dopling rh. conjunclive us€ tochnologv,

3. To judge the ieaslbilily ot using chomicsl 6nd blologlcal

am€ndm€nrs to tecilv rho ill otf€cr! of b.ackbh water it.igttion

i, conp6rison ol various chomical .mendmenis ror the

ell6ctiv6 utilizstion ol B€ckish tubew6ll wdte. tot crop

dsrermlFarlon ot economlcs and long te.m slfect or 3omB

blologi@l amondm€nts on physlcal and ch€mlcal
chsracte.i.tic! ol soil t.igarod with br.ckbh tlb€well

To derermin€ g€n.ral guidelines lor rhe efiectiv6 use o, cvclic and

rh€ blend strategy ol6snsland br.ckish robewellw6rer3 tor rico_
EYIEW OF
LITERATURE
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

I triqatsd 6s.ic!hu.€ ls d€p.ndonion sn ad6q!.r6 slppty ot good quatity wsrer,

fh. principl€ cr'teria forrh6 quatity judg€m€nt ot irrigation wats6 are s6tinhy,

lodicilyand toxiclty olspocltlc io.s, Th6ss ar6 €rpros.6d as th. EC, SAR snd

spocific o. concomrations, respecriv€ty, However, rhe eftects of a given

water on crops a,e nor dotsrmined sololy by thes€ mr6r propeniss. Even non-

nszardous waters may cau!6 probtoms wh6n us€d lnsci6.rtflcaly ovsr 6 tonq

poriod ot lime, Wst6r qualiry parameta.s shoutd rh€r€tor€, bo consid€r€d in

rolstion ro specilic €cotogtc6t condhions under which a w6rer i5 io be us6d.

Th6 wort on rhe .tl6cts ol ur6 of high sak/bracrish i(igltion war€rs o. rhe
crop yields and rh6 soil Drop.nies, b63ldes managgment of such warers for

obisining rusrainod crop yi6tds whh |nne risk ot soit doterioration i5 reviowed

in the tollowlng pag6s wirh palicutar emphasis on the recenrty foporred tield

2.1 USE OF BNACKSH IR CANO'I WA|EA

In a.id and s€miarid r6gions, the acclmutation ol la.ge 6mo0nts ot salts in rhe

rool 2ons ot the soil p.ofils pbys a majo. rols in limitino th€ ssric0hur6l
producrivity ondor irrioated .O,iculrur6 condirions. When a soilis irriqst€d wnh

sallne/ sodic water, is ch.mic6l .nd physical propsni€s sre iikely ro be

.ll.ctid- Amonqst cheDlcal prop.nies, pH. EC.. soluble ions and

exchanoeablo carbns €rc. und.rgo ihponant chang6, whereas physical

proparti.s rlke intllt,ation rar6, hydrdulic conducriviiy, moist!.6 retomion,

po.oslty, and micro st.ucrure orc. ar6llk€lyto b6 mosr sltect€d, dopandlng on

th6 q@llty of w6r6r as w6ll 6s thi managsm€nt pr6cdc4 (Chaudh.y. 1977;

Bhatri et al., 1977, 1981; astam el rr, 19a8, Hassan er a1 19921.

schoriold (19421 advocated rho B6 of 6l6ctricar conductivily {ECt as a w6rer

quslity psGmoter wh;ch could b6 corclated with 6rop growth, La$. on

Bornsroin and Hayw.rd ll958lr6pon6d thbt supprossionol pr€nt q.owth und6.

saline condnions w6re a ribured ro rhe resuhingosmoric 6ll6cls (wai€rsr.6ssl,

spocifi. lon toicny, ion imbalancos and rhs indnocr efl€cts ot sahs on soit
propeni€s.) Wilcor {19481 p.opos€d 6 w6rer qualhy evaluarion schome 6nd

eauated €ff€.tiv6 salinhy with oleclrical conductivhy ot the triqarion w6r€r.

H€ pointod od rh Caz+ and HCO 3 @old p,6cipirar€ a. CaCO3 in the soil as

the kriqsrion wat.r wa8 conconirar6d by ovaporranspiration.

c62t + 2Hco3 = caco3 + H2o + co2

Thls prdcipitalion caus€sadec.eas€ ln sallniry bui increasaln th6 proponionot

Na" in thosollsolurion 8nd rhofeafror on rhe exchange complex. Lar€r, E6ion

(19501 $ve tho concepr ot rosidualsodium carbon€te {RSCIand pointed olr

thar devolopm€nt ol slkali solls (ssline or non sall.el may b6 .!D.cred when

lfllosrion warer conrahlng lco32- + Hco3 l mrs $an (c!2' + Mo2 +

I is us.d

to. iffigation. Wllcor sr a/, (1954) 1€sr6d thi3 concept 6nd concluded rh6t

wateis .onraining FSC moro than 2,5 mo L

r, w.re nol sunabl. for trisatio.;

b6rween 1,25 and 2.5 m€ tr mar0inal and rhoss conrainlng l.s6 thsn 1.25

m6 L 1 w.re cotuiderod safo,

36113 ar. .ddod to th. soil wlrh €ach lrEsnon, Th€s.s.lis r€ducs tho crop
yi.lds or may cause tho Infi|tratlon p.oblems whon tho conc€nr.ation ol N6'

exc6eds th. concentrarlo. ol divale cation Le, ca2+ 6nd Ms2+. The mothod

olovatlalion of iriqation wators proposed by the lJ.S. sslinhY taboralory Staii

{19541 appears to hold mor6 promise, This sy3reh d6p6nds upon thd

ostimation of concentation of salts in rh€ irrioation warer, as indic.led bv

el€crical conductivity {EC) moasuraments 6nd upon tho Glationship bslween

soluble Na + and Ca2 + + Mgz' , as retlect€d in sodlum adsorptlon rallo {SAa),

whlch i5 calculal€d ar:

wher€ concenrarion ofth6 dissolved caiions 6re exprsss€d in m6 Lj. Ths saF

ot rh€ nrigation wster conllol rhs exchanoesDl€ sodrum petco;tag. {EsPlol the

soil. Th6 6xc€ss of tho adsorbod Na' most €dvers.lY attocts lho perm6ablllty
of!h6 soll {McNs.letal, r968; Fronkol.trl, 1978; Alpstovitch ata'' 1941)'
Th6 €ft6crs of .xchang€abt. sodllo on rhe sw.lling and di3p!r5io' ot clsv and

other soll collolds s.. count€rbci6d bv nloh ol6ctrolvl€ co.c6nt16rioni lh€ sodlc

ha2ard orth. trlg.tlon wa|€fs cannot b€ assessed Ind€p6ndenllvot

'l'ctrorvro
concentratlon, oukk 6nd schollBld (19551 repon€d $€t to kaop uo
D.rmeabanyolsoit stabr., ir was ngc.ssary10 mainbinlhr6shold concemrarion
of eleclrol!1as In th6 Intik.aing wst€i Bho.d€s (198&) pointed oul lhal
bocalse th6 loll s!.fac6 usuallv limlts wstsr infllt.6tlon, san ol lhb lsv€r
shourd b€ ..rim.t.d, 6nd lil.lih@d ol r€.luclion du6 to ol€cxolvt6
'.liltrarion
concentration of irrigation mt.t ro b€ .pplied shourd b. 6wluat€d. Thlr ovcn

at low 6xchang6.bl. sodium i..clio.3, p€rmosbilirY/crulting probloms could

occur, whsn ralnf.ll leachos rhe toil !!rf€c€ ns.rlv tt66 ot 36rt3 or v6ry pur€
w6r6r5 ar6 usod lor nrio.tion. lt wa3 sl3o point€d out lhat lh. saR ol rh€ too

soil was in n.6r 6quilibriuh with SAF oi irrigarion w.t.. wh6n EC. w36 6q!.1

to Eciw, i..ig6(on waters having SAR 10, 20 snd 30 3hould.or h.ve EC l€ss
rhan 1 , 2 snd 3 dS m-' . Th€ domlnadng 6ttect ol 6l6crolYte concenrr.do. on

soit crusing, aggrogale stabilhy €nd dispersion, ai low salinhy levols has 6lso

b€en reoonod bv ost6. and schroor (19791and shsinbsrg el a/, {19a1l Guptt
{1979) sral€d rh6t both RsC and sAF influenc€ rho physical ptopertios or soil

In an integratod mann./, olt€r (1996) r€pon6d rhfi th€ €tt€cts or EC and sAR

{or ESPI r€pr€sed . con num: Al low ESP'S, low EC's can caus€ phvslcal
p.obtems €nd .liohtly highor EC's csn 6ll.vi6ts tho ptobl.ms. The Ec requn.d

to counteEct the effec$ o{ ESP Increases as ESP Increases. This conlinum

6ppll.s 1o 5n EsP ol z..o too. h hpllod ihat wh€n EsP 16 2610, 6 low !€linlry

water (EC<O.7 dS mrl c.n causo physic.l probl6d3 p.nicula,ly in reO.rd ro

r6duced Inllh.arlon ratos, consequ.nrly, ih6 eff€cr or Rsc m.y b€ nore
p.onounc6d.t row salinitl6s, providodthat SAR l€v€ls .t6 .ppropti.t6 fo,low
r.linltl6!, b6causs p..c.ph6tionol bic6rbonat6s will r€duc.rh€ EC l6v.l.nd at
lh€ samo tim. Incroaso $o SAR l6vsl, Both these ch6n9or r65uh in a high€r
risk ot generating physic3! p.obl€ms.

Use or s.llne/3odlc wat6is oh6n creote sodlc sorr co.dltlons, lndease ln solr
pH 6nd ESP h.s boon ob.aNed In 5€v6ral laboratory rnd tleld lrudiss vi,hi,e

udng ruch wai6B ior iriO6tion (Wllcox er al, 1954' Lono6n6.h6r 6nd ty.ny,
1959j Chang,1961; Agarwaland Triparhi, 1974; Singh and Shafma, 1970;
Glpls tgao; GuptE t.l, 1984a, .nd AaM! lnd Jo..n, r9a9.l, The N6. i.
rhe b.acklsh waror, quite ofionty di3p..ses rhs ctay p6nicbs, Ctsy disD6rsion
h5s b€6n concruddd to b€ . malor csuss ot .odiclty relsted r€dlcrton in soil
hydraulic conductvaty (Outk and Schotietd, 1955; McN€6t at at-, 196A:
Rhoad€. 5nd ln0v6tson, 1969; F.o.lot ar r/., 197a, pupisky snd shalnb6rq,
19791. The sodium saru.atton o, so s may lo.d ro.6duc€d inlttration h rhe
.oil (t.l.nd s'noh, 1973 j Gupta errr, lgazraj 1992i sinqh er rl
^,iatik.rrl,,
1992t.

Apan from rhe devetopm.nt of so[ sodlctiy, and th6 d.tsnor.rton of soil
struclure, brackash sodic wate.s adversory staecr $€ crop vi€tds .s Na+
int6rr€..g in many motEbotic rlncrtons or rhe ptsnr c6 ! (Ftow6rs, 1975; Wvn

Jones and Lunt. 1967r Epsrein, 1972t, or it coutd aftecr ihe prants dle ro lhe

a
n(t.ltionaldisorde.s.elar€d to high pH or du€ to the dk€cr loxlc etfects ol
excBsssodlumpo,3o{Borererrt, 1968; Binshamet,l, r979i A6jwae.,r,
19a3; Ay..sand westoci, 1985iGdsvssnd Fliiy.ma, 1987; Griovs6nd Msss,
198aj Gupi3 and Abrol,l99Ol. rn salioe onvkonmont Dlanls l6ke up6xc.4've
.mounts ot Na
t 3t rhi cost of Ca2 ' and K
I lKuipor, 1 944). The accumulatlon

oi Cl parall.ls thar ot N. + {Yeo and Ftow.rs, 1 985 ). D.asrlc redlctlons In $e

yield or c.ops h.ve bs6n round In orh6r siudres (ch5udhry orrl 1985;

Muh€mmgd €r r/,, 19a7j Jllanier ar. l99o; Ktunderwala.d L8l r991;sl.qh

er rl 1992; Bajwa .nd Jo@n, t989.,b), while usinq lrlino/sodlc water ror
i..lgation. lh6 sollbl€ sshs pres€nt in lho rhizo3phero as 3 r€sult ol saline
nngdton w6ter r.ducorhE crop growth by rodlclng the abllhY ot pl.ni roor lo
absorb wate. dle 10 osmotlc pr€ssuc ell€ct) Depr63sion of oxternal osmolic

pot.nlialby hioh !.lt conce.tarions te;d lo narowrh. gsp &tw€6. ext6.nal

and Intefnal w5t6r pot€ntills and lh!. ih€ wat6r availsbilitY ao lh6 plants .s

lossened, which l. th€ prlmo causo ofadv.66 effocl! ol.tlin6 madium on the

planl growth (Torcs snd Bingham, 1 973; Msas and Ni€man, 197Al The NsCl

salinhy In rh€ root:on€ interror6s wnh th6 uptako and lrsnslocstlon of C62+

and (+ {Ahmad, 1982; (oipe., 1944; Jeschk6, 19441, rhus .ssulting io

probl€ms llke ion lmbalancos and th6 accumll6lion ol c.nain ion6 in pla.l
tissues in loxic 6mounts. Mlch ovidencs lcree.wav and Munns' 19aO; WVn

Jon€s, 1981j Munn$ er rt, 1983) indical€s lhst salt conce.vation in lhe

cyloplasm, dsms0os en2ym6s and organ6llos consoquentlv, th6 crop growrh

and yield i5 declin6d under bractish irrigaion walsr condilioos

9
2.2 MANAOEMEN| OF AEACKISI' NNrcANON WAIEE

Ths man€Oom.nt .t6ps 6v6ilabl6 to h6lp m€inrain yi.ld! and to sustain loil
physical 3nd ch€mlcal char.cr6.l.tca crn be either .hehlc.l or tiological.
Chemicrl pr.cticos involve ch.nging ths so:l or war€r chemist.y so as to

countor rhe lll otlocts ol brackbh l.rl$tion war€r, This is no.m6lly

acconpllshod bysdding a chemic.l am€ndn€nr such as gypsum, 6(bertolho

soilor mor€ proiorably to rh. wat6r, Ths blend o. th€ cy.llc $6 sdline and non-

!!lin. ware,s .|3o roduco rha pot€nr|a| h.8rd. Tho bioloolcatorg6nic

am6ndm6nrs, In 3ddlrlon to imp,ovlng the nufiirion und6rsalt sv.ss conditions,

also lmp.ovo th8 soll physlcal condltion3, which .r€ olherulso deterloratod by

the !s6 ot br.cklsh lrrlgaiion war€r, The wo.k on th€ role ot various
managomonr srarsgi€s in amliorsting rh€ brackish wat€rs is revaew€d ds

2.2.1 Efiect of cheticd Anetdturs

C6rtain chsmical .mondme s added ro soll o, water inprove th. soil intrln.lio.
rare wh{ch is roduc€d by brackbh nrlgsrion warer. Inc'6e3. lhe solubloCa'z'
'n
content of appli6d warer, reduc€s th€ N. + to ca2 * rario and the saR. In ofde.

to maint.in snd ovon to incr...e th6 hyddulic conducrlviry ot rhe sodic soirs,

the use of high sali weters having hioh divalent to monovalent cation ratios

to
hav. b66n lound usetll loukk and Schoti€ld, 1955; McNeal and Coleman,
1966; Muh.nmoderrl,1969), They concluded rh6t it should be possibl6 ro

maiatsin the hyd.aulic conductavity ol5 soil i...spectiv€ of Na-s6turation, bV

$ing surriciently concsntatod salr 3olution or by addilion ol gypsun to the

irrioation water. Aaplr 6nd Shukb {19731 lugO€ltad th6t b6.kbh @t6rs

having th€ .atio of div.l.nt c6tions to ihe tor.l concentarlon in wat.r mors
thanO,3could b6 u66d for ifilgstlon wlth llttl€ or no dsl.lqnour €liocts on.ollt

Gypluh b6c.uso ol it! O6nsEl avail.bihy lnd lowco!r,l. rh6 most commonly

ussd sourco or c6lcaum. Though sparlngly soluble In waro.; gyFum whon

dissolv.d in lrrig€tion water c.n l€.d to € Ca2r conc€nrailon id soil 3olurion

nor. th.n 30 mmotc !i {Adsms, t974', Th6 conconrrsrion schiovod by

dissolurion of gypsum ln p6rcol.tlng .oil w6t€r 13 sulflcie.r to malnlain

pormsgbjlity in n8.y solls. The 3uft.6 spplicarion ot oypsum or its dnsct
sddnjon to rhe irrlgarion w.ter c.n inc.€6s6 rhe inrihration Bres of soils

suscoptibl€ ro agoroqars disp6,sio. o, c.usti.g {Ostoi, 19A2i M6rhu et al,,

1983j Gal rtrl, t 9a4j Shainbsrg er aL, 1989; zahow a.d amrher., 1992; Hur

.t al.. 1992t lty6. er tl.t 19931 whiro sourh.rd ea ,t {1944} obssrvod a

h6rk€d d€cr€rso In bulk deBhy by the applicstion ot pholphogypsum, Ths

recl.maiion proc€Es w6s hasionod as th6 Ca2+ lncrea!€d on the soilexchange

compl.x ar ths.xpsns. oi Nr+ and rh€ r.pl6cod N€+ alongwith th€ €xc6$s ot

1l
salls was romovod out ofthe roorzone, D6vtds.n.ndOqkk(19611us.drhls

principloto demonrtat. lor 7.5 cm irrigarionwar6r with 63 tirtle gvpsum ss 10

m.rolc L-r had protound 6tt6ct on rhe rtsblllry ol rurrsc€ 3trocrurs, Br.ckish

wate. p.8Bed through gypsum srons lln6d w6t..coursos c.nsrroty b6.pp|6d

to ..is€ rh6 croN (Hanir d at., l975t K6np6r et sJ-,1975j our65hi er a/,.
1975j Ahmad and K6mp€r, 1976j Ahmad €rar, 1979j chaloot.t at.,1gA7;

Hussain or at, 1992b), tmp,ov.d innh.arion ralos when usino rhis herhod
havo b66n obs€ru€d by (€isting €r r1 (1978J; Ht6 and Stnsh (19A0) and

Chaudhry et at. l19a5l. Furiho.. Oypslm was r.pon6d io b€ used mosr

€ll6ctlv6ly ro improvo ftoccutattoo snd ms.roporoGiry (Cha,t.es .t rr, 1985;
G.sene etrl, 1988), .oduclng s!.t6ce crusiing (cat erar, 19a4t, docr€asinq
bulkd6nsity(Sourhardsrrl, 1gaa). 6ndinfi*singp6rreabitity(Fr€nketerrl,
l9a9),

On€ trissdon whh unam..dod b..ckirh w.i€r, .nd ona to rwo wirh .m.ndod
water hav€ been r€poned sale 6s far as rh6 soil properttes wor6 conce.ned

{Oureshieaal, 19771. Soil.ppticarionotoypslmonrh6 basisof rheOypsum

r6qon€m6nt of rh6 bracktsh w€i€r was toond to b€ ben€ficiat {H6ider snd
Farooqi. 1972j Al6vi er a/,, lgao; Haidor and H!ss6in, 1981; pst€t er ,t,
1986; Ctuudhryotsl,1988). Th€ €pptication of enough quanrity ot gypsum

ro hiqh rosidu.r sodium corbonarE war€rs stso gav6 Oood resuhs in crop
producrion as well as provenis ths so in pH and ESp of the soat {parot ea at ,

1946; Chand er rt, 1977, Metjra et at., 1977: Gupia, 19OO; Huss6in, 1982;

12
aaiwa er ar. 19a3; ch.\dhry and Hamid, 1984; Manchanda et at, 1985,

1gaAj Sharma and Manch6nd6. 1989; Muraridhar and Yadav, 19911,

The actd or acid formlng 6m6ndm6nb also nobiliu€ C.CO3 akoady presenr in

tho soil. Common 6x€mples of am.ndmonrs thar work as Ca2+ mobiliz€rs in

calcarooussolls by€nh6ncing rh6 conv66lon ot CsCO3 ro mo€ sol!bl6 CaSO4,

ca{Hco3)2, c.(No3)2 or cacr2, includ. H2so4, Hcl, HNo3, surphlr, pyrires

(F€S21, lin68u'phu. (CaSE), F.SO4 a.d A|2(SO4)3 (U,S. Salinhy Lab, Stafi,

1954; Agatu8l €r rl, 1979; Gtuloor End Muhadmed, 1941j Ahmad .r ,r,
1946), Sllfuric acld is usod for dkecr appllcarion ro th6 roilsu.lace or added
lo nrigation wsre., where lt ;oduc6s rh€ wata. concentrarionot o'ca,uonur. una

contributer scidity ro th6 sollto r.lease nanvo soilc.lclum {Ay6rs and w6rcor,
19451. Addition ot sulphuric .cid to n.ig€rion w.r.r 6r tha raie requned to
neur.alize 90% or bic6rbon6reco.conmnon srimulared a 90 p€rc.nt reduction

in the bicarbondte conc€nlrarion snd incr6ss6d irs sutphare conc.nrarion by

co(espondlng amunr (Rho6d.!, 1984! L Th6 6m6tior6tive efi6ct! or acid3 on

rhe brackish nrisotion w6t€r havo bs.n w.ll documentsd in literature {Atavi€r

at.. 19BO) Gh'loot.t a1,, 1946; P.t6t .r r/,, 1986; Fa.hid er at, 19A6; Jitani

er a/,, 19aa; Muhammsd or ,/,, '1990; Hussaln et at., 1992at. rh9y

recommended rhat lt could b€ pos.lbl€ io r€dlc€ th6 delererious €frects ot
brdckish sodlc warors on ths hydrdullc p.op.d.. of 6oils, as well 6s on th6

dop yields, ss a result ol the oppllc€rion oi 6clds to the b.ackish trigalion

 2 2.2 Elhct ol O.s.nic A@dfurrts

Th6 yi€ld ..ductiorc ss E r.suft ot 3ah sfi.$ could bs .ubstantisl {5o6 M€.3

.nd Hollman, 1977j M.rhhsdy dr al, 1982i Vorma and N€u6, 1984j Atlam

er a/., 1988 €tc,l. Such yleld r.ductioru can bo ovorcome by improving

nulrition on lhos€.oils (F€vlkovhch 6nd Po6rh, 1967; A3l6m and Mlhammed,

19721. Th6 applic.tion ol fa^lll2er actu.lly, doos noi mat.rially .hange rh€

lsrrnry r..ponr. tuncron ol pr.nrs lsharhevor, 1994), bur th. 6llecr! ol

.rllnity 6nd nu$lrlonal 3v6ssd r€nd to b. addiriva. provld.d n€ith€r ol the

.res.e. ar€ 6xtramo €ern.toin.r rl, 1974t, wh6n yiotds are timir.d by
s.linhy, Incr€srlnO fenillry siv6 bettor.osuhs. Regll.r .ddirion. or orOanic
maierl.ls .uch €3 animalmanures 6nd crop residuos aro or utmost imponsnce

ln tuin|aining io tihh, ten'[ry and rh. productiviry tHo,nrck and p.r, t9Bt,.
Crop.eslduesor othero,ganic marter inco.porarsd In the soitimprove th€ w.ter
pon€rr6rion into rh6 soats beino irigarod with waler ot hish
saR. Robbins
(1986) have reponed that,esplratton by ptanr roors gsn.r6r$
CO2 which
hdoas63 the solubithy oi catcir6 6nd bocomes a major rosson rh6t dopping is

6n etf3cllve tochnique lo r€ctaih catcar6ou!, &dtc soN.

Sandhu 8nd Haq l197al, durinq . tabo.arory exp.nment, by using

und€composed and pa(laly d€compos€d plant mal€rtat! 6nd s€vorat othe.

sources 0t oQ€ntc matter repo ed thst docomposlflon ot those mgteriats hetDs

 in th6 sorubtrlzarion or c6co3 prss€nt In soil,/ lt was lunhor notod rhar
lr.armenrs wirh xallar or.$ 6nd FYM r6!uh.d in .6mov6t ot mosr ol sodium
rroo rh€ soir oxchanq. comptex. oh5w5n er a/_ 11958) ct6imod rhat ,J.nta.,

lsesh.nia acule.tat,'gua6 lcysmopsjs pso,atioid.st a .!,6a. tcrotrtario

/,cerl contsin€d suriicient catcium ror roptscinssodt!m tom atkaI so s. The

applicEtion ot manures atso enhancerhe nuris uprale {patiw.tand M€tiwat,

'1971i Mallwsl and Pettwat, 1972) as w.[ ss tmprovo iho crop yietds
(Puot.makar.rrr, 't979).fwh.n rh6 orgdnic mar€rir,s sucn a6 g.een manlres

or anrm.r manu/.. decomposo, rh6 co2 i! r€teasdd by th.m which mitigst.s

the alkalinity ro som. oxront bostdes msking rhe soirpe.moaDtg
{MudatiErand
Sh€rma, r 9651, Th6 CO2 so retoa3ed sotubtizes soit CaCO3 ro
na*€ Ca? r more
availsbl€ for counr€ring th€ sodtc h.2.d ot irigation waters,

CO2 + H?O = Ca(HCO3)2

ca(HcoJ, = x-c.2. + 2NaHco3

P.raniappao snd Budh.r (1992t revte@d the

wo.k on rhs roto of green
manurEs for managing sstr arfecr€d tands, They
reponed rh dunng rh6
decomposition ot O.een manures, consjder€ble
amount or oroanic 6cids 6r€
riberarod, which bring down tho .oil pH to sooe
sxtefi D6sides rormtns 6
number ol sats wnh sodtum on th6 erchsnge
cohptox. Ih. satinirv.fe,tiriry
nreractbnsatso occurslggesringrhsrsomoot th6
dam6ging efrocrs of sallniry

t5
m8y bd ovorcohe by f€nittzarlon. Wh6n sallntiy t6ads to! n!1rt6nr d6fict6ncy,

adChion ol nutri6nts ls obviousty bon€itctat, I Sinsh t1969) .epon€d rhai the

d€coFpo.ltlon product6 ol 6.6b!nt. h.tpod in the romov.t ot €xch.ngoabt€

sodium from soib) navikovirch snd Porath {1967} and Rsvtkovitch and yates

119711 .6porr6d app6ront infi66!6 in salr tororanc€ ot crops when N and p

lev€ls w6reappllsd to lov€b gr€€tffthsnrhose found oplimum undeinon,$atine

.ondltlon! lor the same croDs, In .ddttton, tor improvtno .o permoabitity,

6ppric.rio. ot o.ganic mat€ri.ls lllc FYM 6.d green manuring had b€en found

usotul {Bow6r ea rl, 1951; Shad and Hashmi, 1970, Poo.lia et at.,.t974:
Muh.mm.d 6nd Kh.llq, 1975; Cha.d 6r rl. 1977; Ch'udhty et at.. 19A2i
Gupta pr ,/, , 1 984a, b; Painuti 6nd Ab.ot, 1 986i chbudhry e, at , I 98ai shukta

and P.nd6y, rga8j Sharma and Ma.ctunda, 19a9j Jitsnierrt, 199O).

2_3 COIIIJUNCNVE USE OF ABACKISH AND COOO OUALI|Y IRBICA|'ON

WAERS

2.3, 1 Rlendhg o, Afacklsh ao.t coo.t Ou. ty h.btttoo WstoB

One ot th. practic€s for urill2lng w.r6rol high satinhy con.tsr t. nixtng ii wnh
qood quar(y wat€r so rhat EC. and/or SAR coutd be raducod to th€ desired

exroni. Kolloyerr/. (1949) roponsdrtut wat.rof inioriorquatity may be us€d

€rrectlvely by managemonr practtcos such as mixino it wlth canat wsrer or

applytno wator over and abov€ tho c.op reqlir6m6nr- Th6 pracrico ot btended

use mq increase $e toial quantum of walo., but al lho .am6 time, reduces
 rhe amount or good quality w6t€r, Shathevet and Kamblrov i1976) have
p.intod our thal thiee poinrs shoutd b6 born6 in mind in rhls r€g.rd {il rh€

rn.r€636 in yield rhrolghrho lncre.ss In wator supply shoutd be 6r terst 63 tsrg€

as the potential decre.se in yiold csu3ed by incre€sed satinity (iil when ihe

d6cr€a.6 in wat.r qualhv rh.ouoh mtxlng roqut. t€aching, iha dddirton.t war€r

.oquired to, roaching shoutd bs rak.n Inro accounr; €nd {iii) rh6 uss of
oood
qlality irriqaiion w6ter io ditlrsdrain.O6 warsr so thar tansr may b. r€used ro

incre.s6 iho totat suppty, b a qo8rtonabta praciic€. h ,houtd b€ us€d onty

wh€n le.chlno is provided by rainlal,

Th€ ratio of blending ot good and poor qu6l& nrigation warer d6p€nd! opon

r€crors rike relative s6tr rotdranco ot the crop bejng nrigated ts66 M€ss and

Horrman, 1977; Mas, 1986) ..d rho sariniry ot rhe b.ackish irrio.riotr war6r.

According ro Dinar aa rl { I 9a6), rh. r.tio ot oconomicatry opritut mt d€ponds

upon crop toreranc. ror satinlry, rsv€nue rh6r can be obtajned tor rho
crop.
pricos ot wate. and non w6ior r€t€i6d vari.bte jnputs, and the r€tsnve pnc.
ot
vsrious warers, Th€y at.o r€po(od thar thb rechnical s.d the 6conomtc
t€asibility of mixins warors ot dlfi.r€nt qlstiries increasod as rh€ EC oJ
satin6
wsrer decreased. Hamo€d €t a/, l1 966) r€porred rhat the warers with Ec tess

than 1.5 ds m r coltd b6 usod tor nrigsrion .s such, rhoso wnh Ec b€lw6en

1,5'3-0 dS m I required mlxtng bsto.€ th€y courd be us6d ro. irig€rion and

thoso with EC exc6eding 3.0 dS m I roquired hioherdirurion with c6natwsr6r

 5nd courd b. us6d ontyfor ifiigatirq 6att tolofant crop5, At2at(1975) r€portod
rh6 rh6t rho war€rs conl.hhg sstrs upro iOOO mg Lr wer6 ir tor l(tg.rion
andcould be us€d tor t.jg.iion indspendenlty, iho.e navnq
sarinity fron iOOO
to 2oO0 m9 L i coud be us6d tor krtoation atter bt€nomo wirh
can.t wsters in
r : 1 rario 6.d rhos6 h6ving s.hs trom 2OOO to 3OOO ms t-.r sholtd b6 bt€nddd

B6sidos ln..oa.inO the iot6t quannty or Lngaion

w6r6r, D|€ndrno wjth Oood
quarrty warer ditut6s the s6tinity
6nd reducos ths sodicary of rhe b,ackish
i.rlsatloh w6i€r (Ay€rs and Wesr@t, 1gas; Ahrod
. 6r a/_, r9a6; Ghaioor erat,
1991), rmprov6m€nt In yi€tds as 6.6suh of bt€nding h.v€
been srudlsd by
thanierrl {19A1)j Narh.r4 {r9a2); agarwsr 6nd Md* (1984); Rain! er ar
(19a7l; Rolst€n er ,, ( i 9a8) 6nd Chaud#y er al tr 99o). How.ver,
Fho.des
(1944.,b) oontssrod rho prsctic6 ot bt€ndtng
o, brackisn wator! with good
q€lity w.ters on rheoroticat g.ounds. tr ws3 repo(€d rhat lntonrionat
btonding
o, warer suppties ot difter€nr quatirids in mosr situsrions does not provide
additional b€nolits to the pt6nrs, I bt6nding may oepnvB ptsnrs o, rh6
opporiuniry b !s€ th€ good quatiry wate, fully. H€ based hrs conctusions on
rne bgic that. ptanr musr€xpand bioensrgy lth woutd oth€rwiso be usod in
orohass production) to exrracr tiom a satine ow osmorc potenriall
soil
solurion, When wst6r ofexc6lsive ssllnity wss mtxod with rows6
nity wst€r
and ussd lo. ndgarion, rh6 planr r€hoved lh. good wat€r f.action trom the

1a
'mix' until the fraction of the 'mlx' mad€ up of rh6 6xcesslv6ly s6lin6 pofiion

sas loft. This l.action ot wa14 ws jusl s @wable at ftas point as ir was

bororemixing, b€@usolt roquired more en€rgy to s€parar€ th€ pu.ewater fionr

rhe osmotic pot6nrial .olution than tb€ pllhl can duner. Th. validny of the
bl6nd !s€ has also bsen queslionod by G6tton 6nd Fhoados {1990)i Ouroshi

(19931 and Mahmood (1994).

2 ,3.2 fhe cfclc uta o, E .c^lsh .rd Good Ouanty brigatJor Wt@t

Tho cyclic .rratogy of bracld$h nrioaiion w.ter manag€m€nt uses w6r6rs ot

variou. 6alinitles separ6toly 6ilh.. during ono s€aso., or in 6 crop rotalion as

6 rlnction orlh6 crop! *k rolorancalBradtord.nd L€r€t, 19921. The soil

sallnny In the root zono resuhlno t.om rho bracklsh i(igalon w.r.r use is

prdv€nted to incre.56 beyond rhe pormlsslble limlrs whon nrigarion whh

bracki3h w6ter a.e followed by ir.ioarion with good qu.lirt waler {Rhoades,

1981ta,b; '1985; Fhoados er rt, '1989J. B6rnst6ln and Hayward (19541

de@n6r€rcd th.t various Dlant sp6cies a.. sensiiive ro satiniv onty du,ing

speoitic periodsol th€n [t6 cycle3, The applicaion ol sm6lt quontities ot tfesh

w6ter tocrops during th6k salt ssnsitive s6gos or growth maghr permir rhe use

of saline wat€r lor k.lgarion dLiring less s€nsnivo st6ges, r€suling in the

economic uiili2ation ol goline wat6r for rho producrion of sa[ s€nsitivE c.ops.

Rhoad6s 1198461 6dvoc.red to slbstitute rh6 sdline isuch I drsinag.)waler

t9
tor th€ good (irrlqarlo.) Mrsr whll6 rr.rqarlno c.d6in crops rn th. roranon,

when th6y ar6 in 6 slhability toloranl growth sragsi rhe qood w.te, ro be used

other im6s, H6 contendod th6t iho sat bulld !p occudnq in rho soil by

bracklsh irrigaiion wat€r could be all6viatod inihesubs6quenr c.opping p€riod,

wh€n a nora s6nsitlv€ crop is grown using rhe normal low sali.irv wat.r'

Rhoades (1985) ropotud rhai th6 tlming and.molnt orlubslltullon vari€d wilh

th€ quslily ol both th€ w.t66, th6 c.opping pati6rn, lhi .limare and lhe

Field srudies conduct d bv Bhoades er rt {l 9a4 6,bi 1 9871 had 3hown that rhe

cvclic stsregy wds viable Th€v r6po(€d that bolh sah sensiiive tr'o salt

rol€r6nt crops can b. grown ln a rotstlon li rh6 non-salino and stllno walors 3te

koFt nrarogicallY s€parato and Ged lot speciric crops Rhoades at

(1 944 al
'l
in 6 li€ld trial demonsfiared lhai a v6rv saline wate. {with TOS 6000 mg L'l
could bo succosstully lsed lo irrlgaie cotton providGd good qual'tv water was

lsod lor k,igsrlon st the s€edlinq esr.bllshment 5t3o6 G€ton and Rhoad's
(19901 h.d slso delonded the cvclic u36 stralosv fo' lhe m6na96me or
brsckish irriggrion wsters, on rho groundslhat with th6 cYclic ose ol br6ckish
in lhe soil
and good quality nrioation wat6rs, sready_siate saliniry conditlons
placs underthis
orofil€ ar€ never attain€d.]The intsminont leachingthar lakss

sirategy can be more effoclive lor leaching sshs thtn continuols leachrno

s$6tegles, i,e lmprovtng a leachlng fraclion whh each l"ioallon lshalhevet'

20
1 984; I 994). Orh6r studies {6, g. Sarm. er ar, 1 gao, Past.rnak er ,1, I 9a4,

1985; iho.d6s, 1947, nains er4, 1987j Rho.d6, rral, 1ga8; Minhas.r ar,

1989, 199o.,b; Sharma.arl, t99t6r Hu$.h eral, 1991., t992bj srodtord

6nd L.tey, 1992) have 6rso d6monsr.ar€d ihe vlsbitily of the cyctic us6

SUMMARY OF fHE BEVIEW

In6 ltudl* cErtod woildwtde Indtcato in.i brsckish lr.to6tlon wa$rs of v6rt6bte

sarrnirlE$/sodlcitlos reduc. the crop yl€lds a! w6tt as detertorare rhe physical

5nd chemicalchardcteristlcs of th6 soits, lmproving nuvition undor rhe stress

envnonments can reduc€ rhe doleterious ett..rs of brackish wst... Soit or

warer appricalon of various ch6mic.t amendmsnrs tik€ gypslm, H2so4, Hct,

F6SOa, llmo S 6tc, c€n nour.tiz€ the sodlc hszsrd or th€ b.ackilh rrigstion

water, The srudies r€viewed stso indicstod the possibtllt'es otth6 coniuncrive
uso or good qu6liry can.l.nd poa, qu.tity brlckish irrigation w6r6rs i,.., in

cyclic or bl€nd mod6., Tht! n.nuscript dasc.lb6s, in rh€ tolowing chapl.6,

rhe work on variou$ brsckish water m.naoem€nt st.aregtes !.der aoro,

€c6logical condjtion ot Pskisran, Th€ economic rerufns trom fi€ diir6f6nt
sr€rogi€s h6vo atso b€€n d.scribod.

2l
 I

ATERIATS &
METHODS

-r*".-E|llc.
 CHAPER III

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fleld studlo! w6re Iniri6rsd dldng rhe slmhor {9921 on . tarm6r,3 tierd .1
Khuiiianw.la 12 km nodh ot ih6 Fais.tabad.Sh€ikhupu.a Road, atong
rhe
Mlduah. Dr.in,, Tha anstytic.t work wls c.riod our in rhc L.boratort.. o, th.
Natu.e Farming F6search c€ntsr, Deps(ment ot soit sci6nco, unlvorsity
ot
Agricuhur€, Fais€labad (pskisran), Tho detaits ot rh6 6xporim6nrat
m6i6riats
3nd th€ proc.dure. a.6 otv€n b.tow:

3.,. t. Solt
composito soit sahpt. trom ego cm deDth wa6
cotbcrod rrom rhe whore ti.td
ro nsve a q6n€r€tsssessment of tho satiniq/sodiciry
srorus and to d6te.min6
th€ othe. physicatand ch.micst chaEcteristacs o, the experimamat
sire. The
soll was cl€ssed as '.orm6r lEC. 2.52 dS mn, SAR 9,72
ihmot !ilr/2, p1l6
4.14) wirh sandy ctay toam textors. Taxonomrcs y, ths
soit or rhe
expe montal ares belonged io Aridisot (Xhu(i€owata Soit Aslociation).
Soil
belo.ged 10 -Coarse toamy, mixed, hyponhermic Typic Halorrhids
,amiry" of
tho Soil Taxonomy, Th€ soitsampt€s trom €ach ptot upro € doprh
o,90 cm
were arso drawn, Thet detaited chemicstcharacierislics
have b6en given n

22
 A tobi,w€tt tnsts[ed ai rh6 6xp.rim6ntat .ire, which wss pumpino
b.acksh
grou.dwrt.r fiom a d6pth or 35m, wss B6d ior triOstion, Tho
can.l water
w6s obt.hed iiom $€ ns.rby ourt6r ot th, ?F6kh aranch.csnat.
Th6 chemical
charact€risiic! oI both rhowat€B ussd du,insrhe srudEs hdv6
b€en shown in

3. 2. EXPEEIMENIAL PAOCEdURES

Th€ studio! w€.e Iniltat€d during th6

lummer {19921, followjng a rics-whoar
cropping systoh €nd conrinu€d tor rwo co.!6cu
ve rtce whoar cropping
rorarbns. Fo y days otd seedllng of.lc6
lcv, Bsshatr 305) w6s t.ansplantBd
jn sbnding tresh
war€rrcanatwate. {10 cm deprhl marnla|nho Ine ro tine and
prani to pl.nt drsrance 20 cm x 20
cm, Subsequeni ftgarion ro rhe rice crop
wer6 0v6ntre.rmenr wis€ with . re.k int6.varoach dm6 matn€lninqa sorfaco
@16. dspth ot 7.5 cm. Atre. ih6 h€,vesr ot ric.
c.op, who€i va.jety LU,26S
was pia^red on the s6m t.yout, with rhe sah6
h,ss
mainr€injng tino to rjne diir6nc6 30 cm, He.e again p.esowins krisatron wss
made wirh rhe canat wal€r,

23
 4: q{ 8A

6!

g
s
.E

€
!i ii
a b
I 3
!
E
i
E
'E

i 5R sd q4
I ;i ;;
s
!9,-! E-!
:ii:ii:lll
liirIilEEi
!l lE" b!
.g
iil' :'
24
 Ax the laeld 6xportm6nt. wers tsidour tollowi.g. tundomiz.d Comptore Srock
D€sion wirh rhr€6 .6pticalions and whh individuat ptor sare ot 5m r Am. The
srldi€s w.re conrinusd tor t@ conlocuttvo /ic6-whoar cropplnq s€asons, The
d6t6lls ol .gronomlc aractic€s k€ sowing 6nd haru6stlng d6t€s
and f€nitiz6,
pollicide applications €lc. havo b66n
Otven in T6bre 3.2.
Followino lield/por oxportm€nt. w6rs conductsd dunng
rnr. stldy.

ou.ut! h tus.tto| w.,q ,o.

"-y?.:-b: ?!..y.,
@du.Ma wfth th. -Bthht
u@ ot ors.dic an Ntu"ts
c,op

Folr treatmanr. d..crtb.d b.to*,

-c,e arengeo in a nandomt2od Compt6r6
Brock De.ig. wni thB€ ropricstions using
. ner ptot !a2e ot am x 5m {4omz),
Tr: lub6@ water .ro.e tcontorl
,?: rubew€ warer { cr.on manure Sesbania @ rO r hal
tr'corDorated into tt-e soitbetore ,.c€ ,,ansp16nring.

Tj: Tub6w€ wster + p-ressmud {sugar,nousuy wssret,

on rh. ba$s of Ca?' n.o. on B;urvsrenr added
bssjs ot Ns, ol
rub€we war.rj, atongwrth 6ach nrhauon.
t ' Iy9:*:l w6ier + pourtry m€nlra @ jo r har incor-
porat€d into the soir borore ric6
rransprananq.
Th6 oiganic aft6ndmen6 were appti€d ro
the ric6 crop onty and their .esidlal
off€cr w€s studi€d in ihetolowinq wh€at crops.
The sro€nmsnlroand poutt.y
m€nure were edded @tO r ha.r, bec€us6
rh.y sre n€ convent,onar o.ganic
hanlres lsed in P6t{srsn 6nd rhe torn|ers pracric€
or urng m6nu,e is @1O i
r,
ha whe.eas pr.ssnud, being orgs.jcas w€I
as chemtcati. natlre w.s used
on the basis ot Ca2+ conconrrarion that coutd counror
lne Na, o, iubewetr

25
€

€
s E
!
I
it
a
s
's
i ;1 3
js 1
e :9
g5
I
'1
; o6
a I q€
a
E
l;
F

*
s
€

3
*
E 26
 Metl,o.lotogy: Atr thetayourotrh6 €xpsrihanr in summ6r t l992), s[rheptois w€r6
noodod whh good quarity c6narMi6r., (1ocm d6pth) wirh $e id66 thst sah srl€ss €r
se€dri.g r6n3pl.nrin9 stage coutd b. tarat to ptanls. carcutstod ahounrs
or g.een
m6nu.6 .€.b.nia 6nd pouhry manur€ @,o sdded in tump.um 5r
ths rime ot rico
lransplaml.gs, wh€reas prossmud c.tcul6t€d on the basis of Cs2+ .equir6d
ro
neurrallze ih6 N€r of i..ag.rton warsr w6s add6d 6tong with €ach hrisalion. Tho
perc€ntconc..t.aflonot various nurrtonr In rh. danur6! havo bo6n otv6n h Tabrs 3.3,
Thecrops we.e ratsod1i Daruriry.lh€ ha.vesling 6nd ihrolhtng @.odonemanualy

6nd yields were d.isrmi.ad troh rh6 6ach ptot,

3.2.2: UtllE tton ot po@ Ouethr Br.cktsh Water tq Oop pro.tu. on with th.
B. ot Chentcat ANr.hrMt,
Followino tou. rr€.tmenb wer€ appti.d to rhE tierd oxp6,im€tu
conducted i. s ,iee_
whFat c'op rorarion tor . period ot ? y€ars.

Tt: Tubew€ttwat€r atone lcontfotl

T2: lub€well w6rcr sF6nd.d with Aypsur csrcurrred by

E.ton's rormurd (Eaton, t965r

Gypslm requneme.r = 6 + b + c, wh6r6

6 = N€+ m€ L r In warer x 0.43

b = tCO32 + HCO3I me L'r in w€i€r r O,7 .nd
c - a con3bnt whor. Etue is o.5o
. (Earon, 1965)
Tubewerr wat€r trealed wnh H2SOI on th€ bssis ot

Trl Tubewett wte, troat.d wirh HCr, as in T3,

r.bL 3.3t Che,c.l c.t rrP't ,bo ot t bo, dgrnb n rw6/.r-,.r8 r., urd LI
aha t.,t.tv

2.! 0.eE o.11 1.ao o.oe

Nor6: Tho .ourcs6 0f v€riou

l| Pr...hud: Cr..c.d 6ug.. Mi ., F.k r.b.d
Pouhry manuro: D.pldlr|sd of Pou|t.v. UAF
'rl
iii, ssb.nia GM: Erp€drEntat Arc!. OSS. UAF.

2g
M.thodology: The catcut6r6d amounr o, .hcndmenrs tgiven i. Tabte 3.4) wer€
6ppli6d slongwirh e.ch irigation. Gypsum was broad.Gr in s€ndino w6t€r, where.s

rhe commsrcial grade H2SO..nd HCtw.rsspp €d ov6.V tam€ ro rho ruoning irrigarion

adiusthonrs woro mads ior rhot. purfty conslderations. Orh€r

oxperrmenlar derails we,e sams ss In rho prgvious srudy_

3,3,3: Cy.ltc and &.nd Ut. ot Ooo.t A!&ry Catt tnd &ac*tsh tub.wen
tut@ to. C@p Pbrtuc .a
This Bxporiment wss conducr6d tn tt6td s3 w6 6s tn pots undercontro 6d conditions.

In rhe tield oxperiment, lorlowlng tourvesrh€nrs desc.ibod b€tow were coop.red ror
thon relative effoctiven6ss,

Tr: Canal Mr6r tCW)atons

T2: Cyclic uss ot canat snd tlbew6rt w.ter ton the basis ofssh
barancol, On6 tubomlt w.r6r trigarion was apptied. Th6
resoltlng ch.noo ln 3otl sattnhy l6v€t{EC.) Ms determided
rhsoretic.lly ar:

D-/o' = d./d.. SP/IOO , oEc./EC*

(us salinity t€bolaiory staff. 19541.

Then iho.mounr ot c.n6t wat€r r€quned ro t.ach rho satrs

wha$oov.r hsd accumuldrgd whh rhs br.ckbh nng.tton
wai€r was, d€rerminod by Dl€l6m6ns' tormurs as:

(EC.o-ECrw)
diw/Ds -Clog
(EC.x-ECiw)

D. - fequtgd d6pth ot loaching warer (cm)

D, = dopth of 6oil lo be rEclaim€d (cm)
C - le.chino co-oltlcl€nt , a co.srsm whose vatus is 1 1

29
Tabte 3.41 Amouatt ot v,'tot ,,'l|,,d,,,,,,t Nt db t!c..r.t,rr..
.ert cr{t!rd/ r!rr!,

3(,
 !6linhy olrh6 loillsturation sxtsct bofors leaching
CC ol nrlortion waror to bs appli€d for leachinq
.6o!ir6d sallnilv or rhe soil s€ruration extracr
(Di.reman. 1979t

Bl€nd !66 ot c6nalsnd tub.w6ll war€r in r rr r6rlo ro adilsr

RSC 5.0 m€ Lr

Tubewell war6r (Tw) 6lons

M.thodology: On rh€ b6sis ol calculatlons, rho cyclss ol tlb€well End c€nal wat€fs

wero tix6d 6nd th6y w6r6 sppll6d ah6.nat6ly 1.6, o8ch lr.l96non wlih iubewellwaler

w6s followed by a sub3eqo6nl i..ig6tion wilh ca0.l w6t6.. Howev6r, in €ll the

nsplanr.d In .tsnding good qualiry c.n6lw.rs. and also,

ar the seedling ostabllshmonr ol wh66t, csml w.ter was applied. Subsequeni

i.iigations to borh ths crops wer€ appli6d t6atmonr wise till maturity. Othe.

experimonlar d€tairs w6.o similar to srudy 3.3.1,

This experimeni wa$ slso r.pgat€d in pors in ord6r ro assess/vsnry the eflecr ol

various treatments unde. cont.oll€d condltlon!. In rhe por experimeni to owin0

t'eatments, repljc.ted rhrice w€r€ spplied lollowing a complerely ra.dodized desisn:

Canal wal€r (CWJ 6lon6

Cyclicl (Ah6fnat. us€l

Cycllcll lTwo i'igalions with tubew.ll weter followed by
ons csnsl walor krigation
 Ta: Cyclicn tRlc€: rwo krtgarions atrer fisnsptan ngandrwo
rnggrbns 3t pantct€ Intrtgdon wth cw and 16.r wrth Tw;
Wh66t.CW to. th€ whot. roason)

T5: Bl.nd-l {t:tl

T6r Bl6nd-ll (2r1)t,6, Et€nding ot br€ckish t t0ation wst6, and
camr wat€r ln 2:t.

T7r Tub6w€ll {TW) aton€

lib pot 6xporimont was .$nod dutng slmmer

{1993J add continu.d fo, on€ vsar
In 6 .b6,wheat cropplng rota(on,

3.3. COLtECftoN oF OA|A

Fo(owing agronomlc dst. iiom the it€td experinohrE wor€ co .ded .t rh€ d.op

t Economlc and biomals ytEtds o, borh

th. ric6 Eno whear

iii) Numbe. of tilers

iv) 1ooo-g.ain weisht

Whor€as, f,om th€ por oxrErimont, d.r! on rh6 .conom6 and ror6r dry matrsr yield

32
 3.4. ANALY|ICAL PEOCEDURES FON CHEMICAL
OEEA$NANONS OF SOIL/WAE? SAMPLES

compGrro lojl sanptes r.om o-j 6 ch tor,, r 5-3O cm (O2), 30 60 cm iD3l and 60 90
cm iD.l doprhs, trom esch ptor rer6 co[ared botore th.
st..r or erperimont {i.6.
summor, r 992) and at rh€ harv€st of e€ch c.op. solt
samptes wer€ sir dried, ground
to;€ss througha 2mm sl6voand anatysed for variols cnemrcar dsterminarions. The
phvsicsl chaEcre.istics ot lhe exporim€nrat ptots
tik6 butk d€nsny, str€noth eic, were
dororhhsd iioh rh. undisrurb6d su,ioce sojt
{o-15 cm doprhl, 6n6r ths ha.velr ot

The following dstermina(ons wors

mad6 acco.ding ro rh6 m€rhods doscrib€d
by u.s.
Salinity tsbor.tory Sr.fi
119b4t sx@pt orh.,wiso m€ntiongd, All catcut6rion3
we.e
had€ on ovsn dfy w€iqhr basis.

3,4.t.1. Prepararion oi saturared soil

3.4.1_2, pH or 6aturared soir pasre (pHst

By Phlttp! pH mer€r Mod6t pW

3.4.1,3, Eloctrical Conductiviry of

Wirh.lh€ hetp ot philrps O,gilai
saturatron €xt6ct (Eca) conoucr'vfy m6r6r_ Mdd.r

33
 3.4.1.4. Sorubt6 colclum + M6gn6slun By lirarion ot satuatton sxtracr
w'th srsndard EDTA, in p.osenco
ol NHaCI+NH.OH bu(e. usino
EAi indicator tM6rhod 7r.
3 4.t,5. Fron rhe soit satlrsdo. .x$acr,
by Gsllenkamp Ft6m€ €natyse.

3 4.r 6. Sotubt€ pot.lsium

Fromth6.oil saturation extracr,
by G.lt6nkamp Ftam. anatvser

3.4.r.7. Carbons16 snd blcarbonat€

By titarion ot satur6!on ofir€cr
w,th 5t6nd3rd H2soa !s,no
phBnorphrhteln .nd melhvl
orang€ indicaro,s r.loociivetv
(Msrhod 12t.
3,4.1.a.
8y dt16rion wirh srandard agNor
using K1CrO4 hdicsror (Melho;
131

3.4,1.9.
By diff6r6nce i.e, SO, = TSS.
{CO3z +HCOr'+Cr'r.

3 4.r,10, saF

-2-
wh€r6 tho concont€ttotr ot
sorublscarlons ar€gtvan tn mo L.

3.42. Soll phystc.l D.t1nttu oB

3,4.2.1. Parricte 5iz6 !.aty6as
aolyoucos Hydrofiraror norhod
as d€tcnbed by Moodts er al.
119591. Internarionat viangre
w€s u3sd ror desisnanng t€xru.at
 3.4.2.2. By core msrhod tBlak6 rnd
H6rtge, 19661,
3.4.2,3. BV using cor6 p€nerromete.

3,4.2.4. Frod the dry bulk density (pbl

and panicl€ d€nsiiy tpJ.as
s'. (1_pblpJ lo.niclson 'and

3-4-3.

3.4.3,1, Elecrricar conducrivity Wirh rhe h6lp oi Phitips digiral

conduciivity mder hodet PW

3,4.3.2, Calciuh + Magnesium By lltrating wlth standard EDTA,

in rho pressnco oi NH.OH +
NH1CI buffsr, lsidg EAT
Indlc6tor {M6thod 77).
3.4.3,3. 8y G.llgnkamp Flsme anatys6r
(Method 80 b),

3.4.3,4. Cdrbon.to + Btcarbo.lr. By drraiion wlrh standard

H2SOa, u.ing ph.notphathot€in
on 6nd merhyr or€ngs indicsrors,
r6st€ctively (M6thod 82),
3,4 3,5. Ay ritr€tion wlrh
lt.ndardAONO3
usi.g K2C.O. i.dicaror {M6thod
83).
3.4.3.6. RSC 8sc-^{co3'? + HCOi) -(C.2'
+ Mg..*1, conco.tr.rion beino in

35
3.4.3.7.

wh€ro the concenr.arlons ot

solubl6 c.llons are expr€rlsd in
m€ r' lMarhod 20 bl.

3.5. SIAI,S7CAL PFOCEDUreS

O.l. dllsct€d .n!ly..d wr6 accordlng to th6 rsp.ctlv. d.lton of rh. .xO.rtm..r
IRCBO combin.d ov.r yors for fietd oxp6 mnt3 and CRD for por 6xperimont.t by
.doptlns analysl. olvlrknc€ and DMF t6rt., lstng MSTAT p6cka9e, wh6.oa6 fo. rh.

regrc*ion and coffolatlon €natyses Mt||t|!b progEmm€ w.! tottow€d,

30
ESULTS
and
ISCUSSION
 CHAPTEA IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Br6ckish krigarion w6lers .dverseiy attecr rhe physicatand chemic.t characleristics

ot soils as well as crop yields. Th6se eft.crs can, how€v.,, be hinjmized bV rhe

manaqenont practtcos, l. lhi3 manu$ript, tha eff.ct$ of v6rious oanagoment

strolegi€s ror br8ckish krlgatton wate. wero .vatuatod and ihe reslhs hav€ been

discuss€<r under the fo owins h6sdings.

Growth r€sponse ol crops io variols ire6tmonrs

Economics of vario!s strarogiesnroatm€nrs

uftltz^noNoF pooa ouAufy a4^cns4 narcanoN waER FoR

CROP PAODUC|ION WI|H fAE USE OF OAAAMC AMENdMENfS

4,i,1.
4.1.1.1. Sofl Ch@ic.I Chncn isttct
4.1,1.1,1 Eta.ulcd coa.toctJvttf ot sol ext cE

The data padainino to th. efticicncy ot v.rtous org6n,c am6ndm6nB lor the
msndgem6nt or brackish irrigation wators, ro ihprove soit ch€micat charact.risrics

hav6 been shown in Fi0!r6 4,1,1 (atso s€s App€ndix-4). Th. r€suhs rovealod th6t.tl
tho trearments i.e, brackish i.iigarion wat6r atono or h6 uso in conluncrionwhh vrrious
F|9.4.1,1:. E l€ct of varlou3 bracklsh lrlgation
Wator managemont
strateglos urlng organlc arDendmenls on soll chemlcal
chaructorisflcr - E t.ct on sol ECe

Cc. ot rt'. sfl .nr rh. h.'l[r €c. .t rh. ..r ..Lr rr h.d..r

:\
---\,

-H

rr=Tw rro.. T2,tw + s..b. ottri T3=rw + P.mudj tarTw + P.hrnur.

o.g6nic lmendmonts incr..lod th6 tot.l 3alt concentralio' in lhe soil 3olurlon 6s

indlc6red by tha EC. v6lu6 aflet tho harv€5r ot €.ch.rop (o€ Moov et al , 19761

Haidor.nd Hussdln, 1981), In case ol th6 tiGt crop or rlcs 11992l rhe ECd vdluos

obs6rvod.rthe uppordoplhs rdv65l6d3omswh.l sharperdlfl€16nco from on€anoth€r'

whllo eff6cts wer6 behg ls$ pronolncod st the low6r depths. solub!6 B3h cont6^l
as 6 tunction o, depth indicated that in caso ol b.acki.h irrlg.tlon w'ts' application

alone, hore s6lts woro irccumul6l6d in ihe su ace soil layers 8nd lhe sah conlont

.lecr6s36d wlth d.prh. Thl3 ws6 po,htps eithdr du6 ro th€ sw€llins ond p6'tj3r
pa(lcles
r
conc.nrrarlon ol Na oi lhe nrlgarion
drsp6rsion ol th6 clay by the €xcesllvo

wat6i. Consoqo.n y rho €flocB r.dalnsd llmlt.d malnlY to 1he soil 3urf6c6 as tns

sa|r3 did not mov€ lo grs6t€. d€plhs Tha !.lt bulld up in rh' soil prorirs cootinu€d to
incto.se with$e u3oolbrackashirigaionwatef, bultho cot6.pondin0vslles ol EC'

wero lowor in ma.ur€ t.6al6d plots. Thjs was dle ro th€ re"on th't lho oroanrc

mar€ri€|3 did not .llow rh€ dl.parslon of rh€ soil Tho organic addod to
'mendm6nG
soil/wate, did conlain s!filci6nllv htoher conc6ni€lion of cs2' lo counr€r lh6
. del6l€rious ell€cts ol N6
+ In tunure treat€d plots, ihe sall contenrs lncfeased wnh
pe'colaling wat€r whrch
deplh. Thisindlcal6dthe l€achang of acclmulsied $alls with
were, inlurn, deposited somswhere deop ln the prorilB

In gener€|, lncrease In ECw increas€s tho Ece values' but 3t the same iime'

maintenanceof sulllclonrl€vslsot solubleCa2+ saltsinth'nriqarionwat66prevents

th€ soil lrom lh€ sodic/slkalinitY ha2ad ot rh' brackish nrigarion

wstet Tho threo
org..ic am6ndm€nts viz s€sbania p.6$mud snd pouhry manutotast'd in the pr's€nt
'
f * etc {Teble 3' 1 l ro lhe
6tudy h.d ;utficionnY high conc€nt6tion of ions likd Ca2 K
incr€aso in rhe soil saliniry whh tho sppllcaiion ot these am6ndm6nls 3s observed in

lhis sludy was€!oected, Horevor, rho r.s0ltanrsaliniry was wlrhln ma.ag€abre linns
(i.e., ECe<4,O dS m r, which is u6.d .s b.nch mark limir lor clalsilication ot soits).
Tho r€clam.ilon rroatmehrs mi€hr h.v. i.cr.as6d ihe soluto conc6htrarion in soil
solution, y6t wlth tlmstheses6hs Oor l$ched to lowerd6pth3 with ih6 w5ier apptied
to raise th6 c.ops, Mor.over, tho gro6n m..ufinq musr hav€ helpod ro maintain the
hyd.Euric conductiviry,esuhlng in the r€a6hi.g ot sshs, Jir.ni€ra/ t199ot whirs
srudyino rh€ €ff..rs otsynrhdic b.ackilh w6r€r.ndorg.nic n8t€r on soil chemical

and physical .ondjrio.s r.portod rhat incr6aments in SAR of walg. rais€d rhe ECe

revels or the soils, whereas l63s de!€lopmont in soilsali.ity was obsetued in hanure

4.1.1 .1 .2. So<Im tdso,ptio, ntlo ol sov oxt acts

Sodlum 6dsorption .ario ot soir oxrructs is associat.d wirh rho sodic h6z5rd of rh€

irigalion waie.. The eltect ol ditfergnr i.€€rm€nts on the soil sAR has b€€n shown
in Fig,4,2,1 (also se. Appendix-s1, Tho d6ta .evealed th6r br6ckl.h ifiioation water

resuhed in tho incf€.s.d sodichy ol th6 soil profil€, whib €tiecrs b€inq more
pronounced in tho !ppe. soil layors. Eii.cts ol brackkh ?.igation w.rer containing

excessivo conc€nfiarion of Na+ on rhe devetopment of soil sodiciry and the

permeabllhy .olat6d probl.ms hav6 rk@dy bo.n 6xt€nsively studiod/r6viewed by manv

workers (sower er ,1, 1 968; H3id6r 8nd Fsrooqi, 1 975 | Bingham dr al, I 979, Zanma n

8nd Gichu.u, 1944j Ayers and Westcor, 1985j Ahmad er rl,1988r Khandelwaland
Flg.4.l.2t Eltocl ot varlou. bracklsh lrrlgaflon wrter man{gemenl
atrat€gloa uslng oJganlc amendmonts oit aoll chomlcal
characteristica. Effect on soll SAR

3Ai.t $...rr.rk rh. h.m.t

>Fl
!
l-:"1
I-r" I
€,.
.^.\ l-.1 1,.
6
/2Ytt {

<==-' -

1530@90

+ S.rb. GMi T3rlW + Phud; T4'TW + Ch.nur€

Lal, 199ljSinohetal, 1992) bur r6ss atunrion has b.en paid ro srudy rhe rore oi

organic dmondmonts to counter rhe sodic ha2ard ot brackisn nriqsrion warors, The

rolo of oro.nlc m5nur63 ovaluated in th€ pr6.6nt studv revoated rhat tho.e was no

appreciabl6 incre6s€ in s!rf3ce soil sodicitv initially i.e, al lhe harvesl ot rice crop
11992)ln the lrearme.ls wh€re gr€en manur€ sesbania or pressmud was inco.porated

inrotho soil, Pouluy m8nur6 inhially colld not yiold the eirective r€suhs as compar€d

to rhe pressmud o. s€sbani.i possibly dueto its low ca concsnn.tion How€ver,l.

th. succoadins year (1993-941 pouk.y m.nu.e was as ottocrivo 6s oih€r manlr€s

The SAF values of lh. soil exr.acis incroas€d downward in rho soit D.otlte in
troarmonts manu.sd wirh ditlarant oroanics. accordi.q ro Mudariar and sharma

119651, manu.as when d@ompose in rh. soil, r.leaso CO2 which mitigares rh.
alkaliniry b6!id6s n.kino thom mor6 psrm€.h|., Sinsh (19691 r€pon€d thar th.

decomposirion producrs ol sssbania hgrpod i. lh€ r.rcvar ol exchangeabro sodium

iiom solls. Dhawan er r/,{1958) claimed that 9106. manures lik6 junrar (sesbaal,

acrlearr) containod ruilicient calcium for replacinq sodium from alkali soils.

ThE N€' acclmulat€d in 6oila3 a.4!lr ot brsckish trlgation water l€achsd down the

soil protile, In genoral, 3ll rh6 thr.. o.gonic manur6s w6re hlghly 6ffectlve ln this

reoard and their ellecriveness infiessed whh rime, bur the pr€ssmud tealm€nt was

signiticdnny superior as compared ro orhor troaimenls, Th€ ett€ciiven€ss orvarious

manur€saftsr 2 yoars oftho 6xporimontation in Oeneral, lollowed rho order: Pr€ssmLd

> Sesbania GM > Poultry M6n!.e. This suggosted 3 sar6 po$ibilhy ror ihs
 uiilizstion of br€ckish krtgarion walo' wl(h l6ss risl ol solr d6renor6rion throush (he

0se ol organic ah€ndmonrs.

4.1, t.1.3. SoI nscttoD pH,:

In rh€ Figu.e 4.1.3 lallo $€e Appehdix-6t is pres€nred the soit pHs .s .ttecr€d by
vanous srrategies.nd its comparison wtrh the conrrot. tiiigatlon wirh brackish warer

havinO FSC or 9,26 m6 Li, r6suhed t.lncr6ss6d soirpH, Tho pH3 wa6 hlgh€r at the

surrac€ soil i.e.0-r5 cm d€pth, Th. high€r soit pH with brackish nrioarion waier

h€ving su,ficiently high RSC may bs du. ro rhe accumutarion of mo,e erchangeabte

N6' 5s a.osult ol p.oclphstlon of Cs2+ and Mg2+ 6s ltuotlbt€ CaCO3 add Mg-3iticat6

nom soil soiuion. Simira. resutts hsv€ atso bo€n repo €d by Witcoi er a/,11954)j

Gupr. 119601 and Pahutl and Abrot {r986t_ The chango. in rhe pHs wirh b,.ckish

irriganon waror in orgsnic m3nur6 t.6arod solts s€€h6d to b6 t6ss ss compar€d with

tho conirol, Th6 orsanic am.ndmenrs r€t6g3€ co2 and org€hlc acids, which in rwn

decr6€so th6 soil pH, Soil pH in manure n6€red ptors inc,6a.ed sioniticanrty wirh

deprh oi soil, indicating incraased accumolanon of exchangeabts as w6[ .s sorubte

Na' at low6r depths as compared lo lhe sudace 6oit, In q€n€rst, rh6 soli pH is

inrluencod by a multitudo ol t6crors. rhereto.6, nosingte tacroi can brjng €bout a t6rge

chano€ in it. Anyhow, oH ch.nges with depth i. th6 orpo,amenrat soit vsried with
Flg.4.l.3: E tact ot varlour b]|ckllh lrlgatlon w!t.r managcncnt
.tnllcglca urlng organlc lmandmanla on ioll chamlcll
charlctadaflcr - Et ect on rolt PH!

rtl. d $. -ll dr.. $. n fr.r

P,.c'|h.6i{r.rn|n.fui elr. .t !n o|| Jr- ||r t-rnr

6060

P,n!d; Ta-tW + p,n.rsr.

im6. In cal€ ot rtco c.op (1992,, no ofrect ot th€ v..im.n$ w! obso,v€d bsyond

the soil depth ol30 cm.nd ths dft€crs 6r rhe deplh of 90 cm w€re nor obseru€d litl

tho harvesi ol s€cond ys.r't rice crop l.e. nc6 ('1993). In O€n6rattho pH. was tound

lo be ancreaslng with depth in rr66red soits and hs .tt.crs at tow6r d.prhs w.ro
becoming more pronolncod wilh lime,

The btf€ct of varioG brEckbh nrigarion mao.Oorunr $rar.gts wirh o.ganic

amondmsnrs on th6 soil chsnical cbrscroristich, like EC., SAR and pH, ds

Inv@iig.rEd In thl6 ltudy, In g6n€r6l sho@d rh6t bra.kr6h waters c6n sal.ly b€ lod

ror k.igEtion purpos6s wilh loss risks of soil dot6.io6iion bocalso rh6se orqanic

manures improv6tho soil hydraulic trop€nies,8nd thls ninimize the sodic/alkalinity

h8za.d otth€ b.6cklsh hrigation w3i3r,

4.1.1,2. Soll Phyttc.t Chr.ct .lsd@

Sodic/alkali soll condnions dete.iorare th€ soil physlcal characterlstics. Exc€ss of

exchang6ablo sodlum dispofsos the soil paniclos, r6duc6sthe psmsabilny of air and

w6rer into the soil and lorms a d€ns€ slrucloral mass, Th€ r6sultu on lh6 effocts of

bra.klsh lrrigation w.ter on th€ soil physical charactoristics 3nd lheir improvement bv

v.riols organlc amendmenrs have been dascusssd as unde,:

45
4.1.1.2.1, W.a.t tf.rsmbsroa ch$.ctqttt/,s

th€ horlrontal mov.m.nt ol water t! mo!!yludo6d by rh6 d6g.oeot porGiry.nd rho

natur€ ofpo.es. Forthls purposoth€ so b!l( denstty wss d€t€rmhed at th€ ha,vest

oroachcrop, Soll bulk denslty derermlned insftu trom rh6s!rt.c6.oit tay6r {O-15 cm
d.prhlarths h6ru6stofe6ch crop ss.ffecrsd by voriols fi6arm€nr3 has be6n shown

in lable 4.1,1- The use ot brackish t.rioarton waror r6suttod in lhe incr€6s.d burk

donsity of the soillrom an o.iginattovot of 1.39 Mg m 3

al tho 6ian of oxp6rim.nr i.€,

b6tor6 the rlc! crop {1992t io 1.52 Mg m'3 6ft6r rwo yoars ot conlnuous n.tg6rion

wirh trackish ware,. Gupta (19901revie@d rho Effects or use ofsatin. wators on

soil physical prop6nies snd conctuded rhat d.tsrioraraon ot soil physjcat prop€nies

und€r brackbh irrigarion wetsr condition! wa! anriburad to rh6.6d!ctio. in po.osiry

dua ro the swollino and disp6.sion ot ctay p.rticles by the.&6ss ot Na+ pres€nr in

th€ krig.lion water. Th€ rooflentarton of soil p.,fttes, which too& placo du6 to rho
phonomsnon ol swetting and disporsion. ihus r6duc€ th6 porosity s.d water
trtnsmlssion cha.Ecterlstlcs, So whh rh€ Epplcationor b.acklsh trisation war.r, soir

bult d€nsity increas6d 6nd th6 soit poroshyd6cr6d.6d. Joshiand Ch6nd {t9A4} atso
fo!nd rh5t soll transmisslon ch.racteristics tik€ hydr.otic condudiviry, mean soit wat6r
diffusiviiy .nd soil wate. sorprivity decr.ssod wirh inc.o.s6 in SAR of ih€ nrigarion
 Eff@r ol b.tkish lrigrtion wte. mantgMt strat gi.s ustng
orgtt lc.nendm.oE oo so physic.lchdtcaeisti$.t tho hiv.sl
(Avqeg. ol tlN ..p..atl

r.43Ns

47-79 1.33
0.54 o. 0169
rn.!r (1re2-e3t
44.4O b
1,r12 b
r.39 b

SE c.49 0.0129

1.50Ns

41.29 1.40

SE o.0257
rh..t (1er3-e,r)
,12.54 b

41.16 a 1.40 b
45.03 a 1.43 b

Trearmont me6ns during dllfereft cropping s€€sons sha.ino simlla. l6rrers are
sta(isrlcallv alik€ at 5% l€v€lol orob6bilirv-
Ns
= Non.sig6'l'canti sE = Standard eiit ol means,
A high proponion of Eodium on th6 .xch6ng€ complox olth6 soils aft crs th6 swsrring

6nd dlspersion of lhe clsy p6(icl6s, Th€ disporsion ol sollpa.ticle3 h63 b66n reported

to r6duce tho hydraulic condocriviry (outk 6nd schotield. 1955; za man and

Glchu.u, 19441 and reduc. rh6 i.tirt.adon rare (M.Bhall, 1968, Oayylm and Niazi,

1975; Oster and Schro€r1 1979 and Singh er

'l,1992),

Incorporarion ol vlrlou. organlc .m.ndm6.6 i.ro th6 .oil r6ultod .or only in

mainr6inlng the soil bult d6nsity, r.ther n was improvEd in cadain tfo6imanb e.g.

la..l 3oil bulk den3ltt wb8 o&..vod fuoh ihs prBlmld re.th€ntj howsv€r, all rho

oroanac amondmonrs @,e 3taristically at p8r in rhis r.3poctand simibr was the cass
with lho soil po.oslly. The posslblo .o€son to.lhls could be org.nic am€ndmenis

whlch k€pt rhe soll porous by malnralnlng open channels and voids and thus
improvins w.r6r tr.nsmllslon. Fu h.rmoro. org.nic.mo.drunls conrainsd ca2+,
which was r€l€ased in tha soil on decomposatlon of rhose organic ,ssidues. Most

stldlos lndlcai€ rhsr Ca2+ s6lts gon€rally idproi€ soil physical propefties by
rlocculsting soil panicldEnd thuscousing a redlcrion in bulk density lchstoor etal.,

198&, 1949; cosra.rrl, 1991). Findinosof Manchandaeral{1985)are,however,

confiary ro the prese lindings as they obsorvod thar applicalon ol FYM rath€r

docroa..d rh6 soil pdrmoability 6nd i.c.636d rh. soil disp€rsion. Thb ditlerence

soems to bo due ro th6 ilne texrural nsrur€ ol soils rh8t rhev srudisd. Gupta er al
(l9a4a,blhave report6d th€r cl6y d ispoBlon tend to i.cr€as6 lnder sodic condilions,

and so the beneliclal etloct ol FYM soems to be llmlt6d at low EsP €ruas- rhe

48
rmo.acrbns b€rw€on o.g€nlc marGr, €c a.d EsP on soit physicat prop€nias have srso

been review6d by sumn6r 11993t.

4.1.1.2.2. Soll str.rynh

Exc.ss ot .xch6nge6ble sodium disperses the li.e soil p6rticl6s a.d thus 6lso resuhs

in rh€ tormation of den!. svuctu.al mdi ol rha soil. This rasult. quhe ollenly i.
probloms liko soll crusting or hardening ol tho slrlac6 lay6.. DarE in Table 4.1,1

shows th€ crull|ng ol lh. soit as infludnced bt bractish l'igdtlon wal€r. Th€ soil
srrenoth reasursdal th€ harvestot6sch c.op fiom lhe surfaco layer ot soil incre6sed

p.osrsssively wlth iin€ und6r brackish lftiOatlon w.te. condnions. Wilh the

rppllcationot o,ga.ic am€ndmsnrs,lh. soil pen€lrability improvod. Thiswa.du€ro

the roosening effBct ol o.gsnic hat€rials and lunhor th6 tlocculating €flscl ol c.2r
conrain.d in pla.r.esidu6s. lh6 org6nic nar€riols tu.th€. blnd rogsrner the soil
panlcles bytrnoalnycella ona macro-scale,.nd ch6ngsthe hvdGtion chs.acterislics

ol rho soil rhat bfacklsh krioalion wat€. dld not dl3rlpr soll aggrog.tes {Mill€r and

Kemper. '1962i Boyb errl,, 19891,

4.1,2, Gtuwth Qspo@ or c.opt to vttidts It at@ts

Incre6sing rh. agricuhurarofficiency and 3!staining lhe .oilproducrivity r.o the lwo

major challelges lo lhe pr€senl day agrcullure whlie the crop growth is limlred by
many soll and ollmanc facioll, Yi6lds can, howeve,i bo boo3t€d up by adopnng

addirion.r msnagom.nt strar€gaos. h rhls s€cdo., the o,owth End rhe ylolds of rhe

.lc€ and who6l crops I altoct.d by brdckish krlgstion wa$. rnd rhe 1016 of varlols
organlc am6ndm€ni5 In sustalnlno c.op yl€rds h8s b6en drscusssd.

ThB two y€6. d6t6 on rh6 growrh and thoyleld compon.ms ot nc€ crop rgsulting lroh

ther€.tm€nrs hav€ b66nshown inTabl6 4.1.2, F.hdomized Compl€te Block Design

combln6d ovo. y@rs w6s 6ppll.d for sr.nsiic.l ani€rp,6tanon3 ot the daia. Tho

6conomlc .nd tot.l dry h.tt.r yi.ld .nd th€ g.owth psrad6l€r! d€cr..3€d

signilicantly wiih br.cldrh irigationwat€r. The decroaso coutd be attribut€d dtocrty

10 the l.ltsrs3a to th6 croos r@uh'.o in w.r€r End nurrhional imb€lanc.!, lPoar3on,

1960; Maas 6nd Hoffman, 1977; Maas €nd Griev€, r9a7l. Th€ €xcessive

conc.nrr6rio. or Nd' In soll lorurion d6y c.u.! mech.nic.l hp.di.nc6 ro.ool

0enetr6rbnd@ro poor soil srructure prevEilangan rhe root zono ororherwiso sodiuh

m6y b6 dnecily roxic ro.ic€ plants {Bhoades, t972j Ayers.nd W6srcor, 19a5).
I
Nufiitioml imbalance (B€rnsr6in, 1975J duo to hlgh 6xch3.ge€bt6 N6+ may .esut in

poor crop yialds. lowe. ,ice c.op yi€lds whero b,acldsh trlgaton warr wa3 .ppli€d
whhour any amendmenr mighr also b6 alriblred ro high bic6,bon.r6 hazard

E5.oclat€d wnh the w6rsr lMuhahmed er al,19 77; Ayer. and W€.tcor, '198 5 ). Pl6nt

.oots show redlced ro.pirarion in th6 p.osenc€ 6t bic.rbonate ions, rh€ excoss ol

which inhibits th€ activity of cytochromo oxidas6 {Mille., 1 9591. Tho p.ecipnation ol

50
 HCOi in soil ss CaCO3 may also rusut in rho accumuraraon ot mo.o Na. in soll

{Eato., 195O, Wilcoxerrl. r954; Aowor 6nd Maastand. 1963; Bowersra/,, j965)

and could 6!3o rsduct,on in c.op yi€ld.

Yi.ld tnd lts compon.nr! idprov€d stgnitic6nnywtth th..ppticalion otvarlous orsanic

am.ndm€nrs, Th6 dltterentirt r6spon.6 to v.rtous biotogicst 6h€.dm.nts mtghi be

.fuiburod to rh6ir dillo.. decohpo.ition rstes .nd the % conc.ntraion ot vario!s

nurn€nB jn rh€ manu.os is.e rabte 3.3). rh€ incr6aso r th€ gromn pa.6mer.rs and

yield ofrhs cropa mighr b..nribu€d ro th€ incr.as€d pCO2 du€ ro decompositjon of

organlc@ner{chhsbraa;dab.ot, 1977, aobbins, 1986, cuprserrl. 19a9). which

tho.oby inc.easod th6 soil salanity and decroase. rhe pH i. catcarools soits. Th6

organrc man0.., llnhrr F.ko rh. so porous rhd prev.d rh6 surrac€ ssating due lo

$.i. ca conl€nt., which otheMiso r€tutr iiom bfsckirh riigstron wsi€r, In 6ddition

tor imorovlng rho soit permoabitiry, apptication of organic mato.aars has been found

usofd {Aows.erat,'l951.Shsd snd Hashmi, t 97O; Mona Rectomaiaon €ipe,im€nial

Prcject, 1972; Muhamm€d 6nd Khatiq, j975; Chand eaal, 1977i punramat<at et al.,

1 979; Chaudhry er ar? I 9A21. cr6en m.nor6s nor onry rmp,ove yiotds by provid i.g

sdequate nurnion lnder satt lt.ess condations blt stso am€tio.ate soit chemic6ly and

physibally {Sinoh, 1969; Osrsr snd Schroer, t979; Joshi and Chand, j9B4; Rajama-

nnar and Pa,amasivan, 1985; Shlkla and Pa.dey, 1988r and Sinoh el al, 19921.

5l
 YlitLl p.r.m.t$ ot cop s .t 6cr..t bt bt ctjrh lrig@n
w.w
m.n.g@ront snebgrot wnh biotogt at,h.D.then6
lAwr.gE o, ttw tatwtsl

i) rr&. L.rrrt (6)

.rPh.b.trcar !.rt.r(a) .on-lrgnifrcant .r 5r tev.r

52
In the li€r crop i.o, rlce {1992t, th€ pouhry danu.e fioatm€nt sot t6.d ov6r the orh6r

tre.tmems in t€rm3 ot rh6 yield r6!pon!o., which wor€ p.rh.p3 due ro dequaro K

and P contaanod in rh6 poultry h.nu.o a.d atso psrhsps dla to r.pid decomposnion

rat€ or polrlry manu.e, Ths tow6i ytotd r€sponse trom lh€ pr6ssmud tr€atDe.t

Initi.lly, mighl b. artributed to its low sotubitity and stow 16t66se ot nurri6nt6.

Howev€r, in th€ tollowl.g croo t.e, wh4r {1992,931 dle ro th€ r.t€ase of mine.als

6nd nuri€nrs tron rhe pressold, thi. rrsstm6nr got sioniticanr supsrio.ny ovor ihe

other manur.5 and this is arso.vid€nt lion the data on roit sodtctty {Fjs.4.1.21.

Grearor 6holior6tiv6 influonc. ot pressmld may atso b6 sitriburod io its beir€r

disrributionand mlxino in tho soit. Fu^h6rmo.o! slgarcan. pre6smud was sodawhar

acidic in r€acrlon {pH 6.671, rhus n producod hor6 acidity r€lutlno in mo,o av.itabitiry

ot cenajn nut.ionrs lik€ P and som6 mlcronut.ionrs tike iron and copper. Sludies by

Shlkla and Psnd€y,119881atso indicatod the sup.riority ot pro6smud t.€6rm6nt ovo/

the sesbania green m3nu.e, white oth€r siudies by chand er ,l (1 97 7) indicated no

imm6diat€ oii€ct of pressmud wheroa3 hs r6siduat efi€ct wa5 3o high thar it oave

comparable results wirh lhe quict actr.g ch€micat reagents I'ke HrSO., FeSO4 or

!3
4.1.3, EcoMlct ol e.riout te.tBntt

various oroanic m5r€rials/menur€s incorporared into th6 soit bosldos p.oviding

adequsro nurrhion to th6 ptants, hstp to open up cha.n.ls 3nd improv€ .ggr6g6rion

ol soils, ther€by Incroa3in0 porm.bbitaty. carbondioxids llb.rated by root .gsptstion

.nd d€composirion of orsanlc mate. i.om plant rosldu.s 6nd/o. ftnuring incr6as6!

lh.soluble calcllh from th6 .oll llmo. O€codp@hlon ot organlc nlti.r In sott msy

r.l63s€ orsa.ic scids which onhanc€ rhe 6vail6brdy oi cdrcium fo Na+-C62

orchango roactions whlch ls necoss.ry ror ch€mlcal r6clamat|on,

consid€.ations. th€ economics i.6, ih6 co.t-bonefir rario or

amendments is ot prim€ importancoi espociatty for making thek us6 on a wider s.sle.

Th6 r.larive economics of various fiearmenrs lTabr€ 4,1.3) r6veatr rh6t marimum

econom'c rolurns w€re oiven by polhry manuro r€6tm€nt fo owed by s$banj6 GM

a.d prossmud during th€ tirsi crop i,e. rice crop i1992). However, th6 pressmld
$o€lm.nt w33 highly ettoctiv€ ln sBtaining tho ylelds 3s ws ss rhe economlc rolurns

during this 2 years siudy €$ it gav€ rhe hlghost ner aconomlc r€rurns. lt was foond

rh6t 6ll rhe manu.6s wor€ hlohly oconomlcal 3s th6 b.ne,n cosr raio riom rh6se

.anged b€tw6en 7,36 to 8.79 8nd the benetit ro cosr ralio, in g€neral. lollowed the

o'de': PoLlrrV hanL 6 = Pressmud > S6sbant. GM.

54
 EMic codrp'rhoo ol.Ifid.ot dgtnlc nrcNmots Bc<l l@
m.a.gwt o, b..ckkth hrlg.tlon w.rd

Poultiy nahure:

tcv = totat cost6

55
Th. r65ults ol th€ pr$€nt .rp.rimont domon.toto rh6t.ppllcation ol vd,iou! o.g.nic
3m6ndm6.is ro counr€r rhs $odic ha.6d of th€ bracki3h n.bation wat6rs is 3n

eltocrive rool to slsraln c.op ylsrds es well as tho soll ch6mical and physlcal
propenies. Though oll tho th.6o manuros rsstsd @re highly €fisctlve bli ths

pr$smld tr4tm€nt showed signlllcanr superiority ov6rths.esi two manu.6 tesGd,

Two yoars cumolativo results showod ihat ln genoral, rhe silocllv€nsss ol various

ne.thents lollowod th. ord6r: Pr66smud > poultrymanur. > sosbani, GM > Tw.
Sinco tho .bundanco av6il6bmy of tho manur€s 13 nol common, $er6fore, lh.
recommendation may b€ sirsspscince.O. pr€ssmld could bo recomme.dsd io. ar€as

i. rh6 viciniry oi sug.rmill!; poultry manuro tor arca. n.a. pouh.y larns- Howevsr,
this t6chnlq!6 .oqlkos lono l.rms (a-10 yoar. dur.nonln6ld rriars und€r various ag,o

6cologicalzones to hav6 broad b€36d rocommsndadons.

4.2, UNUZANO OF POOR OUAUry ARACKISIT WAER FOR CROP

WfH fIlE UU OF CHEMICAL AMENDMENfS
PRODUCNON

Ch6mlc6l 6mendmenrs llk6 qulck 6cting acads or gypsum hav. bo.n r.port.d ro bs
ett€crivo lor improving soil physiol condhion !nd.. .odic soil condirions. r. rhrs

srudy, the eflact of ih.ee chemical amondmenls viz. gypsLim, H2SOa and HCI was

evalusted In r6sp€ct ot thoir am€llorating eff€cl on br€ckirh nrioation watof .nd rh€

resuhs have been discussed In the forlowing s€crions,

 4.2.1.

4.2.1.1. Soit ch.hLst cht ntdtsttct

4,2.1,1.1 Electttc.l con tuctfuhy ot ton .,t.ctt

S.linhy l6ve,olrh. sotl€xrEctsas influsncod by brackilh krigarion Mrer .nd krious

ch€mrcal am€nd menls have been shown ln Fig. 4,2.1 lalso s6e Appendtx-7).
h was
obse,v€d rh6r rhe otocrricat conducrivity of rhe soit .xt..cts increasod wnh rhe
bracklsh irnganon waro., wh6th6r brsckish w6t.r, w.s amended or un.mend.d.

Howevor, ths .aliniry buitdlp In rhe so profitE @s high6r 6r tho 3urtsc6 so| t.y6rs
wher6 u.amend€d b.ackish wator was apptisd whereas when amended wator was

applied, ECd vallos inc.s.s6d b€tow th6 surfacs horizon/tayer. Th€.eason being that

these amendments n6lt6tized the sodic/atkatintty haz€rd ot ths b.ackish nrigarion

water and conseque.ny th6 s.lrs teached down to rh€ towerdgprhs, In tha gypsum

r€.tod plob, th6 imp.ovam6nr In..oit condirion, with rEspocr to satinity was du€ ro

promotod loaching in .ssponss to ltoccotatio;of the disp€rsed soit matrix.

h is wetr
6st6blishod ihat Cs2+ coniaininq sm6nd6.hts in sddhion to red!clnOth6 rodjc haz€rd

of nrigation war6rs, improve loit permaabitiry and hence teaching ot saks occurs
simulraneousty {Oster, 1982i Shainberq er rt, 19a9; ch6toor er at, 1989; ordir er
q/( J-9--9?1. AhholSh theso aoendmenrs mighr nave Incressed lhs sodium
conc€nrration in ihe 3oit solurion {Loved.y, 1976j Keren and shsinbers, 1981: osler,

1942r Hussaln and Misn, 19831, yet with rim6 thes€ satrs got teachdd ro tow6r
depths. Comparison ol various smendmonts .6v6ated rh. tow EC. latues in acid

57
F19.4.2.1t E ract ot varlous bruckish trrtg.tion $rater managomont
strrteglos wlth chomlcal amandmant! on so chemic6l
characterisllc8 - E lect on soil EC6

EC. ot rh. err rtr.r u. h.e.l

'tr=TW.lon.; T2:TW + + H'SO.i Ta=TW + HCI

roalmont8. This wa3 dlo to of HCO3 and the subs6quonrty rh.
lasching ol N62SO4 and NaCl

4.2.1.2. Sodtum ..ltuptlon rauo ot tor ett.cts

Th6 sodium adsorption ratio ol soit6rracG indicares the sodic h..a.d of rh..pptied
wale6- ft w.5 ob3erv€d th.t thed6sodication p,oc6!3 war op6rattve wharo.m6nd6d

br.ckish nigaiion waGrw6s.ppliad 1Fi9.4.2.2; Appendir-8). The dara .ev€ated rhat

H2SO. was nosr ofi€ctiv. to check tho bundop ot soit sodiciry resuhins tom
brackish nrigation warer and it was funher lound rhat, in generat, rhe etiiciency ot the

th.ee amendments follow€d the ordorl H2so. > Hct > Gypsum. the difference
among lh6se thr6e 6m€ndm6nts w6r€ statisica y non.signtficanr ,n€r one y6ar due

1o lh€ quick acring naturo. Conside€blo work h* ak66dy b€en r6pon€d in tir€r.rxre

on th€ sJrectivenoss ol sypsum (chand er al, 1977: ajrcshi 6! at., 197a, 1977:
Abroland Ahumbla, 1979; Ahhad et aI,,1979: V6rma and Abrot 19BO; cobran el

al,, 1942; Grpla et at., 1985; chotoor er at, 1987; Singh er a1, 1992; s.khon and

Balwa, 1993) bul v6ry lltde work has so 16r been caried out 10 a3ses the etlectiv.
role ol acids In am€liorEtino rhe br.cktsh i.rio6tion warors. Th6 ds.re6se in SAF for

the qypsum rroated soilwas relaled ro increasod + in lh€

Ca2 soitsolurion thar caus€d

the displacemefi ot exchang6sbl€ Na+ by Cs2+ and hs subs€quent teaching (Oster,

1 982; Shainbero er aL, I gagl, This cha.6ctoristics ihprovamsnt in sfiuciur€ of sodic

soils oosdy occu6 whor6 rho soits rre rrear€d with amendhonrs containing Ca2 r.

a9
 lact oJ varloqs bracklah ifilgation $rato, mrnrgomonl
F19.4.2.2:_ E
stratoglat wlth chemlcal amendhante on aoll chemlc;l
ch.Ecteridlca - E l.ct on .o SAR

3Ai or o. E[ .n r rh. h.m.r s F .r rb ..n .rbr nr b'lsr

s^R d 6. {[ ibr [| |rFo.

a
t
€
3
*

T1iTW.ton. TlrTw +

6C
 With tho i.crosle In rhe concsntrarion of Na+ through nrioaflon wate.,
Na + tends to
replac€ Ca2 + t,oh rhe soit coloids. Conti.sd irriqar,on w,rh brackish war6, te.ch oul
th€ roplacod Ca2+ sahs, r6sutring i. sodlcarion of rhs soir. Th€ sodic 6rfoct, how€ve.,

can bs countorbal6nced by rhs coagllsti.g €ffocis ot sotubto ssks

snd C.2+ is
consEor€o rhe most eficient ot commonty found c6rion3
in nrigai€d sors
lRenga$my, 19a7t. Th6 acids lilc H2SOa or HCI neut.ati.e th. sodic 6nd atkatiniry
hau a.ds and th. excoss ol acids di5!otv6 csco3, rhus supptyihg cs2+ tAysrs and
Westcor, i985j Chauhan et at., j9a6j. Tho efiecrivenoss of acid amendments in
.moliorating the br€ckirh krigatjon w€t6rs h.. stso been demon3rratod by Chand e,
at.,11977t, Ahmad s/,1{19a6t, Jit6ni €r,1(19SS) and Hussat., (1 992a,b).

Tno loworing ot SAB with €hondmont. w65 mor.

eftecrjve in tho upp6r tayers of the
sorr €nd th. sAR vatues decre€ssd wnh deprh. lhis courd be duo ro ih6 decroasi.g
rario ot iorobta C62+ to Na+ in porcobnng wareB,
ss lho Nar ,ept.ced trom rhe
uppe. pa s ot soit moved downwad wh€r.by rhe SAR
or down movins wai€r
incr€€sed. Funher, the etiects of dpptied .m€ndm6ms wer€
Inllalty coDrined to the
slrracg soil ho.i2ons and p.oc6ed6d downward in rhe soit p.ofite
wlth lime. This
slgg6rtod d.afe possibitayotrhe u36 ot brackish irrigarion warors
to. susrainjng soil
prope.ties by amending rhsm wilh
ch€micats tike H2soa, Hct or gyps|]m.
 4,2.1.3.

The sodic and the 6tkalniiy hazard ot brackish nngaron

waters aEo atrect th€ so I
pHs- An inconsislent rospons€
ot soir pHs ro various chemic€t am.ndments was
ob.e.v.d niiialy ri iho harv4t ofwhearcrop {t992_93t, No sionificanl
chang.s in
pHs wero obsetued b€yond ih. soir deprh oi 60 ch ar h€ hatuslt of ric6 crop (1992t.
How€v6,, acid lr6.im.nr did have r€.idu6t €frocr. l.irialy ih€ 6ftoct or€m6ndm.nc
w€s r€srlcted 1o th€ su.face soit
{o-15 cm d€pth), bul airer rho ha.vost ot socond
yoars .ice crop i,o. rico (1993t, tho
scid r.earments wofs abt€ to mainrain ,6nty tho
lame |ovar of pH3 upro 90 cm d6pth. aysc
and wesrcor trgssl hav6 r,so reponed
thar residuat actdlty efiect th6 Ecld trosrments
wh€n applied to soit or wate.,

Th. oftBcr ofqypsumsh.nded w.ror on

rh6soll pH rum.m4 n.. yunrlf.cr.d
betow
rhe soil depth ot gO cm snd th6
lcid r.atm€nt3 we.e ,ound to be mo.6 etrecrive
as
compar.d ro rh6 oypsum, othor stodi4 praihor
6r ,/, t,gaal, Hussatn 6r ar (1992a)
slso indi€te rhs superbntyof
actd trearmenrs ove.th6 qyp5um.
ta was also obs6rved
ron th€ d6ta rhat tor a
rhe roslments pH vatuos al the hatuost
of wh6st crops,
were higher as conpared to tho pH
vatues atier ,,co h.rv.sr. ponnumpsrlma
( I 972)

has rsponed ihat th6 pH ol atkatine

soits is htghly so.srriv€ ro changes
in pa.riar
pr€5su.eoaco2 3nd it sccumutates
becau.e or r6spranon of a€.obic baci€ria,
sho11ty
aner subnerg6nc6. tr is, th.rotore,
ndturat rh.t rho pH att6r ric€ wjlr
b6 towe.
oecalso of a hlghor pco2 unde. rice
rhan wheai,

62
F19.4.2.3: Eftect of varloua bracklah |rrlgatlon w|lor managa|hcnt
staatogl63 wlth chemlcll amandment! on soll chcmical
charEct€rlsllca . Eltoct on 3otl pH

Itr. o, rh. ell.fi.r trj. h.d.rl iHs or rh... .trd rh. hrfl.'r

o.Pd td)
ll=JW.lom; l2:fw 1 Oyp; Ts=TW + H!SO.; fa:TW + tlcl
 4 21.2 Soil physlca| characte ttlcs

Ap6n ih€ d6vsropment ot 3oit sodicity, brackish n,igation warors reduce

''om the
porm*b rty ol rho 3o]|, or orhorwis€ d€t6rtorat€ tho soit physical
condttions. In th6
iollowhg lin6, is gtvon th€ effdcr ot the chomicat 6m6ndmonts in ah.riorarins
the
b.ackish nrigation wsters.

4.2,1.2.1, Wats rr tsmtsston ch...ctatuatcs

ori! on th. w.r6rtrsnsmlssion characto.tsrics ot lh€ soiti.e. the soil butk d€nsity and
porosily m.asu.ed lrom tho sudacesoi|ay€r
iol S cm)d6plh ar tho h.rvost or each
crop as sfiectod by rh€ fi€armonls ha5 b€€n deptcled
In Tsbto 4.2. 1 , h w€3 jnter€d
rom lhe data thar wh.r6 amended waters were apptiod,
iho deteroriou. eff.cts o,
bracklsh irrig6rion wat6r were reducod. Tho soit physEar
co.dirions were imp/oved as
Indic6t6d by th. tow vbtuos ol bllk
d.nsity add hiohe. vatues of po.o6tty. The
erc6ssjv6 sodium in rh6 b.ackish nrigarion
warers caus€s rne domoccularion of soii
a0g.6garos! and rho dispo.sion otctay ps.rict€s
which chorcs rhs por€ spacos, henc€
porosny is d6creas6d lFr€nket er
at,197a; Em66o4 l9a3), Catcium on the orhe,
hand, r€strtcts sodlum adso.ption by soirco
oids ano uus
 E acr-ol b.&thh
t ute m.Dtg@dt .tfrt gis whh
cfutud .mard@E'ig.tton
on tdit phfu.t ch.r.ctedrtl* .t th.
lav.ttg6 ot ttu& op..tt)

1.l9 335

SE

lr€alm6nt m6ans durino dittor€nr cropoins - so8son3 shdrino s'mil€r l6irer3 are
s@list'cally al*s at 5% lCvelol Drobabiliri,
"' = Non.slqnrlcanr: SE = SLandard error ol means.

65
 prevonts tho d€velopmont ofpoor solt physic.t conditions (F€ngasamy, 19a3a;
19a71,

GYpsum though.p6.hOly 6or!bt6In wat.., whon dr!.orv6d i. wsror c6n r.ad io a Ca

concenrration in soit soturton mofe rhsn 30 mmot.Lr (Ad.m. 1974), which is

sufficiofi 10 malntaln pormsabitiry ol th6 solts, Th6 €ttoctlv€noss oi gypsum on rh6

improvonrenr ot phylicat b.h€vtor of rhs soits lndor b.acklsh nrigatlon water
conditions has €rso boon roported by Komp.r earl,(1975)j tovedsy (,1976); Ker6n and

stiainb.rs lr9A1); Mathur .r rt(19831; Chaudh.y .r rr(19A6); Bajw. and Josa.,

{1gAga,blr Slngharrt(1992)i Zehowa.d Amrhotn, 1992i €nd Hureraltigg2t.

Sulturic acid or Hydrochtortc .ctd it u.od o. lpptidd t. high quanrilios atso r.teas6
Ca2r in rhe soir by dbsotving lh€ i.3otubl6 CaCO3. The carcium rsteased ,rom rhe

CaCO3 chock incroase in 6xchangsabts sodtum perconrage, rhrough

oxchang€ a.d
prac.pnarion 6.ction., A! .
r.!uh ot rh.n rc.dto.. pH and ESp got roducod a.d
porme.birity ind*sed, y.hia er d/,t19751 stao r€po.te.,
$.t du€ ro the increasod
erocrolyto conc€nration! sutturic acid was tound to improve soit physicat condilons

bV improving water jnrate r6t€s.

4.2.1.2.2, So Str.ngtvsott Ctu.rtrg

Soll c,lsring is a ph6nom6non stsocbtsd wlth rhe deto.io.stion

of so srrocture,
wher6 n.tur6l ,qgr6g6t6s br€ak 6nddisp6rso. 8r6cki$hiriOattonwaro/causedmuch

hardening ot the soit su{ac6 as dvld€nt tom rhe soit st€ngth talu€s (Tabte 4,2.1)

66
which ls m6a!ur.d ln terms of rssislanc6 to p€notr.rion bv 6 standard p€n€tromore.,

Th.5olr c.!st formatron h.s bs€n lound to bEa3soclai6d wlth rh€ high orchansaabl.

wh6n brackish watsr w6s arended wllh gvpsum or acids, lower values ol soil
strongth w€r€ obs.ryed, The rssults aro €asily lnderstandable as the$' amendm€nts

co!.torsd rhs Na' hszsrd ot $e trrro.non wat6, €nd conrributdd Cs2+ ro th€ soil
solution. ou€ to which soils .6main6d lloccul.td and no h"d€ninq ol the s!(ace

soil layers was obs€rved The role of Ca2+ In aggrogarion of so panicl6s has also

b66..oport€d by Galdr r/,{19a4) 6nd F€ngssamv 11987'

4.2,2, Croqth r.spone ol uops to fi. teamEn8

Th€ lin6lrEUh ofan appll6d 6ru.dmanrfor lmoliodnngtho brtcki3h irtigaion water'

st6brs so'l srucrur€ ihal
spa.t f.om improving its chemjcal bohsvior nusl be ro impart
growlh snd d€v€lopmont or th€
could provlde for 6n onvnonm6.r phvsicallvfh for tha
afr€cted bY
growino c.ops, Undsrrhls hsadinq, th€ vield ot rice and whetl crops as
and dsta tuvG b€en
amendod/unam€nded bracki.h nngstion war6t sr€ dlscuss€d

p.esenled in T6ble 4.2.2. Randomi2ed complete Slock oesign combined ov€r v6ars

was used for stalistical inl€rprstalioB ol tho dar'' Yield and ns componoms

vi6lds declining trend ov€r im6 was

d€creas6d wilh rh6 bracklshtrigstion wster and a

tr€atment Feduction in crop vields under sah stross condnio's has

observed in this

67
also b€en reporr€d by Ahmad er ,l (1 98a)r aajwa and Josan ( r 989 a); (hend€rw6l

and Lal {'199'l ); Sharma er ,l{1991b)i sinsh er al(1992)j Hoorn er aL(1993t and

Applicatio. of tho am€ndh6nr! imp.ov.d tho c.op growrh and th!. yi.td rnd ir!
cohpon€nrs w6ro higher as comp.rsd ro the confiol. Th. alloctivone$ of rhe

amendmenls in general rollowed tho o.da. : H2SO. > HCI > Gypsum . How€ver, rhe

dl,tersncos betw€on the gypsumand HClln most ot the cases woro lound ltltrsricatty

non- slonificant. The HCr lrealment no dolbr was equ.ily elficiont to countor th6

sodic ha2ard ot th6 appli€d br.cklsh nrlgallon, bur it aailed to give compa.able resolts

ro l.l2so. i. terms of plant growlh. Th€ po3sibl6 r€ason could b. that our soils are

akeady beiog iorp,egnaied with Cl, $6 sdditional Cl irom HCI niohr hav€ anro.lo.ed

in the metabolic luncrions ofrhe plant!.

Berlor results wnh rhoso am€ndmonts can be anriblred to som.whsr improv€d

Ca2 |iNs+ r€rio and lmprov.ment of th6 phvslcal behavior ot rrre soits, Fesutrs ot

inrproved crop yietds lollowino 1he qypslm applicarion have also been .epofted by

earlier thdioqs ot Khosla er rr(r973lj Ghaloo, and Muhammed (19a1); Muhamm6d

er.l{19921 and oadn (1994).

:
d I
I
E

.9 N^ov (rn6jl

tc
t$ :-
:F
1.:.t1tEd*sn R5g3;-.--
.i!

s
ag

Ei
bi
st
P;^. :;^-
g{.8 2d:
j gq.d
e;^'
: *+,6
92 -
a .9 S{.d,9
B
I EEEE FEFE FF FE EFEF
5
Th€so am€ndmonts pr6vonr€d th6 ris€ in pH snd SAR vato€s
resuting troh th6
brackish lri0ation war6r €pplic.tions and 6tso roduc€d the dosr66 ot so drsp€rsion
andcrust 3rfengrh, Und€r b.ackisn kigaiion w;ter condnion3, th€ p.oductivny o, the

solls is impansd as the soit Ohysicat condnions are d€rerio.ared by rhs excess ot

exchangeablo sodium and theso amendmenls wete highty €ffecrivs to counte/ th6 Na +

and/or HCO3 hazard ottho tiiigation water, which w6re conssqu6nflV toach€d out of

4.2,3, E@tumtct ol th. t6.un ors

Tn6 choico of amondh€nt in addhion to irs €ttocriv€ness to aholiorare rh6 brackish

krigalion w6t6r5, is ljmired by th6n co6ts. Mo/eover, rhe locar availabiriry ro the

tarmers 6lso d6r6rmln6lhe ura ol a. amondment. ln tho tollowi.q 36ction b b.ino

discussgd the relative oconomics oflhe chemidlamendmenrs aDllied or used,

Ths.elative economlcs ot all th€ rh.66 am6ndments tesred has b€en given in Table

4.2,3. Tho H2SO4 had r.surt.d In th6 highestyi6lds, and 50 maximum gro3s incom.

was obtainod. But ar ths same ri@, H2SO1 beino a cosrly am€.dmont resulied jn

less nei6.onomic r6iurns. The bon€lir: cost ratios iiom th€saam.ndm€nrs followod

the order HCI > GypEum > H2SO4. This suggesred to €xplors furlhsr possiblliti€s

and situations fo. using the HCI as an ameliohnt fo. brackish lrrigation walers.
4,2,3. E@tumb .otnParl@n o, dllLt.rt chMt al d|d@nE used ror
tnr.ll@.tlou o, bt.d.lth

59321.00

(1) Ba3.d on Pric6s: cyPEun e Rs.r{ob p€! tonr qso. 0 Ra.55oo

p€r ton, scl e 1500
(2) B.scd on Prtc.a: RIco a 5r5o Per ton; rlh6a! a {ooo p.r ton
(3) Tcv = To€ar co6ta

?r
Ths r.s!Lts oflh6 p.esenrorp6rlm6 6mply showth.r b..ckish k.ioarion w.iers c€n

slccesstully bo lsed tof slstaln€d cropyields, wlth 3lirrlo iisk oldereroGrionol lh€

soil physi@l prope.tios by amonding rhem wirh.mendm€nts liko gypsum or quick

acring acids riko H2SOa or Hcl. Gvpsum (CaSOa.2H2Ol being sp6tinoly soluble w6s

not abls ro g.v6 compa..bl6 resulrsto H2so. inftr;s ol rhe yiolds r6spons$ot rho

cfops. In re.ms ol €conbmics, Hcl bsing a low pri66d 6hondm6nr, rolult€d in mu.h

higheroconomic returns, Since the am.ndments 3.e.ot oqoallv and easily svailable

6v6.ywh6.e in Pakistan, sb procis€ ro.ommdndations ot rhet lse should b€ sne or

r€Oloospecilic. HClis low praced smondmentsnd isavailableas bye-prod uct ot many

induslri€s. Tho possibihy for substitltinq lhe gypsum with HCI musr bo sought

especi6lly in well drainod soals. How€v6r, ths conclusiom lrom this pilor stldY naed

6rtonsivotield trials on varloussoils and climarlc conditionslo mskerecomdE.d€tons

4,3. CYCLIC AND BLEND USE OF GOOo OUALI|Y CANAL AND BEACKISH
|UAEVYELL WATERS FOR CROP PRODUCIION

Conilnclivo !66 or good quality csnal 6nd b.ackish trisslion warer mav contriblt.

tow.rds increasins the tot6l avail6biliry of wat6..t lhe la.m gaie ln this studv. rhe
rslarive effeciiv6ness olthecyclic snd the blo.d us6 st€t.gies tor brac*ish irrigarion

wat.r manassmonts wasovaluatod, andrhe r€sults obtainsd at6dasclssedas undet:

72
 A)

Tho r6sults fiom rh6 variols 3t,.tegiss ot rhs conjonctive use ot O@d quarily canal

and brackllh krigstlon @to. h6v6 boon otven h Tabt6 4.3..r . trreveat6drhal br€ckish
nri96tion wate. applisd 6lon. .educed ihe yields lionaficantty. ComrErison ot v6.ious

mod6s orlhe dlendin€ and cyclc us€ stat.gi€s r€v€at€d thst attornai€ u5. {l-tl oi
..lino and non-.alin6 w!t6r. w.r sup.rtor to tholr t:j bt6ndtng, who,eas cyctic use
in 2-1 cycl€s was .up.rlor ro btondino of both th6 w6rer supoti€s in 2r ,l rstio, h w6s
sr6o obss.ved from the dare th.t th6 cyctino ot borh rhs w.re6 in a crop roradon
6ch6me s!. tuncrloh ot dopr! !.ttrotor.nc. (cyclc- tl inprovod rh6 crop ytetd.,6nd
sl3o in rh6 fottowup c,op ot wheal, rhis rsarmonr result€d ,; yrotds, sratisrica y
comparabr. to th€ c6n6t w.t€r fi€armont, Rho6d6s
t19a46l h.s stlo advocsted io
.obstnuro rh6 satin. {such 6. drainao€l wa1€r fo, rhe good
{nrigrrion, warer wh6n
ir.tgating c€nain crops in rh€ roration when th6y
sre in a 6utt6bty toteranr growrh
sr6Oo whilo the good wster ro be usod st othor
rimos. tr w.s atso conbndod rhst the
cyclic uss ot both rh6 wat€r luppties pr€venied rho
soil trom b€comlng oxcolsiv.jy
saline. Thus rhe croo yislds wors imp,ov€d wh€n born
!n6 wal€6 w.re us.d under

73
r. . 4.3, I Eft ct ol cyctlc m.t bLa.l e ol ih.l .nA tub.||.4 NllB M th. c.oo

Yi€ld (av. ot thE€€ r€pe.tE)

15.05 b

sE (o,05)

Tle.tn.nt ne!n.(E) utthln. coluin rhalins shllar l.tt.r3 are

ltatlEtlc.Ily dllk€ dt 5* Iev.l ol probablllty.
Dry !!tt.r at r'*v6t (i.6., total plant r€19bt .t

74
Bl Fleld Study
4-3.'r. S.l che.ct .kucs
4.3.L1. SoI chenlc.t chq.ct ns cs
4.3.1.1 .1. Ele.tlc.l conductlrhr ol th. soil .tt/.c.t

Th€ electlical conduclivity of rho soiloxracrs i5 indic.riv€ ol th6 sariniry ha26rd of th6

applied water. Salinity bllld op in th6 soilprolil€ asaltscrod by rhe cyclic and ihe

blend use ol good qualky c.nal6nd br.ckish wat.r for a p€rlod oi 2 y€86, has b€€n

shown in F19.4.3,1 (also s€s Appendix-1o). h shows a considor.blo dev€lopmenr in

soil salinily as a resull ol i..iq6lion with b.ackish water. Th€ build !p ot soil saliniry

with th. brackish nrigation water is quits jusririable on the Oroonds rhat lnless

pr.voniive h€5rur.8ar6adaptod, it is only. h6lt., ofrim6 untlls6hs accumulatoto

S.line wato. having enolgh Ca2+. wh.n 6pplied ro rhe soirl.ach6r oui Na+ t,om the

soil profile lnl€ss ther€ ls a dralnago probl€m, Alt ln thls srudy, the triO6rion water

h€vinq high SAR 6nd RSC values caused problems of d.ain.g€, So ther€ w6s a

conlid.rabl6 sslinily build up in th. rro.rm.ni wh.r€ iub.well w6l€. was lpplied

alone. Tomar 6nd Yadrv (19851 hav. €ported thai nrigation with salin€ wsror
incr6as6s tho EC and SAR wlu€s of $e solls and d6cr6ases pH, whereas the sodic

w5l€rs inc.sas€ pH snd SAF oi lho soils but dec.ease the EC,

75
 Flg.4.3.t: Eftect ot cycllc and blend urc of good quallty canal
and bracklsh lrdgqtlon wat.. on soll chgmlcal chrEctari3tlcs -
Ellect on aoil ECc

rc. 6l rh. ..lr .fir rh. h.d..r

E 3
6

>H
EC. or rh. el .lbr ttr. n rnl

li r Cw llonq T2 - Ct llq ft, .

%
Tho dirrr.enc€s in rospect ot soit EC. valu€s lor th€ cyctic or btend t,eatmems wore,

inhi.lly not .Opr€ciabl€- The sppreciabto difforonc.s w..

rhe h€rvesrof wh66rcrop (1992,93)6nd ihe difi6r6nces sha.p6n.d wirh tim6, Lower

EC. valLss w€re obs..v6d in th6 cyctic tre6tn6nt, This w.3 du6 to the mainr€n€nc€
oradoquates6lr balance in thistresrmont, as €ach k.igation with br.ckishw6ter was

alternated by canal i.rioalion wat6. thst resuhed in rhs flushtno of satrs tom ih€
rhizospher€. Thus, th. bLrlld up o, soil ssttniiy in rh€ roouon. rssuttids irom rh6

contnuous us€ of saline waier was p.€v.nrod, sur in cas€ ot rhe bt€nd uso of both

iha warer suppri65, comparaiivety highs. s6ti.iry vstu€s were obs6,ved, No dolbl,
wlth rh6 blsndlnoot both rhe w.r.. slppries, s.tl.hy ot appriod w.t6r wa. dit!r6d, but

under this rearmsnr, no additional wator which wes reqlired foi rhe teaching ot rhe

salts was applied. Eradlord End !6t€y {1992)sl6o rcponed rhat rh6 cyctic srategy dio

ptovld. low6r 3alinity th.n tho bl6.dino sfi.toCy n66r rha 3oil !urr.cs. K.ush€l ar'
has slso repoftod thar use ol sali.e w6rer eirhe. in jsolaraon or by mixing
"1119451
wilh canalwal€r, th.eatens rhe soilsalinization, untoss stops a.oraten to prole.rthe

sall balance in the roonone. Since in the cyclic use of canal and b.ackish trigation,

salinity blild up ls provsnted, so in the mso ot the cyclic rfeatmont,lower EC! varu€s

4.3.1.1.2. Sodium a.,sDrlon rado ol the soil .tt .cts

Tho sodichy build up in thesoil prorilgas aff€cred by the t.eatmonrs has b6en shown

in Fig,4,3,2 {6lso seeAppendix.l'll, Highervaluesor sAR were obs.N€diiomrhe

77
 r.oatmants wh6r6 bGckish idgation warer ws! appti€d stone, thi3 w6s du€ to rh.

sufficienrly high SAF and RSC vatuos ot the brackish w6to, which posed sodiciry as

wolr€3 th6 alkaliniiy h623id to rh€ soit (Stnoh and Shsrm6, 1970j Osyvum snd Nia2i,

19i5; O. Mooy dr /,1975; H!id6'.nd Farooqi, 1975j H6id.r er r/,,1975j singh €r

,/,,1992). Thus du6loth6Inc.6ased lodtum to6d rrom rn6 conlnuous useo, brackish

trioarion wate., SAF ot rh€ soit inc.6€sed. Hers.agsin tow€r SAR vatuos w6.e

obs€rv€d from rhe cyctlc fi€stnent as comp.r€d to rhe bt€nd n6s1m6nt. This wa.
du. ro th. r€ason rh.r with tho bto.dtng ot both rhe wsi€rs, no doutr rhe satinity
ddcr6as6d bur SAh and FSC were sn htgh€r {a,61 and 4,92, r€sp€ctlv€ty), ihat
calsed a signlfica d€veropm€nt of 6oit sodiciry. oina. earl,{t986) .6Doned ihar
extondinq the suppty ot war6r by combinin9 non+ali.€ and satine wator
w.s nor
t€chnrcally or economica y tE.sibte, They obserued lhat ,eastbflity
oj rtlixing o,
warors or ditlor6nt qualiry incr665ed as rhe EC ot rhe s.tine
war6, d€crrasod.

In rhocyclic veatmnr, bolh the wat66 wsr6koprstraroOrcrflyaprnadd w.reapplj€d

altefnat€y, whtch provldod an od6quat6 basis,or t€achlng
of sarts. Thls saa vatuos
ol rho soilincroased wirh depth, Ihe viobihy ofcycrc uss
strar€gy ofgood quatiry
can6l6nd bGckishwaterto conrrbtsatt tosd har€tso
b€6n d€nonsrrated by Fhoados
eral {1984). h ca!€ oi the btending of Oood a!.tity ware. wirh poo, quatny brackish
wate.i prant can tats up sood fiaction tom rhe,mii, {Rhoadss,
19Bg), Thjs.au3es
much concenr.tion ot satts in rhe soitsoturion €nd ii
ih6 apptied brackish waler had

78
F19.4.32: E fact ot cyclic and llcnd u3o ol goog qu.llty canal
and bracklah lrrlgatlon watei on soll chemlcal charactorl3tlcs
Etl.cl on .oil SAR

aAi d ir .oll dr. 0r. Irh.l a R ol llr..ll .lt . n. l'.tu.r

I
'.-*..---
E
[r:]
>:--= L!

i t------...-.-.
r-'l
€n
----H e,.

- abnd; Ta = TW .lon.
?9
 courd gve rise ro sodiciry probtams in the soir, Fu.ih6., Ahoades
t198a) r€porrsd th6r
soilrslnnty tluctuared mo.e wtth cyctbsrEt.gythan wirh bt.nding.trstagy and und6r

cyclic u3e condnions,6oil s.ttnhy w.3 k6pl whhin .cc€prabto t€v.t3.nd no tossos i^

permeability could occu..

4.3.1.1.3. Soll Nzctton (NJ

Brrckash trig.rton w6t.r du. to ir! high SAR and fiSC vatu.s, ,esuhad in rho
.cclmularlon of.xcha.g€abto sodium in rh€ soit, This c5us6d an incr$s6 in pH

{Fig,4,3,3; Appsndix 12), Th€ pH orrh€ soitw6s mainrained as h was at th6 sta( ot

6xperim6nt €ffectively by the canat t.ioataon wat6r. As r6ga.ds rho offecls of lh6

cyclic and the bl6nd tro6tm€nr., hero again low.r pH. valuos were recorded und6r

cyclc us6 conditlons. Thes€ r6suhs ar6 qutr6 .ssy to comprehend kEoping in vi6w

tho dara on EC. and SAF vatuos tor rhoso tloatm€nts,

4.3,1.2, Son physlc.l chutct*Istt s

arackrsh k,banon wat€r doteriorme th6 soit physic;t propenbs and rhus imoai. rh.
producuvhy of soib. Gratton and Ahoed65 lt990l h.d rsported rhat rhe tonq-torm

advs.se elt€cts oi brackish iiiigationwators onth€ soitphysicatbehaviorcoutd inctude

soil crusti.o. and .oduc€d wat€r Intitrrsrion c.pacity. Th€ .trocr ot cyctic

80
 .nd blend u3€ ot good quallty canrl
F19.4.3.3: Efiect of cycllc
rnd bJacklah hrlgatlon wfi.r on loll chonlcal ch.ractedltlca -
Eltect on loil pH

PrL ol6. -ll.rLr th. n

'td Fr|. d |h. .oI m.r $. h.mr
or whd (r.rr3)

Tl = CW.lon.; ll - Cyolt.i l. r abhdi T4 = Tw .ron.

8l
 good qr]aliv canst and brsckish mr6rs on rh6 soir physical

4.3. t.2.r. watd trMsmttslod chtacte.tsttcs

D6ls regarding the Efi.cr ot the cycllc6nd lh€ bl.no use or canatand
brackl.h war€r
on tho soll phylicst prope.tis. hav6 beon giv€n in Tabte 4.3.2, So tar the etaocrs ot
various rretmonts on th6 soit butk donsity 6nd poroshy w6r6 conc€rn6d,
rh€
6fiectivsness ot th€ troarm€n$ to dwsd the ord€r : CW > cyctic > Slend > TW,
sinc€ rhe physicsl cha.acte.istics ot rh€ soits are attecrod io t65s€r d.gr6e as
comparonto ch€micotchsracreris cs, so sl thofi6atmonts excdptTw
vealm€fi were
innhlly statisricatty atiko, with re3pscr to th6h efioct on bult densiiy. Tho
cyctic lse
rrselm€nr showed r€sltrs jusr comparabt. torh6 c6n.twater t.earmsnt
during rhe 2
yea.s ol continuod €xparimentaion,

while.ovlswing the work on wars. quarity tor agricuttlre, Ay€B and Wosrcol
{198b),
how.v€r, coniradictod rh€ above findings as rhey .epo(6d thar atr€rnarjng
supptios
of good qualiry ware. wirh bractish on6s did not ofieer lho inlih€rion p.obt€hs
caused by the high SAR of a poor€r quatity wster suppty,

a2
 T8ble 4,3.2, En cr ol cycttc a"d bten t us. ot goo.t quettty tud and nr.c*irh
mgtdoo w.t t5 oo tot phfstcat cherc?erb cs.t th. htulrt ol
tavd.g. ot ttue bp.r,rl
(*) (rrq h-)

SE

41,41 b 1.3e b
r5.91 c

lreatmont m€sn6 du ng dtrterent cropp,ng j6.!ons sh.nng lrm,tar t€ 6rs a,6

stalrstrcattv atik6 at 5% t6vetot probabit,ty,
D Non.sionificanr; SE = Stsnoard eiio, ot means.
-
83
 Th6y report€d that intsct, tho probt.mcould be aggr6v.r6d
sr..flyi |l low sarinity, tow
SAR wator cousod a coii€snondinqty hagh ESp jn rh6 su,iace soitlnd if row s.tiniv
ward then us6d, hcancaus€anspproclabryreducod inllh.arion rst..
's Thsy ptosded
tho viabirity ot btending of s.line 6nd non-$tine warsr supprres
ro counre. th6
perme6bility p.obl€ms ot the brackish krigation water,
aur in ih€ p.esenr stu.ry, the
roil was sottlcl€ndy tooso In ierture, 60 ss to reach down a[ rh€ scclmul.r€d Nar
fuom brackish triosrion w.ror by rhe foltowing canatw6ro.
krio6tion td ihe cycric lse
rl€aimenr. Fu(h€r, whon w6re,s of good snd poor qu.tiri€s are btended, ihe ptanr
c6n
6xrr6cr onry w.re/ of good q@ ry iiom thar ,mix, (Fhoad6s, 19a4.),
and the t6it olr
ponion or appli.d war6r, contains high conc€ntrarion
ot s.tts, which inturn impair rh€
soil physicalpropeni€s, So In rho prosont stldy cyctic us6 strategy
showed b6tt€.
.6uhs a3 coopared ro th6 bt€nding us6,

4.3.1 2.2 Sott st,eagth

As th.soirbutk d€hsiry incr€6!6s! soitb.comes more codpact,

tni. hardsningot.oil
r€sults in soilcrustlng and so st.ength ls inireasod. The comparisono, resutts noo
lhe cyclic and bl€nd u$o of good quatiry csnat.nd bractish mter rov6at6d that higho,
values of soil srgngih w€re r€co.ded wirh bt6nd as comprroo
to tn6 cycric us6. The
r€asons br non-der€riorarion ot soitphysical condirions under thecyctic
use strarogy
have been ad€quarety discussed in rhe provious secuon.

84
4.3.3, Oop ntpons. b vuto8 stfttest4s

Oara.egardino the €lfecl of cycticand bt6nd us€ ol canatand brackjsh tubowE watef

on tho crop andth6 yield p.ramoters 6ro qiven in Tsbt6 4,3.3 h ts obviols rrom th€

data th.t maximum r€rpo.soot ptsnrs in 16rms ot yiotd, h.ighr and tilers coun was

observ€d riom th. can6l nri0ation warsr. which r6uhed in signiticanrty higheryietds.

S6ckjsh lrriO.tion war€r, caus.d ssh stess ro ptsnts and rhls r€luh.d h tow6. yields

lMaas and Hotfman, I 977; Vefma 6nd N€ue, 1 984t Asram er ,1, 1 ga8 L Th€ yjerds,

howsver, lmprov€d whon the b.6cki!h krig.tion w6s 6ppli6d in shernare/cycric with

good qusliry carulwat€r. Paster.sk errl(19841t6st6d the vslidirv ot th€ ahernar€

u3€ of sallne€nd non.salin€w6t6r and ropo ed th6l wh6n slccessiv€ appttcartonsot

br6cki3h f.6h-br6cki5h wal.. war6 mad6, th. yiird w6s 32% hish.. rh.n wh.n
irrigarion wa3 only wirh brachish w.ter,

Rggardhg rhs cycllc vs, blend use. be(sr rssutts were ohain€d trom th6 cyctic use

stategy which could bs.tt.ibutsd to lhe mainrananc€ of .d6q!616 35lt b3lance lhder

this slrategy. The blend ula of good qualitv canal and brackish i.rigarion water,

however. gav€ bettei yields rh3n b.ackish nrigarion water. This is obviously due ro

s.lr dilurion ellect by bl6ndingrh. warer supplies ot low 6nd high satinirt€s, F!rth€.,

the blending of water slppli6s to enhance th6 total wat€r supply ha3 suggesled by

N.rh er rl(1982)i Agarwrr6nd Mdtik 11984); Ayers and Weslcor Jt985t; er

'tains
ar(1987) and Rolsron er all1988t.

85
i I

E
E
I
:
g
I
I
.F

6g
F
I 3

:F !: R"R i:3 b ;; J x;;;; u 1.:r

3 -':"--i.."= 1
h'"
*in;!3
s aaaPE iq
:i
3]
5r
::E
q:

9 P I v9 9 s q q

ilr* .r:r* *re* i:rl *:'5

g !
tiip
i€."
e Eir eiir a,i#r a$*e
Fid {!lf €." dd'd!: aEi'dF' !.!i'f g"
 Bett6r rosults with th€ cyctic use strst€oy coutd be du6 ro rh6 two r€asons. Firsly,

!nd6r this treatment, th6 iushi.q/or leschins ot s6h lrom the roor 2ons coorinued

duo to th€ canal w.Gr nriOationsj socondty, the teoporary satr srress lo the ptanrs

by b.sckish ir.igation
F!rths., th€ b16ndinqcoutd d€priv€ plsors otrhe oppo(unirylo us6 good quathy war€.

tully lRhoadei er at, 19881. a ptsnr €xrracts water trom ihe soit usjng merabolic

an..gy which colld otharwlse b. u.€d tor bioross production, according ro Bhoados

{1984a), wh6n w6t6rs ol towand high s€tinhy ar.btond6d, and usod for trigation, rhe

prsnt can remove rho good water trsclion froh th6 ,mix b€fo.e rh€ ..tjnity again
bocomas oxcsssiv€. Thi! is jusr a3 onusabte ar rhis point as ar was b.tor. mixino
bscslse h requn€s more enorgyto s6pa.ai€ the purs waler fiom such s towosmolic
potondal solurion th.n rhs ptanr can mu5ter. So ih6 ytolds 6r€ ,oducsd
by btending.
Br.dtord and Lerey {1992} reporrod rh6t cyctic use sraregy produced hiohersimutared

yields ol sah sonsitivo corn rhanihe btend ing sfiat€gy, Orher

taboratory/ri€td sludies
(ahoades eral,1985; 19a9j ay6rs erat, 19aa; sarms, 1980; Hussain dral,, 1991a;
1992b) havs also shown rhat the cyctic i.rioarion t€onnrque coltd b6 viabte.

Since lh. lin6i yi€rd! rrom .ny ot lhe v€arments dEpond on the r€sllting EC,, SAR!

and pHr values of rhs soits, so codotstions borwe€n rhe satiniiy/sodicity indices
o,
o-15 cm sorl depth snd rh. oconomac ttstd. or rh. croDs wore atso studi6d, Th6 yietd

dara was iftr€d in simpte/muhipte tinear rogresslon squsttons, which h€va

b€en givei

87
 Co.r.Ltlh .n l t gt t lo, edyxe .d.tlag @donc ybut ot
@pt to Arrout MEet ot tdlrtu/@dlchy
Index of.allntty R69r.s3ton lquation

-6..5.0.5778c.
- 6.65.0.1,5 s^&
- 13.3-o.s4 Fl|.-o.53,1 EC.

rh..t ctoD lt9r2-9t,

= 3.?r-o.0935 SA&
- 1,O.aO.3to p4-o.503 Ece

rtc. ctoD (rerll

Y-4r.S-4.{7 pHr
Y=f(rc!) - 7.37-0.634 ECe

- 7.7r-o.201 SA&
-25.4-2.29 PH,+O.222 Ec!
-0.17osAR!

lh€.t croD (1993-9r,

Y'16.9-1.?? pll,
- r.ao-o.2ar Ec!
= 3.a2-0.O75 SAR!
- 5.32-0.315 pllr-o.214 Ecr
-o.0056 sA\

88
Th€r€ was hjghly n6gativ6 coiielation botwoen sol EC., SAB and pH, and th. crop
yields, which indic.r€d thst with incr.as. in rhs sstiniry/sodioiry otrhe soitlh€ vietds

d€clin€d lin63ny. Th. .lt.rn6t€ us€ ol br.cki.h 6.d good quattry can6t wrtor h.d
caused 16s5.. salinhy/sodlclry bulldup in rhs $orl p.olil€ as comp6..d ro th€i. blend

us.;it could b€ inl...ed trom$$€ darisric.linr6rpretarions lhar th..lr.rnar6 use of

36lin. and nonrslin€ wators was more advant.g€ou3.

EcorodlB 0l the uearntuE

Prgsontly, c6n6l w.t€r is availtblo to tho larme. ilst 3t minimum pric6 a3 il ls highLY

slbsidlzed by rh€ F€do.al Gov€rnmenl. So ro comp6.e the .conomic rorurns trom th€

troatments, rho pricr oi consl wat6r wa3 detotnined tom lh€ oppo(unitv cosls i e,

co3r ol tub€woll wate.6r rhe fsrn 9316, The $mo amou ot lubewell as w6llas

canal warer was 6pplied, so rhe variabld cosrs for .ll the treatmenis wer€ sahe and

tho difter6ncos in the nfl income were simply duoto the vl6ld varialio.s resulthg r.on

various i6arm6nrs. Th€ lowe.i b.netit cost t6tio was obsoiv€d iiom rhe lub.well

wst6r. The cyclic !$€ voarmont also msinlainod ns slpremacv to the bl€nd use in
rerms ol th€n €conomic rerurns.

69
f.bL 4,3.5 Cyalc i,ct bLrr.l nt oa soo.t qu.Aq c.dd e,t t ht ddth irb.tbn
w.aeQ e@@.nlc @Ntr,ton
-.n

v.tt.bt. colt.r & bD

Rlce (1ee2) 130o
rheat (e2-e3) 600
Rlce (rss3)
wh.ar (e3-e{) 5o0
TCVI

r!6d.2 lr.. h.nl

Rlc6 (1992) 30465.5 2€503.5 25912-0
trheat (e2-e3) 11550.o r024o.o e52o-o
Rice (1993) 30901.5 2aL76,5 23101-5 20413.5
[h.at (93-94) 10560.0 9520.o 3550.o
G!os. I'6d. 43434.0 15410,0 6S419.5 62295.4
x.t rh@. 7s6a?.0 64019.5 5?4s5 5

B.!.!lt. co8t r.tio

1. Based on !ilc€3: natd @3t: e R6.r4.90/h. @.

2. Saa6d oD Prlc..: Rto. e 5,r5o Pai ton, Ilh.at € 4oo0 P.t
r. TCV = Total coEts th.t vnry.
Tho scarcliy ol c€Ml wat6r ..sourc€s n.ce$ttates rh€ us. or wators ot maroinal
qualliy tor .alslng crops, Th€ pr€s.nr .tudy d6monslrai€d rhst w6t6.s of vsryi^g

6arhlty l€vels should bB |lsed Judiciousty, tt ts advisibte that ifllg€rion sch€dulho b6

aranged r. such a mann.r th6r rhe crots dr. nrb€r€d with good quathy wat€r
.esou.csr duiing rhoh sotuirlv€ 3r3g€s lluch !s ths s€€dting omsrgence, panicl€

iniri€tion staq€ €tc.) whils bEct|shwlr€rs shoutd b6 uled 6r orh6rrime6, o.to nrigat€

the tobr.nr croPs grown In rotlrion, appllcarlon ol r.lin.6nd non-sltin€ wsters to

6 ti6ld by keoClng both rhc w.ter sugptiB lrr6teOtcatty ,pan was p..t.rabr6 and

b€n.ticlalto th.k bl.nd u.6 as b.ing practtc€d cur6nrtyin SCARP areas ot Pakirtsn.
With this 5trat6gy, In addltion to rh€ imp.ovement ol fiop yietds! fi€ expsnsion ot

l rlg.t€d sgriculiur6 3€cm. poi'ibte.

9l
UMMARY
 SUMMARY

Th6 lrrigared agncuttur6In arid and s€mtsrid roglons s tac6d wlth probt€ms or watsr

qoalny as wsrl as scarcny, The avaitabithyor good quariry war6r is ofien tihited.
One
murt, th6n, resort to sstine and/o. sodic wat€rs thar .16 pumpod froh rh€
g.oundw6ler 16.6Non. A! th.d6t6rt66tionofsoibn.i96i6d with rh€.. w6ter is r.pid,

ii i6.lherefore, quite essonrlat to adopr additionst oanaOemsnt srat6gi€s whit€ usnrg

soch waters tof kigalon.

Field as w6ll3s porsrudl6 we.6 conducled wirh. view 10 6xptore tho possibitirlesoi

ths €triciem urlri:€tion o1 int.rior quatity warer rssources, i,€. brackish groundwaro.s,
tor crop production, Th€ experimonts w€.o conducl€d on a farmo.s, fietd ar
Kh!rianwala l2 km nonhsid€ ofF.is6t.bad-Sh€ikhupu16Boad, atong M.duana D16inl

d u,ing r 992,94 forrowing . ric€-whear c.opping rorstion. Tho soit ot rho exporimenlal

field having sandy ctay toam l.xrlr€, wa5 ctass€d as ,norn€t, soit. tt betong6d to rhe

Khur.ianwala association (3oilsoriest6nd OrdonAridisot. Thr6€ .xp€rim6nts viz, til

ulilizalion ot poor quslity warr tor crop producrion with rhe us6 ot oroa.c
amendmenrs (ii), !rilizataon ol poorquslny b.ackish ware. rhroughthe !s6 otchemical

an€ndmenb, and (lll) cycllc and rh€ bl6nd use of b.ackish and canat wat€r for cfop

p'oducrion, w... pt6nn€d wnh rheobl.crjvos rosea whether it was possjble to have

92
susftlnabl6 crop production by th€ u36 otpoor qudllty w.r6r whhour altocting mlch

thd physical and chemicsl charactensics of rhe soil, as well as the crop yietds,

Inrheinsr sludy, lour orOanic manur€6/am6ndments vi2- sesbania GM, s!ge. ind!srlV

pressm!d,3nd pouhry man!r€ we16lested lor their pedormanceros!3tai^cropyiolds

and the soilproportios und6rbrackish irrigation water condhions and compa.ed wiih

rhe trealm€nt 'rLibowsll woter alon6' lcontrol), h th€ sscond 6tudy, th€ ror€ ofrhr6€

ch6mlcsl ahendments vl2, Gypsum, HrSO.and HClwor..tudi6d 6nd compared with

the control. Th€ thkd srudy was conducted undor lield co.dition3 as well as in po15

in ord€r ro h.vefanv contolled condnions, hth€sesrudi.sth.r.lativs€rt.cnvonoss

ot the blend and cyclic' us€ snaiogies of saline and non-.arin6 wat6.3 was tesi€d.

A rubewgll Insrall.d at th6 oxpe.idenlar !its, pumpino w.t.. iiom . d€prh ot 33m

havins Ec 2,67 ds m-r, saF 12.24 tmmol rllr/2 snd Fsc 9.25 mo t r, was used as

biackish ir.galion war€r sourc6, wheross canslw€r€r (h.vlng charact€riltics as EC

0,28 dS mr, SAR 2.24 (mmlt r)'/'z, RSc 0.6 m6 !il was obtainod fron lhe nearby

oltlot ot'Fakh Branch Canal'. Th6 rr$tmems replicared thrl.e wer€ appli.d to lhe
ric€ .nd wh€ar crops. Fico nuf66ry cv, arsmsri-385 was tran3pl€nr€d in sranding

ii€sh waler, Pro-sowing nrlgallon lor lhe whest crop was also done with $e samo

w6ter. This was done with lho view thst lo avoid rhe 36lt sttsss toth. pranis 3t the

seedrinq emeroence stage which courd prove l.tal 1o rhe plants at rh6 rcnder stage

subseq(enr irrigations loboti thecrops were epplled reatment wiso. Recommend€d

Dl6nt oroduction and prolsclon praclice6 were adopt€d oquallY in allths treatm€nrs

Th€ concllsio.s d.awn from th€s€ sludi6s ar€ slhmariz€d below

..1. USE OF OROANIC AMENOME fS

i) All the rh.os organic amondmonts wers hlghlv effeclivo in susraining fi6
soil phy3lcal6nd chemic.l p.openi€! a3 trll 65 rh6 crop ylolds

ll) Inltlally poultry manuro tr66tm€nt oavelh6best respons€ inl€rms ofthe

yietd. (dunng ric€, 1992), bul in th6 longrln,sus.r indlsltv pr$smud
rssukod in th6 high.li vl.ld! at @ll .. th6 .conom@ r.rurG

iiil The €ff€ctivsn€ss otrheusod am.ndmonls h gsn€rallollowed rhs ordor

r Pr6lmud > Polhry m6nure > Sesbanla GM Tho pressmud lr€alm€nl

also 3howod ns supr6macv over othsr t,6atments in improving soil

physical charasteristics.

iv) No doubt, differon.es in 6conomic retums rrom vaious manures were

not appr6ciabl6, bur rho bonelit cost ralio w3s hiqhesl in rhe polhrv
manur€ ttoEtment amon9 $rious treatm6nis

5,2. USE OF CHEMICAL AMENDME TS

il Th6 sodac haz.rd of lho lrrigation wal6r was colnter b.l.nc.d bv lhe
chenicdl dmendmonts, ss the.e w€5 lo!! dov€lopmsnl in loil lodicitY
when smonded wat€rs woro applied to th€ soir.

iil The s.linity and sodicilv parameto6 inc.oased wilh d6pth wher€

94
 amended@r€rwasappliod,whlchlndicar6d,rheimprov
tr.nsmislion chabct.ristic! of rhe 3oil, Con!.quonny ih6 sahs wero

iiil The oltocnvoness ot lhe various amendments in improving yields

rollow€d rho ord..: H2SO4 > Gypsum > HCl. How6v€r, in te.ms orrho
economic!, Hcl o6v€ r6turns 3pp.oximat6lYdoubr6ro rhos€ tom H2so1.
ihls sugOesisd ro seet turrher ths possibihi6s ot u6ing HCI ds an
amendmont to amello.ato ths bractlsh l.rioarioa waiers.

5.3. Cycllc .a.l bLtd ut. ol..iN .n l tun-tatoa w.r.rs

Blonding rhe good qualiry csnalw6lsrwnh rhe b6ckish idioarion watst

oave htghor crop yi€lds ihan rhat or ths connol l 6 rhs tlbewsll walor
appli€d 6lono but rhe cyclic manassment strar6sv was ev.. mote

Ro.uhs trom th. pot oxp€rlrunt indicst€d rhat t was possibre lo

subsiiroft $6 b.ackish waters lor lhe good qualny canal water when
irrigating censin crops in a rotaiion whon thoy a.e in a 3uitablv tol6.ant
growth sr.go as ddvocat€d by Fhoados, ('1983) lt was also found thar
under rice-wheat cropping sysr6ms, the irrig.iion wat6.s schedlled in
such a w6y thai rrc krioations ro rhe ice crop sftsr ransplaning and
two ir.igarions ar paniclo i.niaton, with good qualirY c
rest all nrigarion whh th€ b€ckish w3r6r, whil6 th6 followins crop or
whsat inioated throughour wdh canal warer rcsultod rh€ vi€lds jusl
comparable staiistically to those .esllting lrom tho lso ot canal wato.

95
 iit, Tho fi63lmonrs in O6nerallollowed th€ orde.: CW > Cyclic > Blend >
TW, t. r6.m5 of their oconomic yields and rhe ner rorurn3/benelit-cosr

5.4, E@Mlc @mgddsoos ol tha br.c*lth iuig.liod watu manag@..t stategLs

Apa.t trom imp,oving lh€ fiop yi6ldso. improvem6nr/sustainingoi the soilheal$, ihe

relanve cost ol an sppliad anendmentstr.l€Oy ls 6n inportant considoration, Th€r€

was no slbsntute ot the good qlalhy c6nal war€r as h had rdsult€d In rh€ hlghosr

yi.ld3/.conomlc r6rurn3. Tho cyclic ueo ststegy w6s.lso vi.bl6.nd th.r6 wer6 not

mlch diff..6nc63 in the b..olit- cofl .6rio3 trom the3e tre.tm6nts. The quick acting

ah€ndmgnts lik6 gypsum, H2SO4 and HCI due to rhet high costs did nol give

comparabl€ eco.omic,et!.ns to organic am.ndmsnts whjch wer€ €aually effoclivo,

bur hiqhly oconohical, The bsnsin-cost ratios tor th€ organic ahendme.ts w6.e 5-6

limes ore.l€r than lh€ chehicalahendmsnt.

5.5, Re@tundatloat
On rhe ba3ls olrhese 3t!di65 following r6commend6tion.canb€ mdde ior th6s.

It is posslble to hav6 susrainable crop produclion by the !s6 of poor

quality wat€r wilh les. risk of $il d€r€rio..rion p.ovidsd csrtairr
managome srrateqi€s .re a9plisd, rh6s6 lnclud6: rhe us€ of orqanic
amsndmonrs lik€ pr€ssmld, polhry manursi orsesbania GMi or rhe us€
ol quick acting ch€mical arundm€nls like Gypsum, HrSo. or HCl,
dop€nding upon rha narne ol w6t6r and soil.

96
 AppllGtion ol good qudlily crnal wst6r snd brsckish trioation wsra! to
of tlold by rosphg tham 3t6teolcally apa li.€. aycllc or ah€rn.re uss
wa6 mor6 6tt.cnve th.n lhelr bland !66. The cyclic msnagom.nt
sv6rsgy of b.rckish wrt.rs should th6r.lor. b. p..t€red. lr was arso
advlslblethst good qualhy wai€r 3houd prst.r.bry b6 used 6r s6nsirive
stag4 or crop g.owrh,
iiit The oro.nic am6.dmen$ w6.6economical than chemlcal 6m6ndmenrs-
Among chomicdl amendm6nts, HClproved to be nod sconomical. Th6
validhy €nd rh. €rrecrivonoss ol org.nic m.nures/Hcl, howov6r, needs
to b€ tostod llnhsr !nd6r tarh.rr' fierd rnd dinobnr ag.oecological
condirionspr€v6ilinginPakisran, boto.6anyfinalrecomm6ndsrionscoord
b€ m.d€ on wi.jor scal6.

ANEAS OF FUIVBE RESEARCH

Drahaoo wal€r d ispGsl remains a major probl€mih Pakislah. Th€ quarity ot drainaq€
wsr66 i! highly variabls ii1 tsrms ot sgliniry lnd chemical compositio.. Th€ results
or rtudi6s roponod In ihE m.nu3crlpt lndicai.d rh€ po$ibiliii$ ot lsing b.ackish
irrig6rion waters toi susr8in6d dop ylelds, Those .dsuhs n€€d conrkm6tions by
conductinq erD€rimonts und€r various agro-ecologicalcondition ol Pakisran so lhat
sir€ speclilc recommondation 6n b€ made, Furlher rhe studies by Hussain er a/,.
{199lalconducted in Pakisran indicare that rhs b.ackish drainage warers can be used
oflectivoly for crop produclion by €dopring th6 cyclic managomed srategies,
howovei, thoy did nol t6ts Into accounr the 6tt6cb ofvano6 roxic metals a.d race
6lements such as Zn, Ar, Pb, Cu, Bi, B., Hg otc,, present in the d6in.ge w6rers on
the qualiry ot crops 6nd solil h66rth, So srudi€5 should b€ unde.rdk6n to €xplor€ rhe
possibiliri6s of usino these drainaga warors lor nrigarinO sebcrod c.ops wirh linle
.lt6cts on th6n qualirt or soil hoarth. This would not o.ly .educo the drainaq€ ware.
drsposalprcblem buialso in6@ase rhe totalquanrum of available Mter lot lhe ctops.

97
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Y.b, a.B..nd T.J. Fow....1945. Tn !b6..rc. ol !n .tla.t ol th. tLlca r! o oo

lodtuln chlorld. uptlkr W rlc.lorya salvt \,1, N.w Phvlol. s9r al-

Z!ho!r, M,F, rrd C. Amrn*i. 1992. R.chrurbn of 6.ah. rdlc lot L€ing
' .ynth.rb polyrnlF md syp.um. 60[ acl. Soc, Am, J, 661 1267"1240.
Ztnmn, i.E, rd 'l!Fil, S.In.lrilgf,tloo wst .: Err.ot. on.oll ch.mic6l
M. Clchqru.
. tnd lhy.lcal prc9€d.r, Soll Ecl. l3alo: 417422.

121
 SoI ch.mic.t chu.cte.t nct bolo,. th. t..n ot upothnat |.
(Aw..g. ot 3 Nqattl

ECe

2,36 10.33 4.12

2,32 10,66 4,1'l
2.30 1o,39 4.15
2.31 1o,35 8.14

2.27 10.31 8.08

2.2a 10_26 4.13
2.33 10,57 8.13
2,26 '1o.25 8.04

2.23 1o,54 8.14

io,73 4.17
2,16 11,24 8,09
2,22 '11.22 4,11

2.23 10.46 4.11

+ Ses.GM 2.19 11.O7 8.13
2.29 10.89 a,1t
2,14 '11.36 a,1o

122
 Sot ctE, c.t chs.ct rktlcs b.to.. th. stan ot a,p.tttut 2.
(ar..r!r. o, 3 npe.ts)

10,50 4.25
2.42 ro,94 4.20
2,45 s,1o
+ HCI 10,t3 8.02

2,51 10.22 4.20

2.49 lo,t4 4.16
+ H2HO4 10.22 4.10
+ HCI 2.62 9.00 LO5

9.97 4,06
9,20 6,O5
2.37 9.63 8.O2
+ HCt 2.42 9.48 4.12

2,51 10.20 a.o4

2.60 9.56 a.oo
2,41 9.37 7.A7
+ HCI 2.47 9.36 7,99

123
So, clrMdc.l chdE'!//6atct bron tt{ ,a,'t o, exry*nent 3.
(Atd.ga ot 3..paa'll

2.46 9.04 8.09

9.33 8,09
2,43 9.85 8.08
2.56 a.ro

2,49 9,96 8.07

2.60 9.94 a,09
2.57 9.73 8.08
LO4 a,1t

2.38 9.99 a,o8

2,41 9.60 a_t l
2.42 9,42 8.07
2,12 9,60 a,09

2.33 8,89 a.06

2.31 9.72 8.09
9.16 8.08
9.67 8.07

124
Ellect ot vaiolt httcldsh wt6t nan gen n. s"atagi,6 uslng
oro.nlc @r.lME on tuI chdnlcal ch.r.ctdbdct..flect on @I
luaad t SEI

0 15 r5-30 30-60 60.90

d Ea .. th. lwot ot Eb lr992l

u Ec. .. th. hiar ol wtst 11992.93)

cl Ec. .t rN h'tudt ot ttis It993J

4 Ec..r Ih. hwrt ol whNt 11993 lNl

125
Elhct ol vztious br.dt$ w.tt a.n.g.m.dt st .tegis unry
o;::;il;:::iidii.4E @ n chen|cal chd.crdist,cs.efie. t oa son
lua" r SE)

o-15 t5 30 30-60 60 90

.) sAR ar th. hwtr o, Rt . 11992)

d sAe .r h. hMt. .t whar n992-931

d SAn .t b. t tu', ot At . t19g3l

4 SAn .t itD hN1 ot What t199s J

126
Elh.t.ol v$tout brtctish watd n.orgchont st .tagt s urins
oanE a.tu tLtm@E on@it chdnic.tchu.ctehtca,aflactod ett
lwo.a t SEt

0.15 15.30 30.60 60.90

.t N .t th. htu 't ot Rii t1994

bl tH .t h. nttu't ot vfh..t t1992.s3|

ct tH .t .h. ho'r ot Na tt,gjJ

dl pH .t th. t.Mtt ol wh-t t1993.941

3 63 i O.os 3.52 r 0.O3

3.34i0.O3 S3910.02
a33*0.03 333r00r

127
Ettactot va ous tuacLjsh watel manzg\sndr, stat gls usrtg
ctarlc.l .htn.l@att oa .oll ch.mlc.t chu.ctuttdcr..ttad o.
lMean r SEJ

o- 15 15-30 30 60 60-90

t) EC. I Aa he*t ot niF n!\r21

bt Ec. .. .h. h@.t .t whnt t 1992.93t

ct Ec. .t d- tu@. ol M6 ng$l

dJ EC. .t ttu ttd*r .l wh{t tr993-!r4t

124
E act of blacklth water nanag.n@t sttaEgles uslng
various.
chedic.l a@n,mntt od to( chmicsl chetca.tistiF-ottect on
sol SAB (nnol l4l1a.
lMean t SEI

- --.n lcml
o 15 15 30 30-60 6o-90

4 SAR .t th. htutt ot n t1992)

cl san.. rt hunt ot n/.' tr!n3)

d] saa .r b. heur ot whdt r1993.9t1

t29
 b,4*tsh wltq marasene,t svsasis usils
:1!ou:
:re-!,-o-l h.t dME on soit chmicd chsacte.isns.ethct oD
::;7;at
lMea, r SEI

o-15 15 30 30.60 60 90

.J pn .t th. htu,t o/ No t r992J

6) pH .t th. h^n,t ot wn .r 1t992-s3)

ct tH .t o. h.Mtr or 8.. t19931

.t) tH tt th. hfutt of whut tr993-941

130
Efi.ct o,.tcllc m.t U.d B. ot good qo.ttay..o.t.nd bncktsh
h.Ig.rlon w.t 6 on son ch.n tc.t ch.t.ctdtslc, - Elr.cr on sott

(M.an r SEI

o.l5 15.30 30.60 60 90

.) EC..t db hN.4 0t N6 tt992t

ht EC. .r d' htur .t wh't /'992-93t

2,21 r O.O1 2.3a r 0.03
3.00 r 0,03 3.12 I o.tl
3.5r I O.Os 3.26 * 0.16
3.97 r O.04 3.66 i 0.42

.1 EC. tt th. h.tu .r ot Rie It993J

dl Ec..t tt htuu.t what r t99x94t

2.61
ElLct ol cycl. e.t btend u.. ot goo.t qu.tty crnat a.! bra.ktsh
h,A. on w.tos oD sott ch@tc.t cht,tct.rtstlcs . Ett ct Dn soil

(Me.h t sEt

o 15 t 5-30 30-60 60.90

.t sa' .r h. hMl 0t R/€. n992J

bl san .t h. hfu.t of wt1-t 11992-931

c, saa d uE h@t or Rtn t1993t

dl sah .r tt h@tt ., what t1993.94J

1S.810.26

132
E oct of cyctlc..d bt u8 ol9@d qodLr c.Bl.d br..kish
Mg.tbn w,t''s o, sol"dch.nlc.l chuetrbttcs - E .ct oa ell
pH.
lM.an r SEI

Deprh {cml

o-15 t5-30 3G60 60-90

.) ptl .t d1. ht& ., eb. lrge2l

bJ ,H tt th. h.Mt ol wh't tr992-93J

ct PH .. b. ntqt ot nc. tr993l

dt ,tt d 6. htutt ot w-t /'993.!r1l

t|',,' 133

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