17th International Conference on Protection & Automation

in Power System
Shahid Beheshti University
January 17, 2023 - January 18, 2023

Comparison of Load Shedding Methods for

Mitigating FIDVR

Mahdi Ghotbi-Maleki Reza Mohammadi Chabanloo Hamid Javadi

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering Monenco Iran Consulting Eng.
Shahid Beheshti University Shahid Beheshti University and Dept. of Electrical Eng. SBU
Tehran, Iran Tehran, Iran Tehran, Iran
m_ghotbi@sbu.ac.ir re_mohammadi@sbu.ac.ir javadi.hamid@monencogroup.com

Abstract- Fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR)
occurs after a fault in a network with high penetration of induction
motor (IM) loads. Load shedding (LS) is one of the appropriate
methods to reduce the destructive effects of FIDVR on the
network, and for this reason, the authors have previously
presented three LS methods to deal with FIDVR. The first method
uses the index of IM loads’ power change. The second method is
an optimization problem and the third method introduces
indicators based on sensitivity analysis to find the location and
amount of LS. The purpose of this paper is to examine the
strengths and weaknesses of those three methods, and to determine
each of these methods is suitable for use in what specific
conditions. The proposed methods obtain less LS amounts, also,
the number of LS locations and moments of proposed methods are
fewer than previous ones. However, these methods have different
execution times which are related to the speed of utilized
processor, and a suitable method to deal with FIDVR must have
the ability to shed the load in the initial moments of this
phenomenon.
Keywords- Fault-Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery (FIDVR);
Induction Motor; Wide-Area Load Shedding; Voltage Estimation.
I. Introduction
The power network is exposed to new phenomena due to its
ever-increasing expansion. With occurring a fault in a network
with high penetration of induction motor (IM) loads, the speed
of IMs will decrease during the fault. After clearing the fault, it
is expected that the voltages will quickly return to their levels
before the fault; however, the reactive power required by IM
loads increases due to the increase in the ratio of reactance to
resistance of IM loads. The increased demand for reactive
power prevents fast voltage recovery, and voltage collapse may
even occur. This phenomenon is called fault-induced delayed
voltage recovery (FIDVR). There are different methods to
control the FIDVR phenomenon, which are categorized into
two categories: network and load side methods. The network
and load side methods try to increase the reactive power
generation capability, and shed the loads, respectively.
The use of distributed generators (DG), energy-storage
equipment, and the installation of capacitor bank, SVC, and
STATCOM for injecting reactive power are some of the
network-side methods for dealing with FIDVR. However, the
implementation of network-side methods is costly, and these
methods are not suitable for all networks. The used converter in
[1] disconnects the IM from the network and feeds it from an
emergency source if FIDVR is detected. However, it cannot be
expected that all IM loads act in this way; therefore, load-side
methods have been directed towards load shedding (LS). Ref.
[2] has presented a local LS scheme that uses an index
consisting of active and reactive powers of IM load. Monitoring
the imaginary part of admittance seen from the beginning of
feeders is the used method in [3] to detect critical FIDVRs. The
positive value of presented index indicates the angular speed
recovery of IM loads, and LS will not be required in such
conditions. Also, the instability of DGs has been considered as
a criterion for LS.
Under-voltage load shedding (UVLS) relays are the
common protection installed in networks against voltage drops,
however, studies have shown that this protection does not have
the ability to effectively deal with the FIDVR phenomenon;
therefore, researchers have tried to improve this protection. It
has been proposed in [4] that UVLS relays should measure
voltage changes in addition to monitoring the voltage values.
The slope of voltage is compared with the threshold value in
this scheme using (1). In this equation, (𝑉1 ,𝑡1 ) and (𝑉2 ,𝑡2 ) are
two points on the voltage-time coordinate plane which are used
to determine the slope. The point (𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 ,𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 ) indicates the critical
condition of FIDVR and it means that the voltage must reach
the critical voltage 𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 at the critical time 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 when FIDVR
occurs. If the obtained slope is greater than its threshold, the
voltage will return to the 𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 in less time than 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 and there will
be no need to LS. The authors in [5] have suggested that UVLS
relays are equipped with a fuzzy controller to improve their
performance during FIDVR. UVLS relays have been improved
in [6] so that these relays have the ability to detect the operation
of IM loads in their stable or unstable regions by using the
relative slip index. If the value of this index greater than 1 it
means that the IM loads are entering the unstable area of their
operation, and it is necessary to shed those loads.
𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 − 𝑉1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = < 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1)
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 − 𝑡1
It is also possible to implement centralized scheme to deal
with FIDVR if the studied network is equipped with PMUs.
Considering that LS from one bus also affects the voltage

1
 17th International Conference on Protection & Automation
in Power System
Shahid Beheshti University
January 17, 2023 - January 18, 2023
recovery of other buses, therefore, checking all buses at the
same time using centralized schemes will have better results
than checking the buses separately when using decentralized
ones. A wide-area LS scheme based on the impedance deviation
of load has been presented in [7]. The bus with the highest
impedance deviation will be a candidate for LS, and the amount
of load that can be shed is determined in advance by the
operator. A central and online LS scheme has been presented in
[8] which uses the kinetic energy of IM to determine the
effective loads. It is necessary that the inertia 𝐻𝑀 and the
angular speed 𝜔𝑟 to be known for calculating the kinetic energy
through 𝐻𝑀 𝜔𝑟2 . The inertia is obtained using the load parameters
estimation methods, and (2) is used in order to obtain the motor
speed. In this equation, 𝑉𝑀0 , 𝐼𝑀0 , 𝑉𝑀 (𝑡) and 𝐼𝑀 (𝑡) are the voltage
and current of IM load before and after the fault. 𝑠𝑀0 is the slip
of equivalent IM before the fault, which is obtained through the
load parameters estimation methods.
𝜔𝑟 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡) = 𝜔𝑠 × …
𝑉
𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑀0⁄𝐼 )
𝑀0
1 − 𝑠𝑀0 ×…
𝑉𝑀 (𝑡)
𝑅𝑒 ( ⁄𝐼 (𝑡)) (2)
𝑀
𝑉𝑀 (𝑡)
∆𝑡 𝑑Re ( ⁄𝐼 (𝑡))
𝑀
(1 + × )
𝑉 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Re ( 𝑀 ⁄𝐼 (𝑡))
[ 𝑀 ]
An evolutionary strategy based on physical laws along with
Markov decision tree is presented in [9] as a voltage control
method to deal with critical FIDVRs. This evolutionary strategy
which is a data mining method, includes inputs such as voltage
and amount of load of each bus, and its outputs are the amount
of load that can be shed. The machine learning tool is used in
[10] for online LS during the FIDVR. The training data are
different states of load, and the location and amount of LS
corresponding to each state. The trajectory sensitivity analysis
method is used to determine the location and amount of LS.
II. Proposed Load Shedding Methods
Some issues of above-mentioned LS methods are: not
paying attention to all affecting parameters on FIDVR,
improper voltage estimation during FIDVR, and not accurately
determining the amount of LS. Therefore, the authors of this
paper have presented comprehensive LS schemes in [11-13]
whose main basis is formulating and modeling the FIDVR
phenomenon based on the dynamic equations of IM loads
which is named as voltage estimation tool, for addressing the
issues of previous methods. The presented voltage estimation
process is based on the combination of transient IM model and
conventional Gauss-Seidel load flow; and its goal is to obtain a
relationship between voltage and time for estimating the
voltage at any moment during the FIDVR. A comparison has
been made in [11] between the results of using one- and three-
order model of IM in the voltage estimation process. Obtaining
initial values of the state variables of IM loads for use in the
voltage estimation process has been investigated in [12]. Also,
[13] contains an approach for modeling the shed of a part of
solid load in the voltage estimation process. The next step is to
2
involve the factors affecting FIDVR in the proposed LS
methods for more precisely determining the amount of load that
can be shed. In this case, the suggested LS will be more
effective and efficient to control the critical FIDVR.
The network information is sent by PMUs to the central unit
in the wide-area LS scheme shown in Fig. 1, and the central unit
decides about the amount, location and moment of applying LS.
Every LS scheme must answer these three important issues in
addition to identifying critical conditions. In the proposed LS
scheme, initial amount of load that can be shed is obtained at
the beginning, then, the voltage estimation tool is used to
validate the obtained initial LS. The LS amounts are sent to the
switches through telecommunications if the estimated voltages
meet the critical conditions after applying LS. Otherwise, new
amounts are calculated, and the voltages are estimated using
new LS parameters. This process continues until the critical
conditions are addressed.
Power Network
PMU
PMU
Central LS Unit
Fig. 1. Communication links of proposed LS scheme
A. Amount and Location of LS
The first proposed method detects the LS location using the
power changes of IM loads. The amount of LS is obtained by
pre-determined LS steps and the voltage estimation process is
the validation tool for determining total LS amounts [11]. The
LS for dealing with FIDVR is modeled as an optimization
problem in the second proposed method, and the results of this
linearized optimization problem are the location and amount of
LS [12]. The location and amount of load that can be shed are
calculated through sensitivity analysis in the third method [13].
1) LS based on IM Loads’ Power Changes
In this method, the location of LS is obtained through an
index based on the changes in powers of IM loads according to
(3) and the amount of LS is obtained by applying pre-
determined LS steps to the selected bus. The highest change in
IM load power indicate that the selected bus is close to the
location of fault. It also illustrates that the network is weak in
that bus to provide the required power of loads, or the large IM
loads connect to that bus. The data received in the past moments
are used to perform calculations in the previous methods
because those methods do not have the ability to estimate the
voltage in the future; however, it is possible to access the
network conditions in the future moments due to the use of
voltage estimation process in the proposed method. It is better
to use the power values at the critical time 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 in (3) to perform
calculations.
 17th International Conference on Protection & Automation
in Power System
Shahid Beheshti University
January 17, 2023 - January 18, 2023
After determining the LS location, the remaining issue will
be the amount of LS. The accuracy of proposed method will be
reduced if LS step is chosen a large value; in other hand, small
step increases the volume of calculations. The location of LS is
selected through (3) at first, then, the hypothetical LS equal to
the considered LS step is applied to the selected bus and it is
investigated whether the estimated voltage reaches the critical
voltage at the critical time or not. This process continues until
the voltages of all buses becomes non-critical.
𝑙𝑜𝑐 = max (|𝑆𝑀,𝑖 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 )| − |𝑆𝑀,𝑖 (𝑡0 )|)
𝑖=1,…,𝑁
2) LS based on Optimization Algorithm
The location and amount of LS are obtained through an
iterative optimization problem in this method. For this purpose,
the matrix equation 𝑉 = 𝑍𝐼 is used at the moment before and
after LS according to (4) and (5). The voltages and currents at
before and after LS are indicated by 𝑏𝐿𝑆 and 𝑎𝐿𝑆, respectively.
The effect of shedding 𝑥 percentage from the load of bus 𝑖 is
expressed by 𝐼𝑖𝑎𝐿𝑆 = (1 − 𝑥𝑖 )𝐼𝑖𝑏𝐿𝑆 . In this case, the voltages after
LS can be expressed as a function in terms of the voltages and
currents before LS, in addition to the amount of LS according
to (6).
𝑉1𝑏𝐿𝑆 𝑍11 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑁 𝐼1𝑏𝐿𝑆
V𝑏𝐿𝑆 = ZI𝑏𝐿𝑆 →[ ⋮ ]=[ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ][ ⋮ ]
𝑉𝑁𝑏𝐿𝑆 𝑍𝑁1 ⋯ 𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝑁𝑏𝐿𝑆
𝑉1𝑎𝐿𝑆 𝑍11 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑁 𝐼1𝑎𝐿𝑆
V 𝑎𝐿𝑆 = ZI𝑎𝐿𝑆 →[ ⋮ ]=[ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ][ ⋮ ]
𝑉𝑁𝑎𝐿𝑆 𝑍𝑁1 ⋯ 𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝑁𝑎𝐿𝑆
V 𝑎𝐿𝑆 = ZI𝑏𝐿𝑆 − ZXI𝑏𝐿𝑆 → V 𝑎𝐿𝑆 = V𝑏𝐿𝑆 − ZXI𝑏𝐿𝑆
The voltages of buses and the currents of loads at the
moment before LS are obtained by the voltage estimation
process, therefore, the optimization problem in (7) and (8) is
used in order to obtain the LS variables. The purpose of this
optimization problem is to obtain suitable amounts for LS from
different buses in such a way that the voltages of all buses will
recover to a value greater than 𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 at time 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 . After solving the
optimization problem, variables 𝑥 that are smaller than a
minimum value are considered to be zero. Non-zero 𝑥 variables
are the amount of load that can be shed, and indices of those 𝑥
variables illustrate the location of LS. The linearization of this
optimization problem to the form of mixed-integer linear
programming has been explained in detail in [12].
min 𝑥1 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑁
𝑥 𝑍 𝐼𝑏𝐿𝑆 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 ) + ⋯
|𝑉1𝑏𝐿𝑆 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 ) − ( 1 11 1 )| ≥ 𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡
+𝑥𝑁 𝑍1𝑁 𝐼𝑁𝑏𝐿𝑆 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 )
⋮ (8)
𝑏𝐿𝑆 (𝑡 𝑥1 𝑍𝑁1 𝐼1𝑏𝐿𝑆 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 ) + ⋯
|𝑉𝑁 𝑐𝑟𝑡 ) − ( )| ≥ 𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡
{ +𝑥𝑁 𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝑁𝑏𝐿𝑆 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 )
3) LS based on Sensitivity Analysis
It should be determined that LS from which bus has the
greatest effect on the voltage recovery of buses involved with
FIDVR. A relation between the voltages and currents changes
is obtained as (9) by subtracting two voltage matrices in (4) and
(5).
𝑉 𝑎𝐿𝑆 − 𝑉 𝑏𝐿𝑆 = 𝑍(𝐼𝑎𝐿𝑆 − 𝐼𝑏𝐿𝑆 ) → ∆𝑉 = 𝑍∆𝐼 (9)
It can be understood through ∆𝑉 = 𝑍∆𝐼 that the sensitivity
of voltage of bus 𝑗 to load current of bus 𝑖 (∆𝑉𝑗 ⁄∆𝐼𝑖 ) is equal to
the parameter |𝑍𝑗,𝑖 |. The goal is to shed the load in such a way
that maximum effect is achieved on the voltage recovery of all
involved buses with critical FIDVR. The buses whose voltages
are estimated lower than the critical voltage at the critical time
are stored in 𝐶𝐹𝑠 set according to (10) as the buses involved
with critical FIDVR.
(3)
𝐶𝐹𝑠 = {𝑖||𝑉𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑖 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 )| < 𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 , 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁} (10)
A bus is considered as the LS location where changing its
load current has the greatest effect on the recovery of voltages
of all buses in the 𝐶𝐹𝑠 set. Equation (11) is used as an index to
find the LS location. It is possible that the selected bus does not
have a high penetration of IM load and shedding the load from
that bus does not reduce the severity of FIDVR, therefore, the
factor that causes FIDVR, i.e., the increase in the requested
power of IM loads, has also been influenced in location index.
It is better that 𝐶𝐹𝑠 buses affect in the location index based on
their importance, therefore, the component of difference
between the estimated and critical voltages has also been added
to this index. In this case, the bus whose voltage has suffered a
greater drop will have a greater effect in determining the
(4) location of LS.
|𝑆𝑀,𝑗 |
|𝑍𝑖,𝑗 | × …
𝑙𝑜𝑐 = max ( ∑ ∑𝑁
ℎ=1|𝑆𝑀,ℎ | ) (11)
𝑗=1,⋯,𝑁
(5) 𝑖∈𝐶𝐹𝑠 (𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 − |𝑉𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑖 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 )|)
The bus whose critical FIDVR is most affected by LS from
(6) 𝑙𝑜𝑐 bus is determined by (12). This equation is a sensitivity
analysis that shows which bus of 𝐶𝐹𝑠 set is more sensitive to
changes in the load current of 𝑙𝑜𝑐 bus. After determining the
𝑀𝐴𝐹 bus, the amount of load is calculated using (13) which its
shedding from 𝑙𝑜𝑐 bus can control the critical FIDVR of 𝑀𝐴𝐹
bus. This method also needs to be repeated several times to
reach the final answer, and the results of one execution cannot
eliminate critical FIDVRs due to the made simplifications.
𝑀𝐴𝐹 = max (|𝑍𝑖,𝑙𝑜𝑐 | × (𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 − |𝑉𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑖 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡 )|)) (12)
𝑖∈𝐶𝐹𝑠
𝑏𝐿𝑆
𝑉𝑐𝑟𝑡 − |𝑉𝑀𝐴𝐹 |
𝑛𝐿𝑆 (%) = 𝑏𝐿𝑆
× 100 (13)
|𝑍𝑀𝐴𝐹,𝑙𝑜𝑐 ||𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑐 |
B. Critical Conditions and Moments of LS
(7) Distance relays should be allowed to clear the fault; and LS
before the operation of these relays should not be applied. On
the other hand, the LS methods must shed the loads before the
operation of under-voltage (UV) relays, otherwise, these relays
will disconnect the entire load and equipment from the network.
Therefore, LS moments should be considered between the
operation times of distance and UV relays.
The network will have enough time to recover if LS is
applied at the beginning of FIDVR phenomenon because a part
of voltage drop will be compensated by the network itself and
another part by the applied LS. However, most of voltage drop
must be compensated by the LS and the network will not help
to increase the voltages if the LS is applied close to the critical
3
 17th International Conference on Protection & Automation
in Power System
Shahid Beheshti University
January 17, 2023 - January 18, 2023
time. It is concluded that less LS is required if it is applied in
the early moments of FIDVR occurrence. However, the
proposed methods need to spend time to perform calculations
and send the LS trip signals. The execution time has a direct
relationship with the speed of processor used in the central unit,
therefore, the advantage of fast LS in the beginning of FIDVR
will be lost if a weak processor is used. The loss of this
advantage leads to an increase in the amount of load that can be
shed to deal with critical FIDVRs, therefore, it is better to
specify fixed moments to apply LS. If the real time reaches
these pre-determined moments, the calculated LS up to that
moment is applied to the network, and the rest of LS
calculations continue assuming they are applied at the next LS
moment.
The previous LS methods are not aware about the effect of
their applied LS on the voltage recovery; therefore, those
methods need to monitor the voltages and re-apply LS at the
next moment if it is necessary. However, the proposed LS
methods do not need to monitor the voltages after LS due to the
use of voltage estimation tool. The LS can be applied quickly
in one LS moment if a high-speed processor is used to perform
the calculations. However, the advantage of LS at the early
moments of FIDVR cannot be ignored with waiting for
calculations completing if the processor does not have a high
ability to perform calculations. Therefore, the total LS will be
applied to the network in the first moment if all calculations are
completed until first LS moment, otherwise, a part of LS will
be applied in the first moment and the rest in next moments.
The important moments for the proposed LS methods including
LS moments, are listed below:
- 0.25 s after the occurrence of fault: wait for distance relays to
operate in their zone 1 or 2
- 0.3 s after the occurrence of fault: start the voltage estimation
process
- 0.5 s after the occurrence of fault: the first moment of LS
- 0.7 s after the occurrence of fault: the second moment of LS
- 0.9 s after the occurrence of fault: the third moment of LS
- 1 s after the occurrence of fault: the critical time of operation
of UV relays
III. Simulation Results
The IEEE 118-bus network with 138 and 345 kV voltages
supplies 2700 MVA loads with the combination of 60% IM
load and 40% static load. The start moment of voltage
estimation is equal to 1.3 s, and LS moments are considered 1.5
s, 1.7 s, and 1.9 s. also, the critical time and voltage are 1 s after
the occurrence of fault and 0.8 pu, respectively. Studies on this
network are carried out considering the following two faults:
First fault: with the occurrence of a 3-phase fault in 50%
of the line between buses 82 and 83 at the moment 1 s, the
distance relays on both sides of the line clear the fault at the
moment 1.05 s; however, voltage drop during the fault causes
the occurrence of FIDVR phenomenon. The voltage recovery
in all buses except buses 82, 83 and 84, is such that the voltages
have greater values than 0.8 pu at 1 after the occurrence of fault.
The voltages of buses that have critical FIDVR and require LS
are shown in Fig. 2(a).
4
Second fault: with the occurrence of a two-phase to ground
fault on the line between buses 51 and 58 at the distance of 90%
from bus 51 at the moment 1 s, the distance relays on buses 58
and 51 sense this fault in their zone 1 and zone 2 with operating
times equal to 0.05 s and 0.25 s, respectively. FIDVR
phenomenon occurs in the network after the clearance of this
fault, and the voltages of buses shown in Fig. 2(b) enter the
critical conditions. In such condition, LS is necessary for
preventing the interference of FIDVR and UV relays.
A. Results Comparison for Previous and Proposed LS
Methods
UV relays will disconnect 129 and 258 MVA loads fed from
buses with critical FIDVR for the first and second faults.
Various LS are used to reduce the amount of disconnected load
through the elimination of FIDVR interference with UV relays.
The efficiency of LS methods can be checked in the form of the
amount of load that can be shed, the number of buses which
their loads should be shed, and the dedicated time for dealing
with critical conditions. The results of proposed methods and
methods [4] and [8] for the first and second faults are
respectively listed in Tables 1 and 2 in order to investigate this
matter.
The method [4] shed the load using the voltage estimation
process based on the straight line, its LS amounts are 10% for
the first and second moment and 5% for the third one. This
method cannot include the network conditions in the
calculations due to the fact that its LS amounts are pre-
determined, therefore, cannot prevent critical FIDVRs in any of
faults. After LS according to method [4], bus 83 in the first fault
and buses 51 and 52 in the second one still remain in the critical
conditions. The method [8] also identifies critical FIDVR buses
through voltage estimation process using a straight line, and
determines the LS amount based on the difference of IMs’
kinetic energy at before and after the fault. Considering that this
method cannot predict the effects of applied LS on the voltage,
the suggested amount for LS is greater than the calculated
amounts by the proposed methods.
The method [8] suggests 40 MVA LS from buses 82, 83,
and 84 for the first fault as it is clear from Table 1, although, the
first, second, and third proposed methods by shedding 30, 32,
33 MVA from the bus that LS from it has the highest effect on
the improving the voltages (bus 83) can deal with critical
FIDVR. The previous methods need to monitor the voltages in
the next moments and apply new LS if it is necessary. Also, the
results show that the proposed methods suggest LS from less
number of buses compared to the previous ones. The critical
conditions of bus 84 is less severe than the others according to
Fig. 2(a), and there is a possibility that no LS is needed for this
bus and its critical FIDVR can be mitigated by LS from the
other buses. The methods [4] and [8] do not have the ability to
detect the effect of LS from buses 82 and 83 on the voltage
recovery of bus 84, therefore, these methods suggest LS from
bus 84 as well. However, the proposed methods do not suggest
LS from bus 84 in addition to bus 82, and the critical FIDVR of
these buses can be mitigated by LS from bus 83.
Also, methods [4] and [8] are not able to deal with FIDVR
by applying LS only in one moment according to Table 2, and
 17th International Conference on Protection & Automation
in Power System
Shahid Beheshti University
January 17, 2023 - January 18, 2023

they also apply LS to buses 50, 53 and 57, which have weak
FIDVRs and do not need to LS according to the results of
proposed methods. The proposed methods avoid FIDVR
interference with UV relays by only applying LS in one LS
moment, and give the operator enough time to make other
decisions. As it is clear, the proposed methods have the ability
to deal with the critical FIDVR by shedding lower load from
less number of buses and at less LS moments than other
methods. The voltages of network will be greater than the
critical voltage of UV relays by shedding 51, 54, and 60 MVA
from buses 51, 52, and 58 obtained from the first, second, and
third proposed methods for the second fault. The
simultaneously use of network and loads parameters to
determine the location and amount of LS is the feature of
proposed methods compared to the previous ones. The previous
methods have used only the network parameters [4] or only the
loads parameters [8] for this purpose, however, the severity of
FIDVR is affected by the conditions of network and loads at the
same time.

B53
B58
B52

2φ-e
B82
B83 B51
Three Phase Short˗Circuit
B57
B84 at 50 % of Line

B50

(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Voltages of FIDVR Involved Buses, (a) for First Fault, (b) for Second Fault

(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Voltage Recovery after Applying Results of Previous and Proposed LS Methods for First fault, (a) Bus 82, (b) Bus 83

(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Voltage Recovery after Applying Results of Previous and Proposed LS Methods for Second fault, (a) Bus 51, (b) Bus 58

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 17th International Conference on Protection & Automation
in Power System
Shahid Beheshti University
January 17, 2023 - January 18, 2023

Table 1. Results Comparison of Previous and Proposed LS Methods for First Fault
First Proposed Second Proposed Third Proposed
Method [4] Method [8]
Method Method Method
10% from bus 82 22% from bus 82
First LS Moment 10% from bus 83 24% from bus 83 70% from bus 83 74% from bus 83 77% from bus 83
10% from bus 84 19% from bus 84
10% from bus 82
Second LS Moment 28% from bus 83 - - -
10% from bus 83
Third LS Moment 5% from bus 83 - - - -
Sum of Loads to be Shed 24 MVA 40 MVA 30 MVA 32 MVA 33 MVA
Remain Critical Buses Bus 83 - - - -

Table 2. Results Comparison of Previous and Proposed LS Methods for Second Fault
First Proposed Second Proposed Third Proposed
Method [4] Method [8]
Method Method Method
10% from bus 50 8% from bus 50
10% from bus 51 12% from bus 51
40% from bus 51 37% from bus 51 51% from bus 51
10% from bus 52 12% from bus 52
First LS Moment 50% from bus 52 56% from bus 52 54% from bus 52
10% from bus 53 12% from bus 53
30% from bus 58 35% from bus 58 35% from bus 58
10% from bus 57 9% from bus 57
10% from bus 58 11% from bus 58
10% from bus 51 17% from bus 51
10% from bus 52 17% from bus 52
Second LS Moment - - -
10% from bus 53 16% from bus 53
10% from bus 58 16% from bus 58
10% from bus 51
33% from bus 51
Third LS Moment 10% from bus 52 - - -
33% from bus 52
10% from bus 58
Sum of Loads to be Shed 49 MVA 84 MVA 51 MVA 54 MVA 60 MVA
Remain Critical Buses Bus 51, Bus 52 - - - -

Table 3. Results Comparison of Proposed LS Methods

First Proposed Method Second Proposed Method Third Proposed Method
First Fault Second Fault First Fault Second Fault First Fault Second Fault
Sum of Loads to be Shed 30 MVA 51 MVA 32 MVA 54 MVA 33 MVA 60 MVA
Total Time Calculation 0.07 s 0.12 s 0.10 s 0.15 s 0.03 s 0.05 s

The restoration of voltages after LS obtained through
different methods are shown in Fig. 3 and 4. It is clear that the
method [4] could not restore the voltage of bus 83 in the first
fault and the voltage of bus 51 in the second fault to a value
greater than the critical voltage at the critical time. However,
the method [8] and the methods proposed in this paper have
succeeded in faster recovering the voltages to prevent the
operation of UV relays during the occurrence of FIDVR. The
method [8] has suggested more amount for LS than the third
proposed method to deal with critical FIDVRs, however, the
important point in Fig. 3 is the better recovery of voltages after
applying the results of third proposed method compared to the
voltage recovery resulted from the method [8]. The reason for
this issue is related to the faster application of LS in the third
proposed method. The method [8] shed the load in two
moments, therefore, it can be expected that the amount of load
which calculates by this method is greater than the amount of
load that can be shed from the network at the initial moments
of FIDVR occurrence. Better voltage recovery due to LS in the
initial moments of FIDVR compared to the LS in several
moments during this phenomenon can also be recognized in
Fig. 4(b). The method [8] shed more load than the proposed
methods, however, the voltage recovery obtained from the
second and third proposed methods are better than method [8].
B. Results Comparison for Proposed LS Methods
The first proposed method suggests a lower amount of load
to be shed from the network than the rest of presented methods
according to Table 3, however, the performance of this method
is highly dependent on the pre-determined LS step. There is a
possibility of increasing the load suggested to shed if large steps
are chosen; on the other hand, small steps will increase the
execution time of method. Therefore, this method cannot be
introduced as the most appropriate method among the proposed
methods with certainty. The second method is presented in the

6
 17th International Conference on Protection & Automation
in Power System
Shahid Beheshti University
January 17, 2023 - January 18, 2023
form of an optimization problem in order to overcome the
defect of first method. This method suggests a greater amount
than the first method for shedding from the network, also, the
execution time of this method is longer than the first method;
however, does not have the uncertainty of confusion in
determining the LS steps unlike the first method. The third LS
method can determine the amount and location of LS by
analyzing the sensitivity of voltages to reduction of load
currents. The execution time of third method is less than other
proposed ones due to the simplicity of equations extracted for
this method, however, it is less comprehensive than two other
methods, and it offers more load than the other methods to shed
from the network.
LS in the early moments of the FIDVR phenomenon helps
to restore the voltage faster, therefore, disconnection of the least
amount of load is not the only indicator regarding the optimal
performance of LS method in the discussion of dealing with
FIDVR, and attention should also be paid to the execution time
of method and the number of moments when the studied
method applies LS. In order that the proposed LS methods can
deal with FIDVR by shedding the load only at the first LS
moment, all calculations must be performed in the interval time
between the start of voltage estimation (0.3 s after the
occurrence of fault) and the first moment of LS (0.5 s after the
occurrence of fault). According to the results listed in Table 3,
all proposed methods have the ability to deal with the
interference of FIDVR and UV relays by LS only at the first
moment because the execution times of these methods are less
than the time difference between the start moment of voltage
estimation and the first LS moment. However, it should be
noted that the execution time is not the only time delay expected
in the studies, and other time delays such as data receiving and
sending delay through tele-communication channels and the
operation delay of switches should also be considered.
As a conclusion, it is recommended to use the first proposed
method if a high-speed processor is used in the central unit, and
also zero-phase studies are carried out regarding the
determination of the appropriate LS step. This method has the
ability to deal with critical FIDVRs by shedding lower amount
of loads in case of reducing the execution time of calculation
and choosing a small LS step. it will be more appropriate to
implement the third LS method in case of using a normal
processor in the central unit. The processor used for extracting
the results in this study was an average Intel Core i5 processor
with frequency of 2.5 GHz and 8 GB of RAM.
IV. Conclusion
It is concluded that the proposed methods can shed lower
amount of load from less number of buses in the early moments
of FIDVR due to the utilization of voltage estimation tool. The
implementation of first method leads to lower LS amount
compared to other proposed methods if an appropriate LS step
is selected for the first one. Another difference between the
proposed methods is their execution times. The first method
requires more time to calculate, however, offers lower LS
amounts. The second one does not have the problems associated
with choosing the appropriate LS step, however, it suggests
larger LS amount than the first method. The third method has
the best performance in terms of execution time. The operator
can choose one of these three methods based on network
conditions and regulatory rules. Choosing the first method for
implementation leads to less LS in the initial moments of
FIDVR if a high-speed processor is responsible for performing
the calculations. However, it is recommended to use the third
method in order not to lose the advantage of LS in the initial
moments of FIDVR if a weak processor is utilized.
Another important point to be considered in dealing with
FIDVR is the occurrence of over-voltage phenomenon after
shedding the suggested loads. For this reason, load shedding
and load restoration methods must be simultaneously
implemented.
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