𝜋𝜋 6

1. A, verify that the minimum distance for M-PSK is 2 sin � � and that of M-QAM is �
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀−1
B, Draw 8-PSK and 16-QAM constellations and indicate the distance between nearest neighbors
within each
2. The error comparison of three modulation schemes is given below. Compare them in detail

Figure 1 Performance of PSK, PAM, QAM

3. Compare zero-forcing (ZF) equalizer with other linear Equalizers

4. Consider the four signal waveforms as shown in Figure 2 shown below

 Figure 2 Signal waveforms

(a) Determine the dimensionality of the waveforms and a set of basis functions.
(b) Use the basis functions to represent the four waveforms by vectors.
(c) Determine the minimum distance between all the vector pairs.
5. Consider the M=2, 4, 8 PSK signal constellations. All have the same transmitted signal
energy Es.
A, Determine the minimum distance between adjacent signal points
B, For M=8, determine by how many dB the transmitted signal energy Es must be
increased to achieve the same as M =4
6. In digital modulation one of the performance measurement parameters is the peak-to-
average power ratio (PAPR), which quantifies the maximum excursion of the squared
magnitude over the average power, i.e.,
2
max( x )
2
E[ x ]
Discuss its effect on power efficiency issues related to OFDM
7. Comparatively explain channel Estimation and symbol detection algorithms in digital
communication with block diagrams, mathematical formulations, performance metrices.