10 Years Wbuhs

1 professional
st
mbbs
[2010- ‘21]
Including supplementary
exam questions & AETCOM
question
CompIled by:
Mojammel Haque
Shankha Pal
Manish Dasgupta
Anatomy
(2010- ’21)
SUPERIOR EXTREMITY
GROUP-A (12/15 MARKS)
1. Describe the intrinsic muscles of the hand. What is total claw
hand?[10+2] [2014]
2. Name the nerve involved in the fracture of medial epicondyle of
humerus. Describe the course and distribution of the nerve beyond the
elbow. Mention sensory and motor disabilities following the nerve
injury.[1+6+5] [2013]
3. Enumerate the ligaments of shoulder joint. How is the stability of the
joint maintained? Mention the nerve supply of the joint. Discuss the
mechanism of elevation of arm above the head. Which type of
dislocation is common and why? [2+2+2+4+2] [2016]
4. Describe the brachial plexus under the following headings: roots, trunks,
divisions and cords. What do you mean by Erb's point? Add a note on
Klumpke’s paralysis. [6+3+3] [2015]
5. What are the palmar spaces? Describe the thenar muscles with their
nerve supply and actions. [3+9][2017]
6. a) Describe wrist joint under following headings: [2+2+3+2+3][2019]
i)Type of joint ii)Ligaments iii)Movements & muscles. iv)Applied
importance.
7. Describe the shoulder joint under the following headings : bony parts,
contributing ligaments, movements permissible and the respective
muscles involved. Briefly state the nerve supply of the joint.
[1+3+2+4+2][2011 supple]
8. A patient has reported with fracture of surgical neck of humerus :
(i) Which nerve is susceptible to injury?
(ii) What is the origin and distribution of the nerve?
(iii) Mention the effects of injury of the nerve.[2+5+5][2012 supple]
9. Regarding radio-carpal joint, discuss under the following headings:
i)Bones participating ii)Ligaments iii)Movements. What is Colle's
fracture? [4+4+3+1][2015 supple]
10.Write in brief the movements of the shoulder joint with muscles
assisting such movements. What is the common dislocation seen in
shoulder joint and what structure(s) is/are vulnerable in such
dislocation? [6+3+3][2018]
GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)
1. A man presents with neuromuscular disability following the fracture of
the surgical neck of the humerus. Give a brief account of the nerve
affected for its close relation to that part of the bone. From your
anatomical knowledge, mention the motor and sensory defects that may
arise. [5+2][2010][2015]
2. Enumerate the intrinsic muscles of the hand. What are the palmar
spaces? What is whitlow?[3+2+2][2019]
3. An elderly lady suffering from carcinoma of breast presents retraction of
nipple and dimpling of the skin and breast. State its reason from your
knowledge of anatomy. Write a brief note on lymphatic drainage of
breast. [2+5][2010 supple]
4. Give an outline of lymphatic drainage of female breast. Explain Peau
d'orange. Malignancy of which quadrant is more dangerous and why?
[4+1+1+1][2012 supple]
5. Midpalmar space and its importance. [7] [2013 supple]
6. Radial nerve in radial groove. [7][2016 supple]
7. Describe axillary group of lymph nodes with their drainage area. What is
axillary tail? [5+2][2017 supple]
8. Describe the formation of brachial plexus from roots to cords. Which
nerve is known as musician's nerve? Describe claw-hand deformity and
ulnar paradox briefly. [3+1+3][2017 supple]
9. What is pronation and supination? In which joint pronation and
supination occurs? Give its axis of movement. Describe the muscles
involved. [2+1+1+3][2018]
10.Name the nerve that is injured in fracture of surgical neck of humerus.
What is the origin and the effects of injury to the nerve? [1+4+2][2019
supple]
GROUP–C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Anatomical snuff box [2014]
2. Cephalic vein [2013]
3. Quadrangular and triangular spaces [2012][2019 supple]
4. Clavipectoral fascia [2010]
5. Painful arc syndrome [2014]
6. Supinator muscle [2010 supple]
7. Flexor retinaculum of hand [2011 supple]
8. Carpal tunnel Syndrome [2014 supple]
9. Midpalmar space [2016 supple]
10.Erb's palsy [2018 supple]
11.Clavipectoral fascia [2013 supple]
12.Claw hand [2019 supple]
GROUP–D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]
1. Clavicle is a modified long bone. [2013][2018 supple][2020 New
Regulation]
2. Injury to the radial nerve in the cubital fossa will not cause wrist drop.
[2012]
3. Injury to the long thoracic nerve causes winging of the scapula. [2012]
4. Upper end of the humerus is an example of a compound epiphysis.
[2010]
5. Fracture of shaft of humerus causes wrist drop. [2017]
6. A patient comes to doctor with complain of pain and swelling of palm
following history of a pin prick in the tip of little finger. [2010 supple]
7. Infection of pulp space of little finger is more dangerous than that of
index finger. [2011 supple]
8. First metacarpal is a modified phalanx. [2011 supple]
9. Shoulder joint is dislocated inferiorly. [2013 supple]
10.Winging of scapula. [2015 supple][2016 supple][2018 supple]
11.Anatomical basis of Peau d'orange appearance and retraction of nipple
in case of carcinoma of breast. [2016 supple]
12.Pulp space infection may lead to avascular necrosis of terminal phalanx.
[2018 supple]
13.Basilic vein is preferred to cephalic vein in cardiac catheterization.
[2018][2020 New Regulation]
14.In scaphoid fracture, proximal segment undergoes avascular necrosis.
[2018]
INFERIOR EXTREMITY
1. Name the bones forming the knee joint. Describe the locking and
unlocking movements of knee joint. [2+10][2014]
2. What are the muscles exposed after cutting the Gluteus Maximus?
3. Name the nerves supplying these muscles. What are the actions of these
muscles on hip joint? [3+4+5][2012]
4. Following an automobile injury a person lost the adductor movement of
his leg. Describe the injured nerve under following headings: origin,
branches and distribution. [3+4+5][2011]
5. Describe the hip joint under the following headings: i)Formation
ii)Movements and their axes iii)Muscles responsible iv)Applied
[2+2+4+4][2016 supple]
6. Name the different arches of the foot. How are medial and lateral
longitudinal arches formed? Describe the factors maintaining the medial
longitudinal arch of the foot. Describe pes planus (flat foot) deformity in
short. [4+2+2+2+2][2017 supple]
7. Describe the hip joint under the following headings: i)Ligaments of the
joint ii)Muscles producing different movements iii)Blood supply.
[3+6+3][2018 supple]
8. What is the type and subtype of hip joint? Name four ligaments of the
hip joint. What are the active movements permitted in the hip joint?
What are the axes of these movements and which muscles are
responsible? What is the cause of avascular necrosis of the head of
femur? [2+2+2+4+2][2019 supple]

1. Describe the factors maintaining the longitudinal arches of the foot.
What are the disadvantages of flat foot? [5+2][2013]
2. A bus conductor is having prominent veins in the leg during standing
position. What are the superficial veins present in the leg? What are the
origin, termination, tributaries of the short saphenous vein? What is
varicosity of leg veins? [2+4+1][2011]
3. A factory worker presents with swollen painful inguinal lymph nodes
following an uncared wound at the medial side of ankle. Explain the
complication from your anatomical knowledge. Write a brief note on
inguinal lymph nodes. [2+5][2010]
4. Footballers more commonly get injury to the semilunar cartilages of
knee joint. Mention the reason using your knowledge of anatomy. Write
a brief note on intra-articular structures of knee joint. [2+5][2010
supple]
5. Describe the joints involved in the inversion and eversion of foot. What
is the axis of these movements? What do you mean by Talipes?
[5+1+1][2011 supple]
6. Give an account of the semilunar cartilages of the knee joint. Which
cartilage is more prone to tear? Why is the other one relatively immune
to injury? [4+1+2][2012 supple]
7. What are the factors which prevent dislocation of patella? What do you
mean by Q-angle? What is unhappy triad of knee joint? [3+2+2][2015
supple]
8. Describe the perforating veins of the lower limb. Add a note on varicose
veins. [5+2][2016 supple]
9. Factors maintaining medial longitudinal arch of the foot. [7][2019
supple]
10.Describe the knee joint under the following headings: i)Enumerate 4
ligaments ii)Locking and unlocking mechanism iii)Muscles producing
movements of knee joint iv)Unhappy triad [2+4+2+2][2020 New
Regulation]
11.What is venous ulcer? Write in short the venous drainage of lower limb.
[3+7][2020 New Regulation]
GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

1. Femoral sheath.[2013][2018]
2. Deltoid ligament.[2011]
3. Popliteus muscle.[2010][2017 supple][2018 supple]
4. Hamstring group of muscle.[2019]
5. Iliofemoral ligament [2010 supple]
6. Adductor canal [2011 supple]
7. Spring ligament [2012 supple][2018]
8. Deltoid ligament. [2013 supple]
9. Lumbar plexus. [2018]
10.Arteria dorsalis pedis [2019 supple]
GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

1. Foot drop after the fracture of the neck of the fibula. [2011][2020 New
Regulation]
2. Peroneus longus muscle has effects on both longitudinal and transverse
arches of foot.[2010]
3. Tear of medial meniscus is more frequent than of lateral meniscus of
knee joint. [2019][2017 supple]
4. Following fracture neck of femur, an old man develops avascular
necrosis of head of the bone. [2010 supple]
5. All hamstrings are not true hamstrings. [2011 supple]
6. Injury at neck of fibula results in foot drop. [2011 supple][2016 supple]
7. Epiphyses around the knee are important medicolegally. [2013 supple]
8. Soleus is known as the peripheral heart. [2019 supple][2020 New
Regulation]
THORAX

1. Describe the transverse pericardial sinus with its development. What is
its clinical importance? [8+2+2][2014]
2. Give an account of pleura. Mention its nerve supply. What is the site of
choice for insertion of needle to drain pleural fluid and why?
[6+3+3][2013]
3. Pleura: types, nerve supply, reflections/recesses, applied importance.
[2017]
4. Write an account of the venous drainage of the thoracic wall. What is
the fate of sinus venosus? [9+3][2019]
5. Describe the collateral circulation in superior vena caval obstruction.
What is azygos vein? Describe its origin, tributaries, termination and
applied anatomy. [4+2+2+2][2011 supple]
6. Give an account of the subdivisions of different parts of parietal pleura
with their nerve supply. Mention the relations of its mediastinal and
cervical parts. What are open and tension pneumothorax? Why is the
pain of pleural pathology mistaken as pain of acute abdomen?
[4+4+2+2][2017 supple]
7. Give an account of the Diaphragm under the following headings: i)Origin
ii)Major openings iii)Nerve supply iv)Clinical importance [4+4+2+2][2018
supple]
8. Describe the interior of right atrium of heart. Discuss the development
of interventricular septum. [7+5][2018]
9. Describe the diaphragm under the following headings: i)Origin ii)Major
openings iii)Nerve supply
10.Effect on thoracic diameters during inspiration [3+3+2+4][2019 supple]
11.What are broncho-pulmonary segments? Enumerate the broncho-
pulmonary segments of the left lung. Draw a labelled diagram
illustrating the segments. Mention the vascular supply of the segments
along with clinical significance. [2+4+4+2+3][2020 New Regulation]
1. Give the development of atrioventricular septum. A pin pricked to the
right side of the septum reaches which part of the heart? [5+2][2014]
2. Describe the coronary arterial supply of heart. What is coronary
dominance? [6+1][2012]
3. A young patient with repeated vomiting and reflux on examination was
diagnosed with diaphragmatic hernia. Explain the condition from your
anatomical knowledge. Give the origin, insertion and nerve supply of
diaphragm. [2+5][2011]
4. A patient with history of cough, fever and breathlessness was diagnosed
to be a case of pleural effusion. Give a brief account of pleura with its
recesses and nerve supply. [2010]
5. Name the different parts of the pleura. Give the nerve supply and
development of pleura. What is the clinical importance of
costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura? [2+3+2][2019]
6. A child with atrial septal defect is detected to have patent foramen
ovale. From your knowledge of embryology, explain the defect. Write a
brief note on development of inter-atrial septum. [1+6][2010 supple]
7. A baby is born with patent ductus arteriosus. What is ductus arteriosus?
State the branches of ascending aorta with clinical significance.
[2+2+3][2011 supple]
8. Give a brief account of development of inter-atrial septum. What is
probe-patency of foramen ovale? [5+2][2012 supple]
9. A patient suffers from aspiration pneumonia. What are the broncho-
pulmonary segments involved in aspiration pneumonia? What do you
mean by broncho-pulmonary segment? [2+5][2013 supple]
10.What is angina pectoris? How does it differ from myocardial infarction?
Name the artery of sudden death. [3+2+2][2014 supple]
11.What are the different parts of the conducting system of the heart?
What is the applied anatomy of it? [5+2][2016 supple]
12.What is typical intercostal space? What are the contents of intercostal
spaces? Describe intercostal arteries. [2+1+4][2018]
13.Development of IVC. [7][2019 supple]
14.Mention origin, course and branches of left coronary artery. What do
you mean by coronary dominance? [2+2+3+3][2020 New Regulation]

1. Central tendon of diaphragm. [2015]
2. Bronchopulmonary segments of left lung.[2016]
3. Ligamentum arteriosum. [2014][2016 supple]
4. Nerve supply of apical pleura. [2014]
5. Inlet of thorax. [2013]
6. 1st intercostal nerve. [2012]
7. Left coronary artery. [2010]
8. Broncho-pulmonary segments. [2016]
9. S.A. Node. [2019]
10.Tracheo-oesophageal fistula. [2012]
11.Transposition of great vessels.[2011]
12.Costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura [2010 supple]
13.Intercostal nerve [2011 supple]
14.Ligamentum arteriosum [2012 supple]
15.Arch of aorta [2013 supple]
16.Root of the lung [2016 supple]
17.Azygos vein [2018 supple][2020 New Regulation]
18.Fallot's tetralogy. [2018][2019 supple]
19.Coronary sinus. [2018]
20.Posterior intercostal veins [2019 supple]

1. Central tendon of thoraco-abdominal diaphragm is blending with the
basal part of fibrous pericardium. [2014][2018][2020 New Regulation]
2. Type of respiration in infants is abdominal, whereas thoracic in adult
females and thoraco-abdominal in adult males. [2012]
3. Segments 2 and 6 of lungs are sites of lung abscess. [2011]
4. Entry of foreign body is common to the right bronchus. [2011]
5. Intercostal nerves other than 3rd to 6th are-atypical. [2010]
6. 2nd intercostal nerve is an atypical nerve. [2019]
7. Complete paralysis of the diaphragm is not achieved when phrenic nerve
is intersected in the neck region. [2011 supple]
8. Second intercostal nerve is atypical. [2013 supple]
9. Pericardiocentesis. [2014 supple]
10.Phrenic avulsion at the root of the neck may produce alarming
hemorrhage. [2017 supple]
11.Lung abscess is more common in the right lung. [2019 supple][2020 New
Regulation]
ABDOMEN
GROUP–A (12/15 MARKS)
1. Give a brief note on ureter. Mention its microscopic structure &
development. In which clinical condition pain may extend from loin to
groin involving ureter? [5+2+2+4][2013]
2. A young married lady with the history of missed period, suddenly
collapsed with sharp lower abdominal pain & was diagnosed ruptured
tubal pregnancy. What is the commonest site of tubal pregnancy and its
fate? Mention the parts of this tube, blood supply, histological structure
and development. [2+3+2+3+2][2012]
3. A 50 years old man was brought to OPD with a complaint of swelling at
the midline of anterior abdominal wall over an operative scar. Swelling
was diagnosed as incisional hernia through the rectus sheath.
A) Give its formation at different levels.
B) What are the contents of the rectus sheath?
C) Define the sheath.
Why is median incision not preferred over the anterior abdominal
wall? [2+5+3+2][2011]
4. An old man suffering from carcinoma of prostate with metastasis in
vertebra. From your anatomical knowledge explain this complication.
Discuss briefly the capsules, lobes, and relations of the prostate gland.
Add a note on the interior of the organ. [2+6+4][2010]
5. Prevaginal examination of an elderly lady suffering from pelvic
inflammatory disease reveals collection of fluid in the pouch of Douglas.
Write a note on this pouch and peritoneal as well as visceral relation of
the uterus. Give a brief account of the supports to this
organ.[3+4+5][2010]
6. Describe the formation of rectus sheath. Name the contents of the
sheath. What is the function of tendinous insertions and at which level
are they present? [6+3+1+2][2016]
7. Describe the shutter mechanism of inguinal canal and mention the
anatomical differences between oblique and direct inguinal hernias.
[6+6][2015]
8. Describe the internal features of anal canal with epithelial lining of each
division. Why is the pectinate line called watershed line of anal canal?
What is the importance of Hilton's line? Mention the development of
anal canal.Define internal hemorrhoids and mention their common sites.
[4+2+2+2+2][2017]
9. What is anteversion and anteflexion of uterus? Give an account of the
ligamentous, muscular and visceral supports of uterus. What is prolapse
of the uterus? Describe lymphatic drainage of uterus in short and
mention its importance. [2+4+2+3+1][2019]
9. Ultrasonographic study of a patient with acute pain at right renal angle
showed a calculus in the kidney of the same side. Define renal angle.
Discuss briefly the coverings and posterior relations of kidney. Mention
the vascular segments of kidney. [2+8+2][2010 supple]
10.A man suffering from cirrhosis of liver gets hematemesis due to portal
venous obstruction. State the reason of this complication from your
knowledge of anatomy. Discuss briefly the portal venous system of liver
with a note on its clinical anatomy. [2+10][2010 supple]
11.A 70 yrs old man develops deep jaundice and is diagnosed to be
suffering from carcinoma of head of pancreas. Explain why jaundice
appeared in the above case. Enumerate the components of extra-
hepatic biliary apparatus. Describe the relations of bile duct with a note
on its development. [2+2+6+2][2011 supple]
12.A man of 65 yrs complains of difficulty in micturition and occasional
hematuria. On clinical examination and further investigation, he was
diagnosed to have malignancy of prostate. Give a brief account of lobes,
capsule, glandular architecture of prostate and the role of its various
drainage in bony metastasis. [3+3+3+3][2012 supple]
13.Mention the parts, surfaces with relations, arterial supply and
musculature of stomach. Why is gastric triangle important clinically?
[2+4+2+2+2][2013 supple]
14.Bouts of hematemesis in a patient suffering from cirrhosis of liver was
diagnosed to be due to obstruction of portal venous system. Describe
portal vein under the following headings: formation, relations,
development an sites of portocaval anastomoses. [2+3+3+4][2013
supple]
15.Describe the second part of duodenum under the following headings:
i)Features on its luminal surface ii)Relations iii)Blood supply. What is
duodenal cap? [4+4+3+1][2015 supple]
16.Describe the internal features of the lumen of rectum with special
reference on the Houston's valves. What is the peritoneal relations of
the organ? What are the different curves seen here? What is anorectal
sling? [6+2+2+2][2016 supple]
17.Describe pancreas under the following headings: i)Parts with blood
supply ii)Development with anomalies iii)Histology [4+4+4][2017 supple]
18.Mention the gross anatomy of portal vein. What are the different sites
of portocaval anastomoses? What is internal rectal piles? [5+5+2][2018
supple]
19.Describe different parts of male urethra in detail. What are
hypospadias? [9+3][2018]
20.Give the presenting parts and relations of ovary. Give a brief account of
development of ovary. Draw a labelled diagram of Graafian follicle.
[5+4+3][2019 supple]
1. Describe the common bile duct in short. What is the importance of Calot
’s triangle? [5+2][2014][2016]
2. What are the anatomical factors that prevent the gastro-esophageal
regurgitation? Give an account of histological structures of oesophagus.
[4+3][2013]
3. Give an account of uterine cervix. Mention its lymphatic drainage.
[4+3][2013]
4. Describe the histology of classical hepatic lobule. What is liver acinus?
[5+2][2012]
5. Why is ischio-rectal abscess very painful when abscess is superficial?
Write boundaries and contents of the fossa. [1+4+2][2012]
6. Name the false ligaments of the liver. State within which mesogastrium
development of liver takes place and what are the remnants of it. Write
from which part of gut, liver bud develops? [4+1+1+1][2011]
7. Name the parts of the large intestine with their corresponding length in
adults. Describe the structures of large gut with
diagrams.[2.5+4.5][2011]
8. A teenage girl suffering from acute appendicitis got an initial attack of
pain around umbilicus, which was finally localized in right iliac
fossa.State the anatomical reasons of pain in the areas. Give an account
of positions of vermiform appendix.[3+4][2010]
9. Describe the interior of anal canal alongwith its histological structure.
[4+3][2015]
10.Describe the cervix uteri. What is its clinical importance? [5+2][2016]
11.Describe the lymphatic drainage of stomach. Why does Virchow’s lymph
nodes get enlarged in carcinoma of stomach? [5+2][2017]
12.Compare the relations of the anterior surface of both the kidneys. Give
outlines of development of metanephric kidneys. [4+3][2019]
13.A child with inguino-scrotal swelling was diagnosed to be a case of
congenital hydrocele due to patency of whole processus vaginalis. From
your anatomical knowledge, explain this. Add a note on processus
vaginalis. [3+4][2010 supple]
14.A patient develops diabetes mellitus after splenectomy. Explain the
cause of development of diabetes in this case. Describe the ligaments of
spleen. [2+5][2011 supple]
15.On inspection of a newborn male baby, the right scrotal sac was found
to be empty and was diagnosed as anomalies of descent of testis. Write
a brief note on the descent of testis. Explain ectopic testis. [5+2][2012
supple]
16.Supports that prevent uterine prolapse. [7][2013 supple]
17.Name the contents of spermatic cord. Mention the beginning,
18.termination, histological structure and source of development of vas
deferens. [3+1+1+1+1][2013 supple]
19.Describe the ligaments of spleen. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate
microstructure of spleen. [5+2][2015 supple]
20.Describe ischio-rectal fossa and its applied importance. [5+2][2015
supple]
21.Blood supply of stomach with its applied importance. [5+2][2016 supple]
22.Write the blood supply of suprarenal gland. Draw and label the
histological structure of the gland. [3+4][2018 supple]
23.Define hernia with types of inguinal hernias. Name the structures
forming the boundaries of inguinal canal. [2+5][2018 supple]
24.Give an account of formation and tributaries of portal vein. Discuss in
brief the development of portal vein.[4+3][2018]
25.Embryology and histology of pancreas. [4+3][2019 supple]
26.Compare the relations of anterior surfaces of the kidneys. Write a note
on development of metanephric kidney. [5+5][2020 New Regulation]
27.Write briefly the lymphatic drainage of stomach. Draw a diagram and
mention the clinical importance of lymphatic drainage of stomach.
[5+2+3][2020 New Regulation]

1. Ovarian fossa on lateral pelvic wall. [2013,‘07]
2. Epiploic foramen. [2012,‘11]
3. Umbilical cord. [2012]
4. Left renal vein. [2011]
5. Inter-vertebral disc.[2010,‘08]
6. Physiological umbilical hernia.[2010]
7. Mackenrodt’s ligament. [2012]
8. Perineal body.[2019]
9. Internal trigone of urinary bladder.[2014]
10.Broad ligament of uterus.[2014]
11.11.Prostatic part of male urethra.[2015]
12.Caput medusa. [2015]
13.First part of duodenum [2010 supple]
14.Bile duct [2012 supple]
15.Lesser omentum [2015 supple]
16.Ligamentous supports of uterus. [2017 supple]
17.Spermatic cord [2018 supple]
18.Deep inguinal ring [2019 supple]
19.Meckel's diverticulum [2019 supple]
20.Polycystic kidney [2019 supple]

1. Varicocele of testis is common. [2014]
2. Carcinoma of head of pancreas may produce jaundice. [2014][2016
supple]
3. A newborn baby presents with imperforate anus. [2013]
4. Pain of appendicitis is referred to umbilicus. [2013][2016 supple]
5. Cholecystitis causes pain in right shoulder. [2011]
6. Urinary fistula at the level of umbilicus in a newborn baby. [2011]
7. A patient is detected to have horse-shoe shaped kidney. [2010]
8. A patient of cirrhosis of liver presents with “Caput Medusa”. [2010]
9. Appendix of testes is embryologically diferent from appendix of
epididymis. [2017]
10.Pleural sac may be accidentally opened during exposure of kidney from
the back. [2017]
11.Newborn baby passes urine through umbilicus. [2016]
12.Pubic tubercle is important landmark for femoral and inguinal hernia.
[2016]
13.In prostatic carcinoma, X-ray of lumbosacral vertebrae is to be advised.
[2016]
14.Dropping of the kidney is not followed by suprarenal gland. [2016]
15.Inner layer of myometrium acts as a living ligature of uterus during
menstruation & parturition. [2015]
16.Carcinoma of head of pancreas may cause Jaundice. [2019]
17.Appendix is said to be abdominal tonsil. [2019][2020 New Regulation]
18.On rare occasion, cecum and vermiform appendix may not be present in
the right iliac fossa. [2010 supple]
19.A male baby was diagnosed to be a case of ectopic testis when he was
detected to have one side of scrotum empty. [2010 supple]
20.Ureteric colic causes radiating pain from loin to groin. [2012 supple]
21.Pectinate line in anal canal is known as the watershed line. [2012
supple]
22.Formation of polycystic kidney. [2012 supple][2018 supple]
23.Umbilical urinary fistula occurs in a newborn baby. [2013 supple]
24.Peritoneal infection from exterior is more common in females. [2013
supple]
25.Physiological umbilical hernia. [2015 supple]
26.Extravasation of urine following rupture of urethra extend upto axilla.
[2015 supple]
27.Caput Medusa. [2016 supple]
28.Renal colic radiates from loin to groin. [2017 supple]
29.Inflammation in ovary may present with low back pain. [2018 supple]
30.Low back pain in prostate carcinoma. [2018]
31.Which ureter is more prone to injury in cervical cancer in women and
why? [2018]
HEAD AND NECK

1. A man suffering from hypertension, bleed from Litle’s area of nose. Give
an account on the formation, arterial supply, nerve supply, and lining
epithelium of the nasal septum with a note on Little’s area.
[4+2+2+2+2][2012]
2. Following thyroidectomy, a patient may develop hoarseness of voice.
Explain the statement. Give a brief account of intrinsic muscles of larynx
and their action on Rima glotidis. [2+10][2012]
3. A child came to the OPD with a complaint of injury to the external ear.
On examination, a perforation was found in the tympanic membrane.
Discuss the gross anatomy, arterial supply, and nerve supply of tympanic
membrane & external auditory canal .[3+1+2+3+1+2][2011]
4. A person with history of inability to close his mouth immediately after
yawning. What is the anatomical basis of it? Describe the muscles and
ligaments related to the anatomical site affected. [2+5+5][2011]
5. Following an operation of right parotid gland, a patient develops
weakness of facial muscles of that side. State the relations of the
affected cranial nerve with respect to the parotid gland. Give a brief
account of the functional components, intracranial course and
distribution of the nerve. [2+10][2010]
6. A patient is brought to the physician presenting right sided ocular signs
of ptosis, strabismus, diplopia and a loss of accommodation as well as
the light reflex with contralateral hemiplagia. From your anatomical
knowledge, explain the lesion. Give a brief account of the cranial nerve
affected. [2+10][2010]
7. Describe cavernous sinus under the following headings:
A) General informations;
B) Structures passing through the sinus;
C) Tributaries;
D) Communications. [2017][3+3+3+3]
8. Describe the parotid gland on following headings: [2+2+3+2+3][2019]
i) Covering.
ii) Relation
iii) Nerve supply
iv) Arrangement of structures passing through gland.
v) Frey’s Syndrome.
9. A man develops 'Black eye' within 48 hours of a lacerated injury of
scalp. From your knowledge of anatomy, explain this complication.
Discuss briefly the layers of scalp with a note on its blood supply, nerve
supply and applied anatomy. [2+10] [2010 supple]
10.A child suffering from repeated throat infection presents with discharge
of pus through ear. Explain this consequence from your knowledge of
anatomy. Discuss briefly the middle ear cavity and add a note on its
applied anatomy. [2+10] [2010 supple]
11.Following diphtheria,a child suffers from nasal regurgitation of food.
Give an explanation of the above statement. Give a brief account of the
muscles of the soft palate alongwith their applied anatomy. [2+10][2011
supple]
12.A child suffering from acute tonsillitis complains of pain in the ear.
Explain it anatomically. Mention position, relations, blood supply, nerve
supply and development of palatine tonsil. [2+2+3+2+2+1] [2012 supple]
13.A patient is brought to a surgeon with parotid tumor. Describe the
parotid gland under the following headings: (i) Capsule, (ii) Relations, (iii)
Structures within, (iv) Nerve supply, (v) applied anatomy.
[1+5+1+3+2][2013 supple]
14.Mention the boundaries, contents and communications of middle ear.
What is hyperacusis? [4+4+3+1][2013 supple]
15.Name the functional components of facial nerve. Give the effect of
injury of the facial nerve at internal auditory meatus. [3+9][2014 supple]
16.What is Waldeyer's ring? Describe the palatine tonsil with its relations,
blood supply and nerve supply. Why is pain in tonsillitis referred to
middle ear? [2+7+3][2016 supple]
17.Enumerate the muscles of the tongue. Describe the nerve supply of
tongue on embryological basis. What are the features of hypoglossal
nerve palsy? Write the structure of taste bud. What is ankyloglossia?
[2+3+3+2+2][2017 supple]
18.Describe the location, coverings, relations, nerve supply and
microanatomy of the parotid gland. [2+2+3+2+3]
19.Enumerate muscles of soft palate. Give their origin, insertion, nerve
supply and functions. What is Passavant's ridge? [2+8+2][2018]
20.Describe the palatine tonsil under the following headings:
1. Location
2. Relations
3. Histology
4. Blood supply
5. Development [1+3+3+3+2][2019 supple]
21.A patient develops hoarseness of voice following thyroidectomy
operation. Explain hoarseness of voice anatomically. Mention nerve
supply of intrinsic muscles of larynx. [5+2+8][2020 New Regulation]

1. Name the paranasal air sinuses. Mention the factors which help to drain
out the contents of the maxillary air sinus. Why are these sinuses
developed around the nose? [2+3+2][2014]
2. Mention the muscles of pharynx. Give their nerve supply. What is Kilian’s
dehiscence? [3+2+2][2014]
3. Enumerate the paired venous sinuses in skull. Write brief note
oncavernous sinus. [3+4][2013]
4. Fishbones badly stuck in pyriform fossa of pharynx was removed with
prolonged effort causing laceration of tissue. Give boundaries of
pyriform fossa, its sensory nerve supply and possible deleterious effects
of tissue damage. [2+2+2][2013]
5. Describe the development of tongue. Correlate the nerve supply of
tongue with its development. [4+3][2012]
6. An old man presents an ulcer along the margin of tongue which was
diagnosed as carcinoma of the tongue. Which groups of lymph nodes are
likely to be enlarged? Discuss briefly the lymphatic drainage of tongue.
[2+5][2011]
7. A patient with increased intracranial tension presents with medial
squint/strabismus. Explain the reason for medial squint. Give a brief
account of the anatomy of the structures involved. [2+5] [2011]
8. During surgical operation of thyroid gland, a surgeon must be careful to
avoid injury to some nerves. Mention the components, distribution and
effect of lesions of these nerves. [2+3+2][2010]
9. Enumerate the extra-ocular muscles with their nerve supply and
functions. [4+3][2017]
10.Nerve supply of the tongue with developmental explanation. What is
tongue tie? [6+1][2019]
11.A man gets cavernous sinus thrombosis due to uncared infection of
dangerous area of face. Mention the tributaries and communications of
cavernous sinus. From your knowledge of anatomy explain the
complication of the case mentioned. [2+5][2010 supple]
12.Mention the coats of eyeball. How is aqueous humor formed, circulated
and drained? Name the refractive media in the eye. [3+2+2][2011
supple]
13.Enumerate the muscles of soft palate and their nerve supply. What are
the different forms of cleft palate and how are they formed? [7+5][2012
supple]
14.Name the paranasal air sinuses. Where do they drain? Describe maxillary
air sinus. [2+2+3][2012 supple]
15.A boy presents with a cystic swelling on the anterior border of
sternocleidomastoid since birth. What can be the possible reasons?
16.Mention derivatives of first two branchial arches. [1+3+3][2013 supple]
17.Rima Glottidis. [7][2014 supple]
18.Describe the nerve supply of anterior 2/3rd of tongue. [7][2014 supple]
19.Name the paranasal air sinuses. Give their nerve supply and opening.
Why are they situated around the nose? [2+3+2][2016 supple]
20.Enumerate the peripheral parasympathetic ganglion in the head and
neck region. Add a brief note on ciliary ganglion. [2+5][2016 supple]
21.Mechanism of phonation. [2017 supple]
22.Describe extra-cranial course and distribution of facial nerve. What are
the features of Bell's palsy? [5+2][2017 supple][2018]
23.Describe the medial wall of middle ear cavity. [7][2017 supple]
24.Boundaries of orbit with clinical importance. [7][2018 supple]
25.Name the pharyngeal arches with examples. [7][2018 supple]
26.Describe the external auditory meatus with clinical significance.
[5+2][2019 supple]
27.Name the muscles of tongue with their nerve supply. What is lingual
tonsil? [6+4][2020 New Regulation]

1. Branchial cyst.[2013]
2. Otic ganglion.[2013][2017 supple][2018]
3. Temporo-mandibular joint.[2013]
4. Dangerous area of face.[2013][2020 New Regulation]
5. Ciliary ganglion.[2012]
6. Lacrimal apparatus.[2012]
7. Tympanic membrane.[2012]
8. Ansa cervicalis.[2012]
9. Inlet of larynx.[2011]
10.Development of soft palate[2011]
11.Spine of sphenoid.[2011]
12.Thyroglossal duct.[2010]
13.Middle meatus of nose.[2010]
14.Circulation of aqueous humor.[2010]
15.Ciliary body.[2004][2016]
16.Pyriform fossa with clinical importance.[2014]
17.Muscles of the first branchial arch with their nerve supply.[2014][2017]
18.Dangerous area of scalp.[2014][2016]
19.Styloid apparatus.[2014, 2011 supple, 2013 supple, 2016 supple]
20.Spinal accessory nerve.[2017]
21.Speech area of brain.[2015]
22.Structure and nerve supply of tympanic membrane.[2015]
23.Rima Glottidis.[2016][2018][2019 supple]
24.Nasolacrimal duct.[2016]
25.Cavernous sinus with connections.[2019]
26.Structure of cornea.[2019]
27.Ciliary ganglion.[2019]
28.Sensory innervations of face.[2019]
29.Meckel's cartilage [2010 supple][2019 supple]
30.Naso-lacrimal duct [2010 supple]
31.Nerve supply of tongue [2010 supple]
32.Lingual thyroid [2011 supple]
33.Movements of temporomandibular joint [2011 supple][2016 supple]
34.Anterior chamber of eyeball. [2012 supple]
35.Buccinator muscle. [2012 supple]
36.Cervical sinus [2012 supple]
37.Bell's palsy [2012 supple]
38.Horner's Syndrome [2013 supple]
39.Auditory tube [2013 supple]
40.Circulation of aqueous humor [2013 supple]
41.Canal of Schlemm [2014 supple]
42.Otic ganglion [2014 supple]
43.Little's area of epistaxis [2014 supple][2017 supple]
44.Cornea [2016 supple]
45.1st pharyngeal arch [2017 supple]
46.Sinus of Morgagni [2019 supple]
47.Cleft Palate [2019 supple]

1. Pain is referred to the middle ear in ulcer of posterior part of the tongue.
[2014]
2. A patient having fracture of sphenoidal spine complains of loss of taste
sensation at a later date. [2014]
3. Inflammation of parotid gland is very painful. [2014][2016 supple]
4. In tonsilitis, pain is referred to the middle ear. [2013][2015]
5. Superior parathyroids are inferior in position [2013,’11]
6. Optic disc in eye-ball is known as blind spot. [2013,‘06]
7. Postero-inferior part of tympanic membrane is chosen for myringotomy.
[2013]
8. Macular vision is generally spared in lesion/thrombosis of posterior
cerebral artery. [2012][2016 supple][2018 supple]
9. Optic nerve cannot regenerate after injury. [2012][2017 supple]
10.A patient of pituitary tumor suffers from bitemporal hemianopia.[2014,’
10][2016]
11.Layer of loose connective tissue of scalp is known as dangerous area of
scalp.[2010,’08]
12.Repeated throat infection, if neglected, may cause mastoiditis.
[2010,'08]
13.Right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around right subclavian artery
while the left one rounds the ligamentum arteriosum.
[2008][2016][2018]
14.Parotiditis is very painful. [2017]
15.Syringing of external ear may sometimes cause vaso-vagal atack of the
patient. [2016]
16.Increased intra-cranial pressure may cause medial squint. [2015]
17.Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle acts as safety muscle of larynx.
[2015][2020 New Regulation]
18.Dry mouth in fracture of spine of sphenoid. [2019]
19.Left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right. [2010
supple][2012 supple]
20.Ectopic thyroid gland [2010 supple]
21.All muscles of - (i) soft palate except tensor palatini
(ii) pharynx except stylopharyngeus
(iii) larynx except cricothyroid, is supplied by cranial
part of accessory nerve. [2010 supple]
22.Region of vallate papilla is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve. [2011
supple]
23.Syringing of external auditory meatus may cause coughing and fatal
cardiac failure. [2011 supple]
24.Cellulitis of dangerous area of face may be followed by cavernous sinus
thrombosis. [2012 supple]
25.Hyperacusis due to lesions of intrapetrous part of the facial nerve. [2012
supple][2018 supple]
26.In chronic sinusitis, accumulation of infected material is more common
in maxillary air sinus. [2013 supple]
27.A tumor at the level of foramen cecum of tongue reveals thyroid follicles
in isotope scan. [2013 supple]
28.Syringing of external auditory meatus may cause cardiac arrest. [2013
supple]
29.Thyroid swelling moves up and down with deglutition. [2014
supple][2018]
30.Surgical removal of palpebral part of lacrimal gland is equivalent to the
removal of the whole gland. [2014 supple]
31.Superior parathyroid is developmentally inferior. [2014 supple]
32.Cadaveric position of Rima Glottidis. [2016 supple]
33.Patient after thyroidectomy complains of hoarseness of voice. [2017
supple]
34.Trauma over forehead may produce black eye. [2017 supple]
35.Inferior parathyroid is developmentally superior. [2017 supple]
36.Inflammation of tubal tonsil gives rise to difficulty in hearing. [2018
supple]
NEUROANATOMY
1. Give the arterial supply of the superolateral surface of the brain. What is
macular sparing? [10+2][2014]
1. What is arterial circle of Willis? Describe the arterial supply of
superolateral surface of cerebral hemisphere. [5+7][2016]
2. Enumerate the white fibres in the brain. Describe the internal capsule
under the following headings:Parts with relations, fibres passing through
different parts and blood supply. What is stroke? [2+3+4+2+1][2017]
3. A man suffers from bitemporal hemianopia as a result of pituitary
tumor. Give an account of the visual pathway. State the reason of
bitemporal hemianopia. [10+2][2012 supple]
4. What are the white fibres of the brain? Describe corpus callosum in
short. [3+9][2014 supple]
5. Describe the extent and boundaries of different parts of the lateral
ventricle of the brain. Where and how is its third content formed?
[10+2][2016 supple]
6. What are the different types of white fibres in the brain? How is internal
capsule formed? Write in brief different parts of internal capsule with
clinical importance and arterial supply.[3+2+3+4+3][2020 New
Regulation]
1. CT scan of the brain of a patient suffering from cerebro-vascular
accident shows a lesion in the internal capsule of the brain. State why
this part is called “Internal Capsule”. Mention the diferent fibres passing
through the internal capsule. Add a note on its blood supply.
[1+3+3][2010]
7. Describe the walls and communications of 3rd ventricle. What is non-
communicating type of hydrocephalus? [4+1+2][2016]
8. Describe the floor of the 4th ventricle with proper diagram. [7][2017]
9. What are the different parts of cerebellum? Mention their blood supply.
What is cerebellar ataxia? [4+2+1][2015]
10.Draw a labelled diagram of the section of Midbrain at the level of
superior colliculus. What is Weber's syndrome? [5+2][2019]
11.Write a note on internal capsule of brain with its blood supply. What is
hemiplagia? [5+2][2012]
12.Central branches of Circle of Willis are examples of end arteries -
explain. Write a note on formation, branches and clinical anatomy of
Circle of Willis. [1+6][2010 supple]
13.A patient is presented with supranuclear type of facial nerve palsy after
cerebro-vascular accident. What is supranuclear type of facial nerve
palsy? Mention the functional areas of brain supplied by anterior
cerebral artery. [2+5][2011 supple]
14.Describe with a suitable diagram the features of a transverse section of
midbrain at the level of superior colliculus. [7][2013 supple]
15.Blood supply of superolateral surface of cerebrum. [7][2018 supple]
1. Thalamic nuclei. [2011]
2. Boundaries and communications of 3rd ventricle of the brain. [2010]
1. 3.Blood supply of spinal cord. [2017]
3. Speech area of brain. [2015][2018 supple]
4. Motor neurons of spinal cord [2010 supple]
5. Corpus callosum [2011 supple]
6. Circle of Willis [2014 supple]
7. Fornix [2017 supple]
8. Medial medullary syndrome [2017 supple]
9. Third ventricle of brain [2018 supple]
10.Pia mater of spinal cord [2018 supple]
1. Patient with pituitary tumor suffers from bitemporal hemianopia.
[2016][2018]
2. Increased intra-cranial pressure may cause medial squint. [2015]
3. In anterior spinal artery syndrome there is bilateral loss of pain and
temperature sensation but conscious proprioceptive sensations are
intact.[2015]
1. Increased pressure of CSF in subarachnoid space is easily diagnosed by
ophthalmoscopic examination of the eyes. [2017][2016 supple]
2. Ischemic damage to anterior limb of internal capsule may affect recent
memory tracing.[2019]
3. Abducent nerve palsy is a common manifestation of increased
intracranial pressure. [2019][2019 supple]
4. Obliquity and length of the spinal nerve roots increase progressively
from above downwards. [2016]
5. Sparing of macular vision in posterior cerebral artery occlusion. [2011
supple]
6. Argyll-Robertson pupil. [2012 supple]
7. Lumbar puncture is done at the level of L3 -L4 interspinous space. [2016
supple]
8. Optic disc of the eye is called blind spot. [2018 supple]
GENERAL ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY &
GENETICS
1. Describe the development of placenta in short. What is placenta previa?
[2+5][2014]
1. What is metaphysis of a growing bone? Give its importance. [2+5][2014]
2. Mention the main structural characteristics of a synovial joint. Classify
synovial joint with example of each type. [3+4][2012]
3. 4. Describe the histology of a classical Hepatic lobule with a diagram.
What is liver acinus?[5+2][2019]
4. Define long bone. Describe the different parts of young long bone.
Describe the blood supply of long bone. [1+3+3][2016]
5. Describe the formation of secondary mesoderm with formation of
extra-embryonic coelom. [7][2011 supple]
6. Enumerate the layers of placental barrier chronologically and mention
its clinical significance. [5+2][2017 supple]
9. Enumerate structural classification of joints. Write different types of
fibrous joints with appropriate examples. [5+2][2018 supple]

1. Difference b/w transitional and stratified squamous epithelium. [2014]
2. Capacitation. [2014]
3. Placental barrier. [2013]
4. Non-disjunction. [2013]
5. Epiphyseal cartilage. [2012]
6. Down’s syndrome. [2011,‘04][2018 supple]
7. Klinefelter’s syndrome. [2011][2020 New Regulation]
8. Plasma cell. [2010,‘05]
9. Notochord. [2007][2016]
10.Sarcomere. [2016]
11.Karyotyping. [2016][2018 supple]
12.Blastocyst. [2015]
13.Turner’s syndrome. [2015]
14.Laws of ossification. [2015]
15.Translocation. [2019]
16.Blastocyst. [2019]
17.Classification of glands with one example of each.[2019]
18.Epiphysis [2010 supple]
19.Neural crest cells [2010 supple][2015 supple]
20.Placental barrier [2011 supple]
21.Turner Syndrome [2011 supple]
22.Metaphysis [2011 supple][2016 supple]
23.Blastocyst [2012 supple]
24.Transitional epithelium [2012 supple][2018]
25.Down's Syndrome [2012 supple]
26.Intervertebral disc [2014 supple]
27.Klinefelter's Syndrome [2015 supple]
28.Umbilical cord [2015 supple]
29.Plasma membrane [2015 supple]
30.Somites [2016 supple]
31.Barr body. [2016 supple]
32.Histology of lymph node [2016 supple]
33.Hyaline cartilage [2017 supple]
34.Sex-linked inheritance [2017 supple]
35.Derivatives of neural crest. [2017 supple]
36.Sesamoid bone. [2018]
37.Pivot joint [2019 supple][2020 New Regulation]
38.Neuroglial cells [2019 supple]

1. Osteoclast. [2014]
2. Double Barr body in Klinefelter’s syndrome.[2012,'11, '19]
3. Monozygotic twins are identical while dizygotic twins are non-
identical.[2012][2020 New Regulation]
4. An elderly female (38yrs) gave birth to a baby who is examined to have a
rounded-face, epicanthic folds and characteristic single palmar crease
(Simian Crease) on the palm. Explain the genetic cause of the event.
[2011]
5. Annular pancreas. [2016]
6. Lysosomes are called suicidal bags of the cell. [2012 supple]
7. Ectopic pregnancy. [2015 supple][2017 supple]
8. Capacitation is necessary for fertilization. [2017 supple]
9. Monozygotic and dizygotic twins. [2019 supple]
MCQ (2020 NEW REGULATION)
1. Which one is NOT a covering of testis?
a) Tunica Vaginalis
b) Tunica albuginea
c) Tunica vasculosa
d) Tunica media
2. Conjoint tendon is formed by -

a) External and internal oblique
b) External oblique and transversus abdominis
c) Internal oblique and transversus abdominis
d) Internal oblique alone
3. Nerve piercing and lying on psoas major is

a) Ilioinguinal
b) Iliohypogastric
c) Femoral
d) Genitofemoral
4. The 2nd part of duodenum is derived from

a) Foregut and midgut
b) Midgut and hindgut
c) Only foregut
d) Only midgut
5. Following structures are related to mediastinal surface of left lung except

a) Left atrium
b) Ascending aorta
c) Arch of aorta
d) Esophagus
6. Following are the contents of carpal tunnel except

a) Median nerve
b) Ulnar nerve
c) Flexor pollicis longus
d) Flexor carpi radialis
7. All of the following are lateral branches of abdominal aorta except
a) Inferior phrenic artery
b) Superior phrenic artery
c) Renal artery
d) Gonadal artery
8. Ligamentum teres hepatis is a remnant of

a) Ductus venosus
b) Obliterated left umbilical vein
c) Ductus arteriosus
d) Right umbilical vein
9. Nerve directly related to humerus include all except

a) The axillary nerve
b) The radial nerve
c) The ulnar nerve
d) The musculocutaneous nerve
10. Shortest and least dilatable part of male urethra is

a) Preprostatic part
b) Prostatic part
c) Bulbous part
d) Membranous part
11. Paracentral lobule is located on

a) Medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere
b) Superolateral surface of cerebral hemisphere
c) Tentorial surface of cerebral hemisphere
d) Orbital surface of cerebral hemisphere
12. All the following structures lie deep to the fascial carpet of posterior
triangle except
a) Trunks of brachial plexus
b) Spinal accessory nerve
c) Third part of subclavian artery
d) Occipital artery
13. The following muscles form the boundaries of popliteal fossa except
a) Biceps femoris
b) Semitendinosus
c) Plantaris
d) Soleus
14. Pituitary tumor causes

a) Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopia (Tunnel Vision)
b) Homonymous hemianopia
c) Quadrantanopia
d) Total blindness
15. Detachment of retina following blow on eye

a) Between rods and cones
b) Between bipolar cells and ganglion cells
c) Between neural and pigment layers
d) Any one of the above
16. All are sensory speech area except

a) Area 22
b) Area 39
c) Area 40
d) Area 44 & 45
17. All muscles of soft palate are supplied by cranial root of accessory nerve
except
a) Palatopharyngeus
b) Palatoglossus
c) Levator veli palatini
d) Tensor veli palatini
18. Frey's Syndrome is a clinical condition which results after healing of wound
of face over
a) Parotid gland
b) Lacrimal gland
c) Submandibular gland
d) Sublingual gland
19. Which layer of scalp is known as dangerous layer?

a) Subcutaneous layer
b) Aponeurotic layer
c) Layer of loose areolar tissue
d) Pericranium
20. Which of the following nerves supply structures derived from 2nd
pharyngeal arch?
a) Glossopharyngeal nerve
b) Recurrent laryngeal nerve
c) Trigeminal nerve
d) Facial nerve
Physiology
(2010 - ’21)
GENERAL & NERVE MUSCLE
PHYSIOLOGY
➢GROUP-A
1. Describe the neuro muscular junction with proper diagram and labelling.
Describe how an Action potential in motor nerve produces an AP in
muscles.What is Myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton Syndrome?
[4+5+3][2010]
➢GROUP-B
1. Discuss the role of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation. What
is rigor mortis? [5+2] [2011] [2014 supple.]
2. Describe briefly the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. What
is Myasthenia Gravis?[5+2][2014]
3. What is the differences b/w AP curves of skeletal muscles and working
myocardial cells?[7][2015]
4. Write the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Write a short
note on neuromuscular blockers. [4+3][2012] [2016]
5. Discuss the mechanism of action of different neuromuscular
blockers.[7][2017]
6. Enumerate the muscle proteins. Explain briefly the sliding filament
theory of muscle contraction. What is Rigor Mortis?[1+4+2][2019]
7. Draw a diagram of neuromuscular junction. Explain the mechanism of
transmission across neuromuscular junction. Name three neuro-
muscular blockers and mention their mechanism of action. [3+4+3]
[NEW PATTERN 2020][5+2] [2013 supple.]
8. Mention the different types of transport across cell membrane. What do
you mean by voltage gated and ligand gated channels? Name some Ca2+
channel blockers.[4+2+1] [2015 supple.]
9. What do you mean by AP in nerve? State the ionic basis with diagram.
[2+5] [2016 supple.]
10.Define RMP. Discuss the ionic basis of generation of AP in skeletal
muscle. What is tetanus?[2+4+1] [2018 supple.]
11.Compare and contrast the transmission of electrical activity at a NM
junction with that at a synapse. What is myasthenia gravis? [2019
supple.]
➢GROUP-C(Short Notes)
1. Secondary Active Transport.[3] [2010] [2014]
2. GLUT.[2011] [2016 supple]
3. Rigor mortis.[2012]
4. Na+-K+ATPase. [2012] [2016]
5. Facilitated diffusion. [2013] [2009]
6. Gap junction.[2013]
7. Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. [2014]
8. Ion channels. [2014]
9. Nernst equation.[2017]
10.Molecular motors.[2017]
11.Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium. [2018]
12.Presynaptic inhibition. [2019]
13.Pacemaker potential. [2019]
14.Tetany. [2019]
15.G-Protein. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
16.Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. [2014 supple.] [2015
supple]
17.Differences b/w fast and slow muscles. [2017 supple.]
18.Active transport, [2017 supple.]
19.Phagocytosis. [2018 supple.]
➢GROUP-D (Explain Why)
1. Digitalis increases the strength of cardiac contractions. [2017]
2. ATP helps in the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. [2018]
3. Hypoproteinaemia causes oedema. [2019]
4. Tetanus can be demonstrated easily in a skeletal muscle. [2019]
5. Action potentials are propagative in nature.[4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
6. Conduction is faster in thicker nerve fibre. [2013 supple.]
7. Relaxation of muscle requires energy. [2015 supple.]
BLOOD
➢GROUP-A
1. What is haemostasis? Name the different coagulation factors required
for coagulation and draw a brief outline of the events of coagulation.
Write in short, the role of platelets in haemostasis. Justify the role of
aspirin for prevention of stroke.[1+5+3+3] [2011] [2016]
2. Discuss the role of neutrophils in defence. What is innate immunity?
[8+4] [2012]
3. Describe the role of lymphocytes in immunity. What is acquired
immunedeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?[8+4] [2013]
4. What is haemophilia? Enumerate the steps of haemostasis. Describe the
intrinsic pathway of coagulation.[2+3+7] [2013] [2014 supple]
5. Describe the structure of platelets. Mention the contents of their
granules and their functions. What are the functions of platelets?
[4+5+3][2014]
6. What is erythropoiesis? What are the sites of erythropoiesis? List with
diagram the various stages of development of RBC. How is
erythropoiesis regulated? What is polycythaemia? [2+2+4+5+2] [NEW
PATTERN 2021] [2013 supple.]
7. Describe the physiological basis of blood grouping. Discuss the hazards
of blood transfusion. [6+6] [2015 supple.]
8. Define hemostasis. Describe the sequence of events leading to
hemostasis. What is the role of platelets in clotting? Enumerate the
common lab tests for investigation of bleeding disorders. [2+4+3+3]
[2019 supple.]
➢GROUP-B
1. What do you mean by immunity? What are the different types of
immunity? Give an account of humoral immunity.[1+2+4][2010,2007]
2. Define jaundice. Compare obstructive and haemolytic jaundice.
[2+5][2010]
3. What is erythroblastosis fetalis? What are the hazards of mismatched
blood transfusion?[2+5] [2013]
4. Describe the preservation injuries in stored blood. Mention the
deleterious effects of repeated blood transfusion.[4+3] [2017]
5. What is the role of platelets in haemostasis? [7] [2018]
6. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin. Write briefly about the
different types of immunoglobulins. [3+4] [2018]
7. Draw a flow chart showing different stages of erythropoiesis with
diagrammatic representation. Add a note on erythropoietin. [5+2]
[2019]
8. How does Rh incompatibility occur? Describe the hemolytic disease of
new born with its prevention. [4+3] [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]
9. Hazards of matched and mismatched blood transfusion. [3+4] [2016
supple.]
➢GROUP-C (Short Note)
1. Erythropoietin.[3][2010]
2. ESR.[3] [2012]
3. Erythroblastosis fetalis.[3][2016]
4. Hemoglobinopathies.[3][2017]
5. ESR [3] [2018]
6. Rh incompatibility.[2019]
7. Law of Landsteiner. [2014 supple.]
8. IgG [2013 supple.]
9. Humoral immunity. [2015 supple.]
10.B and T lymphocytes. [2016 supple.]
11.Tissue macrophage system. [2017 supple.]
12.Megaloblastic anaemia. [2019 supple.]
➢GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Inhaemolytic jaundice, urine is not coloured. [3] [2011]
2. Aspirin in low dose prevents intravascular coagulation. [3] [2012] [2016]
3. Low plasmaprotein causes oedema. [3] [2012]
4. Normal plasma proteins prevent oedema.[3] [2014]
5. Anaemia occurs after gastrectomy. [3] [2013] [2015]
6. Coagulation time is prolonged in obstructive jaundice.[3] [2015]
7. Anaemia occurs in chronic renal failure. [3] [2016]
8. Bleeding tendency occurs in obstructive jaundice. [3] [2018]
9. RBCs in venous blood are larger than in arterial blood. [3] [2018] [2016
supple.]
10.Coagulation is an example of positive feedback mechanism. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
11.Low dose aspirin is used in prevention of myocardial infarction. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
12.Relative lymphocytosis occurs in bone marrow depression in adults.
[2019 supple.]
13.Cyanide poisoning causes high pO2 in venous blood. [2019 supple.]
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
➢GROUP-A
1. Describe the transport of oxygen from atmosphere to tissue.What is P50
and its significance? [10+2] [2010]
2. Give an account of the cardio-respiratory changes that occur during
isotonic exercise. What are the effects of training? [8+4] [2018]
3. What are the different types of chemoreceptors regulating ventilation?
How are they stimulated? List the pathways by which increased pCO2
stimulates ventilation.[3+4+5] [2019]
4. Give a brief account of neural and chemical regulation of respiration.
Explain the changes in the respiratory system during exercise and during
acclimatization to high altitude. [3+3+3+3] [2016 supple.]
5. Describe the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve. Factors shifting the curve.
[8+4] [2017 supple.]
➢GROUP-B
1. What is hypoxia? What are the adaptations that occur when a person
ascends to an altitude of 12000 feet? [2+5] [2012] [2013 supple]
2. What is Bohr’s effect? How CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs.
[2+5][2013] [2016]
3. Describe the oxygen dissociation curve and the factors influencing it.
[3+4] [2014]
4. What is pulmonary surfactant? Explain its role in the maintenance of
stability of alveoli. [2+5] [2015]
5. Compare and contrast b/w static and specific compliance of the lungs.
What is the role of surfactant in maintaining compliance of the
lungs?[3+4] [2017]
6. What is VA/Q ratio? Explain the distribution of ventilation and perfusion
in different regions of the lungs in erect posture. Why tuberculosis is
common at the apex of lungs? [1+4+2] [2018]
7. How is oxygen transported in blood? Explain with a diagram the effect of
PO2 on haemoglobin saturation. Comment on the effect of Carbon
Monoxide on oxygen binding to haemoglobin. [2+3+2] [2019]
8. Explain how oxygen is transported from lungs to tissues in details. Add a
note on P50. [6+4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
9. What is hypoxia? Role of O2 therapy in various types of hypoxia. [2015
supple.]
➢GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. Apneustic centre.[3] [2010]
2. Surfactant.[2012] [2013 supple.]
3. Lung compliance.[2013]
4. Haldane effect.[2014]
5. Maximum ventilation volume. [2014]
6. Peak expiratory flow rate.
7. Timed vital capacity.[2015]
8. Ventilation perfusion ratio. [2016]
9. Roles of O2 therapy in hypoxia.[3] [2018]
10.Alveolo capillary membrane. [3] [2014 supple.]
11.Caisson’s disease. [2013 supple]
12.Cyanosis. [2015 supple.]
13.Dead space. [2017 supple.]
14.Water hammer pulse. [2018 supple.]
15.Hypoxic hypoxia. [2018 supple.]
1. Increase in pulmonary ventilation occurs even after exercise is over.
[3][2010] [2011]
2. RBC in venous blood is larger than arterial blood.[3] [2010] [2014]
3. In anaemic hypoxia, O2 therapy is not of much importance.[3][2011]
[2014 supple.]
4. There is increased respiratory rate during exercise.[3] [2016]
5. In COPD, O2 therapy should be intermittent and of low concentration. [3]
[2017]
6. Pulmonary ventilation is not affected till pO2is below 60 mm Hg. [3]
[2018]
7. Hypoxic hypoxia causes polycythaemia. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
8. Cyanosis does not occur in severe anaemia. [2013 supple.] [2018
supple.]
9. Patients on ototoxic drugs are advised not to swim underwater. [2013
supple.]
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
➢GROUP-A
1. What is cardiac cycle? Describe with suitable diagram the pressure and
volume change in left ventricle in the different phases of cardiac cycle.
Enumerate the differences b/w 1s t and 2nd heart sounds.[2+6+4][2011]
2. Describe in brief the regulation of blood pressure. What is malignant
hypertension? What is vasomotor reversal of Dale?[8+2+2] [2012]
3. Describe the different waves of ECG and segments with its neat diagram.
Mention their importance. What is heart block?[6+2+4] [2014]
4. What is cardiac output? Discuss the effects of various factors regulating
cardiac output. Write two clinical findings with explanation of aortic
incompetence.[2+6+4][2015]
5. What are the functional tissues of the heart? How cardiac impulse is
generated and transmitted across the heart. Describe cardiac AP and
skeletal muscle AP. What is idioventricular rhythm?[2+4+4+2] [2016]
6. Describe briefly the cardio vascular reflexes.[12] [2017]
7. Describe the physiologic anatomy of the different regions of the
systemic circulation and mention how correlate with their functions.
What is Poiseuille-Hagen formula?[8+4] [2017]
8. Define cardiac output. Describe the factors affecting cardiac output.
How does Fick’s principle determine cardiac output? [2+6+4] [2018]
9. What is systemic arterial blood pressure? How it is kept within normal
range? What is hypertension and what are the basic physiological
principles of the treatment of hypertension? [3+6+2+4=15] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
10.What do you mean by normal blood pressure? Discuss the regulation of
blood pressure in a normal individual. What happens to systolic and
diastolic BP in aortic incompetence? [4+5+3] [2014 supple]
11.Draw and label the various stages of AP of the working myocardial cell.
What is the ionic basis of the different stages? What is prepotential?
[5+4+3] [2013 supple]
12.What is arterial blood pressure? Describe the regulation of arterial BP.
What is essential hypertension/ [2+8+2] [2015 supple.]
13.Define ECG. How augmentation occurs in augmented leads? What is PR
interval? How can you diagnose various types of AV block from ECG?
[1+4+2+5] [ 2018 supple.]
14.What are baroreceptors? Describe role of baroreceptors in maintaining
BP. What is hypertension? [2+7+3] [2018 supple.]
15.Identify receptors, afferent pathways, integrating centre, efferent
pathways and effectors in the arterial baroreceptor reflex. When the
arterial baroreceptors decrease or increase the rate of firing? What
changes in the autonomic outflow & cardiovascular function occur?
Explain how tachycardia occurs in cardiovascular shock. [2019 supple.]
➢GROUP-B
1. What is baroreceptor reflex? Describe the role of baroreceptor in
maintenance of BP with proper diagram and labelling.[2+5] [2010]
2. What is the Marey’s law? What is its physiological basis? Name two
conditions when it is not observed.[2+4+1]
3. What is cardiac output? Describe one method for estimation of cardiac
output. [2+5] [2011]
4. What is arrythmia? What is the cause? [2+5] [2014 supple.]
1. Augmented limb leads during ECG.[3] [2010]
2. CVS adjustments during exercise. [3] [2011]
3. Standard leads in ECG. [3] [2011]
4. PR interval in ECG.[3] [2015] [2019 supple.]
5. 2nd degree AV nodal block.[3] [2016]
6. Subendocardial region of the left ventricle is specially vulnerable to
ischemia. [3] [2019]
7. Venous return. [2014 supple.]
8. Normal ECG waves. [2017 supple.]
9. Sinoaortic reflex. [2018 supple.]
1. Brief period of straining causes tachycardia and increase in peripheral
resistance. [3] [2011] [2010] [2017]
2. Vasodilation occurs in the blood vessels of skeletal muscles during
exercise.[3] [2012]
3. Maximum blood flow to the left ventricle occurs during diastole.[3]
[2013]
4. Diastolic pressure rises on assuming standing posture from supine
position.[3] [2014]
5. In cardiac disease, pulse rate can be lesser than the heart rate. [3] [2015]
6. Coronary blood flow is more in diastolic phase than the systolic phase in
Cardiac cycle.[3] [2016]
7. Tachycardia usually occurs in haemorrhage. [2013 supple]
8. SA Node is the pace maker in heart. [2015 supple.] [2017 supple.]
9. Digitalis increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle. [2018
supple.]
10.Capillaries are also called ‘exchange vessels. [2019 supple.]
GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
➢GROUP-A
1. Give an account of the composition, function & control of secretion of
the pancreatic juice. Describe the pancreatic exocrine function test.
[3+3+3+3][2005]
➢GROUP-B
1. Write down the different inestinal movements. What is adynamic ileus?
[5+2] [2012]
2. What is gastric mucosal barrier? Discuss the physiological basis of
management of peptic ulcer.[2+5] [2013]
3. Define jaundice. Describe the differences between haemolytic &
obstructive jaundice.[2+5] [2014] [2017 supple.]
4. What is the mechanism of HCL secretion in the stomach? Give the
physiological basis of treatment of peptic ulcer with omeprazole.
[5+2][2016]
5. Describe the mechanism of secretion of HCl in stomach. Enumerate the
neural and chemical mechanisms that control gastric secretion. [5+5]
[NEW PATTERN 2021]
6. What is gastric mucosal barrier? What are the changes in it that lead to
peptide ulceration? [2+5] [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]
7. What are the exocrine secretions of pancreas? Discuss briefly the role of
secretin and CCK as GI hormones. [2013 supple]
8. Why is intestine not digested by enzymes? Name the GI hormones.
[2014]
9. Discuss the factors preventing autodigestion of stomach. [7] [2017
supple.]
10.Mechanism of HCl synthesis and secretion in stomach. What are the
paracrine and endocrine regulators of HCl secretion? [4+3] [2019
supple.]
1. BER.[2010]
2. Bile salt.[2011]
3. Mucosal barrier of stomach.[2012]
4. MMC. [2013]
5. Gastrin.[2015]
6. Dumping syndrome.[2017]
7. Cells found in stomach. [2018]
8. Migrating Motor Complex. [2018]
9. Salivary secretion. [2019]
10.Gastro-colic reflex. [2019]
11.Enterohepatic cycle. [2014 supple.]
12.Dietary fibres. [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]
13.Adynamic ileus. [2015 supple.]
14.Functions of gall bladder. [2015 supple.]
15.Postprandial alkaline tide. [2016 supple.]
16.Functions of saliva. [2016 supple.]
17.CCK-PZ. [2019 supple.]
1. Thought of delicious food induces salivary secretion.[2015]
2. Coagulation time is prolonged in Obstructive jaundice.[2015]
3. Fatty meal delays gastric emptying.[2017]
4. Alcohol intoxication can be avoided if it is consumed with fatty food. [4]
[NEW PATTERN 2021]
5. Oedema is seen in chronic liver disease. [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]
6. Removal of terminal ileum may lead to steatorrhea. [2014 supple]
7. Anaemia occurs after gastrectomy. [2014 supple.]
8. Pancreas is not auto digested. [2013 supple.]
9. Vitamin K injection should be given in patients of obstructive jaundice.
[2013 supple]
10.Absence of bile salts in small intestine causes steatorrhea. [2019 supple.]
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
➢GROUP-A
1. Describe the various sites and mechanisms by which water is reabsorbed
from then ephrons. Why polyuria occurs in Diabetes insipidus.
[3+7+2][2009]
➢GROUP-B
1. What is the normal pH of urine? How the normalcy of pH is maintained
in urine?[1+6] [2010]
2. Define polyuria. What are the causes of polyuria? Why polyuria occurs in
Diabetes Insipidus?[2+2+3][2011]
3. What is GFR? Describe the factors influencing it. What is filtration
fraction? [1+5+1][2012] [2014 supple.]
4. What is the site of production of Renin? Name the stimulants for Renin
secretion. What is the sequence of events in the Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System?[1+2+4] [2013]
5. Differentiate b/w cortical & juxta-medullary nephrons. Briefly discuss
the counter-current mechanism in the kidney.[2+5] [2014]
6. Describe the mechanism of concentration of urine. What is anuria?
[5+2][2017]
7. State briefly how urine is acidified. How excess acidification is
prevented? What are the advantages of having acidic urine?[2+3+2]
[2015]
8. What is the role of kidney in maintaining the acid-base balance of the
body? [7] [2016] [2018 supple.]
9. Mention each part of nephron in relation to its histological structure. [7]
[2018]
10.Describe how the counter current mechanism in the kidney operates to
produce hypotonic or hypertonic urine. Add a note on micturition reflex.
[5+5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11.Discuss briefly the reabsorption of glucose in kidney with a note on
glycosuria. [2013 supple.]
12.Outline the process involved in secretion of H+into the tubules. What is
the significance of these processes in regulation of acid-base balance?
[4+3] [2019 supple.]
1. Creatinine clearance test.[2010]
2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.[2010]
3. Renal clearance.[2011]
4. Renin.[2011]
5. Counter current multiplication.[2013]
6. Vasa recta.[2015]
7. Endocrine functions of kidney. [2018]
8. Osmotic diuresis.[2019]
9. Acidification of urine. [2014 supple]
10. Tubulo-glomerular feedback. [2018 supple.]
1. Osmotic diuresis occurs in Diabetes Mellitus.[2012]
2. Chronic renal failure patients have anaemia.[2012]
3. Albuminuria occurs in nephritic syndrome.[2014]
4. Volume of urine can increase after drinking a large volume of water.
[2015]
5. Furosemide is used as a diuretic.[2016]
6. Chronic renal disease may lead to brittleness of bones. [2018]
7. pH of urine rises after a heavy meal.[2019]
8. Vasa recta is essential for concentrating urine. [2014 supple.]
9. Routine examination of urine is the simplest test to assess the excretory
system especially in poor people. [2013 supple.]
10.Actual renal threshold for glucose is less than predicted value. [2017
supple.]
11.‘Automatic bladder’ is produced in complete transection of spinal cord.
[2019 supple.]
12.GFR is measured by creatinine clearance test. [2019 supple.]
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
➢GROUP-B
1. Describethefemalesexualcycle.WhatisLHsurge?[6+1][2013][2011][2015]
[2017]
2. Describethespermatogenesis.Whatisblood-testis-barrier?[5+2][2014]
[2012]
3. What is spermatogenesis? Describe the hormonal control of it. [2+5]
[2010]
4. What are the hormones of placenta? Though genetically different, why
is not fetus rejected immunologically? [3+4] [2018]
5. Define ovulation. How does interplay of different hormones lead to
ovulation? How is it detected?[2+3+2] [2019] [2014 supple.]
6. What is menstrual cycle? Explain the ovarian changes taking place during
menstrual cycle. [3+7] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
7. What are the functions of placenta? What are the hormones secreted
from it? What do you mean by feto-placental unit? Though genetically
different, why is not fetus rejected immunologically? [2+1+2+2] [2013
supple.]
8. What is fetoplacental unit? [7] [2018 supple.]
9. Name the key hormones secreted by Leydig cells and Sertoli cells. Steps
involved in spermatogenesis. [2019 supple.]
1. Ovulation.[2010]
2. Contraceptivepills. [2012]
3. Secretion and ejection of milk. [2013] [2016 supple]
4. OCP.[2014]
5. Evidences for ovulation. [2015]
6. LH surge. [2016] [2014 supple.]
7. Safe period method for contraception.[2016]
8. Hormonal regulation of testicular activities.[2017]
9. Corpus luteum. [2018]
10.Hormonal control of lactation. [2019]
11.Oral contraceptive pills. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2018 supple.]
12.Progesterone. [2018 supple.]
13.Placental hormones. [2019 supple.]
1. During lactation, menstrual bleeding does not occur up to six months.
[2010]
2. Sterility is more common in men working in heat surrounds.[2010]
3. Prolonged breast feeding is helpful in family planning.[2013] [2012]
4. Pregnancy is associated with stoppage of menstruation.[2014] [[2013]
5. Conversion of testosterone to dihydro-testosterone is essential for full
sexual maturity in male. [2014]
6. Pregnancy usually does not occur during lactation.[2016]
7. Patients with sexual precocity are dwarfs. [2018]
8. Cryptorchids are usually infertile. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
9. Lactation is a natural method of contraception. [4] [NEW PATTERN
2021]
10.Removal of ovaries before 6 weeks of pregnancy leads to abortion.
[2016 supple] [2018 supple.]
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
➢GROUP-A
1. Enumerate the hormones secreted from thyroid gland. Describe the
functions of thyroxin. Write a brief note on Cretinism. [2+7+3] [2010]
2. Name the various layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted
from them. What are the effects of glucocorticoids? Describe Cushing’s
syndrome.[2+7+3] [2011]
3. What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex? Describe the
principal functions of the mineralocorticoids. What is Conn’s syndrome?
[3+7+2] [2014]
4. Enumerate the functions of calcium in our body. How its homeostasis is
maintained by involving different hormones? What are the sources of
these hormones? Name the features of Rickets and Osteomalacia.
[2+4+2+4] [2013] [2017]
5. What is blood calcium level? Name the physiological functions of Ca2+ in
the body. Discuss briefly how the blood calcium level is maintained?
[1+3+8] [2017]
6. Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones.What is thyroid
storm?[10+2] [2012] [2017]
7. Name the hormones of islets of Langerhans. State the functions of
insulin. Why polyphagia occurs in diabetes mellitus?[2+7+3] [2015]
[2017 supple.]
8. Enumerate the layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted from
them. Explain how aldosterone controls extracellular fluid volume. What
is aldosterone escape? [3+7+2] [2019]
9. Describe the mechanism of action of growth hormone. Enumerate the
factors influencing the secretion of growth hormone. [10+5] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
10.Enumerate the hormones secreted from thyroid gland. Describe the
functions of thyroxin. Write features of hyper secretion of thyroid
hormone. [3+4+5] [2014 supple.]
11.Enumerate the hormones synthesized in suprarenal gland. Describe
briefly the physiological actions of medullary hormones. Write a note on
pheochromocytoma. [3+6+3] [2013 supple.]
12.Describe the functions of calcium in the body. How homeostasis is
maintained by involving different hormones? Name the features of
rickets and osteomalacia. [4+4+4] [2018 supple.]
13.Summarize the effects of insulin on various tissues. What is glucose
tolerance test? What is the major diff. b/w type I and type II DM?
[5+3+4] [2019 supple.]
1. ADH.[2014]
2. Cretinism.[2013]
3. Glucocorticoids. [2013]
4. Acromegaly. [2011]
5. Cushing’s syndrome. [2010]
6. Tetany. [2017]
7. Adission’sdisease. [2016]
8. Permissive action of hormones. [2017]
9. Dwarfism. [2018]
10. Acromegaly [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11.Aldosterone escape. [2017 supple.]
12.Vit D. [2017 supple.]
1. Diabetesmellitusischaracterizedbypolyphagia. [2010]
2. Exerciseisgoodfordiabetesmellitus.[2013]
3. Metabolicacidosismaybefoundindiabetesmellitus. [2013]
4. Pigmentation is found in Addison’s disease. [2018]
5. Acromegalymaybeassociatedwithvisualfielddefect. [2019]
6. Thyroid dwarfs are usually mentally retarded. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
[2017 supple.]
7. Persistent hypokalemia may lead to hyperglycemia. [2018 supple.]
8. Low serum sodium level increase aldosterone secretion. [2019 supple.]
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

➢GROUP-A
1. With diagram write the components of limbic system. What are the
vegetative functions of the hypothalamus? What are the roles played by
the hypothalamus in Reward and Punishment?[3+5+4] [2014] [2017]
2. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? With a diagram show
the to and fro connections of the cerebellum. Enumerate the functions
of the cerebellum and the clinical manifestations following its
lesion.[2+3+3+4] [2013]
3. Describe the nuclei, connections and functions of basal ganglia. What
are the features of Parkinsonism and how can these be reduced?[7+5]
[2012] [2013 supple.] [2018 supple]
4. Name the different components of basal ganglia. List the pathways that
Interconnect them. What are the functions of basal ganglia? Write down
the features of Parkinson’s disease and its remedy.[2+3+3+4] [2010]
[2016]
5. Define synapse. What is synaptic potential? Give ionic basis of
development of it with proper diagram and labelling. Write about the
important properties of synapse. [1+5+6] [2011]
6. Give an account of origin, course and termination of the pyramidal tract
with a diagram. What is Babinski sign? [10+2] [2015]
7. Define muscle tone. How it is maintained? What are the types of
hypertonia? Mention their differences. [2+5+2+3] [2018]
8. With the help of a neat, labelled diagram trace the pathway of pain
sensation. What is stress analgesia and what is its physiological basis/
[2+5+2+3] [2018]?
9. Draw a diagram of neural connections in cerebellum. What are the
different functional divisions of cerebellum? Explain how it helps in
smooth and coordinate movement. Mention the abnormalities
associated with damage to the cerebellum?[3+3+3+3] [2019]
10.Name the components of basal ganglia. With a suitable diagram outline
their chief connections and functions. Briefly state the features and
treatment of Parkinsonism. [2+3+3+3+5+2] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11.What is referred pain? Describe with diagram the neural pathway for
pain sensation. Describe how transmission and perception are inhibited?
[2+5+5] [2014 supple.]
12. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? Write the principal
functions of each division. Draw a diagram of internal circuit of
cerebellum. What is cerebellar ataxia? [2016 supple.]
13.What is stretch reflex? Describe the receptor involved with reflex arc
and draw a suitable diagram. What is reciprocal innervation? What is
Renshaw cell inhibition? [2+6+2+2] [2017 supple.]
➢GROUP-B
1. What is muscle tone? How is it regulated?[2+5] [2011]
2. Describe the central pain inhibiting mechanism.[7] [2010]
3. Name the main ascending tracts of spinal cord and enumerate their
functions. What is phantom limb phenomenon and describe the law
governing it. [5+2] [2017]
4. Explain how the medullary interstial fluid becomes hyperosmotic.
What is it’s functional implication?[7] [2019]
5. What are photoreceptors? What are their functions? Explain briefly
the mechanism of photo-transduction. [1+2+4] [2019]
6. Define pain. Describe pain pathways. Write briefly endogenous pain
control mechanisms. [1+6+3] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
1. Fluent aphasia. [2014]
2. EPSP. [2012]
3. Brown-Sequard syndrome. [2012]
4. Paradoxical sleep. [2011]
5. Beta wave in ECG. [2011]
6. Decerebrate rigidity. [2010] [2017]
7. Alpha block. [2009]
8. EEG waves. [2014]
9. Synaptic inhibition. [2015]
10.UMN v/s LMN lesion. [2004]
11.Normal waves of EEG.[2016]
12.REM sleep. [2015]
13.Blood brain barrier. [2019]
14.Paradoxical sleep. [2019]
15.Gate control theory. [2014 supple.]
16.Referred pain. [2016 supple.]
17.Static tremor and intention tremor. [2017 supple.]
1. Babinski’s sign is a defining feature of UMN paralysis. [2014]
2. Finger nose test becomes abnormal in cerebellar disorder.[2013] [2017]
3. Speech becomes meaningless if arcuate fasciculus is damaged. [2012]
4. Dissociated anaesthesia is seen in syringomyelia.[2011] [2016]
5. Touching and shaking of an injured part can reduce pain
sensation.[2009]
6. L-Dopa is a drug of choice for the treatment of Parkinsonism.[2015]
[2017]
7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. [2017] [2014 supple.] [2018
supple.]
8. Golgi tendon reflex protects the muscle from tear. [2018]
9. Jendrassik manoeuvre is used to elicit a larger tendon jerk. [2019]
10.Hemi section of spinal cord affects both sides of the body. [4] [NEW
PATTERN 2021]
11.Dissociated anaesthesia is found in syringomyelia. [2014 supple.]
12.It is extremely difficult to learn new things after hippocampal lesion.
[2014 supple.]
13.Cholinergic autonomic drugs are said to be anabolic system. [2013
supple.]
14.UMN lesion is associated with spasticity. [2016 supple.]
15.Babinski’s sign is positive in infants. [2019 supple.]
SPECIAL SENSES
➢GROUP-B
1. Describe the photochemical changes that occur in the retina. What is
night blindness?[5+2] [2013]
2. Describe the auditory pathway with suitable diagram. How will you
differentiate b/w conduction deafness and sensorineural
deafness?[5+2][2012] [2016 supple.]
3. Trace the neural pathways that transmit visual information from
photoreceptors to the visual cortex. Enumerate the visual field defects
produced by lesions at various levels of the visual pathway. [3+4] [2014]
4. Namethecommonerrorsofrefraction.Explaintheuseofcorrectivelensesine
achofthem.[2+5] [2015]
5. With a suitable diagram, explain the effects of lesion in the visual
pathway at various levels. What is Argyll-Robertson pupil? [5+2] [2016]
[2018 supple.]
6. What is phototransduction? Describe the steps of visual cycle in a
sequential manner. [1+6] [2014 supple.]
7. Enumerate the common errors of optical refraction. Explain the use of
corrective lenses in each of them. [2+5] [2017 supple.]
8. Draw a diagram showing optic pathways with proper labelling. What are
the effects of transection at different locations of optic pathways? What
is macular sparing? [2+5] [2019 supple.]
1. OrganofCorti.[2013] [2017]
2. Accommodationreflex. [2012]
3. Tastebuds.[2014]
4. LateralisationinWeber’stest.[2016]
5. Dark adaptation. [2018]
6. Cochlear microphonics. [2018]
7. cAMP. [2019]
8. Conductive deafness. [2014 supple.]
9. Endocochlear potential. [2013 supple.]
10.Colour blindness. [2016 supple.]
1. Near point recedes with ageing.[2013] [2016 supple.]
2. In Argyll-Robertson pupil, light reflex is lost. [2011]
3. In retina, the fovea centralis is the point of greatest visual acuity. [2010]
4. When a person is exposed to some odour for some time, the perception
of that odour decreases. [2016]
5. Older persons show presbyopia. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
6. Optic tract lesion leads to homonymous hemianopia. [2013 supple.]
7. Near point of vision recedes as age advances. [2019]
8. Visual acuity is maximum at fovea centralis. [2019]
MCQ [2021]
Physiology Paper II:
Choose the correct option of each of the following:
1. Which of the following is true of the tubular fluid that passes through
the lumen of the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa ?
a) It is usually isotonic
b) It is usually hypotonic
c) It is usually hypertonic
d) It is hypertonic in antidiuresis
2. Which muscle is contracted as part of the pupillary light reflex?
a) Ciliary muscle
b) Pupillary dilator muscle
c) Pupillary sphincter muscle
d) Radial fibers of the iris
3. Factors that increase the secretion of humen prolactin:
a) Glucoae
b) L-Dopa
c) Sleep
d) Somatostatin
4. Paradoxical sleep consists of all except:
a) Rapid, low voltage EEG activity with PGO spikes.
b) Slow wave EEG with sleep spindles.
c) Hypotonia.
d) Roving movement of eyeball.
5. Vanilloid receptors are activated by
a) Touch
b) Pressure
c) Pain
d) Vibration
6. Sectioning the brainstem between superior and inferior colliculi will
produce.
a) Decerebrate rigidity
b) Decorticate rigidity
c) Clasp-knife spasticity
d) Lead pipe rigidity
7. Which neurotransmitter is released by both rods and cones at their
synapses with bipolar
a) Acetylcholine
b) Dopamine
c) Glutamate
d) Serotonin
8. Which of the following is not an effect of efferent arteriole constriction.
a) Decreased GFR
b) Increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure
c) Decreased blood flow in peritubular vessels
d) Increased oncotic pressure in peritubular vessels
9. Decídual cells are found in the:
a) Uterus
b) Prostate
c) Placenta
d) Hypothalamus
10.In human males, testosterone is produced mainly by the
a) Leydig cells
b) Sertoli cells
c) Seminiferous tubules
d) Epididymis.
1. All are true for Na", K -ATPase pump except:
a) Is responsible for BMR.
b) Has coupling ratio 3:2.
c) Is electrogenic
d) Is needed for generation of ATP.
2. The resting potential of myelinated nerve fibre is primarily dependent on
the
concentration gradient of which of the following ions?
a) Ca++
b) CI
c) K+
d) Na+
3. Calmodulin is most closely related, both structurally and functionally, to
which of the following proteins?
a) G-actin
b) Myosin light chain
c) Tropomyosin
d) Troponin C
4. Salivary a-amylase (ptyalin) acting on starch produce all except
a) a-limit dextrin
b) Glucose
c) Maltose
d) Maltotriose
5. Junctional tissue in heart is concerned with.
a) Inotropic state
b) Force of contraction
c) Autorhythmicity
d) Excitibility
6. Which of the following has maximum smooth muscle as compared to
wall thickness?
a) Respiratory bronchiole
b) Alveoli
c) Terminal bronchiole
d) Alveolar ducts
7. Cell type which lacks HLA antigen is
a) Monocyte
b) Thrombocyte
c) Neutrophil
d) RBC
8. Fat digestion mostly begins in
a) lleum
b) Duodenum
c) Stomach
d) Jejunum
9. All plasma proteins are synthesized by liver except
a) Fibrinogen
b) Immunoglobulins
c) Lipoproteins
d) Transferrin
10.Hypokalemia causes
a) Increased amplitude of action potential
b) Hyperpolarization
c) Resting membrance potential becomes less negative
d) Tetany
Biochemistry
(2010- ’20)
*before 2020, each short note was for 3 marks but from 2020 it contains 5 marks. Similar is for
explanatory question which changes from 3 marks to 4 marks.
** ’S’ with year indicates question from Supplementary exams, e.g. 2011-S
CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
CELL & MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
GROUP-A
1. Discuss how macromolecules are transported across plasma membrane.
Indicate the different mode of glucose transport in different organs
along with factors responsible for its enhancement. [6+6][2010-S]
2. Classify the membrane proteins, Mention their functions. Explain the ion
channel as a mode of transport across the plasma
membrane.[3+3][2012-S]
3. Discuss how the fluidity of plasma membrane largely depends on its lipid
composition. Describe how the macro molecules are transported across
the plasma membrane. Explain the role of ion channel, lipid rafts and
caveolae.[6+4+2] [2017-S]
4. Discuss how macromolecules are transported across plasma membrane
with schematic diagram wherever applicable[8+4][2018-S]
GROUP-B
1. Describe the biophysical principles involved in the dialysis of blood.
Mention it’s clinical significance. [5+2][2010-S]
2. Discuss the role of phospholipid, cholesterol and carbohydrates in the
structural and functional aspect of plasma membrane. [2016-S]
3. State different types of transport of molecule across biomembrane.
Mention charecterestics of Carrier Mediated Transport. Differentiate
between primary active transport with that of secondary active
transport.[2+2+3][2019-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Marker enzyme for subcellular fraction[2010-S}
2. Protein : Lipid is maximum in inner mitochondrial membrane[2012-S]
3. Cytoskeleton structure[2013-S]
4. Receptor mediated endocytosis[2014]
5. Osmosis [2014-S]
6. Ionophores [2014]
7. Secondary active transport [2017-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Colloids are biologically important having clinical significance.[2013]
2. Some enzymes play important role in identification of cellular
organelles.[2015-S]
3. The mechanism of fascilitated diffusion can be explained by a ping-pong
model[2015-S]
4. Oral Rehydration Solution contains glucose.[2019]
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY- DIGESTION &

ABSORPTION
GROUP-B
1. Indicate in details the chemical composition of glycosaminoglycans and
proteoglycans. Name the carbohydrates present in glycopreoteins and
glycolipids.[5+2][’13, ‘15]
2. Describe various form of isomerism exhibited by
carbohydrates.[7][2013-S]
3. Describe how monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed from
gut.[2014-S,2016-S]
4. Classify polysaccharides. Indicate the structural and functional aspect of
each of them[2016-S]
5. Describe the various forms of isomerism exhibited by carbohydrates.
Name the carbohydrates present in glycoproteins.[5+2][2017]
6. Describe the different types of bond present in heterogeneous
polysaccharides with example. [2017-S]
7. Write down the oxidative phase of HMP shunt pathway & its
importance.[6+1][2019-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Blood group antigen.[’10,’16]
2. Glycosaminoglycans[2012-S]
3. Mutarotation of carbohydrates[2015-S]
4. Glycemic index[‘17]
5. Invert sugar[‘17]
6. Glucose transporter[‘17]
7. Composition and function of hyaluronic acid[2017-S]
8. Discuss isomerism of glucose. [2018-S]
9. Glycosaminology [‘19]
10.Glycosides [2019-S]
11.RBC Group Antigen[2019-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Sucrose is invert sugar.[2010-S]
2. Glucose and fructose form similar osazone crystals.[2011, 2018]
3. Defective lactose digestion may lead to a clinical condition.[2015]
4. Hyperurecemia occurs in Von-Gierke disease.[2018]
5. Thiamine deficiency is detected by measuring transketolase activity in
blood’[2018]
6. Benedict test is used to identify reducing sugar.[2018-S]
LIPID CHEMISTRY-DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

GROUP-A
1. Classify phospholipids with examples. Mention their specific role in
maintaining the fluidity of plasma membrane. [10+2][2013, 2010-S 7
marks, 2018 7 marks]
2. Classify phospholipids with examples. Indicates the structure and
function of a surfactant. Discuss the role of phospholipids in maintaining
the fluidity of plasma membrane,[5+2+5][2015-S]
3. Name the membrane phospholipids. Draw the structure of lecithin.
Write the products formed by the action of different types
phospholipases on lecithin. State the physiological role of
lysophospholipids & fatty acids produced by the breakdown of
lecithin.[3+1+4+4][2019-S]
GROUP-B
1. Tabulate a detailed account of chemical composition of plasma
lipoproteins.[7][2010]
2. Describe how lipids are digested and subsequently reabsorbed from the
gut[5+2][2010-S]
3. Describe the digestion and absorbtion of TAG with diagram.[2012-S]
4. Classify the fatty acids in details & indicate their physical
properties.[5+2][2010-S, 2017]
5. Indicate the chemical composition and methods of separation of plasma
lipoproteins. [2017-S]
6. Name ketones bodies. Outline the steps of synthesis & utilization of
ketone bodies.[1+6][2019-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Separation & identification of lipid by thin layer chromatography[‘13]
2. Omega-3fattyacids.[2015]
3. Glycosphingolipids[2017]
4. Sialic Acid [2017-S]
5. Plasmalogens [2017-S]
6. Sphingomyelin[2018-S]
7. Ecosanoids[2019]
8. Phospholipase [2019-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Arachidonic acid may not be considered as an essential fatty acid.[2010]
2. Lecithin is amphipathic as well as amphoteric in nature.[2014]
3. Acid number helps in the identification of rancidity in fats and oils.[2016]
4. Apolipoprotein is a ligand for cell rexeptors.[2016-S]
5. Trans fatty acid is injurious to health.[2018-S]
6. Dipalmitoyllecithin acts as surfactant of alveolar fluids[2019]
7. Cholesterol is essential for digestion of lipids[2021]
PROTEIN CHEMISTRY-AMINO ACIDS,

HEMOGLOBIN
GROUP-A
1. Discuss the four orders of protein structures. Describe the alpha helical
form of a globular protein. State briefly how the amino acid sequence in
a polypeptide chain can be determined.[6+2+4][2010]
2. Discuss briefly how the chemical structures of myoglobin and
hemoglobin influence their biological activities. Describe the changes
that take place in hemoglobin on oxygenation.[6+6][2010]
3. Describe the peptide bond. What are the different forces that stabilize
the protein structure at the different levels of organization? Give an
example to explain the primary structure that determines the functional
state of proteins.[4+5+3][2011]
4. Describe how the amino acid composition, N-terminal & C-terminal
residues of a protein are determined & identified. Describe the bonds
responsible for the four structures of proteins. Briefly indicate how a
molecular weight of a protein is determined.[7+3+2][2013]
5. Describe the salient features of alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
structure of proteins. Mention the non-covalent interactions which
stabilize protein confirmation. Briefly discuss the role of peripheral &
integral proteins in the network of plasma proteins.[4+3+5][2014]
6. Indicate how proteins and peptides are purified prior to its analysis.
Describe in detail how the number, kind and sequence of amino acids In
a polypeptide chain are determined.[4+8][2015-S]
7. Compare and explain the oxygen binding curves of hemoglobin and
myoglobin. Indicate the conformational changes that occur in
hemoglobin on oxygenation. Mention the basic variations in the
chemical structures of HbS and HbM as compared to the adult
hemoglobin.[6+3+3][2014][2016]
8. Describe the bonds responsible to mention the four orders of protein
structure. Describe the physical methods by which the molecular weight
of a protein can be determined. Explain how a polypeptide can be
synthesized to in the laboratory[6+4+2] [2017-S]
9. Describe in detail how the number, kind and sequence of amino acids in
a polypeptide chain are determined.[4+4+4]
10.Describe the methods of determination of primary structure of proteins.
[2018]
11.Classify protein on the basis of their biological function and give one
example of each protein. Compare and contrast the structure of keratin,
myoglobin and haemoglobin. Draw O2 dissociation curve of HbA (adult
haemoglobin) and HbF (foetal haemoglobin) and explain the difference
between them.[3+6+3][2019]
12.Write down different levels of organization of protein. Write down the
steps of haem degradation.{5+5][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Describe the principles of electrophoresis. Illustrate with diagram the
electrophoretic separation of the serum proteins indicating the
significance of each separated band. Explain the importance of acute
phase reactants. [3+2+2][2014]
2. Classify L-amino acids present in the proteins. Explain how amino acids
are separated and identified from a mixture of amino acids. [2+5][2015]
3. Explain why hemoglobin is called an allosteric protein. Describe how its
allosteric structure helps hemoglobin in cooperative binding of
oxygen.[3+4][2015-S]
4. Write down the synthesis of bilirubin. Explain the term direct bilirubin,
indirect bilirubin and Van der Berg reagent. Mention the changes that
take places in serum bilirubin (direct) and bilirubin(indirect) level in
haemolytic and obstructive jaundice.[4+2+1][2019]
5. Outline the process of synthesis of ammonia in human system. Stae
different routes of disposal of ammonia from human body.[4+3][2019-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Gama glutamyl cycle[2011-S]
2. Glycosylated Hemoglobin.[2011, 2018]
3. Prions.[2011]
4. Bohr effect[2013-S]
5. Optical isomerism of amino acids[2014-S]
6. Isoelectric pH[2014-S]
7. Selenocystine.[2015]
8. Beta pleated sheet.[2017]
9. Classification of amino acid[2018-S]
10.Discuss secondary structure of protein[2018-S]
11.Peptide bond[2019-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. 2,3BPG helps in delivery of Oxygen to the tissues.[2011]
2. Glycine solution cannot rotate the plane of plain polarized light.[2012]
3. Patient with Hb-S often suffers from anemia.[2013][2017]
4. Myoglobin does not exhibit Bohr effect.[2015]
5. 2,3 BPG plays an important role in stabelising T structure of
hemoglobin.[2015-S]
6. Chaperons play a very significant role in protein folding.[2016, 2018]
7. Hb-A1c provides valuable information for management of diabetes
mellitus.[2016]
8. HbF has more affinity towards oxygen than HbA.[2019-S]
9. Hemoglobin is supposed to have all four levels of protein
structure.[2021]
ENZYMES
GROUP-A
1. Discuss the role of substrate concentration in enzyme catalised reaction.
Indicate how metas influence this reaction. Discuss how the enzymes are
controlled in metabolic pathways. [4+2+6][2010-S]
2. Explain the Michaelis Menten equation and explain the role of substrate
concentration on the rate of enzyme catalyzed react ion with the help of
graphs. Illustrate how Vmax and Km are affected by competitive and
non-competitive inhibition of enzymes. “The Km value for glucokinase is
much higher than that for hexokinase though both act on glucose”
explain the statement.[6+4+2][2017][2013]
3. Define isoenzymes. Discuss the isoenzyme pattern of lactate
dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in relation to their role in clinical
diagnosis. Explain the principles by which these isoenzymes can be
separated and identified in a laboratory. [1+4+4+3][2013-S]
4. Name 5 enzymes whose catalytic activities are altered by covalent
phosphorylation-dephosphorylation and indicate their functions.
According to International Union of Biochemists, enzymes are classified
into six major groups. Indicate in which groups the following enzymes
belong: i)Adenylatecyclase, ii)DNA dependant RNA polymerase.
iii)Aldolase, iv)Chymotrypsin, v)Reverse Transcriptase, vi)Enolase
vii)Acetyl CoA carboxylase.[5+7][2017][2015]
5. Describe different types of enzyme inhibition. Write the clinical
importance of enzyme inhibitors.[8+4] [2018]
6. a) State the class in which the following enzyme do belong:
i) Acetylcarboxylase. ii)Fumarase iii)Phosphoglucomutase. iv)Aldolase.
V)pepsin vi)RestrictionEndonuclease.
b)Classify the regulatory enzyme. Explain the process of covalent
regulation of rate limiting enzyme with suitable example.
c) State at least one pathological condition with rise in activity of the
following enzymes in blood: i)SGPT ii)AlkalinePhosphatase. iii)Amylase.
iv)RBCTransketolase. v)Creatinephosphokinase. vi)LDH[3+6+3][2019]
7. A) State atleast one pathological condition which increase the activity of
following enzyme in blood: Lipase, CPK-MB, RBC glutathione reductase,
SGOT
B) Explain with the help of enzyme velocity curve how following factors
regulate the enzyme activity: Concentration of enzyme, Concentration of
substrate, pH, Temperature. [4+8][2019-S]
8. Classify enzymes according to IUB with example of each. Differentiate
between the lock and key model & induced fit model for enzyme
catalysis. What factors effect enzyme activity. Briefly discuss different
mechanism of enzyme inhibition. [6+3+2+4][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Define isoenzymes. Write the clinical significance of serum isoenzymes in
cardiac disorder.[2+5][2012-S]
2. Describe in details hpw covalent modification and repression/depression
mechanism can regulate the enzyme action in vivo.[7][2014-S]
3. Explain the mechanism of allosteric regulation of enzyme activity using
PFK as an example. Mention the other mechanisms by which the enzyme
action is regulated.[4+3][2016]
4. Describe the oxido-reductase group of enzymes. [2018]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Km of enzyme[2012-S]
2. Co-enzyme[2012-S]
3. Ribozyme [2014-S][2016-S][2018]
4. Non-functional enzyme[2016]
5. Michalis-Menten equation[2016-S]
6. Isoenzyme [2018-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. The mode of action of metallo-enzymes and metal activated enzymes
are different.[2013]
2. Isoenzymes of Alkaline Phosphatase are of diagnostic significance.[2014]
3. Nonfunction plasma enzymes are important only for clinical
purposes.[2014]
4. Methotrexate is a competitive enzyme inhibitor.[2014-S]
5. Apolipoproteins are enzyme cofactors.[2014-S]
6. In competitive inhibition, larger amount of substrate can overcome the
effect of inhibition.[2014-S]
7. Isoenzyme assay is helpful in the diagnosis of MI.[2015]
8. Metalloenzymes and metal activated enzymes are not similar. [2016-S]
9. Allopurinol is called suicide inhibitor.[2018-S]
10.Coenzymes act as co-substrate in the enzyme catalyzed reaction.[2019]
GENERAL METABOLISM
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
GROUP-A
1. Describe in a flow diagram the metabolic pathways of glycogen
formation and degradation in the body. Describe in separate chart show
cyclic AMP regulates this process by enzyme modification. [4+8][2013]
2. In a flow diagram describe the metabolic steps of glycogenesis and
glycogenolysis in muscle and show how cAMP integrates their
regulation.[6+6][2010,2018-S]
3. Describe the metabolic steps of citric acid cycle in a flow diagram
indicating the enzymes and co-enzymes involved and highlighting the
steps where the energy is produced. Mention the steps in the cycle
which are irreversible in nature. Indicate how propionate is converted to
one of the intermediates of this cycle.[8+2+2][2013]
4. In a flow diagram ,indicate the metabolic steps by which propionate can
be converted to glucose and show how key enzymes of gluconeogenesis
are controlled.[6+6][2010]
5. Describe in detail how blood sugar level is maintained at constant level
in post absorptive state. Use a flow diagram.[2014-S]
6. Discuss briefly how pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA. Mention how
the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is controlled.[6+6][2015-S]
7. On complete oxidation, glucose leads to production of carbondioxide
and water. Mention those metabolic steps where carbondioxides are
evolved. Give a detailed account of enzymes, co-enzymes and control
mechanisms involved in these steps.Mention three examples of
metabolic reactions where carbondioxide is utilized in this
process.[6+3+3][2016]
8. Describe in detail how glycogenic amino acids are converted into glucose
in the body by TCA cycle and reverse pathway of glycolysis. [2016-S]
9. Describe the role of insulin and glucagon on gluconeogenesis process in
fed and starved state. [2018-S]
10.Describe differences between the anaerobic and aerobic pathways of
glycolysis. Explain how RBCs can continue glycolysis without any
synthesis of ATP’ Explain how metabolic pathway of galactose and
fructose are linked to glycolytic pathway.[6+3+3+3][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Describe multi-enzyme complex and various reactions involved in the
oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA.[7][2011]
2. Describe the process of formation of glucose from lactate indicating the
regulatory steps.[4+3][2012-S, 2018]
3. Describe in details how pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA in the
body.[7][2013].
4. Give a brief account of glycogen storage disease.[7][2014].
5. Describe the metabolic steps in hexose monophosphate pathway
[7][2015-S]
6. Describe the hormonal control of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in a
flow diagram. [2016-S]
7. Explain with a flow diagram how glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the
liver are controlled by fructose 2,6 bis phosphate & the bifunctional
enzyme6-phosphofructo-2-kinase.[7][2017]
8. With flow diagrams, indicates the normal and abnormal metabolism of
fructose and galactose the body.[7][2017-S]
9. Write down the non-oxidative process of HMPShunt Pathway and it’s
importance.[6+1][2019]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Rapoport Leuberin cycle[’11,’17]
2. Essential Pentosuria [’10,’16]
3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase [‘19]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Long chain fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose in human body
though the reverse is possible.[2010]
2. Impairment of pentose phosphate pathway(PPP) leads to erythrocytic
hemolysis.[2011]
3. Phosphofructokinase-I is known as pacemaker of glycolysis.[2012]
4. Von-Gierke’s disease is associated with hyperuricemia.[2012][2017]
5. G6PD deficiency develops anemia.[2012-S][2017-S]
6. Fat can be synthesized from glucose but glucose can’t be synthesized
from fat.[2016]
7. Galactosemic patients are often associated with congenital
cataract.[2016]
8. Uncontrolled DM causes cataract. [2018-S]
LIPID METABOLISM
GROUP-A
1. Give an account of fatty acid synthase complex. Describe the metabolic
pathway for de-novo synthesis of palmitate in the body.[3+9][2014]
2. Describe the metabolic steps of biosynthesis of cholesterol.Discuss the
control metabolism associated with HMG CoA reductase. Explain
reverse cholesterol transport.[8+2+2][2017]
3. Describe how palmitic acid is oxidised in the body completely and
calculate it's net gain in energy. Explain how the complete oxidation of
oleic acid different from that of palmitic acid.[8+2+2] [2017-S]
4. Write the metabolism of VLDL. Explain the reverse-cholesterol transport.
[8+4][2018]
5. Write down the steps of beta-oxidation of fatty acid. Why defective beta
oxidation may lead to hypoglycemia.[6+4][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Explain peroxisomal beta oxidation and its importance.[7][2012-S]
2. Give the exact chemical composition of very low density lipoprotein.
Explain their formation and fate inside the body.[2+5][2013]
3. Discuss the role of carnitine in the oxidation of long chain fatty acids.
Indicate what happens in their deficiency.[5+2][2013-S]
4. Discuss the process of lipogenesis and lipolysis which take place in
adipose tissue indicating the role of insulin and glucagon in this
process.[7][2013-S]
5. Describe how ketone bodies are formed & subsequently degraded in the
body.[3+4][2015]
6. Describe with the help of a diagram digestion of a triglyceride and it’s
absorption from intestine, with special reference to the role of bile in
the process.[2019]
7. Write down the β-oxidation of palmitic acid and mention problem that
arise out of medium chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase
deficiency.[6+1][2019]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Control of HMG-CoA reductase.[2013]
2. LCAT[204-S]
3. Role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism.[2015]
4. Fatty acid synthase complex.[2017]
5. Fatty liver[2017-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Defective beta oxidation of fatty acid causes hypoglycemia in infants at
night.[2011-S]
2. Statin group of drugs(atorvastatin) act as cholesterol lowering
agent.[2012-S, 2019-S]
3. Ketone bodies are degraded in the extra hepatic tissues only.[2013]
4. Both uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and prolonged fasting produce
ketosis but its magnitude is less in the case of prolonged fasting.[2014]
5. Ketosis cannot lead to increased cholesterol synthesis.[2014-S]
6. HDL is involved in reverse cholesterol transport.[2015, 2019]
7. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency may lead to hyperglyceridemia.[2015]
8. Consumption of alcohol leads to fatty liver.[2015-S, 2016-S]
9. Impaired beta oxidation of fatty acid may leads to hypoglycemia. [2015-
S]
10.Citrate plays an important role in fatty acid synthesis.[2017, 2018-S]
11.Increase intake of fructose leads to formation of more VLDL.[2017-S]
12.Ketone bodies are not waste material. [2018-S]
13.HDL C is good cholesterol.[2018-S]
PROTEIN METABOLISM
GROUP-A
1. Name the aromatic amino acids. Outline the catabolic pathway of
phenylalanine mentioning the disorders relating to that.[Describe how
catabolism of haem produces bilirubin. Indicate in details the process of
uptake, conjugation and secretion involved in transfer of bilirubin from
blood to bile.[6+6][2014]
2. Describe the formation and fate of catecholamines[7][2015-S]
3. Discuss an essay on biosynthesis of urea. How it is regulated. Add a note
on the clinical significance of uremia. [2018-S]
4. Describe the reaction of transamination and oxidative deamination of
amino acids in the body. What are the effects of
hyperammonemia?[3+3+4][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Describe how catecholamines are synthesized and degraded inside the
human body.[3+4][2010]
2. Write the synthesis, transport and degradation of
catecholamines.[7][2011]
3. Describe the process of transamination and oxidative deamination in the
body.[4+3][2014]
4. Explain the role of glutamic acid in removal of ammonia from amino
acid. Why ammonia is toxic to central nervous system. [2018]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. MapleSyrupUrineDisease.[2010]
2. Polyamines.[2010]
3. S-Adenosyl Methionine.[2013]
4. Acute intermittent porphyria.[2014]
5. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia[2015-S]
6. Phenylketonuria [2016-S, 2018-S, 2019-S]
7. Hyperbilirubinemia [2016-S, 2018]
8. Oxidative & non-oxidative deamination. [2017-S]
9. Alkaptonuria [2019]
10.Transmethylation [2019-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Urine turns black on standing in Alkaptonuria.[2010]
2. Phototherapy (exposure to blue light) helps in treatment of neonatal
Physiological jaundice.[2011][2017-S]
3. Ammonia is toxic to Central Nervous System.[2012, 2016-S]
4. Patient with carcinoid syndrome may exhibit pellagra.[2013]
5. Alkaptonuria is often associated with generalized pigmentation of
Connective tissue (Ochronosis).[2013]
6. Drugs may precipitate attacks of porphyria in some patients. [2017-S]
7. Hartnup disease gives rise to pellagra like syndrome.[2019]
8. Hemoglobin is supposed to have all four levels of protein
structure.[2021]
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
GROUP-A
1. Define redox potential. Explain its significance in ETC with schematic
diagram. Write the role of inhibitors of ETC.[3+6+3][2012-S]
2. Describe all the complexes with their components of the respiratory
chain in mitochondria with the probable sites of ATP synthesis. Indicate
the names of different inhibitors with their sites of inhibition. Name
some uncouplers associated with respiratory chain and indicate their
significance.[8+2+2][2014-S, 2018]
3. Describe the organisation of electron transport chain mentioning the
components of all four complexes and the reaction catelised by them.
Explain the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondria by ATP
synthase. [2016-S]
4.
GROUP-B
1. Describe the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis of oxidative
phosphorylation.[7][2010]
2. Describe the mitochondrial electron transport chain. How the inhibitors
of ETC differ from uncouplers of oxidative phosphrylation?[5+2][2011]
3. Describe the operation and significance of glycerophosphate shuttle and
malate shuttle.[3+4][2014]
4. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Differentiate it from substrate level
phosphorylation. Illustrate with a diagram how ATP is synthesized in
mitochondria?[2+2+3][2014]
5. Give an account of inhibitors and uncouplers of mitochondrial
respiratory chain.[5+2][2015-S]
6. Name the components of the electron transport chain with the help of a
diagram. Explain how the electron flows from the NADH+H+ to the
molecular oxygen through the different components of ETC.[2+5][2019-
S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Malate shuttle[2010-S]
2. Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.[2019]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Certain drugs are inhibitors of respiratory chain in the
mitochondria[2010-S]
2. Brown adipose tissue promotes thermogenesis.[2011,‘10]
3. Ubiquitin and cytochrome C have special role in respiratory chain
reractions as they are mobile carrier of reducing equivalent.[2013-S]
4. G6PD is responsible for erythrocyte membrane rigidity.[2014]
5. Brown fat is responsible for non-shivering , genesis in newborn. [2016-S]
6. F0F1 ATPase give rise to ATP synthesis in intact mitochondria.[2019-S]
7. TCA is known as amphibolic pathway.[2021]
CLINICAL & APPLIED

BIOCHEMISTRY
ACID-BASE BALANCE
GROUP-A
1. Describe in detail how pH of the blood is regulated by lung and kidney.
Give an account of metabolic acidosis and anion gap.[4+4+2+2][2014-S,
2018-S]
GROUP-B
1. Describe the renal mechanism for regulation of acid base balance.
2. What is the biomedical importance of anion gap?[4+3][2014]
3. Name the blood buffers. Explain the role of blood buffers in the
maintenance of normal pH of blood.[2019]
4. Write down the Henderson Hasselbalch equation. Explain the role of
kidney in the maintenance of acid base balance in our body.[1+6][2019-
S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Respiratory acidosis[2013]
2. Henderson – Hasselbach equation [2013-S]
3. Alkali reserve[2018]
4. Bicarbonate buffer system[2021]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Histidine plays major role in buffering.[2015-S]
2. Cellular exchange of ion maintains hydrogen ion homeostasis. [2017-S]
FUNCTIONAL TEST
GROUP-B
1. Describe the principle and outline of methodology of ELISA. Indicate the
significance of the test.[7][2014-S]
2. Describe the methods of determining the chemical structure of any
unknown biomolecule.[7][2017]
3. Describe the principles of different forms of chromatography and
indicate their role in clinical diagnosis. [2017-S]
4. Enumerate the difference between autosomal dominant and recessive
disorders giving examples. [2017-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Oral GTT.[2011-S]
2. Renal function test[2012-S]
3. Electrophoresis.[2016, 2018-S]
4. Ion exchange chromatography. [2016-S]
5. Enzyme assay by coupling to a dehydrogenase[2016-S]
6. Abnormalities of thyroid function.[2018-S]
7. Biochemical function of ascorbic acuid.[2018-S]
8. Thin Layer Chromatography.[2019-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Renal clearance study is a nearly predictor of impending renal
failure.[2014, 2018]
2. Levels of hepatic enzymes can differentiate b/w hemolytic,
hepatocellular and obstructive jaundice.[2013]
3. Glycosuria can happen even with absence of hyperglycemia.[2014-S]
4. Urinary urobilinogen is increased in hemolytic jaundice. [2018]
5. Phototherapy is better alternative than Phenobarbital in treatment of
Crigler Najjar syndrome type I.[2021]
FREE RADICALS, ANTIOXIDANTS & XENOBIOTICS
GROUP-B
1. Name the dietary antioxidants. Discuss how they protect from oxidative
injury?[5+2][2011-S]
2. Describe the role of glutathione, glucuronic acid and glutamine in the
process of detoxification.[7][2014-S]
3. Explain the different phases of metabolism of xenobiotics. [7][2016-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Antioxidant vitamins.[2012-S]
2. Super-oxidedismutase.[2013]
3. Role of Cyt-P450 in hydroxylation reaction.[2013]
4. Lipid peroxidation reaction [2013-S][2016-S]
5. Biochemical functions of peroxisomes.[2014]
6. Antioxidant enzymes.[2014]
7. Free radical induced damage. [2015-S]
8. Reactive oxygen species[2019]
9. Cyt-P450[2014-S, 2019]
10.Phase II reaction of Xenobiotics.[2019-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Some enzymes take part in scavenging of free radicals. [2010-S]
2. Free radicals may have some beneficial role also[2015-S]
3. Glutathione plays a vital role in detoxification. [2016-S]
4. Hydroxylation reactions often require the presence of ascorbic acid.
[2017-S]
5. Macrophages shows beneficial effects by generating free radicals.[2021]
VITAMIN, MINERALS & NUTRITION

GROUP-A
1. Explain how iron is absorbed, transported and stored in the body.
[12][2012-S][2014-S]
2. What is a balanced diet? What is the nutritional importance of dietary
proteins? Discuss the protein energy malnutrition with special reference
to kwashiorkor disease.[3+6+6][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Describe how one carbon compounds are utilized in the body
mentioning the names of the donors and acceptors of those
compounds.[2014-S]
2. Indicate the factors which modified absorption of calcium from the gut.
Discuss in detail how calcium metabolism is controlled by calcitriol and
parathyroid hormone. Enumerate the biochemical role of intracellular
calcium.[3+4] [2016-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Wald’s visual cycle[2014-S]
2. Folic acid as coenzyme[2016-S]
3. Folate trap[2018]
4. Nitric oxide having various role.[2018-S]
5. Biochemical function of ascorbic acid[2018-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Folic acid cures megaloblastic anemia.[2011-S]
2. Vitamin K takes part in blood coagulation [2014-S]
3. Transamination reaction cannot take place without pyridoxine.[2017-S]
4. Vitamine K deficiency is responsible for haemorrhage disease of
newborn.[2019]
5. Normal function of the kidney is essential for the synthesis of active
Vitamin D3.[2019-S]
6. Deficiency of ascorbic acid causes fragility of blood vessels.[2021]
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
NUCLEOTIDE CHEMISTRY
GROUP-A
1. Describe the chemical structure of DNA in detail. Explain the chemical
nature of RNA which differ from that of DNA. Describe the structural
difference between mRNA & tRNA.[7+3+2][2013-S]
2. Describe the Watson Crick model of DNA structures enumerating its
salient features. Explain the role of Histone Protein in the organisation of
DNA. Indeed gate how denaturation of DNA is used to analyse its
structure. [2016-S]
GROUP-B
1. Indicate the functional aspect of all varieties of RNA. [2016-S]
2. Describe Watson crick model of DNA structure. Draw and label structure
of tRNA[4+3] [2018-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. t-RNA[2011]
2. Synthetic nucleotide[2013-S]
3. Z DNA[2014-S]
4. Major & minor bases of nucleotides.[2015-S]
5. Small RNA[2015-S]
6. Bonds in polynucleotides.[2017]
7. sn RNA, mi RNA, si RNA [2017-S]
8. Melting of DNA [2018]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. RNA is alkali labile while DNA is alkali resistant.[2012, 2013-S, 2019-S]
2. Denaturation of DNA helps to analyse its structure[2013-S]
3. DNA with higher GC content have relatively higher Tm.[2014]
4. Presence of deoxy sugar makes DNA more stable.[2014-S]
5. Synthetic nucleotides are used as drugs.[2015]
6. DNA is more stable than RNA.[2016]
7. Adenine nucleotides have various functions beside making nucleic
acids.[2017]
8. Nucleotide analogs are used as anticancer agents.[2018]
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
GROUP-B
1. Give the metabolic basis of hyperurecemias. How allopurinol useful in
lowering the levels of serum uric acid?[7][2011-S]
2. Describe the sources of Nitrogen and carbon atoms of purine ring.
Describe the formation of uric acid from purine nucleosides. Enumerate
the disorders of purine metabolism.[3+6+3][2015-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Gout.[2013]
2. Source of nitrogen and carbon atoms of the purine ring.[2013]
3. Purine Salvage Pathway.[2018]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Adenosine deaminase deficiency leads to immunodeficiency stste.[2011-
S]
2. Synthetic nucleotides are used as drugs.[2015]
3. Intake of alcohol may aggravate the symptoms of gout.[2016]
4. Allopurinol lowers the uric acid concentration of blood.[2012-S, 2019]
5. Gout is precipitated by alcohol intake.[2012-S, 2016-S, 2018-S, 2021]
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS

GROUP-A
1. Describe the stage of initiation of translation process with the help of a
diagram. State the mechanism of action of the following antibiotics in
the inhibition of translation: A) Streptomycin, B) Erythromycin,
C) Chloramphenicol.[6+6][2011]
2. Write down the different types of DNA damage. Explain the mechanisms
of: Mismatch DNA repair, Base excision repair, Nucleotide excision
repair.[6+6][2011]
3. Explain the principles of polymerase chain reaction. Enumerate the
reagents and equipments needed for this procedure. What are the
applications of PCR in medical sciences?[6+6][2011-S]
4. Describe the enzyme and proteins associated with prokaryotic DNA
replication process.[12][2012-S]
5. Define operon. Describe the Lac-operon model for regulation of gene
expression in E.Coli.[2+10] [2018]
6. Write with the help of a diagram, describe the stage of initiation and
elongation of translation process in E.coli. State the mechanism of
streptomycin and puromycin in the inhibition of translation process on
prokaryotes.[9+3][2019]
7. Write down with the help of a diagram stage of initation and elongation
of replication process. Differentiate between DNA polymerase I and DNA
polymerase III[3+9][2019]
8. Name the different types of DNA damage. Mention different types of
DNA repair. With the help of diagram differentiate between ‘Mismatch
repair’ & ‘Base Excision Repair’[2+2+8][2019-S]
9. With the help of asuitable diagram explain the ‘Lac-operon model’ of
regulation of gene expression in bacteria. Differentiate between the
mono-cistronic & poly-cistronic mRNA.[10+2][2019-S]
10.Explain replication of a DNA molecule in the context of initiation,
elongation and termination in prokaryotes with suitable diagrams.
Enumerate the difference b/w DNA polymerase I, II & III.[10+5][2021]
GROUP-B
1. Using gene transfer technology outline the steps of desired protein
synthesis.[7][2010-S]
2. Describe how ribonucleic acid is synthesized. Indicate the difference b/w
DNA Polymerase III and RNA polymerase.[5+2][2010]
3. Describe the initiation, elongation and termination phase of transcription
in eukaryotes. Name the antibiotics which specifically inhibit the
microbial protein synthesis.[5+2][2015-12marks][2013]
4. Give a brief account of different types of mutation with examples.[2014-
S]
5. Enumerate different types of DNA repair.[7][2015-S, 2018]
6. Give an account of negative and positive regulation of lac operon in
E.Coli.[2015][7]
7. Enumerate the DNA damageing agents and indicate the types of
damages made by them.[7][2017]
8. Expand the term PCR. Describe different steps for a PCR reaction.
Enumerate any four uses of the PCR.[1+7+2][2021]
9. Enumerate the different modes of repair of DNA damage in humans.
Explain the mechanism of any one of them with the disorder arising due
to the defects on that pathway.[4+4+2][2021]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).[2011]
2. Monoclonal antibodies.[2011]
3. RNA polymerase[2011-S]
4. Nucleosome [2011-S][2015-S]
5. Polymerase Chain Reaction.[2012-S, 2015-S. 2018]
6. Base excision repair of DNA.[2013]
7. Frame shift mutation.[2013]
8. Eukaryotic topoisomerase.[2014]
9. Polyclonal antibodies.[2014]
10.Radioisotopes.[2014]
11.DNA sequencing[2014-S]
12.DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.[2015]
13.RNA editing.[2015]
14.Use of in vitro DNA amplification process in the laboratory[2015-S]
15.Post translational modification of proteins[2015-S]
16.Point mutation.[2012-S,2016]
17.Restriction endonuclese[2017-S]
18.Eukaryotic DNA polymerases[2017-S]
19.Satellite, minisatellite and microsatrllite DNA.[2017-S]
20.Point mutation.[2019]
21.Genome of retrovitus.[2019]
22.Genetic Code.[2019-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. RNA can act as enzyme.[2011]
2. DNA denaturation is essential for DNA hybridization.[2012-S]
3. Genetic code is degenerate.[2012-S, 2018]
4. Replication fork is the main constituents for DNA replication.[2014-S]
5. Sickle Cell anaemia is an example of point mutation[2015-S]
6. DNA is much more stable than RNA.[2016]
7. Ribosome is the ultimate ribozyme.[2017]
8. Recombinant DNA technology is required for selective amplification of a
particular gene.[2017-S]
9. RNA editing mechanism is responsible for APO B48 synthesis in the
intestinal cells.[2019]
ADVANCED BIOCHEMISTRY
IMMUNE-CHEMISTRY & CANCER
GROUP-B
1. Draw the representative structure of IgG. Classify immunoglobin and
mention the function of each class.[2017-S][2019]
2. Describe the structural charecterestics of an Ig molecule in general with
a diagram. Explain the functional difference b/w T cell & B cell mediated
immunity.[5+5][2021]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Cell cycle regulators.[2010]
2. Monoclonal antibody[2010-S]
3. Structure & function of IgG [2011-S][2015-S][2018]
4. Tumor markers.[2012-S, 2014,2016-S, 2021]
5. Ceruloplasmin.[2014]
6. Proto-oncogenes[2014-S][2018]
7. Oncogenes[2016-S]
8. Radio isotope in treatment[2018-S]
9. Cell cycle[2021]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Methotrexate is used for anti-cancer therapy.[2012,2011, 2016-S, 2019-
S]
2. Cancer is gene related disease[2011-S]
3. Multiple myeloma is immunoglobin related disorder.[2012-S]
4. Radio Immuno Assay techniques has got demerits also.[2013]
5. Telomeric length is maintained in cancer cells and stem cells.[2016-S]
6. P53 is considered as “Guardian of the genome”.[2019-S]
7. Proto oncogenes are regulatory genes[2021]
8. Under some conditions immunity causes damaging effect[2021]
MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY
GROUP-A
1. Classify hormones according to their mechanism of action. Indicate the
structure and function of thyroid hormone. Explain the inhibitor action
of iodine and thiocyanate on thyroid function. Explain mechanism inT3
toxicosis [4+4+2+2] [2017-S]
GROUP-B
1. In a flow diagram describe how insulin and glucagon regulate the
process of lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue.[7][2010]
2. Discuss the different types of G-protein coupled signal transduction
processes.[7][2010]
3. Structure and mechanism of action of insulin[7][2012-S]
4. Explain the mechanisms of signal transductions by cAMP, calcium and
phosphatidyl inositol system with the help of diagrams.[7][2013]
5. Chemical structure of insulin & its receptors.[2015-S]
GROUP-C[SN]
1. Mode of action of steroid hormone[2010-S]
2. G-Protein[2011]
3. cAMP[2012-S]
4. Insulin receptor.[2019-S]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Insulin receptor has tyrosin kinase activity[2010-S]
2. Lipids can act as intracellular signals.[2012]
3. Endocrinal disorder may predispose to obesity.[2021]
EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX

GROUP-C[SN]
1. Chemical structure of collagen[2010-S, 2016]
GROUP-D[EQ]
1. Ascorbic acid helps in the maturation of the immune collagen
molecule.[2019-S]
MCQ [2021]
PAPER I
1. Which of the following enzyme is the marker enzyme for lysosomes?
A)acid hydrolase B)glutamate dehydrogenase C)glucose 6 phosphatase
D)Na+-K+ ATPase
2. Which of the following lipid is known as modulator of
membrane fluidity?
A)lecithin B)cephalin C)cholesterol D)TGA
3. True statement about Km value of an enzyme-
A) it signifies the rate of product formation.
B) it signifies the affinity of the substrate with enzyme
C) it signifies the amount of the substrate required for a
reaction to occur.
D) in competitive inhibition of enzyme its Km vslue decrease
4. All of the following amino acid take part in one carbon pool
except:
A) Serine B) Glycine C) Histidine D) Proline
5. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus produces:
A)metabolic alkalosis B)respiratory alkalosis C)metabolic
acidosis D)respiratory acidosis
6. The nitrogenous base present in lecithin is:
A) Serine B) Sphingosine C) Choline D) Ethanolamine
7. All are multienzyme complex except:
A) fatty acid synthase B) pyruvate dehydrogenase C) alpha-
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase D) glycogen synthase
8. HDL helps in transport of
A) free fatty acid from adipose tissue B)cholesterol from liver
to peripheral tissue C)TGA from intestine to adipose
tissue D)cholesterol from peripheral tissue to liver.
9. Indole ring present in:
A)tryptophan B)tyrosine C)phenylalanine D)histidine
10. The tissue which cannot utilize ketone body as fuel is:
A) Cardiac muscle B) Liver C) Brain D) Skeletal muscle
PAPER II
1. Enzymes that protect DNA from aging:
A) Topoisomerase B) DNA ligase C) Telomerase D) RE
2. Which is not a transcription start signal:
A) CAAT box B) Hogness box C) Pribnow box D) Homeo box
3. Frameshift mutation result from:
A) Substitution of a single base B) deletion of a single base C)
addition of a codon D) Deletion of a codon
4. Which of these is a clinical feature of pellagra?
A) Dystonia B) Dysarthria C) Dementia D) Deafness
5. Connective tissue protein defective in Marfan’s syndrome:
A) Tubulin B) Fibrilin C) Connexin D) Keratin
6. Prion disease in human beings are:
A) Fatal familial insomnia B) Gullain-Barre syndrome C) Multiple
sclerosis D) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
7. In molecular biology, cloning vectors may include all except:
A) Plasmid B) Cosmid C) Human Artificial Chromosome D) Yeast
Artificial Chromosome
8. A capping of 7 methyl guanosine triphosphate is found at the 5’
end of which of the following types of RNA in eukaryotes?
A) tRNA B)rRNA C)mRNA D)snRNA
9. Which of the following is not a charecterestics of genetic code?
A) Universal B) Un-ambiguous C) Non-degenerate D)
Commaless
10. Which of the following antibiotics can inhibit protein

synthesis in eukaryotes?
A) Streptomycin B) Erythromycin C) Chloramphenicol D)
Puromycin
AETCOM MODULE
1. Cadaver is our first teacher. [5] [Anatomy paper I]
2. Discuss the importance of communication skills for a doctor. [5]
[Physiology paper I]
3. Role of a physician. [5] [Biochemistry paper I]

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GROUP–C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

GROUP-A (12/15 MARKS)

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

HEAD AND NECK

GROUP-B (7/10 MARKS)

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

GROUP-C (3/5 MARKS)[SHORT NOTE]

GROUP-D (3/5 MARKS)[EXPLAIN WHY]

2. Conjoint tendon is formed by -

3. Nerve piercing and lying on psoas major is

4. The 2nd part of duodenum is derived from

5. Following structures are related to mediastinal surface of left lung except

6. Following are the contents of carpal tunnel except

8. Ligamentum teres hepatis is a remnant of

9. Nerve directly related to humerus include all except

10. Shortest and least dilatable part of male urethra is

11. Paracentral lobule is located on

14. Pituitary tumor causes

15. Detachment of retina following blow on eye

16. All are sensory speech area except

19. Which layer of scalp is known as dangerous layer?

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY- DIGESTION &

LIPID CHEMISTRY-DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

PROTEIN CHEMISTRY-AMINO ACIDS,

CLINICAL & APPLIED

VITAMIN, MINERALS & NUTRITION

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS

EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX

10. Which of the following antibiotics can inhibit protein

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