A

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
“REINFORECD DETAILS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR
THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
ARJUN YADAV 200530107005
BIKESH KUMAR SAH 200530107007
UDAY KUMAR YADAV 200530107016

Ms. Namrata Sah Mr. Anil Kumar Dr. Sanjeev Gill

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor HOD : Civil
(Project Guide) (Project Incharge )

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN

UNDER UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN,

UTTARAKHAND, INDIA
MAY-2023

A
 MINOR PROJECT REPORT
ON
“REINFORECD DETAILS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
ARJUN YADAV
200530107005

Ms.Namrata Sah Mr. Anil Kumar Dr. Sanjeev Gill

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor HOD : Civil
(Project Guide) (Project Incharge)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN

UNDER UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN,

UTTARAKHAND, INDIA
MAY-2023

Certificate
This is to certify that the Project work entitled “REINFORECD DETAILS OF

CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS” which is submitted by Arjun Yadav

(200530107005) , Bikesh Kumar Sah (200530107007) , Uday Kumar Yadav

(200530107016) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor Degree in

Civil Engineering conferred by Uttarakhand Technical University during the academic

session 2022-2023 is the record of the work carried out by the students under my guidance

and to my immense satisfaction. The matter embodied in this Project is original and has not

been submitted for the award of any other degree.

I wish them all success in future Endeavour’s.

Er. Namrata Sah Dr. Sanjeev Gill

(Project Guide) Head; Civil Engineering
Asst. Prof., CE

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the Minor project entitled “REINFORECD DETAILS OF

CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS” towards the completion of minor project in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil

Engineering from JB Institute of Technology, Dehradun comprises only our original work and

due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used. The results

entailed in this project have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for any

award.

We, hereby, further declared that in case of legal dispute in relation to our B. Tech. Project,

we will be solely responsible for the same.

NAME OF STUDENT ROLL NO: SIGNATURE

ARJUN YADAV 200530107005
BIKESH KUMAR SAH 200530107007
UDAY KUMAR YADAV 200530107016

Batch: 2020-2024
J.B. Institute of Technology
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We must offer my profound gratitude to my project guide Ms.Namrata Sah (Assistant

Professor), Mr. Anil Kumar(Assistant Professor) Civil Engineering for helping me in
improving the draft, providing liberal guidance at every stage of this work and providing me
sufficient time for discussions as and when desired by me. Since beginning until the
completion of this work he has been kind enough to motivate and encourage me. We would
also like to thank him for encouraging and helping to shape my interests and ideas.

We express my deep gratitude and respect to Dr. Sanjeev Gill, Head, Department of
Civil Engineering, Mr. Sandeep Singhal (Vice-Chairman), JB Institute of Technology,
Dehradun for providing necessary facilities to carry out the study.

We are also thankful to Laboratory Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, JB

Institute of Technology, Dehradun and also to staff members of Civil Engineering
Department, for their assistance and cooperation during the course of experimentation.

We are very much indebted to my parents and family for always believing in me, for
their continuous love and support in my decisions. We thanks to our group members also.

ARJUN YADAV 200530107005

BIKESH KUMAR SAH 200530107007
UADAY KUMAR YADAV 200530107016

Batch: 2020-2024
J.B. Institute of Technology
 ABSTRACT

The project report deal with the topic, “REINFORECD DETAILS OF

CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS. he analysis of continuous beams and
frames to determine the bending moments and shear is an essential step in the
design process of these members. Furthermore, the evaluation of the maximum
deflection is a mandatory step in checking the adequacy of the design. There are
many computer programs available to perform these tasks. However, a hand spot
checks for moments at selected points still necessary. Also, a quick
determination of moments, even they are approximate, is usually required for
simple structures and preliminary evaluation of complicated ones. The aim of
the present work, is to develope a simple and reasonably accurate method to
determine moments and deflection for continuous beams. The slope-deflection
method and a beam analysis code are implemented to analyze a large number of
continuous beams of equal spans length. Beams of various span numbers and
loading distribution are investigated. The method of superposition is used to
represent a continuous beam by the appropriate single-span beams (each span by
two propped cantilevers and one simply supported beam). Simple expressions
are presented to determine the equivalent load on each of the substituent beams.
From which, the bending moment, shear force and deflection at any location can
be calculated by the method of superposition. The validity of the suggesetd
method are examined by applying it to several cases of contionuous beams. The
presented method is found to give exact values for beams of two and three
spans.

Batch: 2020-2024
J.B. Institute of Technology
 Table of Content

INTRODUCTION
Theory of continuous beams………………… Error:
Reference source not found01

Design of continuous beam ………………… Error: Reference

source not found02-11

Ductile Detailing
Introduction ………………………………………………… 12-13

Types of ductility ………………………………………… 14 -15

Ductile detailing of beam as per IS 13920………. 16

Ductile detailing of columns as per IS 13920…… 17-19

Figures ……………………………………………………………. 20-21

 INTRODUCTION

Continuous Beam
Slabs and beams are cast monolithically in reinforced concrete
structure.
This makes the slab continuous over the supports (Beam).
Similarly, Beams are also made continuous over the supports
(columns) to enhance structural integrity and continuity.
Continuous beam are preferred in building construction because of the
better load carrying capacity, less deflection and thinner sections
loading to economical design.
A continuous beam is an indeterminate structure which requires
methods like kani’s method, moment distribution method etc. for it’s
analysis.
Continuous beam can be analysis by any elastic theory making
following assumptions:-

(1) Supports are knife edged and have no connection with beams.
(2) The supports do not yield or if they yield settlement is known .
(3) The moment of two span continuous bridge are owned and they
really satisfy the assumptions mode.

Continuous are mainly used in high risk structures like bridges and
buildings as the supports are strong enough to withstand heavy loads.
The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of
continuous beams (just to name the few),
 1

Advantage/s:

1. Has more vertical load capacity – can support a very heavy load/s
2. Deflection at the middle of the span is minimal as opposed to simple
supported beams.

Disadvantage /s:

Difficult analysis and design procedure

Example 19.1. Design a rectangular beam, continuous over four

column supports of effective 6m. The beam is subjected to an
imposed load of 10 kN/m and live load of 15 kN/m. Use M20 te and
Fe 415 steel.

Solution

Given:

Leff= 6m

fck=20 N/mm²,

fy=415 N/mm2

Imposed dead load = 10 kN/m

Live load 15 kN/m

Assuming effective depth to be1/15 = 6000/15 = 400mm

Trying a total depth of 500 mm and width as 300 mm

d = 500 - 30
 2

= 470 mm [effecive cover = 30 mm)

■Load Calculation

Self weight of beam = 0.3 * 0.5 * 25

= 3.75 kN/m

Imposed deadload = 20 kN/m

Total dead load = 13.75 kN/m

Factored dead load = 1.5 x 13.75

= 20.625 kN/m

Factored live load = 1.5 * 15

= 22.5 kN/m

Reinforced Cement Concrete Design

■Bending moments and shear force coefficients (from Table 12 and

13 of IS code) BM and SF coefficients for the dead and live load are
shown below in Fig. 19.2.

3
Maximum Moment and Shear Force

The maximum moment occurs at support next to end support

M{u} = - [1/10 * (20.625 * 6 ^ 2) + 1/9 * (22.5 * 6 ^ 2)]

M{u} = - 164.25kNm

Maximum positive moment at mid span

M_{u} = [1/12 * (20.625 * 6 ^ 2) + 1/10 * (22.5 * 6 ^ 2)]

M_{u} = 142.875kNm

Maximum shear force occur at the outerside of the support next to

end support

V_{y} = 0.6(20.625 * 6) + 0.6(22.5 * 6)

V_{u} = 155.25kN

Depth Check

R_{w} = 2.76 for M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel

Area of Steel

Calculating the limiting value of moment of resistance

d reqd =446 mm<470 Hence OK

= 0.48 * 470

[For Fe 415 steel]

= 225.6mm

M a lim =0.36f ck b.x alim (d-0.42x alim )

 4

= 0.36 * 20 * 300 * 225.6(470 - 0.42 * 225.6)

M u lim = 182.8kNm > M_{s}

Hence, singly reinforced section can be designed.

d mqd = sqrt M u R u .b = sqrt 164.25*10^ 6 2.76*300

x a lim = 0.48d

Continuous Beams

555

Designing an under reinforced section At the intermediate supports

M u = 0.87f_{y}*A_{u}*d [1- f y A u f od bd ]

164.25 * 10 ^ 6 = 0.87 * 415A_{H} * 470[1 - (415A_{g})/(20 * 300 *

470)]

On solving we get

A II =1014 mm^ 2
Using 4-20 mm diameter bars (A provided = 1256 mm²) at the
intermediate supports as -ve moment reinforcement.

At mid span

M_{u} = 142.875kNm

142.875 * 10 ^ 6 = 0.87 * 415A_{n} * 470[1 - (415A_{w})/(20 * 300 *

470)]

On solving we get

A = 876 mm²

Using 3-20 mm diameter bars (A mprovd * ded =942 mm^ 2 ) at

midspan as +ve moment reinforcement

As per IS code

A Hmin = 0.85bd f y = 0.85*300*470 415

A Atmin =289 mm^ 2

Hence, area of steel reinforcement provided is ok.

Shear Design

V_{u} = 155.25kN

at support next to end support.

tau_{v} = V_{a}/(bd) = (155.25 * 10 ^ 3)/(300 * 470)

t_{x} = 1.1N / m * m ^ 2

% ffarcaofstcclatsupport = A il bd *100

= 1256/(300 * 470) * 100

p_{f} =1\%
for

p_{1} =1\%

tau_{1} = 0.62N / m * m ^ 2

1, from Table 5.1.

Hence shear reinforcement is necessary

V tot =155250-0.62*300*470

= 67830N

556

Spacing of 2 legged 86 stirrups

S_{v} = (0.87 * 415 * 2 * pi/4 * (8) ^ 2 * 470)/67830

= 251 mm
Maximum spacing of 2 Igd 86 stirrups should not exceed

(a) 0.75 * d = 352

(b) 300 m

(c) S vmax = 0.87* f y .A m 0.4b = 0.87*415*2* pi 4 *8^ 2 0.4*300

=302 mm

Hence provide 2 lgd 80 @ 230 mm c/c. At the end support,

V = 0.4 * 20.625 * 6 + 0.45 * 22.5 * 6 = 110.25kN

tau_{v} = V_{u}/(bd) = 0.78N / m * m ^ 2

p_{t}*aten * dsupport = (942 * 100)/(300 * 470) =0.66\%

[A ut =942 mm^ 2 at end support]

tau_{c} = 0.48 + 0.08/0.25 * (0.66 - 0.5)

[From Table 5.1]

= 0.53N / m * m ^ 2

Hence shear reinforcement is necessary

V \ = 110250 - 0.53 * 300 * 470 = 35520 N

S_{v} = (0.87 * 415 * 2 * pi/4 * 8 ^ 2 * 470)/35520

Spacing of 2 lgd 80 stirrups Provide 2 lgd 80 @ 300 mm c/c near the

end support. Hence provide 2 lgd 80 @ 230 mm c/c at the
intermediate supports and the spacing can be gradually increased to
300 mm near the mid span and at the end supports.

= 480mm > 300mr

10

Check for Deflection

A_{u}*atmi * dspan = 942m * m ^ 2 From IS code, for continuous

beams
I/d =K t .26`
(l/d) provided `< (l/d) max.
HENCE OK.

11

DUCTILE DETAILING

INTRODUCTION
The basic approach of earthquake resistant design should be based
on lateral strength as well as deformability and ductility capacity of
structure with limited damage but no collapse.

 The code IS : 13920-1993 entitled “Ductile Detailing of Reinforced

Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic ForcesCode of Practice” is
based on this approach.

 This standard covers the requirements for anchorage, specially

bar cut-offs and joint details.

▪ A ductile materials is one which can undergo large elongations

while resisting loads.

▪ When applied to reinforced concrete members and structures,

ductility means the ability to sustain significant inelastic
deformations before collapse.

▪ A brittle material fails suddenly while ductile material gives

sufficient warning before collapse thus saving many lives.

▪ It is very important to incorporate ductility into the structures to

make them earthquake resistant.

▪ To have sufficient ductility, the designer should pay attention to

detailing of reinforcement.

12

IMPORTANCE OF DUCTILITY
 Ductility in the structure will arise from inelastic material behavior
and detailing of reinforcement in such a manner the brittle failure is
avoided and ductile behavior is induced by allowing steel to yield in
controlled manner.
 If the structure is sufficiently ductile, it can resist unexpected over
loads, load reversals, impact, etc.

 If the structure is ductile, the failure of the structure will not be

sudden. Hence the people occupying the structure get sufficient time
to escape.

 It allows the structure as a whole, to develop its maximum

potential strength, through distribution of internal forces, which is
given by the combination of maximum strengths of all components.

 Building configuration must be simple and regular.

 Individual members must be designed for ductility.

 Connections and other structural details must be carefully

attended.

DUCTILITY
Ductility is the capability of a material, structural member, or entire
structure to undergo deformation after its initial yield without any
significant reduction in yield strength.
Ductility is generally measured in terms of ductility ratio or ductility
factor.
Value of µ should be between 4 to 5.

13
Types of ductility

(1) Displacement ductility based on £(member ductility):-

- µ= £max / £y

- stress strain relationship.

( 2) Curvature ductility based on φ (section ductility)

(3) Rotational ductility

(4)Overall ductility based on shear Vs roof displaceme

(5) Storey ductility = story shear/ drif

BEAM FAILURES
Beams in RC buildings have two sets of steel reinforcement, namely
(a) longitudinal bars, placed along the length (b) stirrups, placed
vertically at regular intervals along its full length.
▪ Longitudinal bars resist bending moment while vertical stirrups
resist shear force.
▪ Beams sustain two basic types of failures, namely:
1. Flexural failure
2. Shear failure
(1) Flexure failure
 As the beam sags under the increased loading, it can fail in two
possible ways.
14
 It relatively more steel is present on the tension face, concrete
crushes in compression, is a brittle failure and is therefore
undesirable.
 If relatively less steel is present on the tension face, the steel yield
first and redistribution occurs in the beam until eventually the
concrete crushes in compression.
(2) Share failure
 A beam may also fail due to shearing action.
 A shear crack is inclined at 45° to the horizontal.
 It develops at mid depth near the support and grows towards the
top and bottom faces.
 Closed loop stirrups are provided to avoid such shearing action.
 Shear failure is brittle, and therefore it must be avoided in the
design of RC beams.

General requirements for concrete detailing

 The design and construction of RC buildings shall be governed by
the provisions of IS :456-2000.

 For all buildings which are more than 3 storeys in height, the
minimum grade of concrete shall preferably be M20. But, for
buildings having more than 3 storeys in height and situated in zones
IV and V, the minimum grade of concrete should be M-25.

 Steel reinforcement of grade Fe-415 or less only shall be used.

However, TMT bars of grades Fe-500 and Fe 550 having elongation
more than 14.5 % may also be used for the reinforcement.

15
Ductile detailing of beam as per is:13920
 Clause 6.1 : General
 The factored axial stress on the member under earthquake loading
shall not exceed 0.1 fck..
 The member shall have width/depth ratio of more than 0.3
 The width of the member shall not be less than 200 mm.
 The depth of member (D) should not be more than ¼ of clear span.
Clause 6.2: Longitudinal reinforcement:
 The positive steel at a joint face must be at least equal to half the
negative steel at that face.
 The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face of the
member at any section along its length shall be at least equal to ¼ x
maximum negative moment steel provided at the face of either joint.
 In an external joint, both the top and the bottom bars of the beam
shall be provided with anchorage length beyond the inner face of the
column, equal to the development length in tension plus 10 times the
diameter of bar minus for 90 degree bend.

Clause 6.3 : Web reinforcement

 Web reinforcement shall consist of vertical hoops. A vertical hoop
is a closed stimp having 135° hook with a 10 diameter extension (but
not less than 75 mm) at each end.
 In compelling circumstances, it may also be made up of two pieces
of reinforcement, a u-stimp and a cross tie.
 The minimum diameter of the bar forming hoop shall be 6 mm.
however in beams with clear span exceeding 5 m, the minimum bar
diameter shall be 8 mm.

16
▪ The spacing of hoops over a length 2d at either end of a beam shall
not exceed (a) d/4 (b) 8 x diameter of smallest longitudinal bar, which
ever is smaller.
▪ The first hoop shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm from the
joint face. Else where, the beam shall have vertical hoops at a spacing
not exceeding d/2.
 Ductile detailing of column as per is : 13920
Clause 7.1 : General
 These requirements apply to frame members which have a
factored axial stress in excess of 0.1 fck under the effect of
earthquake forces.
 The minimum dimension of the member shall not be less than 200
mm.
 The ratio of the shorter cross sectional dimension to the
perpendicular dimension shall preferably not be less than 0.4.

Clause 7.2 : Longitudinal reinforcement

▪ Lap splices shall be provided only in the central half of the member
length. It should be proportioned as a tension splice.
▪ Any area of a column that extend move than 100 mm beyond the
confined core due to architectural requirements.

Clause 7.3 : Transverse Reinforcement

 Transverse reinforcement for circular column shall consist of spiral
or circular hoops.
 In rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may be used.

17
 The parallel legs of rectangular hoop shall be spaced not more than
300 mm c/c. if the length of any side of the hoop exceed 300 mm, a
crosstie shall be provided.
 The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral
dimension of the column, except where special confining
reinforcement is provided.

Clause 7.4 : special confining reinforcement

 ▪ Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo
from each joint face, towards mid-span and on either side of any
section, where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of
earthquake forces.
▪ The length lo shall not be less than,
1. Larger lateral dimension of the member
2. 1/6 x clear span
3. 450 mm, whichever is more.
 When a column terminates into a footing or mat, special confining
reinforcement shall extend at least 300 mm into the footing
.  Columns supporting reactions from discontinued stiff members,
such as walls, shall be provided with special confining reinforcement
over their full length.

SHARE WALL
 Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings often have vertical plate like RC
walls called shear walls, in addition to slabs, beams and columns.
 These walls generally start at the foundation level and are
continuous throughout the height of the building.

18
 Their thickness can be as low as 150 mm or as high as 400 mm in
high rise buildings.
 Shear walls are usually provided along both length and width of
buildings.
 Shear walls like vertically oriented wide beams that carry
earthquake loads downwards to the foundation.

Advantages of shear walls

 Properly designed and detailed buildings with shear walls have
shown very good performance in past earthquakes.
 The overwhelming success of buildings with shear walls in resisting
strong earthquakes is summarized in the quote: “ we can not afford
to build concrete building meant to resist severe earthquakes without
shear walls.

19
i