Class:Bsc[MSCS,MPCS], B.

Com, BBA - I Year,Semester-II

Subject: Basic Computer Skills
Faculty-T.Rajani Date:27-06-21

Pg.No-1
Basic Computer Skills
 Pg.No-2
Model Paper
Subject:Basic Computer Skills
Bcom&Bsc –I Year ,Sem-II
Time:1 ½ hour Max marks:40

Part-A(2X5=10 Marks)
Short Answer Type
Answer any TWO of the following
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4

Part-B(2X15=30 Marks)
Long Answer Type
Answer ALL the questions

Q5. (a)
Or
(b)

Q6. (a)
Or
(b)
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What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data from the user,
processes it, produces results, displays them to the users, and stores
the results for future usage.
Basic applications of computers
Computers play a role in every field of life. They are used in homes,
business, educational institutions, research organizations, medical
field, government offices, entertainment, etc.
Home:Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online
bill payment, watching movies or shows at home, home tutoring,
social media access, playing games, internet access, etc.
Medical Field:Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a
database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays, live monitoring of
patients, etc.
Entertainment :Computers help to watch movies online, play games
online; act as a virtual entertainer in playing games, listening to
music, etc..
Industry:Computers are used to perform several tasks in industries
like managing inventory, designing purpose, creating virtual sample
products, interior designing, video conferencing, etc.
Education:Computers are used in education sector through online
classes, online examinations, referring e-books, online tutoring, etc.
They help in increased use of audio-visual aids in the education field.
Government:In government sectors, computers are used in data
processing, maintaining a database of citizens and supporting a
paperless environment.
Banking:In the banking sector, computers are used to store details
of customers and conduct transactions, such as withdrawal and
deposit of money through ATMs.
Business:Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business.
The main objective of business is transaction processing, which
involves transactions with suppliers, employees or customers.
Training:Many organizations use computer-based training to train
their employees, to save money and improve performance.
Arts:Computers are extensively used in dance, photography, arts
and culture. The fluid movement of dance can be shown live via
animation. Photos can be digitized using computers.
Science and Engineering:Computers with high performance are
used to stimulate dynamic process in Science and Engineering.
 Pg.No-4
Components of computer system
Computer systems consist of three components as shown in below
image: Central Processing Unit, Input devices and Output
devices. Input devices provide data input to processor, which
processes data and generates useful information that’s displayed to
the user through output devices. This is stored in computer’s
memory.

Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is called "the brain of computer"
as it controls operation of all parts of computer. It consists of two
components: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and Control Unit.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Data entered into computer is sent to RAM, from where it is then
sent to ALU, where rest of data processing takes place. All types of
processing, such as comparisons, decision-making and processing of
non-numeric information takes place here and once again data is
moved to RAM.
Control Unit
As name indicates, this part of CPU extracts instructions, performs
execution, maintains and directs operations of entire system.
Functions of Control Unit
Control unit performs following functions −
• It controls all activities of computer
• Supervises flow of data within CPU
• Directs flow of data within CPU

• Transfers data to Arithmetic and Logic Unit

• Transfers results to memory

• Fetches results from memory to output devices

 Pg.No-5
Virtual Display Unit
The term VDU is a more seasoned British term, which stands for
visual display unit and uses to describe any device to show text and
pictures. For case, examples of VDU are a projector and a flat-panel
display. Although the term VDU usually depicts the CRT (Cathode
Ray Tube) screen, a presently age-old standard that has been
replaced by LED screens (flat-panel display). VDU functions to
display pictures that are generated by any electronic devices like
computer system.
Memory Unit
This is unit in which data and instructions given to computer as well
as results given by computer are stored. Unit of memory is "Byte".

Keyboard and Mouse

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which
helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is
like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some
additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now
keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows
and Internet.
The keys on the keyboard are as follows −

S.No Keys & Description

Typing Keys
1
These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which
generally give the same layout as that of typewriters.

Numeric Keypad
2 It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it
consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration
used by most adding machines and calculators.
 Pg.No-6
Function Keys
3
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are
arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a
unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.

Control keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four
4
directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert,
Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt),
Escape(Esc).

Special Purpose Keys

5
Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter,
Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous
cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball
at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends
corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are
pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and
a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to
control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used
to enter text into the computer.
Other Input /Output Devices

Following are some of the important input devices which are used in
a computer −
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
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Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor
position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at
its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a
socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a
displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It
consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.
When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the
pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the
screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.
Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or
laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half
inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved.
Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space
than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a
button, or a square.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy
machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and
it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further
manipulation.
Following are some of the important output devices used in a
computer.
• Monitors
• Graphic Plotter
• Printer
Monitors
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the
main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots,
called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness
of the image depends upon the number of pixels.
 Pg.No-8
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
• Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
• Flat-Panel Display
Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on
paper.There are two types of printers −
• Impact Printers
• Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printer Non Impact Printer

Produces characters and graphics on A type of printer that produces

a piece of paper by striking it is characters and graphics on a piece
called impact printer. of paper without striking.

It prints by hammering a set of metal Printing is done by depositing ink in

pin or character set. any form.

Electromechanical devices are used No electromechanical device is used.

Faster speeds around 250 words per Slower speeds around 1 page per 30
second. seconds.

Have banging noise of needle on

paper Works silently

Dot-matrix printer, Daisy wheel inkjet printers, photo printers, laser

printers, line printer are examples . printers are examples .

Computer Memory
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and
instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the
computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required
for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number
of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address,
which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if
the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 =
65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from
0 to 65535.
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Memory is primarily of three types −

• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory

Cache Memory

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which

can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the
main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program
which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and
programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the
operating system, from where the CPU can access them.
Advantages
The advantages of cache memory are as follows −
• Cache memory is faster than main memory.
• It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
• It stores the program that can be executed within a short period
of time.
• It stores data for temporary use.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows −
• Cache memory has limited capacity.
• It is very expensive.
Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which
the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and
data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of
semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers.
The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the
main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.
Characteristics of Main Memory
• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
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Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-
volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for
storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines.
The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main
memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-
ROM, DVD, etc.
Characteristics of Secondary Memory
• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

Concepts of hardware and software

Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a
computer, i.e. the components that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are the following −
• Input devices − keyboard, mouse, etc.
• Output devices − printer, monitor, etc.
• Secondary storage devices − Hard disk, CD, DVD, etc.
• Internal components − CPU, motherboard, RAM, etc.
Relationship between Hardware and Software
• Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other.
Both of them must work together to make a computer produce
a useful output.
• Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.
• Hardware without a set of programs to operate upon cannot be
utilized and is useless.
• To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software
should be loaded into the hardware.
• Hardware is a one-time expense.
• Software development is very expensive and is a continuing
expense.
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• Different software applications can be loaded on a hardware to
run different jobs.
• A software acts as an interface between the user and the
hardware.
• If the hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then the
software is its 'soul'. Both are complementary to each other.
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-
defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to
solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software −
• System Software
• Application Software
System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate,
control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself.
System software is generally prepared by the computer
manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs
written in low-level languages, which interact with the hardware at
a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between
the hardware and the end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System,
Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system
software −
• Close to the system
• Fast in speed
• Difficult to design
• Difficult to understand
• Less interactive
• Smaller in size
• Difficult to manipulate
• Generally written in low-level language
Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular
need of a particular environment. All software applications prepared
in the computer lab can come under the category of Application
software.
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Application software may consist of a single program, such as
Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing a simple text. It may also
consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package,
which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet
package.
Examples of Application software are the following −
• Payroll Software
• Student Record Software
• Inventory Management Software
• Income Tax Software
• Railways Reservation Software
• Microsoft Office Suite Software
• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Excel
• Microsoft PowerPoint
Features of application software are as follows −
• Close to the user
• Easy to design
• More interactive
• Slow in speed
• Generally written in high-level language
• Easy to understand
• Easy to manipulate and use
• Bigger in size and requires large storage space

Concept of computing

Computing is the process of using computer technology to complete a

given goal-oriented task. Computing may encompass the design and
development of software and hardware systems for a broad range of
purposes - often structuring, processing and managing any kind of
information - to aid in the pursuit of scientific studies, making
intelligent systems, and creating and using different media for
entertainment and communication.
Computing has also been defined as a branch of engineering science
that deals with the systematic study of algorithmic processes, which
are used to describe and transform information.
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It also has specific meanings depending on the context and field in
which it is used. For example, cloud computing, social computing,
ubiquitous computing, parallel computing and grid computing all fall
under the umbrella of the general meaning of computing while still
having a specific purpose and definition separate from each other.

DataandInformation
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or
instructions in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for
communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic
machine.
Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets
(A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)
What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data, which has some
meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data
on which decisions and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify
for the following characteristics −
• Timely − Information should be available when required.
• Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
• Completeness − Information should be complete.
Data Processing Cycle
Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people
or machine to increase their usefulness and add values for a
particular purpose. Data processing consists of the following basic
steps - input, processing, and output. These three steps constitute
the data processing cycle.

• Input − In this step, the input data is prepared in some

convenient form for processing. The form will depend on the
processing machine. For example, when electronic computers
are used, the input data can be recorded on any one of the
several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes,
and so on.
 Pg.No-14
• Processing − In this step, the input data is changed to
produce data in a more useful form. For example, pay-checks
can be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales
for the month can be calculated from the sales orders.
• Output − At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing
step is collected. The particular form of the output data
depends on the use of the data. For example, output data may
be pay-checks for employees.
Applications of IECT
IECT stands for Information Electronics and Communication
Technology. The applications of IECT are as follows −
• E-governance
• Multimedia and Entertainment
E-governance
Electronic governance is application of Information Electronics and
Communication Technology in running an effective governance
system for people. Communication refers to sharing of information
between parties like common people, government, business, etc.
Almost every government sector has changed to IECT like rail
reservation system, gas subsidy disbursal, etc.
 Pg.No-15

Multimedia and Entertainment

Multimedia refers to combination of text, audio, video, graphics,

animation, etc. It is one of applications of IECT. Multimedia is used
to improve quality of presentation by incorporating information
sharing, usage of graphics and animation, motion capture, etc.

How to Connect the Monitor, Keyboard, and Mouse to CPU

Your computer comes with a monitor, keyboard, and mouse. You

should connect these before turning on the computer. Your computer
will offer several types of connection ports (slots in the computer that
allow you to connect other devices), with USB ports being the most
common. For example, wireless keyboards and mice connect to your
computer via a small receiver that you insert into a USB port. Wired
keyboards and mice plug into your computer using a USB cable.

The setup information provided by your computer’s manufacturer

should help you get things connected. Use the following table to
identify the function of device-to-PC connector ports.
 Pg.No-16
Connection What It’s Good For

HDMI (High Definition Connect your TV to your

Multimedia Interface) computer.
port

USB port Connect various USB devices,

such as a digital camera or
wireless mouse.

Parallel port Connect a non-USB printer.

Audio port Connect external speakers,

headphone, or microphones.

Ethernet port Connect an Internet modem or

router to your computer.

Setting up a computer
So you have a new computer and you're ready to set it up. This may
seem like an overwhelming and complicated task, but it's actually a
lot easier than you might think! Most computers are set up in a
similar way, so it doesn't matter what brand of computer you have.

If you're setting up a new computer that's still in the box, you'll

probably find a how-to guide that includes step-by-step details.
Even if it didn't include instructions, you can still set up the
computer in a few easy steps.

.
 Pg.No-17
Step 1
Unpack the monitor and computer case from the box. Remove any
plastic covering or protective tape. Place the monitor and computer
case on a desk or work area.

Be sure to place your computer case in an area that is well

ventilated and has good air flow. This will help to prevent the
computer from overheating.
Step 2
Locate the monitor cable. There are several types of monitor cables,
so the one for your computer may not look like the one in the image
below.

Step 3

Connect one end of the cable to the monitor port on the back of
the computer case and the other end to the monitor.
 Pg.No-18

Many computer cables will only fit a specific way. If the cable doesn't
fit, don't force it or you might damage the connectors. Make sure the
plug aligns with the port, then connect it.

Step 4
Unpack the keyboard and determine whether it uses
a USB (rectangular) connector or a PS/2 (round) connector. If it uses
a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the
computer. If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into
the purple keyboard port on the back of the computer.

Step 5
Unpack the mouse and determine whether it uses
a USB or PS/2 connector. If it uses a USB connector, plug it into any
of the USB ports on the back of the computer.
 Pg.No-19
If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the
back of the computer.

If your keyboard has a USB port, you can connect your mouse to the
keyboard instead of connecting it directly to your computer.

If you have a wireless mouse or keyboard, you may need to connect

a Bluetooth dongle (USB adapter) to your computer. However, many
computers have built-in Bluetooth, so an adapter may not be
necessary.

Checking Computer power supply

1. Plug the power supply into the wall.

2. Find the big 24-ish pin connector that connects to the
motherboard.
3. Connect the GREEN wire with the adjacent BLACK wire.
4. The power supply's fan should start up. If it doesn't then it's
dead.
5. If the fan starts up, then it could be the motherboard that's
dead.
Class:Bsc[Mscs,Mpcs],Bcom,BBA -I Year,Semester-II
Subject:Basic Computer Skills
Faculty-T.Rajani Date:28-06-21

Pg.No-20
Operating computers using GUI based operating systems.
Operating System
Defination:An operating system is a program that acts as an
interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls
the execution of all kinds of programs.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic
tasks like file management, memory management, process
management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral
devices such as disk drives and printers.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System,
Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.

Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Security
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Memory Management
Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or
Main Memory. Main memory is a large array of words or bytes
where each word or byte has its own address.
An Operating System does the following activities for memory
management −
 Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use
by whom, what part are not in use.
 In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get
memory when and how much.
 Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
 De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or
has been terminated.

Processor Management
In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process
gets the processor when and for how much time. This function is
called process scheduling. An Operating System does the
following activities for processor management −
 Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program
responsible for this task is known as traffic controller.
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
Device Management
An Operating System manages device communication via their
respective drivers. It does the following activities for device
management −
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is
known as the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how much
time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.
 Pg.No-22
File Management
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy
navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and other
directions.
An Operating System does the following activities for file
management −
 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The
collective facilities are often known as file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.

Basics of Popular Operating Systems (Windows, LINUX)

Windows Operating System

Windows operating system is developed by Microsoft Corporation. It
provides Graphical User Interface (GUI), multitasking capability to
users. It also provides virtual memory management and several
peripheral devices. According to statistics, about 90% of computers
have migrated to Windows operating system.
Versions of Windows Operating System
Windows Code Launch Kernel CPU Min Min
Server Name Date Version Speed Disk Memory
Version

Windows for Sparta Oct-92 3.1 25 MHz 10.5 3 MB

Workgroups MB
3.1

Windows for Snowball Nov-93 3.11 25 MHz 10.5 3 MB

roups 3.1 MB
 Pg.No-23
Windows NT Aug-93 NT 3.10 25 MHz 90 MB 16
for NT OS/2 MB
3.1
Advanced
Server

Windows Janus Feb-00 NT 5.0 133 1000 128

2000 MHz MB MB
Server

Windows Whistler Apr-03 NT 5.2 400 1500 512

Server MHz MB MB
2003

Windows Server 7 Oct-09 NT 1400MHz 32,000MB 512

Server 2008 R2 6.1 MB

Windows Server 8 Sep-12 NT 1400MHz 32,000MB 512

Server 2012 6.2 MB

Windows Blue Oct-13 NT 1400MHz 32,000MB 512

Server 2012 R2 6.3 MB

Windows Redstone Sep-16 NT 1400MHz 32,000MB 512

Server 2016 10.0 MB

Linux Operating System

Linux is a multitasking operating system that supports various
users and numerous tasks. It is open source, i.e., code for Linux is
available for free of cost. Linux can run on any computer and
support almost any type of application. Linux uses command-line
interface. It also supports windows based GUI environment, called
"shells". The most popular Linux vendors are Red Hat and Novell.
Some of the Linux versions include Ubuntu, Fedora, Linux Mint, etc.
 Pg.No-24

Basics of Operating System

Operating System
Operating system is a software that controls system’s hardware and
interacts with user and application software.
In short, an operating system is computer’s chief control program.

Functions of Operating System

The operating system performs the following functions −
 It offers a user interface.
 Loads program into computer’s memory.
 Coordinates how program works with hardware and other
software.
 Manages how information is stored and retrieved from the
disk.
 Saves contents of file on to disk.
 Reads contents of file from disk to memory.
 Sends document to the printer and activates the printer.
 Provides resources that copy or move data from one document
to another, or from one program to another.
 Allocates RAM among the running programs.
 Recognizes keystrokes or mouse clicks and displayes characters
or graphics on the screen.
 Pg.No-25
Computer Concepts - User Interface
While working with a computer, we use a set of items on screen
called "user interface". In simple terms, it acts as an interface
between user and software application or program. It accepts inputs
from input devices like keyboard, mouse and displays output to
computer monitor.
Task Bar(Status Bar)
 Task bar appears at bottom of the Windows desktop.
 It is used to launch and manage programs.
 It also shows icons of currently running programs.

Components of task bar

A task bar consists of following three components −
 Start menu
 Quick launch bar
 Notification area
Start Menu
Start menu contains shortcuts for launching programs and opening
folders on computer.
 Pg.No-26
Quick Launch Bar
It is a special section at left end of task bar where we can add icons
to quickly start programs.
Launching Start Menu
 Start menu can be set in motion by clicking (⊞ Win) windows
button on a keyboard.
 It can also be launched by pressing CTRL+ESC on a keyboard.
 By clicking on the visual Start button, it can be launched.

Computer Concepts - Running an Application

The operating system offers an interface between programs and
user, as well as programs and other computer resources such as
memory, printer and other programs.
 Pg.No-27

Process
Step 1 − Application sends request to operating system.
Step 2 − On encountering the request from an application,
operating system sends a response to requested service.
Computer Concepts - OS Simple Setting
Changing System Date and Time
We can set system date and time in three ways given below −
Step 1 − One way is to just click the clock on task bar and
perform Step 4 and Step 5.
 Pg.No-28
Step 2 − Another alternate way is to go to the "Control Panel"
from Start menu and select "Clock, Language and Region", and
select "Date and Time" and perform Step 4 and Step 5.
Step 3 − In the window displayed, select "Change date and time"
Step 4 − Set corresponding date and time, and finally press "OK"
button.

Changing Display Properties

Display properties include Desktop Background, Text, Window
Color, Sounds, Screensaver, etc. To change these display properties,
we have to perform the following steps.
Step 1 − Right click on desktop and select "Personalize" from
displaying options.
Step 2 − From the displayed window, select desired action, like
changing the background/themes/resolution, and press "Save
Changes" button.
 Pg.No-29

Step 3 − Alternate way is to go to the "Control Panel" from Start

menu and select "Appearance and Personalization" and select
display you want from the listed options and save changes.
 Pg.No-30
To Add or Remove a Windows Component
In order to add or remove Windows component, follow the below
steps −
Step 1 − Type "add or remove programs" in the search box and
select "Add or Remove Programs" under control panel and
follow Step 3 and Step 4.
Step 2 − Alternate way is to select "Control Panel" from start
menu and select "Uninstall a Program" from "Program" and
follow Step 3 and Step 4.
Step 3 − Click "Turn Windows features on or off" on left side of
programs and features window.

Step 4 − From window displayed, add or remove the program you

want, and click "OK" button.
Changing Mouse Properties
Properties of the mouse can be changed by following steps below −
Step 1 − Go to "Control Panel" from start menu.
Step 2 − Select "Hardware and Sound" and select "Device and
Printers" from the listed options.
 Pg.No-31

Step 3 − Click on "Mouse" under Devices and Printers, and

change any of the following properties and "Apply" changes.
 Button − Changes primary and secondary button and double-
click speed.
 Pointer − Changes image seen during specific window
operation.
 Pointer Options − Changes precision of pointer, speed and
visibility of long or short pointer.
 Wheels − Changes horizontal and vertical scrolling.
 Hardware − Helps to view properties of mouse.
 Device Setting − Required only if we are using the laptop.
 Pg.No-32

Adding and Removing Printers

To add or remove printers we have to execute following steps −
Step 1 − Go to "Control Panel" from start menu.
Step 2 − Select "Hardware and Sound" and select "Device and
Printers" from the listed options.
 Pg.No-33

Step 3 − Now under "Devices and Printers", we can add a printer

using "Add a Printer" tab at top of the window.

Step 4 − To remove a printer, "Right Click" by placing the cursor

on printer you want to remove, and select "Remove Device" from
popped up menu.
Class:Bsc[Mscs,Mpcs],Bcom,BBA -I Year,Semester-II
Subject:Basic Computer Skills
Faculty-T.Rajani Date:29-06-21

Pg.No-34
File and Directory Management
File
File is nothing but a collection of information. The information can
be of numbers, characters, graphs, images, etc. Every file should be
stored under a unique name for its future reference. Every file
should be saved along with an extension. Some of the extensions and
their description are given below −
Sr.No. Extension & Description

1 .doc(x)
Microsoft word for windows
2 .gif
Graphics Interchange Format
3 .htm
Hypertext Markup Language
4 .html
Hypertext Markup Language
5 .jpg
JPEG graphics file
6 .mpg
MPEG video file
7 .mid
MIDI music file
 Pg.No-35
Representation
File should be represented in address bar along with path of the file,
filename and extension.
For example: C:\Windows\system32\Hello.html
In which C:\Windows\system32 → path
Hello → filename
.html → extension.
Directory Management
Directory is a place/area/location where a set of file(s) will be stored.
It is a folder which contains details about files, file size and time
when they are created and last modified. The different types of
directories are discussed below −
Root Directory
Root Directory is created when we start formatting the disk and
start putting files on it. In this, we can create new directories called
"sub-directories". Root directory is the highest level directory and is
seen when booting a system.
Subdirectory
Subdirectory is a directory inside root directory, in turn, it can have
another sub-directory in it.
File
File can be described as a set of related data/information and is
stored on secondary storage device. A file can be a data/information
file or program file and can contain data in any format. For example,
text files, audio files, executable program files and so on.
Folder
Folder is a container to carry files. A folder can have sub folders as
well.
 Pg.No-36
Following are the important difference between File and Folder.
Sr. Key File Folder
No.

Extension Files may or may not have Folders do not have

1 extensions. extensions.

Container A File can not contain A folder can contain any

2
another file/folder. number of file/folders.

Memory A file has certain size and A folder has no size of its
3 size memory consumption. own. It derives the size
from the files it contains.

Attributes Name, Extension, Date, Name, Date, Time and

Time, Length and Protection (Read-Only,
4
Protection (Read-Only, hidden etc.)
hidden etc.)

Supported Open, save, rename, print, Move, rename, delete and

5 operations email and modify file share.
content.

Sharing Files cannot be shared on Folders can be shared on

6
network on their own. network.
 Pg.No-37
Creating and Renaming of files and directories
The keys to organizing files and folders effectively within a hierarchy
are to store related items together and to name folders informatively.
Creating a new folder can help you organize and keep track of files
and other folders. In order to create a folder, you select the location
where you want the new folder, create the folder, and then lastly,
name the folder. You should name each folder meaningfully so that
just by reading the folder’s name you know its contents. After you
name a folder or file, you can rename it at any time.

Create a Folder
 Open the drive or folder where you want to create a folder.
 Click the Organize button on the toolbar, and then
click New folder.

 With the New Folder name selected, type a new name.

 Press Enter.

Rename a File or Folder

 Click the file or folder to select it.

 Click the Organize button on the toolbar, and then

click Rename.
 Pg.No-38
 With the name selected, type a new name, or click to position
the insertion point, and then edit the name.

Click to view larger image

 Press Enter.
Creating Short cuts
To create a desktop icon or shortcut, do the following:
1. Browse to the file on your hard disk for which you want to
create a shortcut. The default installation location for many
Adobe applications is C:\Program Files\Adobe.
2. Right-click the file for which you want to create a shortcut.
3. Select Create Shortcut from the menu.
Note: Click Yes in the Shortcut dialog box if Windows gives
the message "Windows cannot create a shortcut here. Do you
want the shortcut to be placed on the desktop instead?"
4. Drag the shortcut to the desktop or any other folder.
5. Rename the shortcut.
Basics of OS SetUp

The steps for installing an operating system, like Linux or Microsoft

Windows, depending on the operating system version you are
installing. Each version has different steps and options that are
unique to that operating system. Also, each operating system has
different requirements for your computer to be able to run correctly.
 Pg.No-39
Purchase the operating system
First, you need to purchase the operating system that you want to
install on the computer. The best place to purchase the operating
system from is a retail store, like Best Buy, or through an online
store, like Amazon or Newegg. The operating system may come on
multiple CD or DVD discs, or it may even come on a USB flash drive.

Downloading a copy of the operating system is usually the most

convenient way to obtain it. However, be sure you obtain the
operating system from the publisher, like Microsoft. Downloading it
from another source may result in an unusable or illegal copy of the
software.

Install the operating system

To install the computer's operating system using a CD or DVD, you
need to configure your computer to boot from the CD/DVD drive. You
can change the boot sequence in your BIOS setup, and setting the
CD/DVD drive to be the first boot device. Some computers may also
allow you to access the boot sequence directly at computer start up,
without entering the BIOS, by pressing a specific key on the
keyboard. The key to press differs for each computer, but is often the
Delete key or one of the function keys.

If the operating system software came on a USB flash drive, you need
to configure the computer to boot to a USB device as the first boot
device.

Once the computer is configured to boot to the proper device, the

computer should load the operating system installation program and
guide you through the install process.
 Pg.No-40
You will be asked questions along the way for configuration of basic
settings, like date and time, user account name, and if you want to
enable automatic operating system updates. Go through the
installation steps, answering questions and selecting the preferred
options.

Running the operating system

After the operating system has been installed, the computer should
load into the operating system. You may then proceed with installing
software that you want on the computer and updating any settings
you want.

Operating System Utilities

Many operating systems provide utilities to administer and
troubleshoot. Most of the operating systems provide context sensitive
help to use the tools.
Windows Operating System Utilities
You can use the following Windows operating system utilities to
monitor Ingres:
 Windows Diagnostics
 Windows Performance Monitor
 Windows Event Viewer
 Windows Registry Editor
 Windows Task Manager
Windows Diagnostics
The Windows Diagnostics program can help you determine your
operating system's configuration. This tool can be found in Settings,
Control Panel, Administrative Tools, Computer Management.
 Pg.No-41
Windows Performance Monitor
Performance Monitor is a Windows graphical tool for measuring the
performance of your own computer or other computers on a network.
On each computer, you can view the behavior of objects such as
processors, memory, cache, threads, and processes. Each of these
objects has an associated set of counters that provide information on
such things as device usage, queue lengths, and delays, as well as
information used for throughput and internal congestion
measurements.
It provides charting, alerting, and reporting capabilities that reflect
current activity along with ongoing logging. You can also open log
files at a later time for browsing and charting as if they were
reflecting current activity. To monitor performance on Windows, see
the operating system documentation.

Windows Event Viewer

Event Viewer is a tool for monitoring events in your system. You can
use Event Viewer to view and manage System, Security, and
Application event logs. To access the Event Viewer, right-click on the
My Computer icon and select Manage. The Computer Management
Window is displayed. The Event Viewer is available under the
System Tools.
Windows Registry Editor
This program can be used to view the system configuration and
environment. For a description of how the information is presented
and the capabilities of the utility, see the online help.
Windows Task Manager
The Task Manager enables you to monitor and control your computer
and what is running on it. It shows you programs and processes that
are running as well as performance. To access the Task Manager,
right click an empty area in the task bar and click Task Manager.
 Pg.No-42
UNIX Operating System Utilities
You can use the following UNIX operating system utilities to monitor
Ingres:
 ps
 iostate
 pstat
 sar
 sdysdef
 vmstat
Class:Bsc[Mscs,Mpcs],Bcom,BBA -I Year,Semester-II
Subject:Basic Computer Skills
Faculty-T.Rajani Date:30-06-21

Pg.No-43
Understanding Word Processing
Microsoft Word is a popular word processing software. It helps in
arranging written text in a proper format and giving it a systematic
look. This formatted look facilitates easier reading. It provides spell-
check options, formatting functions like cut-copy-paste, and spots
grammatical errors on a real-time basis. It also helps in saving and
storing documents.
It’s also used to add images, preview the complete text before
printing it; organize the data into lists and then summarize,
compare and present the data graphically. It allows the header and
footer to display descriptive information, and to produce
personalized letters through mail. This software is used to create,
format and edit any document. It allows us to share the resources
such as clip arts, drawing tools, etc. available to all office programs.

Basics of Word Processing

Word processor is used to manipulate text documents. It is an

application program that creates web pages, letters, and reports.
 Pg.No-44
Word processing package is mostly used in offices on
microcomputers. To open a new document, click on "Start" button
and go to "All Programs" and click on "Microsoft Word".

Menu Bar
A menu bar is located below the title bar. A menu bar is an
application window to furnish application or window-specific menus.
Menu bar has File Menu along with Home, Insert, Design, Page
Layout, References, Mailings, Review, And View.
 File − It has options such as, Save, Save As, Open a New
Document, Print, etc.
 Home − It has icons to change Font Size, Style, Alignment,
Borders, etc.
 Pg.No-45
 Insert − It has icons to insert Table, Shapes, Chart, Pictures,
Screenshot, Header, Footer, etc.
 Design − It has icons to change Themes, Colors, Fonts, Effects,
Page Borders, etc.
 Page Layout − It has icons to set Margins, Orientation, Size,
Breaks, Indent etc.
 References − It has icons to Add Text, Update A Table, Insert
Footnote, Index.
 Mailings − It has icons to start Mail Merge, Add Labels,
Envelopes, etc.
 Review − It has icons for Spelling And Grammar Check,
Thesaurus, Word Count, Comments, Tracking, etc.
 View − It has icons like: Zoom, Print Layout, Switch Windows,
Split, etc.
You may use a particular menu to give an instruction to the
software. Place mouse over menu option and click left mouse button
to open drop-down menu. You can use left and right arrows on your
keyboard to move left and right across menu bar option. Up and
down arrow keys can be used to scroll drop-down menu.
 Pg.No-46
Using Help menu
Help menu → By clicking this button, you can get help for any
information you need. Help button is located at the top right corner
of window. It looks like a question mark, "?". Shortcut key for help
menu is F1.
Using Icons below Menu Bar
The bar located below menu bar is the toolbar. Toolbar provides
shortcuts to menu commands. It has icons which represent
commonly used functions.

Icons Icons Functions

To save a file.

To print current file.

To check for page orientation before the document gets printed.

To check spelling, grammar and writing style.

To remove selected word or sentence from the document.

To copy selected word or sentence from the document.

To paste content from the clipboard.

 Pg.No-47

To reverse the last command. Shortcut key for undo is "Ctrl + Z"

To redo last command. Shortcut key for Redo is "Ctrl + Y"

To set borders to content.

To insert a single table or more tables as required into the document.

To change number of columns in the document.

To change font color.

To change font style.

 Pg.No-48
Opening and Closing Documents
Word automatically starts with a blank page. For opening a new file,
click on "New".
 To close a document, click "X" in the upper right corner of
window.
Opening the document
To open an already existing document, follow the below steps.
 Click on the "File → Open".
 From the window opened, select a file you want to open and
double click on it or just right-click and select "open".
 Shortcut key is Ctrl + O.
 Pg.No-49
Save and Save As
After finishing our work, we must save the document permanently,
as it is useful for future reference.
 As RAM is a temporary storage memory, we must save our file
on the hard disk.
 To save a document, go to "File" menu and select "Save" option
 Shortcut key is "Ctrl + S".
 Then the file gets saved under a default name.

Text Creation and Manipulation

 There are several kinds of word documents, such as blank

documents that starts from scratch, templates, web pages,
reports, etc.
 A template is helpful in reusing format of a document.
 Manipulation of text includes cut, copy, paste, or moving text to
any location.
 Pg.No-50
Editing Text
 Modifying existing text in an old document or entering new text
in an existing document is known as editing of the text.
 Editing text can be done by three options: "Find", "Replace",
"Select".
o Find → To find a word in a document.
o Replace → To replace existing word with a new word.
o Select → To select a word or sentence.
 Pg.No-51

Text Selection
 Document is built up by typing one character at a time. While
editing and formatting, words, lines, paragraphs, or sometimes
the whole document can be selected.
 Once a part of text in a document is selected, changes can be
made to that text.
 The selected text can be moved, copied and changed to italic,
bold or underline.
 Font and color of the text can also be changed.
 Both mouse and keyboard can be used to select the text.
 Pg.No-52
 Using mouse, text can be selected by either double-clicking or
by clicking and dragging.
 Using keyboard, text can be selected by pressing the shift key +
arrow keys.
 To select the entire page, use shortcut, "Ctrl + A".

Formatting Text
 A font refers to set of characteristics that characters of Word
support.
 The process of formatting a document includes controlling the
appearance of text and layout of text on page.
 Character formatting includes settings that control attributes
of individual text character such as Fonts, Font Size And Type
Style.
 Pg.No-53

Table Manipulation

Manipulation of table includes drawing a table, changing cell width

and height, alignment of text in the cell, deletion/insertion of rows
and columns, and borders and shading.
Draw Table
Tables can be easily inserted at any point of the document. A table is
a simple way to arrange lengthy lists. You can use tables to format
all parts of your documents into rows and columns. Rows and
columns can be added or deleted either at the beginning, end or in
the middle of table. For inserting a table, simply click on "Tables"
icon on Insert menu.
 Pg.No-54
Tables can be formatted to any size, and number of rows and
columns can be added as per requirement. Table formatting toolbar
contains numerous icons which can be used for different functions
related to tables. Spin arrows in the columns and rows help to select
a row or a column.

Changing cell width and height

 When we create a table, all columns may have equal width or
may have different widths depending upon the usage.
 If you want to change column widths, "Ruler" or table
properties from the table menu can be used.
 By using "Ruler" you may change the row border and size.
 Pg.No-55

Alignment of Text in a cell

 Select one or more cells in table, and click table layout menu.

 Under Alignment, click Align, and then select corresponding

option.
 Pg.No-56
Delete/Insertion of Row and Column
For inserting rows and columns into an existing table, position
cursor either before or after the spot where you want to insert.
Right-click mouse button to → Insert/Delete.
Inserting a column to the right
After finishing the table, in case you need to insert a column on the
right-hand side of a particular column in the table, you may use the
following steps −
 Place cursor where you want to insert a column in the table.
 Right-click on mouse button → Insert column to right.
Insert rows above
After finishing the table, in case you want to insert a row in the top
of a particular row in table you may use the following steps −
 Place cursor where you want to insert a row in the table.
 Right-click on the mouse button → Insert row above.
Insert rows below
After finishing the table, in case you want to insert a row in the
bottom of a particular row in the table, you may use the following
steps −
 Place cursor where you want to insert a row in the table.
 Right-click mouse button → Insert row below.
Delete Column
If you want to delete particular columns in a table, use the following
steps −
 Select the column which you want to delete.
 Right-click mouse button → delete cells → delete column.
Delete Rows
If you want to delete particular rows in a table, use the following
steps −
 Select the row which you want to delete.
 Right-click Mouse Button → Delete Cells → Delete Row.
 Pg.No-57
Border and Shading
 Borders and shading is used to decorate a text.
 Select the text for which you need to apply borders or shading.
 Click home menu.
 Move to borders and shading icon.
 From the open window, select border style, width you want and
click ok button.
 Pg.No-58

Spell Check
Microsoft Word provides a decent Spelling and Grammar Checker
which enables you to search for and correct all spelling and
grammar mistakes in your document. Word is intelligent enough to
identify misspelled or misused, as well as grammar errors and
underlines them as follows.
 A red underline beneath spelling errors.

 A green underline beneath grammar errors.

 A blue line under correctly spelled but misused words.

Check Spelling and Grammar using Review tab

 Pg.No-59
Here is the simple procedure to find out the spelling mistakes and
fix them −
Step 1 − Click the Review tab and then click the Spelling &
Grammar button.

Step 2 − A Spelling and Grammar dialog box will appear and will
display the wrong spellings or errors in grammar. You will also get
suggestions to correct as shown below −
 Pg.No-60
Now you have following options to fix the spelling mistakes −
 Ignore − If you are willing to ignore a word, then click this
button and Word ignores the word throughout the document.
 Ignore All − Like Ignore, but this ignores all occurrences of
the same misspelling, not just once but throughout the
document
 Add to Dictionary − Choose Add to Dictionary to add the
word to the Word spelling dictionary.
 Change − This will change the wrong word using the
suggested correct word.
 Change All − Like Change, but this changes all occurrences of
the same misspelling, not just once but throughout the
document.
 AutoCorrect − If you select a suggestion, Word creates
an AutoCorrect entry that automatically corrects this
spelling error from now on.
Step 3 − Select one of the given suggestions you want to use and
click the Change option to fix the spelling or grammar mistake and
repeat the step to fix all the spelling or grammar mistake.
Step 4 − Word displays a dialog box when it finishes checking for
spelling and grammar mistakes, finally Click OK.
Check Spelling and Grammar using Right Click
If you will right-click the mouse button over a misspelled word, then
it will show you the correct suggestions and the above mentioned
options to fix the spelling or grammar mistake.
Printing Documents
The following steps will help you print your Microsoft Word
document.
Step 1 − Open the document for which you want to see the preview.
Next click the File tab followed by the Print option which will
display a preview of the document in the right column.
 Pg.No-61

Step 2 − You can set various other printing options available. Select
from among the following options, depending on your preferences.

S.No Option and Description

Copies
1
Set the number of copies to be printed; by default, you will have
one copy of the document.
 Pg.No-62

Print One Sided

2 By default, you print one side of the page. There is one more option
where you will turn up your page manually in case you want to print
your page on both sides of the page.

Orientation
3
By default, page orientation is set to Portrait; if you are printing your
document in landscape mode then select the Landscape mode.

A4
4
By default, the page size is A4, but you can select other page sizes
available in the dropdown list.

Custom Margin
Click the Custom Margins dropdown list to choose the document
5
margins you want to use. For instance, if you want to print fewer
pages, you can create narrower margins; to print with more white
space, create wider margins.

1 Page Per Sheet

6 By default, the number of pages per sheet is 1 but you can print
multiple pages on a single sheet. Select any option you like from the
given dropdown list by clicking over the 1 Page Per Sheet option.
 Pg.No-63
Step 3 − Once you are done with your setting, click on
the Print button which will send your document to the printer for
final printing.
Class:Bsc[Mscs,Mpcs],Bcom,BBA -I Year,Semester-II
Subject:Basic Computer skills
Faculty-T.Rajani Date:01-07-21

Pg.No-64
Using SpreadSheet
Basics of Spreadsheet
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application which is used to create
and manage lists of information. Excel allows to enter, edit, manage
and analyze large amount of data in a worksheet and create colorful
charts and graphs. It uses formulae to calculate and analyze data. It
helps to combine a series of commands using "Macros", thus saving
time.
Opening a Spread Sheet
To open a spreadsheet, we have to click on "Start" button and go
to "All Programs" and "Excel".
Opening an existing worksheet
To open an existing document, go to file menu, File → Open →
Recent workbooks.
 Pg.No-65
Renaming a work sheet
Every sheet is given a name by default as sheet 1, sheet 2, etc. It is
necessary to customize the name according to user reference. To
change this name, right click on sheet tab that is to be renamed.
Name in the sheet tab gets highlighted and can be edited.

Organization of worksheet
Spreadsheet is made up of number of books. Each book contains
number of columns and rows. Rows and columns are made of many
cells.
Cell Address
Cell is a small unit in the worksheet which is used to store data. A
cell is refered by its column and row number.
 Pg.No-66
Example
Cell B followed by row 6 is called as B6. Each cell in worksheet has a
unique address. Using arrow keys in the keyboard, we can move
from one cell to another cell.

Title bar
Title bar displays the name of excel worksheet. It appears at the top
of all window programs. By default, excel opens with the name Book
Menu bar
Menu bar is located directly below the title bar. It displays a list of
menus that can be used to give commands to excel. Clicking on a
menu bar displays a drop down menu of icons. You can move across
the menu bar and scroll down menus with your mouse by
highlighting one of the menu items and using arrow keys on your
keyboard.
 Pg.No-67
 File − It has options such as: save, save as, open a new
document, print, etc.
 Home − It has icons to change font size, style, alignment,
borders, etc.
 Insert − It has icons to insert table, chart, pictures, screenshot,
header, footer, etc.
 Page Layout − It has icons to set margins, orientation, size,
breaks, indent, etc.
 Formulas − It has insert function, auto sum, date and time,
lookup and reference, etc.
 Data − It has icons to import data from web, from access,
refresh all, from other sources, etc.
 Review − It has icons for spelling and grammar check,
thesaurus, word count, etc.
 View − It has icons to zoom, print layout, switch windows,
split, etc.
Saving Workbooks
After typing our content in excel worksheet, we must save the
worksheet for future use. Shortcut key to save is "Ctrl + S". The
process of saving consists of following steps −
 Click File menu.
 Click Save option from sub menu.
 Pg.No-68

Entering Text, Numbers and Dates

In this topic, we are going to learn how to enter text.
 Place cursor in the cell where you want to enter text.
 Type the contents or texts in that cell.
Numbers
Num Lock (to "on" or "off" Number keypad) can be used to make
data entry easy. To enter numeric values in the spreadsheet, follow
the below steps −
 Open a new worksheet.
 Enter the number you would like to add.
 Fill the complete numeric data in different cells.
 Press Esc when you have completed entering your data.
 Pg.No-69
Dates
Returns the sequential serial number that represents a particular
date. Cell format remains normal before function gets entered in the
cell. Result is formatted as a date, once the function gets executed.
Syntax
DATE (year, month, date)
Example
=DATE (2018,4,18)
Output
18/4/2018
Editing Worksheet Data
Modifying or adding text or using cut, copy, paste operations to an
existing document is known as editing.
 To edit data in a worksheet, first open the worksheet by
clicking on File → Open.
 Next, move cursor to the cell, which you want to edit.
 Note that content of the cell is displayed in formula bar as well.
 As you perform any operation, it is visible in the formula bar.
Cut
 Deleting unnecessary data from the cell is called cutting.
 In Microsoft Excel, you can cut text from one area of a
worksheet and save or paste that text anywhere. When you cut
the text, it is stored on clipboard.
 If you want to cut any text or content from worksheet, first
select the text or content which you want to cut.
 To cut, Right Click → Cut.
 The shortcut key is "Ctrl + X".
 Pg.No-70
Copy
Instead of retyping the same text, Copy function is used which
reduces time and effort. By using copy option, you can copy the text
from one location to another. Information stored on clipboard stays
there until new information is either cut or copied. When you
execute cut or copy, you replace old information on the clipboard
with whatever you have just cut or copied.
 To copy the content, Right Click → Copy.
 Shortcut key is "Ctrl + C".

Paste
 Select your text to highlight it.

 First copy the text.

 Use mouse to move the cursor to desired position to paste the
copied text.
 Click paste to insert the copied text in its new place.
 You can paste clipboard information as often as you like.
 To paste, Right Click & Paste.
 Shortcut key is "Ctrl + V".
 Pg.No-71

Inserting and Deleting Rows, and Column

 To insert and delete rows and columns in an existing
table, position the cursor either before/after/above the
spot where you want the insertion/deletion to be.
 Right Click → Insert/Delete.
Insert column to the left
After finishing our table, in case we want to insert a column on the
left hand side of a particular column. We may use the following
steps.
 Place the cursor where you want to insert a column in the
table.
 Right click → Insert column to left.
 Pg.No-72
Insert column to the right
After finishing our table, in case, we want to insert a column on the
right hand side of a particular column, follow below steps −
 Place the cursor where you want to insert a column into the
table.
 Right click → Insert column to right.
Rows above
After finishing the table, in case we want to insert a row on top of a
particular row, follow below steps −
 Place cursor where you want to insert a row into the table.
 Right click → Insert row above.
Delete Rows
If you want to delete particular rows in a table, use the following
steps −
 Select cells or rows you want to delete.
 Right click → Delete → Table Rows.
Delete column
If you want to delete a particular column in a table, use the
following steps −
 Select column or cells you want to delete.
 Right click → Delete → Table Columns.
Changing Cell Height and Width
When we create a table, all the columns may have equal column
width or different widths. If you want to change the row height,
simply select the row and right click. Then select the Row Height
option.
 Pg.No-73
Function and Formulas
Using Formulas
You can use formulas to perform basic mathematical calculations,
such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of
numbers. The following examples demonstrate how to use formulas
to carry out mathematical calculations.
Addition
Addition helps to add two or more values. By using "=
SUM(cell1+cell2)" formula, we can calculate the sum of values.
Examples
 Open a new worksheet.
 Move the cursor to cell A1.
 Write one value in cell A1 and another value in cell B1.
 Write "= SUM(A1 + B1)" in cell C1 which will automatically get
displayed in formula bar.
 Press Enter.
 Note that cell A1 has been added to cell B1 and the result is
shown in cell C1.
Subtraction
Subtraction helps to subtract two or more values. By using "=
SUM(cell1 - cell2)" formula, we can calculate the difference between
the values of cell 1 and cell 2.
Example
 Open a new worksheet.
 Move the cursor to cell A1.
 Write one value in cell A1 and another value in cell B1.
 Write "= SUM(A1 - B1)" in cell C1 which will automatically get
displayed in the formula bar.
 Press Enter.
 Note that cell B1 has been subtracted from cell A1 and the
result is shown in cell C1.
 Pg.No-74
Multiplication
Multiplication helps to multiply two or more values. By using "=
SUM(cell1 * cell2)" formula, we can calculate multiplication
Examples
 Open a new worksheet.
 Move the cursor to cell A1.
 Write one value in cell A1 and another value in cell B1.
 Write "= SUM (A1 * B1)" in cell C1 which will automatically
get displayed in the formula bar.
 Press Enter.
 Note that cell A1 has been multiplied to cell B1 and the result
is shown in cell C1.
Division
 Division helps to divide one value by another value.
 By using "= SUM(cell1 / cell2)", formula we can perform
division.
Examples
 Open a new worksheet.
 Move the cursor to cell A1.
 Write one value in A1 and another value in B1.
 Write "= SUM(A1 / B1)" in cell C1 which will automatically get
displayed in the formula bar.
 Press Enter.
 Note that cell A1 is divided by cell B1 and the result is shown
in cell C1.
 Pg.No-75
Function
 Microsoft Excel has a set of prewritten functions to perform a
specific task.
 When using a function, remember the following steps −
o Use an equal ( = ) sign to begin a function.
o Specify the function name.
o Enclose arguments within parenthesis.
o Use a comma to separate arguments.
o Here is an example of a function, =
POWER(number,power) or = POWER(cell1,cell2)
Printing Worksheets
Quick Print
If you want to print a copy of a worksheet with no layout
adjustment, use the Quick Print option. There are two ways in
which we can use this option.
 Choose File » Print (which displays the Print pane), and then
click the Print button.
 Press Ctrl+P and then click the Print button (or press Enter).
 Pg.No-76

Adjusting Common Page Setup Settings

You can adjust the print settings available in the Page setup
dialogue in different ways as discussed below. Page setup options
include Page orientation, Page Size, Page Margins, etc.
 The Print screen in Backstage View, displayed when you
choose File » Print.
 The Page Layout tab of the Ribbon.
 Pg.No-77
Choosing Your Printer
To switch to a different printer, choose File » Print and use the
drop-down control in the Printer section to select any other installed
printer.

Specifying What You Want to Print

Sometimes you may want to print only a part of the worksheet
rather than the entire active area. Choose File » Print and use the
controls in the Settings section to specify what to print.
 Active Sheets − Prints the active sheet or sheets that you
selected.
 Entire Workbook − Prints the entire workbook, including
chart sheets.
 Selection − Prints only the range that you selected before
choosing File » Print.
Class:Bsc[Mscs,Mpcs],Bcom,BBA -I Year,Semester-II
Subject:Basic Computer skills
Faculty-T.Rajani Date:02-07-21

Pg.No-78
Basics of presentation software
Microsoft PowerPoint is one of the powerful tools of MS-Office,
which helps in creating and designing presentations. PowerPoint
Presentation is an array of slides that convey information to people
in an attractive manner.
Using Powerpoint
You can create a new presentation by choosing File → New →
Presentation.
Opening an existing PowerPoint presentation
To open an existing PowerPoint, select File → Open → Recent
Presentations → and select the presentation you want to open.
 Pg.No-79
Saving a presentation
 To save a presentation, click on "File" menu and choose "Save"
option.
 Every presentation will be saved by default as presentation1,
presentation2, presentation3 and so on.
 To change the default save location, select Save As →
Computer → Browse.
 Click on the browse option to see a window where you can
select desired location to save the file.
 To rename the presentation, simply add desired name in the
'File Name' tag. Click on 'Save'.
 MS PowerPoint saves files with the extension (.ppt).
 Pg.No-80
Creation of Presentation
A presentation is made up of number of slides that are displayed in
a sequence. Each slide has sub-topics and different content related
to the given topic.

Creating a presentation using a template

A template is a presentation that has a pre-defined theme and

format. Templates are readily available design structures. There are
two types of templates: design and content templates. A design
template automatically gives final look of your presentation. The
content template is used to include text and graphics.
To create a presentation using template, select File → New → and
select desired template.
 Pg.No-81

Creating a Blank Presentation

 A blank presentation has no pre-formatted designs or colors.
Every required element in the presentation has to be created
or inserted specifically by the user.
 To create a blank presentation, select File → New → Blank
presentation.
 Pg.No-82
Entering and editing text
 To enter text in a slide, insert a new slide.
 A slide has two sections −
o Click to add the title.
o Click to add the subtitle.
 In 'Click to add title' box, delete the text and include desired
heading.
 In 'Click to add subtitle' box, delete the text and add sub
heading.
 Editing text refers to the changing of text size, style, color,
indentation, etc.
Inserting and deleting slides in a presentation
To create a new slide, follow the below steps −
o Go to Home → New Slide or
o Insert → New Slide or
o Right Click over the slide → select New Slide.
 Shortcut key to create a new slide is Ctrl + M.

To delete a slide, go to the corresponding slide and right click on it to

select Delete slide option.
 Pg.No-83
Customizing a Presentation
 Customizing a presentation can be done using Custom Slide
Show options.
 PowerPoint allows you to start Slide Show from the current
slide and also provides option to hide some slides.
 To customize a Slide Show, Choose Slide Show → Custom
Slide Show→ New.
 Under existing slides, select slides you want to add to your
Slide Show.
 Hold down shift to select a range of slides, or Ctrl to select non
continuous slides.
 Here you can change the order of the slides in your Custom
Slide Show by dragging and dropping the slides under selected
slides.
 Click ok button.
 Pg.No-84
Preparation of Slides
The below topics explain the preparation of slides −

Inserting a word table or an excel worksheet

 We can insert a word table in PowerPoint using "Insert" menu.

 To insert the table, first create a new slide.
 Then click on "Insert" menu and select the "Table" icon. Select
the number of rows and columns
 Press Enter.
Inserting an excel worksheet
 We can insert an excel worksheet in PowerPoint using "Insert"
menu.
 First, create a new slide.
 To insert a new excel file inside the presentation, click on
insert menu and select Object icon → Create New →
Choose the object type as Microsoft Excel sheet →
click Ok.
 To insert an existing excel file, select Create from file →
Browse.
 Finally, select the excel document you wish to insert and press
enter.
Adding clip art pictures
 Clip art is a cartoon-like icon or representation.
 Select Insert → Online pictures.
 In the dialog box, enter category and select the picture you
want to insert
 Click on Insert button.
 Pg.No-85

Presentation of Slides
We shall learn various features present in
Viewing a presentation
 Viewing pane is very similar to other application windows.
 It has a menu bar at top of the window which displays toolbar
with shortcut icons for the most frequently used options.
 Status bar at bottom of the screen displays the status
information, such as number of slides, current slide, word
count, etc.
 Middle pane displays slides in the presentation, as you can see
this section contains three panes.
 The panel on the left displays a thumbnail image of the slide
and allows you to rename, delete or rearrange them.
 The panel in the center allows you to view the slide
presentation.
 The panel on the right displays formatting options for the
selected object.
 Pg.No-86

Choosing a set up for presentation

 In order to select set up for presentation, go to Slide Show and
select set up Slide Show option.
 In the window displayed, make the changes accordingly and
save the changes by clicking "ok" button.
 Pg.No-87
Slide Show view of the presentation is used to display content of
presentation to the audience.
Editing is not possible in the Slide Show view.

Running a Slide Show

 To start the Slide Show from the first slide, click on "From
Beginning" icon from Slide Show menu.
 To start the Slide Show from the current slide, click on "From
Current Slide" icon from Slide Show menu.
 Pg.No-88

Transition and slide timings

First, we will learn the Transition feature −
 Click on "Transition" menu and select "Transition style" from
the listed options.
 You can click on the arrow key to expand the gallery and check
all the options available.
 To apply transition on the slide, double click on desired option.
 Press "shift + F5" from keyboard to switch to full-screen mode.
 To exit full-screen, press Esc key.
 You can edit selected transitions by using "Effect Option" from
"Transition" menu and select option from the list.
 You can preview all the changes by clicking on preview icon in
the top left side of screen.
 Pg.No-89

Automating a Slide Show

Automation of Slide Show can be done in two ways.

Using transition settings
 Select each slide and go to transition menu and select
transition type for each slide and run the presentation by
pressing "F5" key.
 Pg.No-90

Using Rehearse Timing

 Open the presentation in which the timing has to be set.
 Go to Slide Show menu → Rehearse Timing.
 Press F5 to run the slide. When the Slide Show starts, you can
find the rehearsal toolbar at the top left corner of window.
 Move to the next slide manually to record timing and press 'yes'
button to record the time.
 Now, if you run your Slide Show, you can notice that it runs
automatically with the time intervals you have saved.
 Pg.No-91

Changing Slide Order

 To change order of the slides, click on "Slide Sorter" in the
"View" menu.
 In this mode, all slides in the presentation are displayed as
thumbnails.
 Click on the slide you want to move and drag it with the mouse
to the desired position.
Class:Bsc[Mscs,Mpcs],Bcom,BBA -I Year,Semester-II
Subject:Basic Computer Skills
Faculty-T.Rajani Date:04-07-2021
Pg.No-92
Introduction to Internet,WWW and Web Browsers
Internet is a global communication system that links together
thousands of individual networks. It allows exchange of information
between two or more computers on a network. Thus internet helps
in transfer of messages through mail, chat, video & audio
conference, etc. It has become mandatory for day-to-day activities:
bills payment, online shopping and surfing, tutoring, working,
communicating with peers, etc.
Basics of Computer Networks
Computer network is an interconnection between two or more
hosts/computers. The connectivity can be physical by using cables or
virtual using wireless network. Different types of networks include
LAN, WAN, MAN, etc., as shown below −
Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Area Network (LAN) provides data communication within
shorter distance and connects several devices such as computers and
printers. This type of network contains computers that are relatively
closer and are physically connected with cables and wireless media.
Any network that exists within a single building, or even a group of
adjacent buildings, is considered as LAN. It is often used to connect
separate LANs together so they can communicate and exchange
data.
 Pg.No-93
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Network is connecting two or more LANs together,
generally across a wide geographical area.
Example
A company may have its corporate headquarters and manufacturing
plant located in one city and marketing office in another city. Each
site needs resources, data and programs locally, but it also needs to
share data with other sites. To accomplish this, the company can
attach devices that connect over public utilities to create a WAN.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is an extensive network that
connects numerous corporate LANs together. Usually MANs are not
owned by sole organization.
 Pg.No-94
Their communication devices and equipment are maintained by a
group or single network provider that sells its networking services to
corporate customers. MANs often take the role of high-speed
network that allows sharing of regional resources. MANs also can
provide a mutual connection to other networks using a WAN link.

Internet is called the network of networks. It is a global

communication system that links together thousands of individual
networks. In other words, internet is a collection of interlinked
computer networks, connected by copper wires, fiber-optic cables,
wireless connections, etc. As a result, a computer can virtually
connect to other computers in any network. These connections allow
users to interchange messages, to communicate in real time (getting
instant messages and responses), to share data and programs and to
access limitless information.
Concept of Internet
Internet architecture is a meta-network, which refers to a
congregation of thousands of distinct networks interacting with a
common protocol. In simple terms, it is referred as an internetwork
that is connected using protocols. Protocol used is TCP/IP. This
protocol connects any two networks that differ in hardware, software
and design.
 Pg.No-95
Process
TCP/IP provides end to end transmission, i.e., each and every node
on one network has the ability to communicate with any other node
on the network.

Internet Service Providers (ISP)

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company offering access to
internet. They offer various services:
 Internet Access
 Domain name registration
 Dial-up access
 Leased line access
ISP Types
ISPs can broadly be classified into six categories as shown in the
following diagram:

Access providers
They provide access to internet through telephone lines, cable wi-fi
or fiber optics.
Mailbox Provider
Such providers offer mailbox hosting services.
Hosting ISPs
Hosting ISPs offers e-mail, and other web hosting services such as
virtual machines, clouds etc.
 Pg.No-96
Virtual ISPs
Such ISPs offer internet access via other ISP services.
Free ISPs
Free ISPs do not charge for internet services.
Connection Types
There exist several ways to connect to the internet. Following are
some of these connection types available:
1. Dial-up Connection
2. Cable TV Internet connections
3. Satellite Internet connections
4. Wireless Internet Connections
Dial-up Connection
Dial-up connection uses telephone line to connect PC to the
internet. It requires a modem to setup dial-up connection. This
modem works as an interface between PC and the telephone line.
The following diagram shows the accessing internet using modem:

Cable TV Internet Connection

Cable TV Internet connection is provided through Cable TV lines. It
uses coaxial cable which is capable of transferring data at much
higher speed than common telephone line.
 Pg.No-97
The following diagram shows that how internet is accessed using
Cable TV connection:

Satellite Internet Connection

Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the
internet. There are two types of satellite internet connection: one
way connection or two way connection.
In one way connection, we can only download data but if we want to
upload, we need a dialup access through ISP over telephone line.
In two way connection, we can download and upload the data by the
satellite. It does not require any dialup connection.
 Pg.No-98

Wireless Internet Connection

Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to

connect to the internet and offers a very high speed. The wireless
internet connection can be obtained by either WiFi or Bluetooth.
Knowing the Internet
Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access
information over the web. However, It can be defined in many ways
as follows:
 Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected
computer networks.
 Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
 Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP
address.
 IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114)
which identifies a computer location.
 A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give
name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a
name.
 For example, a DNS server will resolve a
name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP
address to uniquely identify the computer on which this
website is hosted.
 Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Evolution
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone
several technological & Infrastructural changes
 Pg.No-99
Advantages

 Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at

remote locations. There are various apps available on the wed
that uses Internet as a medium for communication. One can
find various social networking sites such as:
o Facebook ,Twitter,Yahoo,Google+,Flickr,Orkut
 One can surf for any kind of information over the internet.
Information regarding various topics such as Technology,
Health & Science, Social Studies, Geographical Information,
Information Technology, Products etc can be surfed with help
of a search engine.
 Apart from communication and source of information, internet
also serves a medium for entertainment. Following are the
various modes for entertainment over internet.
o Online Television ,Online Games,Songs,Videos,
o Social Networking Apps
 Internet allows us to use many services like:
o Internet Banking,Matrimonial Services,Online Shopping
o Online Ticket Booking,Online Bill Payment,E-mail
 Internet provides concept of electronic commerce, that
allows the business deals to be conducted on electronic systems
 Pg.No-100
Disadvantages

 There are always chances to loose personal information such as

name, address, credit card number. Therefore, one should be
very careful while sharing such information. One should use
credit cards only through authenticated sites.
 Another disadvantage is the Spamming.Spamming
corresponds to the unwanted e-mails in bulk. These e-mails
serve no purpose and lead to obstruction of entire system.
 Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to
internet. Such virus attacks may cause your system to crash or
your important data may get deleted.
 Also a biggest threat on internet is pornography. There are
many pornographic sites that can be found, letting your
children to use internet which indirectly affects the children
healthy mental life.
 There are various websites that do not provide the
authenticated information. This leads to misconception among
many people.
 Pg.No-101

Troubleshooting an Internet Connection

If you can’t view web pages or send and receive email, your Internet
connection is probably to blame. Sometimes it’s not your equipment’s
fault that the Internet isn’t working. Service providers can have their
own problems that result in temporary outages, ranging from a few
seconds to a few hours.

Here are some things to try when troubleshooting, in the

approximate order to try them:

 Restart your computer.

 Power-cycle the modem (and router, if they are separate units). That
means to turn the device off or unplug it for 30 seconds, and then
turn it back on again. Some modems take several minutes to fully
come back up after a power cycle; this is normal.

 If you are using a wired connection, check to make sure the cables
are plugged in snugly.

 If you are using a wireless connection, check to make sure that your
computer’s wireless networking feature is turned on. On some
notebooks, there’s a button somewhere near the keyboard that
toggles the wireless networking on/off.

If you accidentally press that button, your wireless turns off. If you
look for the wireless icon in the notification area and it has a red X on
it, that’s a pretty good clue that the wireless networking is turned off
on the device.
 Pg.No-102
 Right-click the networking icon in the notification area and choose
Troubleshoot Problems. Then follow the prompts to walk through a
Windows Network Diagnostics utility, which will ask you questions
about your problem and try various fixes.

World Wide Web

WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the
World Wide Web is : all the resources and users on the Internet that
are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
A broader definition comes from the organization that Web
inventor Tim Berners-Lee helped found, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C).
The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible
information, an embodiment of human knowledge.
In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging
information between computers on the Internet, tying them together
into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.
Internet and Web is not the same thing: Web uses internet to pass
over the information.
 Pg.No-103
Computer Concepts - Web Browsing Software
World Wide Web" or simple "Web" is the name given to all the
resources of internet. The special software or application program
with which you can access web is called "Web Browser".

Launching a Web Browser

Web browser is an application that is located on a computer’s disk.

Once you have an internet connection, you can launch a web browser
using the following methods −
Method 1
Step 1 − Go to "Start Menu".
Step 2 − From the menu opened, click on the web browser (Mozilla,
Google Chrome, Internet Explorer).
Method 2 − Alternate way is to click the shortcut icon on the
taskbar or desktop.
 Pg.No-104
Popular Web Browsing Software
The most popular web browsing software includes −
Google Chrome
Google Chrome is a web browsing software developed in the year
2008 by Google Inc. First, it was designed for windows platform, and
later adopted to Linux, Macintosh, and even Android. It is written
using C++, Assembly, Python, and JavaScript.
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox is a web browsing software developed in the year
2002 by the Mozilla Foundation. It is designed to work on all
operating systems like Windows, Macintosh, Linux, and Android. It
is written using C++, JavaScript, Rust, C, CSS, XUL, and XBL.
Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer is a web browsing software developed in the year
1995 by Microsoft. It is designed to work on all operating systems
like Windows, Macintosh, Linux and Android and is written using
C++ language.

Search Engines

Search Engine is an application that allows you to search for content

on the web. It displays multiple web pages based on the content or a
word you have typed.
The most popular search engines are listed below.
Google
Google is the most popular and robust search engine launched in the
year 1997 by Google Inc. It was developed by Larry Page and Sergey
Brin. It is written using C, C++ and Python. Beyond searching
content, it also provides weather forecasts, sports score,
temperatures, area codes, language translation, synonyms, etc. Now-
a-days the advancement is still more, that it displays maps in a
touch. It is used by 4+ million users across the world.
 Pg.No-105
Yahoo
Yahoo is a common search engine launched by Yahoo in the year
1995. It is a multilingual search engine and written using PHP
language.
Ask
Ask is the most popular search engine and application for e-business
which was launched by IAO in the year 1996. It was developed by
Garrett Gruener, David Warthen, and Douglas Leeds.

Understanding URL
There are several ways to access a web page like using URLs,
hyperlinks, using navigating tools, search engine, etc.
Using URLs
URL refers to "Uniform Resource Locator". Each and every website
can be recognized using a unique address called "Uniform Resource
Locator" or simply a URL. Once you provide URL of a specific page
in address bar, web browser will find the corresponding page and
displays result to the user.
 Pg.No-106
URL Elements
A URL is made of up several parts, each of which offers information
to the web browser to help find the page. It is easier to learn the
parts of a URL, if you look at the example URL given below, there
are three key parts: the scheme, the host address, and the file path.
The following section will discuss each of them:

http://www.amazon.in/html/index.htm

The Scheme
The scheme identifies the type of protocol and URL you are linking
to and therefore, how the resource should be retrieved. For example,
most web browsers use Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to pass
information to communicate with the web servers and this is the
reason a URL starts with http://.

The Host Address

The host address is where a website can be found, either the IP

address (four sets of numbers between 0 and 255, for example
68.178.157.132 ) or more commonly the domain name for a site such
as www.amazon.in. Note that "www" is not actually part of the
domain name although it is often used in the host address.
The File Path
The filepath always begins with a forward slash character, and may
consist of one or more directory or folder names. Each directory
name is separated by forward slash characters and the filepath may
end with a filename at the end. Here index.htm is the filename
which is available in html directory:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm
 Pg.No-107
Absolute and Relative URLs
You may address a URL in one of the following two ways:
 Absolute − An absolute URL is the complete address of a
resource. For example
http://www.amazon.in/html/html_text_links.htm
 Relative − A relative URL indicates where the resource is in
relation to the current page. Given URL is added with the
<base> element to form a complete URL. For example
/html/html_text_links.htm
Web - Domain Names
A domain name is the part of your Internet address that comes after
"www". For example, in https://www.osmania.ac.in,the domain name
is osmania.ac.in

A domain name becomes your Business Address so care should be

taken to select a domain name. Your domain name should be easy to
remember and easy to type.

How to Get a Domain Name?

When you plan to put a site online, this is one of the important steps
to buy a domain name. This is always not necessary that whatever
domain name you are looking that is available so in that case you
will have to opt for any other good domain name.
When you buy a domain name it is registered and when domain
names are registered they are added to a large domain name
register, and information about your site − including your Internet
IP address is stored on a DNS server and your contact information
etc. is registered with your registrar.
You can buy domain name from any domain registrar like GoDaddy
 Pg.No-108
Domain Extension Types
There are many types of domain extensions you can choose for your
domain name. This depends on your business nature.
For example, if you are going to register a domain name for
education purpose then you can choose .edu extension.
Below is a reference of the correct usage of certain extensions. But
there is no hard and fast rule to go for any extension. Most
commonly used is .com
 .com − Stands for company/commercial, but it can be used for
any website.
 .net − Stands for network and is usually used for a network of
sites.
 .org − Stands for organization and is supposed to be for non-
profit bodies.
 .us, .in − They are based on your country names so that you
can go for country specific domain extensions
 .biz − A newer extension on the Internet and can be used to
indicate that this site is purely related to business.
 .info − Stands for information. This domain name extension
can be very useful, and as a new comer it's doing well.
 .tv − Stands for Television and are more appropriate for TV
channel sites.
Newer domain extensions such as .biz .info and .us etc. have more
name choices available as many of the popular domains have yet to
be taken and most of the them are available at very nominal prices.
Class:Bsc[Mscs,Mpcs],Bcom,BBA -I Year,Semester-II
Subject:Basic Computer Skills
Faculty-T.Rajani Date:05-07-21

Pg.No-109
IP address
IP address is an address having information about how to reach a
specific host, especially outside the LAN. An IP address is a 32 bit
unique address having an address space of 232.
Generally, there are two notations in which IP address is written,
dotted decimal notation and hexadecimal notation.
Dotted Decimal Notation

Hexadecimal Notation

Some points to be noted about dotted decimal notation :

1. The value of any segment (byte) is between 0 and 255 (both
included).
2. There are no zeroes preceding the value in any segment (054 is
wrong, 54 is correct).
Using E-Governance Website
Electronic Governance or E-Governance is the application of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for providing
government services, interchange of statics, communication
proceedings, integration of various independent systems and
services. Through the means of e-governance, government services
are made available to citizens in a suitable, systematic and
transparent mode.
 Pg.No-110
The three main selected groups that can be discriminated in
governance concepts are government, common people and business
groups.

Elements of E-Governance:
Basic elements of e-governance are:
1. Government
2. Citizens
3. Investors/Businesses

Types of E-Governance Websites:

E-governance is of 4 types:

1.Government-to-Citizen(G2C):
Most of the government services come under G2C. Similarly, the
primary aim of Government-to-citizen is to supply facilities to the
citizens. It also helps the ordinary people to minimize the time and
cost to carry out a transaction.
2.Government-to-business(G2B):
The Government-to-business is the interchange of services between
Government and Business firms. It is productive for both government
and business firms. G2B provides access to pertinent forms needed to
observe. It also contains many services interchanged between
business sectors and government.
3.Government-to-Government(G2G):
The Government-to-Government mentions the interaction between
different government departments, firms and agencies. This
increases the efficiency of government processes. In G2G,
government agencies can share the same database using online
communication. The government departments can work together.
 Pg.No-111
4.Government-to-Employee(G2E):
The Government-to-Employee is the internal part of G2G section. It
aims to bring employees together and improvise knowledge sharing.
It provides online facilities to the employees. Similarly, applying for
leave, reviewing salary payment record and checking the balance of
holiday.
Communication and collaboration
Communication refers to exchange of information between persons
through internet. Internet provides a basis for communication and
collaboration which can be done using mail, chat, skype, etc. When
dealing with official matters, electronic mail helps in the exchange of
messages text documents, web pages, audio, video, etc.
Basics of E-mail
Electronic mail is an application that supports interchange of
information between two or more persons. Usually text messages are
transmitted through email. Audio and video transfer through email
depends on the browser in use. This provides a faster way of
communication in an affordable cost.

Advantages of E-mail
Functionalities like attachment of documents, data files, program
files, etc., can be enabled. This is a faster way of communication at
an affordable cost.
Disadvantages of E-mail
If the connection to the ISP is lost, then you can’t access email. Once
you send an mail to a recipient, you have to wait until she/he reads
and replies to your mail.
Email Addressing
Email address is a unique address given to the user that helps to
identify the user while sending and receiving messages or mails.
 Pg.No-112
Username − Name that identifies any user’s mailbox
Domain name − Represents the Internet Service Provider (ISP).
@ Symbol − Helps to concatenate username and domain name.
For example − user_name@domain_name
Username − user, Domain name − gmail.com
Opening Email Client(Getting an email account)
In order to interchange messages between people, the first step is to
open or create an email account. Follow steps below to create an
email account.
Step 1 − Go to Gmail homepage and select "More options →
Create account" option.
 Pg.No-113
Step 2 − In the window displayed, fill mandatory details and press
"Next".

Step 3 − Then mobile verification code will be sent to the mobile

number you have entered, upon verification, your email account will
be created.
Step 4 − Enter details to setup the account.
Mailbox: Inbox and Outbox(Sending and receiving emails)
Inbox − Inbox is an area where you can see all the received mails.
Outbox − Outbox is an area where the outgoing messages or
messages which are in process of sending or which are failed to send
are stored.
Accessing Sent mail − Sent mail is an area to view all the sent or
successfully delivered mails.
 Pg.No-114

Creating and sending a new E-mail

In order to send a new text message to the user, first create or

compose the message which includes the following steps.
Step 1 − Open your mail account by providing correct User
name and Password.
Step 2 − Compose or create your message by selecting "compose"
option shown in the window.
Step 3 − In the window displayed, enter recipient’s address in "To"
textbox and add "Subject" of message, then add a "Body" of the
message and press "Send" button. Remember, the subject of the
mail should be explicit and short.
 Pg.No-115
Instant Messaging and Document Collaboration
Instant messaging is real time mutual communication between
persons via internet. This is a private chat. Once the recipient is
online, you can start sending messages to him/her. Unlike emails,
where you have wait for the reply from the recipient, collaboration
uses instant messaging technique. This also supports the usage of
add-on features like smiley or emoticons with the text message.
Examples of instant messaging applications include Facebook, We
Chat, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.
Using Smiley
Smileys are otherwise called as emoticons. Emoticons are
graphical representation of emotions. There are 300+ emoticons in
instant messaging. Emoticons are pictorial representation of facial
expressions that showcase emotions like happiness, sorrow, crying,
exclamation, etc.

Adding Smileys or Emoticons

To add an emoticon to the message, follow the below steps.
Step 1 − Go to instant messenger and open your chat window
Step 2 − At the bottom of chat window, you can see emoticon
symbol, on clicking that, a list or group of emoticons is displayed.
You can choose the desired emoticon by selecting it
Pg.No-116
 Pg.No-117
Internet etiquettes
 Internet etiquettes are also called as "Netiquette".
 Netiquettes are basic rules or techniques which are accepted
worldwide. For effective communication through the internet,
these are to be mandatorily followed.
 Some of the internet etiquettes are as follows −
Short messages
 Messages you send through internet should be short and to the
point.
Spell check
 Activate spell check feature in your document to avoid spelling
mistakes while typing.
Mixed-case
 Instead of using a single case (either lower/upper) throughout
the entire message, try to use mixed-case. This increases
readability.
 For example, start with uppercase letters at the beginning of a
line and paragraph, write the headings in uppercase letters
and body with mixed-case letters.
Subject
 Always have a hint related to your content as a subject. The
subject ought to be a phrase rather than a complete sentence,
providing the crux of email.
Carbon copy
 The mail addresses of the important people who are intended to
read the content of email should only be added in CC (carbon
copy).
 Pg.No-118
Blind carbon copy
 You can go with 'blind carbon copy' option when you are
broadcasting the mail, especially among recipients who are
unfamiliar.
 This avoids recipients from knowing other's email addresses.
Name at the bottom
 Include your name at the bottom of every mail or message you
sent.
 This helps to identify the sender, especially when you multicast
or broadcast the message.
Attachments to be small
 Keep the attachments small with respect to memory size, as it
clogs (block) the recipient's mailbox.
 Try to avoid sending files larger than 2 megabytes.
Do not forward unwanted messages
 Avoid forwarding unwanted messages as well as the messages
that do not belong to you.
Abbreviations
 Use abbreviations wisely.
Send button
 As you cannot change anything mail once it is sent, think twice
before you hit the send button.
 Check whether you have conveyed everything in a formal
language before hitting the send button.

*****End of Unit-2****