Lesson

9
FLUID FLOW IN
PIPES
 HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
ENGR. ROLLY S. TAMBE
Registered Civil Engineer

CEPC 116 +639076429118

Hydraulics rollytambe@gmail.com
Objectives:

At the end of the session, students will be

familiar with the following:
• Differentiate laminar and turbulent flows based on
Reynold’s number.
• Solve for head losses due to friction through the
application of empirical formulas such as:
a. Darcy Weishback Formula
b. Manning’s Formula
c. Hazen William’s Formula
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW
 Pipes
 closed conduits which may flow full or partially full (open channels) through which
fluids or gases flows.
 referred to as conduits (usually circular) which flow full.

Fluid  Laminar Flow

Flow  The path of individual fluid particles do
not cross or intersect.
 Turbulent Flow
Steady
 The path of individual fluid particles are
irregular and continuously cross each
other.
Laminar Turbulent
𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 < 𝑹𝒆 = 𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 < 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕

Unsteady
𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
 Re HL 1
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW 2 3 4

 Reynolds Number, 𝑹𝒆
 Dimensionless ratio of inertia force to viscous force

 For pipes flowing full:

𝜐𝐷𝜌 𝜐𝐷 𝜇
𝑅𝑒 = = v=
𝜇 v 𝜌

𝜐 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠

𝐷 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
v = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑, 𝑖𝑛 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝜇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
 Re HL 1
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW 2 3 4

Head
Losses

Major Minor
Head Loss Head Loss

 Caused by pipe friction  Caused by changes in

along straight sections velocity or directions of
of pipe of uniform flow, and are commonly
diameter and uniform expressed in terms of
roughness kinetic energy
 Re HL 1
MAJOR HEAD LOSS, 𝒉𝒇 2 3 4

A. Darcy-Weisbach Formula B. Manning Formula

(pipe-friction equation) 𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
𝝊= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏
𝒇𝑳𝝊𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 =
𝟐𝒈𝑫 𝑫𝟓 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝝊𝟐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 =
𝜐 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠 𝑫𝟒/𝟑 𝑫𝟏𝟔/𝟑
𝐷 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝐷 = 4𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑕𝑓 /𝐿
𝑅 = 𝑕𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎/𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
𝑄 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒, 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝑓 = 64/𝑅𝐸 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)

C. Hazen Williams Formula

𝝊 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝑪𝟏 𝑹𝟎.𝟔𝟑 𝒔𝟎.𝟓𝟒

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝑪𝟏 𝑫𝟐.𝟔𝟑 𝒔𝟎.𝟓𝟒

𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝒉𝒇 = 𝐶1 = 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑛 𝑊𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑪𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝟏 𝑫
𝟒.𝟖𝟕
 Re HL 1
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW 2 3 4

EXAMPLE #1:
Oil of specific gravity 0.80 flows in a 200 mm diameter pipe. Find the critical velocity. Use
𝝁 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔.

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑺𝑮 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝝊𝑫𝝆
𝑹𝒆 =
𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝝁
𝝁 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔 𝒗𝑪 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 =
𝒗𝑪 =? 𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔

𝒗𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
 Re HL 1
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW 2 3 4

EXAMPLE #3:
A liquid having a Reynold’s number of 1900 flows thru a 200 mm diameter pipe, 150 m long. The
head loss of the pipe due to friction is 22 m.
 Flow Rate, 𝑸
a. Compute the friction factor
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗
b. Compute the kinematic viscosity of the liquid in in 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄. 𝝅 𝟐
𝑸= 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟓
𝟒
c. Compute the rate of flow in liters/hour.
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟓 𝒍𝒊𝒕/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑹𝒆 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎
 Friction factor, 𝒇  Kinematic viscosity, 𝐯
𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝟎. 𝟐
𝟔𝟒 𝝊𝑫 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎 =
𝒇= 𝑹𝒆 = 𝐯
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝑹𝒆 𝐯
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒎 𝟔𝟒 𝒇𝑳𝝊𝟐 𝐯 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒇= 𝒉𝒇 =
𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝒈𝑫
𝒇 =?
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝝊𝟐
𝐯 =? 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝟐𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟎. 𝟐
𝒗 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
 Re HL 1
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW 2 3 4

EXAMPLE #4:
A 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎 diameter pipeline 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 long carries 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏:
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎
of water. Compute the head loss using the following formula:
𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎
a. Darcy Weishback with 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
b. Manning’s Formula with 𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐. 𝒉𝒇 =?
c. Hazen William’s with 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎.

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

 Darcy Weishback  Manning’s Formula  Hazen Williams

𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑸𝟐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓

𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 =
𝑫𝟓 𝑫𝟏𝟔/𝟑 𝑪𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝟏 𝑫
𝟒.𝟖𝟕

𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝟑𝟎 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝟑𝟎 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝟏.𝟖𝟓

𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 =
𝟎. 𝟔 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟔/𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝟒.𝟖𝟕

𝒉𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒 𝒎 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟒 𝒎 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟕 𝒎

Any questions/
clarifications?