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What happen? Where?

Reasons
for
failures?

Foundation and Piling Design of pile?

Soil movement?

Settlement?

Loading?

Loading and Foundation Functional Requirements

• Sustain and transmit loading to the ground
– dead and imposed loads
– without excess settlement to the building or
adjoining structures
• To sufficient depth:
• Capacity – high bearing capacity
Shallow Foundation
Deep Foundation • soil movements
– Avoid damage due to swelling, shrinkage and
freezing
• Resisting chemical and biological attacks

Loading of a building A simple example

1 N = 1/9.8 kg
• Load pre meter run 1000N = 102kg
50 kN = 5,100kg
= 11,220 lb
Minimum width:
Total load of building per meter
Bearing capacity of subsoil
Examples:
50 kN/m = 500mm
100 kN/m2 P

P
One meter Also to meet the minimum projection and depth “P”
500

• Average loading for a 2-storey = 30~50 kN/m

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Typical subsoil bearing capacities

What
happen if
the
building is • Rock, granites etc 10,000 - 600 kN/m2
taller or
heavier? • Non-cohesive 600 – 100
• Cohesive 600 – 0
• Peats and made ground To be determined
Consider to
transfer the
loads to a
deeper level
Example:
at which the 600 kN/m2
subsoil
usually has 600,000 / 9.8 = 61,224 kg/m2
a higher
bearing (134,693 lb/m2)
capacity (12,513 lb/ft2)
Strip Foundations… deep strip …piles (87 lb/sq inch)

Typical subsoil bearing capacities Choice of foundation

• Small and domestic building
• Rock, granites etc 10,000 - 600 kN/m2
Total loads of the building
• Non-cohesive 600 – 100
The nature & bearing capacity of the subsoil
• Cohesive 600 – 0
• Peats and made ground To be determined
What is your weight and
Example: how large is your feet?
600 kN/m2 Say, 150lb and 12”x8”,
600,000 / 9.8 = 61,224 kg/m2 then: 1.56 lb/sq inch
So not a problem!
(134,693 lb/m2) ie 55 number of you!
(12,513 lb/ft2) What do you think about
(87 lb/sq inch) 10,000kN/m2

Type of Foundation
• Shallow foundation – transfer the loads to
subsoil at a point near to the ground
 Strip
 Raft

 Deep foundation - transfer the loads to

subsoil at some distance below the ground
 Piles
 go through the upper layer of weak soil
 Bed rock

Strip Foundation (Shallow)

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Projections and Piers Deep Strip Foundation

Raft Foundation

Weak Soil
Use a lager concrete slab with
edge thickening to cover the
whole building, ie use more
subsoil to support the
building – RAFT foundation

To transfer
the loads to
a deeper
subsoil,
eg. 9000mm

Raft Foundation Short Bored Pile

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How many piles

do you need? How large?

Load increases

through piles
Deeper soil

Piled foundation

A Big Piled Raft foundation !!!

Building Structures

Basic reinforced concrete structural elements Basic reinforced concrete structural elements
Beam Slab

Column Wall

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Basic reinforced concrete structural elements

Stresses Functional
Beam Slab
Main beam One-way slab Tension
Secondary beam Two-way slab • Deflection
Compression
•Tie beam Flat slab • Deformation
•Ground beam Waffle slab
• Crushing Stability
•Edge beam • buckling Fire resistance • Twisting
Bending Durability
• tension • Crushing
Aesthetic
• compression User’s requirements • Buckling
Column Wall Sheer Statutory requirements
Short column Core wall Torsion • Cracking
Long column Shear wall • Shear
•Square column •Exterior wall • bending
•Circular column •Interior wall
•Rectangular col.

Loading to a long
Pulling
Fixing point Pulling column
Up lifting Loading to a short
column
Tension
cracking

Tension
cracking Crushing
Buckling

Tension
cracking Fixing point

Pulling down

Fixing point Fixing point

Typical column reinforcement Typical wall reinforcement

Main steel /
longitudinal steel
Secondary
to resist buckling steel to
resist
Binders buckling,
Why reinforced shear etc
to resistconcrete?
buckling Main steel
Concrete: to resist
buckling,
Good in compression shear etc
Weak in tension
Steel bar: to resist tension

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Steel fixing for Walls and Columns

Loading to a beam

Shear

Shear
(i) Compression - Crushing

Loading

Fixing point Fixing point

(ii) Tension - cracking

Bending

Typical beam reinforcement

Stirrup to
resist shear

Less stirrups
More
stirrups

Main steel
at bottom
to resist
bending

Stirrup to
resist shear

Copyright 2006 City University of

Hong Kong

Typical slab reinforcement Ready for Concreting

Main steel at bottom to

resist bending
Distribution steel at top
to “spread” the loading

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Bond and anchorage

Copyright 2006 City University of

Hong Kong

Column and beam junction details Column and beam junction details

Anchorage: TLL Anchorage: TLL

Tension Lap Tension Lap
Anchorage: TAL Length Anchorage: TAL Length
Tension Tension
Anchorage Anchorage
Length Length

Couplers - anchorage

Couplers –
extending the
reinforcement bars