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Et115 1
Et115 1
(Electric Current And Ohms Law)
(Electron Theory)
(Matter)
106
(ii)
(i)
(Proton)
(Nuclecus)
(Neutron)
(Shell)
(Electrons)
1/1840
1.602
10 C
19
(Electrically Neutral)
(Elactrically Neutral)
CH#1
Page 1
(Elecrton Shells)
N M L K (Shells)
(Orbits)
M L
K
n
2 = 2 1
8=2 2 2
18=2 3
2n 2
2n 2
2n 2
(1)
18
(2)
32 (3)
(Energy Levels)
(Allowed Energy Level)
(Valence Electrons)
(Free Electrons)
CH#1
Page 2
(Energy Bands)
(Band)
(Overlap)
(Solid)
(Filled Band)
(i)
(Full filled)
(Valance Band)
(iii)
(Energies)
(Completely)
(Partially)
(Forbidden)
(Forbidden) (Forbidden)
(External)
CH#1
Page 3
(Insulator,Conductor,Semiconductror)
(Insulator)
(Conductor)
(Semiconductor)
(Electric Charge)
(Excess)
(Deficiency)
(Negatively Charged)
(Positively Charged)
"C" (Coulomb)
"Q"
"
"
Q It
(Electric Current)
" II "
(Rate) (Flow)
"A"
(Point)
1
I
Q
t
2
I
CH#1
V
R
Page 4
(Elecrton Current)
(Conventional
Current)
Difference)
Q1 Q
Q1 Q
(Ability) Q1 Q
(Work Done)
"V"
(Work)
1
Volt=Joule/coulomb
V=IR
(E.M.F)
E.M.F
(Resistance)
"R"
1
R
V
I
2
CH#1
Page 5
(Ohm's Law)
(Law's of Resistance)
" " i
(Cross-Sectional Area)
ii
1
A
iii
(Temperature) iv
R ,R
R
R
A
A
A
(Resistivity)
(Rho) " "
(Resistivity)
(Ohm-m)
(Ohm-cm)
CH#1
Page 6
Example: The resistance of 500 meter of a certain wire is 125 ohm. What length of the
same wire will have a resistance of 90 ohm.
Data :
l1 500m
R1 125
R2 90
l2 ?
Solution :
l1
l
and R2 2
a
a
R1 l1
R2 l2
R l 90 500
l2 2 1
360 m
R1
125
R1
(Ranges)
(Alloys) ii
iii
(Negative)
iv
CH#1
Page 7
(Temperature Co-efficient)
Rt
t C R 0C
Change in Resistance, R Rt - R0
(i)
R R R t
OR
Rt R0 R0t
(ii)
Rt R0 (1 t )
(iii)
Data :
Solution :
R0 40
t 50
0.0043 / C at 0C
Rt R0 (1 t )
40(1 0.0043 50)
40 1.215 48.6
Example 2: A column of mercury has a resistance of 10 at 15C. What will its resistance at
30C?The Resistance-Temperature coefficient of mercury is 0.0072/C at 0C.
Data :
R1 10
t1 15 C
R2 ?
t2 30 C
Solution :
CH#1
0.0072 / C at 0 C
R2 1 t 2
R1 1 t1
R2 1 0.0072 30
10 1 0.0072 15
1.216
R2 10
1.108
R2 10.97
Page 8
Data :
R1 10
t1 20C
R2 ?
t2 60C
0.0039 / C
Solution :
at 20C
R2 R1 1 (t2 t1
R2 10 1 0.0039(60 20)
R2 10(1 0.0039 40)
R2 11.56
Data :
R1 55
t1 20C
R2 65
t2 ?
Solution :
CH#1
0.004 / C at 0C
R2 1 t2
R1 1 t1
65 1 0.004 t 2
55 1 0.004 20
1 0.004 t2
1.181
1.08
1.1818 1.08 1 0.004 t2
1.2756 1 0.004 t2
0.2756
t2
0.004
t2 69C
Page 9
Example 5:The Resistance of a coil wire increases from 40 at 10C to 48.25 at 60C.Find
temperature coefficient at 0C of conductor material.
Data :
R1 40
t1 10C
R2 48.25
t2 60C
Solution :
?
R R
2 1
R1t2 R2t1
48.25 40
40 60 48.25 10
8.25
8.25
Exercise 1
Q1: The resistanc of the shunt winding of a certain dynamo was 38 at a tempratur of 16C.
After a run of several hours the temprature increased to 45C. Determine the resistance of the
winding at this temprature. = 0.004
(42.143)
Q2: During a cirtain test upon a shunt wound motor ,it was found that the resistance of the
field coil 57.7. if the resistance before comencing the test was 52.5 at the temprature of
15C. Determine final temprature of the coils?
(41.25C)
Q3: A shunt winding of a motor has a resistance of 80 at 15C. find its resistance at 50C?
Resistance-Temperature coefficient of copper 0.004/C at 0C.
(90.57)
Q4: The R of a coil of wire increases from 40 at 10C to 48.25 at 60 C. Find the
temprature co-efficent of the condultor material.
(0.004125)
Q5: At 15C the resistance of the coil of copper of a dynamo is 250. After working 6 hours
on full load, the rasistance of the coil increase to 305. What is rise temprature of the coil ?
if the temprature cofficient is 0.004/C at 0C.
(73.3C)
CH#1
Page 10
(Characteristics)
I I1 I 2 I 3
ii
RT R1 R2 R3
iii
iv
Vt V1 V2 V3
vi
PT P1 P2 P3
(Off)
vii
CH#1
Page 11
(Characteristics)
I1
V
V
V
, I2
, I3
R1
R2
R3
ii
I T I1 I 2 I 3
iii
1
1
1
1
RT
R1 R2 R3
iv
V V1 V2 V3
PT P1 P2 P3
vi
vii
circuit)
(Voltage Divider Rule)
R1
V
V1 =IR 1 T R1 VT
RT
R1 +R 2
V2 =IR 2
CH#1
R2
VT
R 2 VT
RT
R 1 +R 2
Page 12
I1
I2
Vt
I R
t t
R1
R1
Vt
I R
t t
R2
R2
R1R 2
It
R2
R1 R 2 I
T
R1
R1 R 2
R1R 2
It
R1 R 2
R1
IT
R2
R1 R 2
(Resistors)
(Resis tance)
(corbon Composition Resistors) (a)
(Wire-wound Resistors)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(Variable Resistors)
(ii)
(Screw)
(Knob)
(Dial)
CH#1
Page 13
(Potentiom eters)
(a)
(Rheostates) (b)
(Trimmers)
(c)
(Bands)
(Left)
(Toleranc e)
(Numerical value)
5
4 (Right)
(Toleranc e) 4
CH#1
Page 14
27105 5% = 27000005%
=2.7M5%
Calculation about series-parallel circuits
Example: Three resistances of 2, 3 and 6 are connected in series across 4 volt
supply. Find:
(a) Total Resistance (b) Current (c) Voltage drop across each resistor.
R1 2
Data :
R2 3
R3 6
V 4V
RT ?
I ?
V1 , V2 , V3 ?
Solution :
RT R1 R2 R3
RT 2 3 6 11
I
V
4
0.363 A
R
11
V1 IR1 0.363 2 0.727V
Exercise 2
Q1:A series circuit consisting of three resistors, 2,8 and 20,connected to a battery has a
current of 2A. What voltage exists across each resistor and also calculate the total voltage of
the battery .
(4V.16V,40V,60V)
Q2: what value of resistor , connected in series with a 1.8K resistor, will result in a total
CH#1
Page 15
resistance of 2K.
(0.2K or 200)
Q3: Three resistors are connected in series. The value of the two resistors are 10K and
20K. The supply voltage are 200Volts. If the current following through the third resistor is
5mA, Find the value of the resistor.
(10K)
Q4: Three resistors of 5K, 10K and 15K are connected in series across 24Voltage
source. Using voltage division Rule, Determine voltage drop across each resistance.
(4V, 8V, 12V)
Q5:Three resistors of 4ohms,6ohms and 8ohms respectively are connected in parallel. Find
equivalent resistance.
(1.846)
Q6: Four resistance, each equal to 3.2ohms, are connected in parallel. Find the equivalent
resistance.
(0.8ohms)
Q7: Two Resistance of 3.1ohms and 7.2ohms respectly are connected in parallel. Find the
equivalent resistance.
(2.16ohms)
Q8:Find the total resistance of circuit shown. If the Total current taken by this circuit is 5A
what is the supply voltage.
(3ohms,15volt)
Q9:A serch light taks 100A current at 80 Volts, it is to be oprated from 220V supply, Find the
value of the resistor to be connected in series.
(1.4ohms)
Q10: Three Resistors are connected in parallel have an equivalent resistance 1.2 ohms, The
value of two of the resistors are 6 ohms and 12 ohms, Find the value of third. (1.71ohms)
Q11:A Resistor of 3.6ohm is connected in series with an other resistor of 4.56ohms, What
resistance must be placed across the one of 3.6 ohms so that the total reistance of the circuit
shell be 6 ohms.
(2.4ohms)
Q12: A resistor of 3 ohms is connected in parallel with one of 2 ohms and in series with this
is a resistor of 4 ohms. What is the total resistance of circuit.
(5.2ohms)
Q13:Find the totla resistance of circuit shown:
Page 16
Q15:Three resistors of 4 , 12 and 6 ohms are joined in parallel. If the total current taken is
12A, find the current through each.
(6A,2A,4A)
Q16: Find the resistance of circuit shown:
Q17: For the network shown in the fig, The potential difference between A and C is 10V.
Calculate the current in each resistor.
(0.7A,2.1A,0.8A,2.0A)
Q18:Two Resistors of 4 ohm and 8 ohm are connected in parallel across a 6 volt battery.
Using Current division Rule determines the amount of current flowing through each resistor.
(1.5A, 0.75A)
Q19: In the circuit shown the current flowing in the 8 ohm resistor is 2.5 amperes.Find:
(a)Current in other resistors (b)The resistor X (c) The equivalent Resistance
(0.5A,0.8A,0.2A,100,5)
Q20: In the Circuit shown the current flow in X resistor is 1A. Find: (a) the current in each
resistors (b) The value of X
(6A,8A,48)
CH#1
(45V,140V)
Page 17
Q23: Determine the value of R1,R2 and R3 in circuit shown. If R2=2R1 and R3=2R2 and total
resistance is 16K.
CH#1
(10,40V,10A,2A)
Page 18