1. What is UNFCCC? What is its objectives?

Signed in 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the

foundational treaty that has provided a basis for international climate negotiations since it was
established, including landmark agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris
Agreement (2015). The Convention has been ratified by 197 states who have committed to act on
climate change and regularly report on their progress. The ultimate goal of the Convention is the
“stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” within a timeframe that allows people
and planet to adapt and economies to develop sustainably.

The UNFCCC’s objectives are:

 To stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by preventing harmful human
interference in the climate system.
 To keep the global average temperature rise this century as close as possible to 1.5 degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels.
 This objective should be achieved within the given time frame to help the ecosystem adapt to the
changing climate and ensure that food production is not at risk and all activities go on sustainably.

2. What is COP, How many COP’s have already been conducted?

The COP or Conference of the Parties is the supreme decision-making body of the Convention. All
States that are Parties to the Convention are represented at the COP, at which they review the
implementation of the Convention and any other legal instruments that the COP adopts and take
decisions necessary to promote the effective implementation of the Convention, including institutional
and administrative arrangements. The COP has been meeting biennially since 2001, and has held 14
sessions. UNCCD COP15 was held from 9-20 May 2022 in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. The next UNCCD
COP16 will take place 2-13 December 2024 in Saudi Arabia.

3. What is the latest COP conducted? Where? What are the goals of the latest
COP?
This year is the 27th meeting, hence the name: COP27. Egypt will host the summit in Sharm el-
Sheikh.
As weather events become more intense and frequent worldwide, COP27 is a critical opportunity to
take meaningful action to reduce global emissions and support countries that are already experiencing
the worst impacts of climate change. COP27 seeks to renew solidarity between countries to deliver on
the Paris agreement for people and the planet. The goals and vision for COP27 are centred around four
themes: Mitigation, Adaptation, Finance and Collaboration.

4. What COP is Parish Agreement? How many countries are signatories of Parish
Agreement?
To tackle climate change and its negative impacts, world leaders at the UN Climate Change
Conference (COP21) in Paris reached a breakthrough on 12 December 2015: the historic Paris
Agreement. The Paris Agreement was adopted by all 196 Parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change at COP21 in Paris on 12 December 20156
5. What agreement are made under it?
Agreements made under the Parish Agreement were the following;
 come together every 5 years to assess the collective progress towards the long-term goals and inform
Parties in updating and enhancing their nationally determined contributions;
 report to each other and the public on how they are implementing climate action;
 track progress towards their commitments under the Agreement through a robust transparency and
accountability system.

6. What are the Top 5 CO2 producing countries? What is the place of your country
in terms of carbon Dioxide emission?
The top five countries that emit carbon dioxide are China, the United States, India, Japan, and
Russia.  

With a release of 11680 Mt (11.680 GT) of carbon dioxide in 2020, China is the largest emitter of
CO2 in the world, just over 32% of the world's total emissions. It's followed by the United States
which contributed 4.535 GT, or roughly 12.6% of the total global emissions for that year.  India,
the third-largest emitter, emitted 2.849 GT of CO2 in 2020, accounting for 7.9% of the world's
total.

1. China — 11680.42
2. United States — 4535.30
3.
4. India — 2411.73
5. Russia — 1674.23
6. Japan — 1061.77

These top five countries account for more than 60% of the world's total carbon dioxide emissions.
As of 2020, the remaining countries in the top 10 list are Iran (690.24), Germany (636.88), South
Korea (621.47), Saudi Arabia (588.81), and Indonesia (568.27).

The Philippines rises 11 places to 12th in this year's CCPI and is now among the high-performing
countries. The country's performance is mixed across the four main CCPI categories: a high rating
in GHG Emissions and Energy Use, medium in Renewable Energy, and low in Climate Policy.

7. What is NDC?
Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are at the heart of the Paris Agreement and the
achievement of its long-term goals. NDCs embody efforts by each country to reduce national
emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The Paris Agreement (Article 4, paragraph 2)
requires each Party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined
contributions (NDCs) that it intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures,
with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions.
8. What have your country done to fulfill Parish Agreement? Give the
steps/programs that your government has done. To what extent has your
government accomplished in terms of the set goals and agreement to Kyoto
Protocol and Parish Agreement?

The Paris Agreement, which came into force in 2016, aims to transform the world's
fossil-fuel-driven economy within decades and slow the pace of a global temperature
increase to well below 2 degrees Celsius.
The Philippines ratified the agreement in 2017, allowing Manila access to the Green
Climate Fund, which aims to channel billions of dollars to help poor nations tackle
global warming.
In 2021, the Philippines committed to reduce 75% of its emissions by 2030 and
quickly scale up efforts to adapt to a changing climate, setting itself one of the most
ambitious targets among Southeast Asian countries

The Philippines’ contribution to the positive outcome of COP21, as well as the

eventual ratification of the Paris Agreement by the Philippine government, was the
result of the invaluable and collective efforts of the country’s climate champions

Increase government budget allocations for climate. Effective government budgeting

is key to building institutions, as well as the teams of people needed to convert climate
ambition into action.
2. Mobilize international climate finance. The Philippines’ climate ambitions will not
be met without support from development partners and philanthropies.
3. Green the financial sector. Banks will be key to financing the lion’s share of climate
initiatives in the Philippines.
4. Attract private investors. With prices of renewable energy going down rapidly,
private investors are looking to finance clean energy projects
5. Mobilize local governments. Local governments – as future leaders of climate
security for most Filipinos – are key to building pipelines of low-carbon and climate-
resilient project

9. Has your country submitted an NDC (First and Second)? What can you say
about the NDC of your country?
The Republic of the Philippines submits its Nationally Determined Contribution
(NDC) in accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 of the Conference of Parties of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The
Philippines’ NDC supports the country’s national development objectives and
priorities of sustainable industrial development, poverty eradication and inclusive
growth, energy security, and social and climate justice, and the transformation of its
socio-economic sectors towards a climate and disaster-resilient and low carbon
economy.

Submitted By:

JAYSON N. PANGIBITAN