CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND

Technological advances in the field of electronics are currently developing

very fast and influential in the manufacture of sophisticated equipment, tools that
can work automatically and have high accuracy with the help of a microcontroller.
Technology makes everything done easier. Humans always try to create
something that can facilitate their activities. This is what drives the development
of technology which has produced many tools as tools to facilitate human
activities and even replace the role of humans in a particular function.

Technology plays an important role in the era of modernization as it is

today, where technology has become an inseparable part of everyday life. Current
technological developments have penetrated into all aspects of life so that today it
seems as if we are spoiled by the tools that can provide convenience. One
technological innovation that can be developed is the touch of technology on
stairs in buildings. Many are found today in the building stairs that only function
as an intermediary going up to the top floor.

To overcome this problem by utilizing this rapid development, it is

necessary to have a ladder in the building that can emit a beautiful harmony sound
automatically when stepped on by the feet. With this idea, it is hoped that it will
benefit the general public, students, and children. This is very beneficial because
when climbing the stairs will not feel tired. Especially with the existence of
harmony innovations when climbing the stairs so that you will feel happy and
entertained as well as a small sport rather than climbing the elevator. This ladder
uses a proximity sensor that is HCSR and Arduino microcontroller as the
program. In this case, the sensor will be read when someone climbs the stairs then
reads by the sensor and the stairs issue a beautiful harmony.

Based on the background above, the authors take the title "THE SMART
STAIRS WITH HARMONY".

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 CHAPTER 2
SOLUTION

The solution from this problem is making a smart stairs which have
some electronic devices,there are:

1. Ultrasonik Sensor HC-SR 04

Ultrasonic sensor is a sensor that has a function to convert physical
quantities (sounds) into the electrical quantities and vice versa. This sensor
works based on the reflection of sound waves principle so that it can be used
to interpret the existence (distance) of an object with a certain frequency.
Referred to ultrasonic sensors because these sensors use ultrasonic waves
(ultrasonic sounds).

Ultrasonic waves are the sound waves that have a very high frequency
that is about 20,000 Hz. Ultrasonic sound cannot be heard by human ears.
Ultrasonic sounds can be heard by dogs, cats, bats and dolphins. The sound of
ultrasound can travel through solids, liquids and gases. The reflectivity of
ultrasonic sound on the surface of solids is almost the same as the reflectivity
of ultrasonic sound on the surface of liquids. However, ultrasonic sound
waves will be absorbed by textiles and foam.

In ultrasonic sensors, ultrasonic waves are generated through a device

called a piezoelectric with a certain frequency. This piezoelectric will produce
ultrasonic waves (generally with a frequency of 40 KHz) when an oscillator is
applied to the object. In general, this tool will shoot ultrasonic waves towards
an area or a target. After the wave touches the surface of the target, the target
will reflect the waves again. The reflected wave of the target will be captured
by the sensor, then the sensor calculates the difference between the time that
the wave is sent and the wave is received.

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 Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic sensor that functions as a
sender, receiver, and ultrasonic wave controller. This tool can be used to
measure the distance of objects from 2cm - 4m with an accuracy of 3mm.
This tool has 4 pins, Vcc, Gnd, Trigger, and Echo pins. Vcc pin for positive
electricity and Gnd for ground. Trigger pins are used to trigger signals from
the sensor and Echo pins to capture reflected signals from objects.

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 When a positive voltage is applied to the Trigger pin for 10uS, the sensor
will send an 8-step ultrasonic signal with a frequency of 40kHz. Next, the
signal will be received on the Echo pin. To measure the distance of objects
that reflect the signal, the time difference when sending and receiving signals
is used to determine the distance of the object.

Here is a visualization of the signal sent by the HC-SR04 sensor

2. Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3

The MEGA 2560 is designed for more complex projects. With 54 digital
I/O pins, 16 analog inputs and a larger space for your sketch it is the
recommended board for 3D printers and robotics projects. This gives your
projects plenty of room and opportunities.

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 The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega2560. It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as
PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-
DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega 2560 board is compatible with
most shields designed for the Uno and the former boards Duemilanove or
Diecimila.

3. Jumper Breadboard Male to Male cable

Jumper Breadboard Male to Male cable is a jumper cable that can be used
to connect the electronic components that have a length between 10 cm, 20
cm to 30 cm.

4. Module SD card Audio WTV020-SD

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 Module SD card Audio WTV020-SD is a module for playing sound files
with micro SD. This module can read Micro SD with a capacity of up to 1
gigabyte which can be loaded with WAV and AD4 audio file formats.

 Support playback 4 bit of ADPCM format files

 Automatically recognize the voice files
 Loadable 6KHz to 32KHz, 36KHz sampling rate AD4 audio
 Loadable 6KHz ~ 16KHz sampling rate WAV audio
 16bitDAC and PWM audio output
 Can store up to 512 voice
 Support micro-processor and key control
 Voice playback can call any paragraph
 Power-down save operation data capabilities
 Loaded voice without software assistance to the SD card can be
placed directly on the voice
 Support file combination play, including mute combination
 Operating voltage: DC2.5 ~ 3.6V
 Quiescent Current: 16uA (SD card is not inserted)

5. Power cable

A power cable is an electrical cable, an assembly of one or more electrical

conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for
transmission of electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent
wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed.

Modern power cables come in a variety of sizes, materials, and types, each
particularly adapted to its uses. Large single insulated conductors are also
sometimes called power cables in the industry.

Cables consist of three major components: conductors, insulation,

protective jacket. The makeup of individual cables varies according to application.
The construction and material are determined by three main factors: Working

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voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation; Current-carrying capacity,
determining the cross-sectional size of the conductor(s);

Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight

exposure, and mechanical impact, determining the form and composition of the
outer cable jacket. Cables for direct burial or for exposed installations may also
include metal armor in the form of wires spiralled around the cable, or a
corrugated tape wrapped around it. The armor may be made of steel or aluminum,
and although connected to earth ground is not intended to carry current during
normal operation.

Power cables use stranded copper or aluminum conductors, although small

power cables may use solid conductors (For a detailed discussion on copper
cables, see: Copper wire and cable.). The cable may include uninsulated
conductors used for the circuit neutral or for ground (earth) connection.

The overall assembly may be round or flat. Non-conducting filler strands

may be added to the assembly to maintain its shape. Special purpose power cables
for overhead or vertical use may have additional elements such as steel or Kevlar
structural supports. When cables must run where exposed to mechanical damage,
they may be protected with flexible steel tape or wire armor, which may also be
covered by a water-resistant jacket. Usually we used a Flexible power cables to
make portable devices, mobile tools, and machinery.

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6. Steker
Steker is two metal plugs mounted on the electrical end of the cab that
are installed for electrical equipment with electric current.

7. Electronic power supply

Electronic power supply equipped with a switching regulator to change

electrical power efficiently Like other power supplies, SMPS transfers power
from a DC or AC source (transfers electrical power) to a DC load, such as a
personal computer, while changing the voltage and current characteristics. Unlike
linear power supplies, transistors pass from move-to-switch mode from low, full
and full situations, and spend very little time in the high dissipation transition,
which expends wasted energy. The hypothetical active-mode ideal power supply
does not eliminate power. Voltage regulation is successful by varying the on-to-
off time ratio (also known as the duty cycle). Complete, linear power supply.
Continue Conversion efficiency higher than this is an important advantage of the
active power mode. The active-mode power supply may also be smaller and
lighter than the linear supply due to the smaller size and weight of the
transformer.

Switching regulators are used instead of higher compiled linear regulators,

smaller or lighter sizes are needed. However, they are more complicated; Their
switching currents can cause electrical installation problems if not carefully
supported, and simple designs may have a bad power factor.

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8. Audio amplifier
The function of Audio amplifier is to voltage and current amplifier derived
from audio signals.
9. Speaker
The function is to change Electric waves become sound vibrations.

10. Timah/Tenol
The function of tenols is as a device that connects between two components.

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 The following is a flowchart and process of the tool that will be made with an
explanation:

START

NO

MOTION DETECTION
SENSOR

YES

STAIR NUMBER 1 OR NO
2 OR 3 OR 4, ETC,
READY?

YES

ARDUINO PROCESSES
BY ISSUING NOTES
ON STEPS 1 OR 2 OR 3,
ETC. THE COMMAND
MATCHES THE INPUT

YES

THE
SPEAKER
BEEPS

Ultrasonic Sensor Arduino Mega R3 Module Audio

WTV020-SD
HCSR-04

Amplifier Audio

Speaker

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Explanation of flowchart

When the sensor detects movement in each ladder, the movement data is
sent to the arduino mega controller, then the controller checks which ladder has
movement. After checking the controller will read the audio data from the SD
card then the audio is transmitted to the audio module controller and the tone is
played according to the level of the ladder that detects movement
When audio is played, after exiting the audio module, the project is forwarded to
the audio amplifier module first to amplify the audio signal and to make it louder.
Then proceed to the speaker. We can hear the sound when we step on the stairs.

And this is result of design the stairs :

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 CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION

The smart stairs can be used to get rid of boredom, as entertainment that
can be placed in schools or children's playgrounds, it can be indirectly used for
sports because it can make sounds that attract the attention of children to use these
stairs. Sounds on this smart stair will not be mixed because when first stairs are
detected and sounded, and then the other stairs that are detected, the stairs that
sounded earlier will be off and replaced with the sound of the newly detected
stairs.

The ultrasonic sensor on this stair works by reflecting ultrasonic audio

along 10cm according to the length of the prototype stair structure, if it detects a
distance of less than 10cm, the sensor will send a signal to Arduino and it will be
processed.

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 REFERENCES

- Ebook-Monster-Arduino-2-Elangsakti
- Ebook-Belajar-Arduino-Untuk-Pemula-V1-Elangsakti

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