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Industrial Instrumentation
Industrial Instrumentation
INSTRUMENTATION
Lecturer: Nguyen Duc Hoang
Department of Control & Automation
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: ndhoang@hcmut.edu.vn
Chapter 5: Methods to measure
fundamental quantities (Cont.)
• Measurement of resistance
• Measurement of capacitance
• Measurement of inductance
• Measurement of frequency
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• Capacitive sensors :
• Variable Capacitor
• Differential Capacitor
• Inductive sensors :
• Variable Reluctance Sensors
• Eddy Current Sensors
• Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs)
• Variable Transformers: Synchros, Resolvers, and Inductosyn
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• Voltage divider
𝑍 = 𝑍0 1 + 𝑥
𝑍 = 𝑍0
1+𝑥
𝑣0 = 𝑣𝑒
2+𝑥
Nonlinear !
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• Voltage divider
1+𝑥
𝑣0 = 𝑣𝑒
2
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• AC bridges
𝑍1 = 𝑍0 1 + 𝑥
𝑍1 = 𝑍2 = 𝑍3 = 𝑍4 = 𝑍0
𝑥
𝑣0 = 𝑣𝑒
2 2+𝑥
Nonlinear !
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• AC bridges
Carrier amplifiers
A carrier amplifier is a circuit that performs the functions of ac
amplification, demodulation, and low-pass filtering, including the
necessary oscillator, as shown
Carrier amplifiers
Example: the output of a voltage divider incorporating a differential sensor
1+𝑥
𝑣0 = 𝑣𝑒
2
If the driving voltage is sinusoidal : 𝑣𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑒 𝑡
𝑁 = 𝑓𝑥 ∗ 𝑇0
𝑁 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑀𝑇𝑥
Using a flip-flop
Measurement of phase shift
• Phase detectors based on zero-crossing detectors
• Differential amplifiers
𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑘= =
𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑉0 = 𝑘 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑘= =
𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑅2 + 𝑅4
𝑉0 = 1 + 𝑘 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑅𝑔
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
• Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) Based on Three Op Amps
2𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑉0 = 1 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑅1 𝑅3
+𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
BT6