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Industrial Instrumentation
Industrial Instrumentation
INSTRUMENTATION
Lecturer: Nguyen Duc Hoang
Department of Control & Automation
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: ndhoang@hcmut.edu.vn
Chapter 9: Temperature measurement –
Part2
• Introduction
• Thermistor
• RTD
• Thermocouple
• Semiconductor
Thermocouple
• Principle : A thermocouple is a temperature sensor that uses a
phenomenon (i.e., the Seebeck effect) that generates a
thermoelectromotive force (e.m.f.) according to the temperature
difference between the joint end and the open end of different types of
metal that have been joined together at one end. The combination of
metals with high and stable thermoelectromotive force is called a
thermocouple.
• e.m.f.–temperature relationship
𝑒 = 𝑎1 𝑇 + 𝑎2 𝑇 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑇 𝑛
• Example :
• Chromel-alumel thermocouples (type K) are widely used, general-purpose devices with a
measurement sensitivity of 41 μV/0C, measurement range is -200 to +13000C, their measurement
inaccuracy is ±0.75%.
• Platinum thermocouples (type R) have one wire made from pure platinum and the other wire
made from a platinum–rhodium alloy with 13% rhodium. Their quoted measuring range is 0 to
+17000C, with a measurement sensitivity of 10 μV/0C and quoted inaccuracy of ±0.5%.
Thermocouple (cont.)
Thermocouple types :
Standard Type Positive Leg Metal Negative Leg Metal Temperature Range
B 70.4% Pt - 29.6% Rh 93.9% Pt - 6.1% Rh 870 - 1700 °C
E 90% Ni - 10% Cr 55% Cu - 45% Ni 0 - 900 °C
J 99.5% Fe 55% Cu - 45% Ni 0 - 750 °C
90% Ni 95% Ni - 5% other
K 0 - 1250 °C
10% Cr
N 84.4% Ni - 14.2% Cr - 1.4% Si 95.5% Ni - 4.4% Si 0 - 1250 °C
R 87% Pt - 13% Rh 100% Pt 0 - 1450 °C
S 90% Pt - 10% Rh 100% Pt 0 - 1450 °C
T 100% Cu 55% Cu - 45% Ni -200 - 350 °C
Constantan is a copper–nickel alloy also known as Eureka, Advance, and Ferry, usually consists of 55% copper and 45% nickel.
Thermocouple (cont.)
• Characteristics of Thermocouple Potential Difference:
Thermocouple (cont.)
Hot junction
• Analysis
Reference
Example: thermocouple K junction
if :hot junction = 1000C and
reference junction = 00C thermocouple equivalent electrical circuit
then E1 = 4.096mV
(thermocouple table: NIST or JIS standard)
Thermocouple (cont.)
• Extension leads
If the thermocouple temperature sensor lead wire does not reach the
temperature controller and the cable between the sensor and the
temperature controller is extended.
If the lead wire is extended with copper wire, a large temperature error
will occur.
The thermocouple temperature sensor lead wires must be extended with
compensating conductors.
Thermocouple (cont.)
• Extension leads
𝑬𝒎 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑬𝟐 + 𝑬𝟑 + 𝑬𝟒 + 𝑬𝟓
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝒎 + 𝑬𝒓𝒆𝒇
BT2:
Cho thermocouple loại J có độ
nhạy 50V/ 0C, hãy thiết kế các
điện trở của mạch sau để đạt được
độ nhạy 10mV/0C trong tầm đo -
250C đến 1050C và ngõ ra bằng
0V tại 00C. Biết AD592CN có độ
nhạy bằng 1 A/K.