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DEVELOPING PROFILE OF SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES OF TOP-

CLASS INDIAN JUDOKAS
A thesis submitted to
For the award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Physical Education
By
ARUN VERMA
DEPARTMENT OF
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
RABINDRANATH TAGORE UNIVERSITY RAISEN (M.P.)
MAY 2023
Enrolment No. AU182393 RDC No. RNTU/R&D/RDC/22/134

DEVELOPING PROFILE OF SELECTED PHYSICAL
FITNESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOMETRIC
VARIABLES OF TOP-CLASS INDIAN JUDOKAS
A thesis submitted to
For the award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Physical Education
By
ARUN VERMA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

RABINDRANATH TAGORE UNIVERSITY
RAISEN (M.P.)
Supervised by Submitted by
Dr. Vikas Saxena Arun Verma
Assistant professor
Department of Physical Education
MAY 2023
Enrolment No. AU182393 RDC No. RNTU/R&D/RDC/22/134

i
DEDICATED TO
MY PARENTS,
BROTHER
AND
TEACHERS
FOR THEIR
ENDLESS SUPPORT,
ENCOURAGEMENT AND LOVE
ii
Copyright©
RABINDRANATH TAGORE UNIVERSITY
(All rights reserved)
iii
DECLARATION
I, Arun Verma solemnly declare that the work embodied in this Ph.D. thesis entitled.
“Developing Profile of Selected Physical Fitness, Physiological and Anthropometric
Variables of Top Class Indian Judokas”
is my own benefited work carried out under the supervision of Dr. Vikas Saxena.
The work was carried out for a period of years from FEB. 2019 to MAY 2023 at
Rabindranath Tagore University, Raisen (M.P.) the statements made and conclusions
drawn are outcome of my own research work. I declare that to the best of my knowledge
and belief matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree, diploma or certificate in this university or any other university in India or
abroad.
I further declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the
authors/researchers wherever their works have been cited in the text and body of my
thesis. I have not will fully lifted up para, text data, results from some others work
reported in journals, books magazines, reports, dissertation, thesis etc. or available at
websites or e- resources and included them in my thesis and cited as my own work.
Date---------------------- Arun Verma
Enrolment No. AU182393
iv
CERTIFICATE OF SUPERVISOR
This is to certify that the work embodied in this thesis entitled “Developing Profile of
Selected Physical Fitness, Physiological and Anthropometric Variables of Top Class
Indian Judokas” is a record of research carried out by Arun Verma Enrolment No.
AU182393 under the guidance of the undersigned for the award of the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy the in Department of Physical Education the, Rabindranath
Tagore University Raisen (M.P.) India. I certify that the scholar has put in attendance
of more than 200 days with me.
To the best of my knowledge and belief the thesis embodies work of the candidate
himself, completed in all respect, fulfills the requirement of the Ordinance no 16 of
Rabindranath Tagore University for award of PhD degree and is up to the desired
standard both in contents and language for being referred to the external examiners.
Dr. Vikas Saxena

Supervisor
Date
v
COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE
Title of the Thesis : DEVELOPING PROFILE OF SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS,

…………………………………………PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES OF
…………………………………………TOP CLASS INDIAN JUDOKAS
Research Scholar : Arun Verma
The undersigned hereby assigns all the rights under copy right to Rabindranath Tagore
University Raisen (M.P.) that may exist in and for the above thesis work submitted for
the award of the Ph. D degree.
However, the undersigned may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce material

extracted verbatim from thesis or derivative of the thesis for authors personal use for
which the source and copy right notice of the Rabindranath Tagore University will be
indicated.
Arun Verma
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The scholar wishes to extend his deepest appreciation to the number of the research
degree committee physical education, Rabindranath Tagore University, Raisen (M.P.)
for their valuable aid and suggestions in preparing this study.
I very humbly own gratitude to vice chancellor and Registrar, Rabindranath Tagore
University, Raisen (M.P.) a well-known personality, encouraging research.
I am very extremely grateful to Dr. Vikas Saxena, Supervisor and Head, Department
of physical education, Rabindranath Tagore University, Raisen (M.P.) for his deep
suggestions and academic help for completing my Ph.D. research work in the field of
physical education.
I own my sincere gratitude to Dr. Sangeeta Johari, research coordinator and all the
academic and administrative staff of Rabindranath Tagore University, Raisen (M.P.)
for his valuable guidance, an unceasing help at all and odd times and providing me an
opportunity to carry on this study.
It is a manner of immense pleasure to express the overwhelming sense of gratitude,

devotion, incontestable regards to my esteemed and learned guide Dr. Kiran Mishra,
Dean, Education Department, who have striven to perfect my thesis.
I wish to express my sentiments of deep gratitude to Dr Suneel Munder and Dr. Ravi
Sharma for his willing help, constant cane and cooperation throughout the course of
this work. I am extremely grateful to my father, my Mother, my Brother my Wife and
my beloved Son all my family member for their constant willing help extended towards
my project which has played a significant role in its completion. Finally, I express my
special appreciation and sincere thanks to all college members and those who have
helped me directly or indirectly contribution to the successful completion of this
research work.
Arun Verma
vii
PREFACE
The research presented in this thesis was conducted in the Department of Physical Education
of the Ravindranath Tagore University Raisen (RNTU), under the supervision of Assistant
Professor Dr Vikas Saxena I thankfully acknowledge the encouragement and assistance of
my supervisor.
The sport of Judo has gained significant popularity in India over the years, and there has been
a growing interest in understanding the profile of Indian Judokas. This thesis aims to develop
a profile of Indian Judokas, including their physical, anthropometrical, and physiological
characteristics.
The research methodology involved collecting data from 60 athletes who had competed at the
national level comprised only male players from Madhya Pradesh who were between the ages
of 18 and 25 and who were residents of Madhya Pradesh. Each of these athletes was a native
of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The random sampling approach was employed in the
evening and morning sessions, before the National camps, and during practice at the T.T.
Nagar Stadium in Raisen in order to collect the essential data on the subject. The data was
analyzed using statistical techniques to identify patterns and trends in the profile of Indian
Judokas.
The findings of this study have important implications for the development of the sport in
India, as they provide valuable insights into the characteristics of Indian Judokas that could
be used to inform coaching, training, and development programs.
A special thanks to Dr Ravi Sharma and Dr Suneel Munder for their valuable suggestion,
motivation, support, help and stimulation in the formulation and flourishing completion of
this study. I would like to thank my loved ones, who have supported me throughout entire
process, both by keeping me harmonious and helping me putting pieces together.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Indian Judo Federation and all the Judokas
who participated in this study. Without their support and cooperation, this research would not
have been possible.
This thesis is dedicated to my parents, who have always encouraged me to pursue my passion
for sports and provided me with the support and guidance needed to succeed
viii
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to develop the profile of selected physical fitness, physiological
and anthropometric variables of top-class Indian Judokas. For the purpose of the study 60
athletes who had competed at the national level comprised only male players from Madhya
Pradesh who were between the ages of 18 and 25 and who were residents of Madhya
Pradesh. Each of these athletes was a native of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The
random sampling approach was employed in the evening and morning sessions, before the
National camps, and during practice at the T.T. Nagar Stadium in Raisen in order to collect
the essential data on the subject. These activities were carried out in advance of the national
camps. All of the participants were put through strenuous inspections and tests before the
competition began. A number of anthropometric, physical and physiological characteristics
were chosen based on a survey of the relevant literature. Descriptive analysis of the data
obtained from top class Indian Judokas on selected physical, physiological and
anthropometric variables. The descriptive analysis was done by computing mean, standard
deviation, range, maximum score and minimum score of the data. Results of the study
showed that in anthropometric variables sitting height was maximum in weight category -81
to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Leg length was
maximum in weight category-66kg to -73 kg followed by-81 to -90 kg and lowest in -56 kg
to -60 kg. Shoulder width was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg
to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Upper arm circumference was maximum in weight
category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Forearm
circumference was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -56 kg to -60 kg
and lowest in -66kg to -73 kg. Chest circumference was maximum in weight category -66kg
to -73 kg followed by-81 to -90 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Thigh circumference was
maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg
to -60 kg. Calf circumference was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -
66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. In physical fitness variables back, strength was
maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg
to -60 kg. Shoulder strength was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -
66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Grip strength was maximum in weight
category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Leg
Explosive Strength was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73
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kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Speed was maximum in weight category-56 kg to -60 kg
followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg. Speed Endurance was maximum in
weight category -66kg to -73 kg followed by -56 kg to -60 kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg.
Agility was maximum in weight category -56 kg to -60 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and
lowest in -81 to -90 kg. In physiological variables Body Fat Percentage was lower in weight
category-56 kg to -60 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg. Vital
capacity was maximum in weight category -66kg to -73 kg followed by -56 kg to -60 kg and
lowest in -81 to -90 kg.
Keywords: Judo, Profiling, National Level, Anthropometric, Physical Fitness, Physiological
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 9
1.2 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Delimitations ............................................................................................................. 10
1.4 Limitations of the study............................................................................................. 11
1.5 Definition and explanation of terms .......................................................................... 11
1.5.1 Physical fitness: ................................................................................................. 11
1.5.2 Anthropometry: .................................................................................................. 11
1.5.3 Physiology: ........................................................................................................ 11
1.6 Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................ 13
2.1 Research gap in above topic: ..................................................................................... 30
Chapter 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOLGY .................................................................... 31
3.1 Selection of Samples for the study: ........................................................................... 31
3.1.1 Selection of variables: ........................................................................................ 31
3.2 Criterion measures..................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Procedure of Testing and Collection of Data ............................................................ 32
3.3.1 Fat Percentage .................................................................................................... 32
3.3.2 Vital Capacity .................................................................................................... 33
3.3.3 Back Strength ..................................................................................................... 33
3.3.4 Grip Strength ...................................................................................................... 33
3.3.5 Shoulder Strength............................................................................................... 34
3.3.6 Standing Broad Jump ......................................................................................... 34
3.3.7 50m Dash ........................................................................................................... 34
3.3.8 1000 Meter Run / Walk...................................................................................... 35
3.3.9 4 X 10-Yard Shuttle Run ................................................................................... 35
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3.3.10 Vital Capacity .................................................................................................... 35
3.3.11 Sitting Height ..................................................................................................... 35
3.3.12 Leg Length ......................................................................................................... 36
3.3.13 Shoulder Width .................................................................................................. 36
3.3.14 Chest Circumference .......................................................................................... 36
3.3.15 Thigh Circumference ......................................................................................... 36
3.3.16 Calf Circumference ............................................................................................ 37
3.4 Statistical Technique ................................................................................................. 37
Chapter 4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ............................................................................ 38
4.1 ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES ...................................................................... 39
4.1.1 A Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg ................................................................ 39
4.1.2 Conversion of Data into Standard Scores: ......................................................... 41
4.1.3 Weight Category -66 Kg to -73 Kg.................................................................... 42
4.2 PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES ....................................................................... 49
4.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES ........................................................................... 58
4.4 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS.................................................................................. 65
Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................. 67
5.1 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 67
xii
5.2 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 70
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 71
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………...........…..74
Appendix
Publication
Plagiarism Report
xiii
List of Tables
Table 3-1: Selection of subjects for data collection ................................................................. 31
Table 3-2: Selection of Variables ............................................................................................ 31
Table 4-1: Descriptive Statistics for Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level
Judo Players of Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg ................................................................ 39
Table 4-2: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National
Level Judo Players of Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg ...................................................... 40
Table 4-3: Standard score (Z) of required Statistics of Selected Anthropometric Variables of
National Level Judo Players of Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg ....................................... 41
Table 4-4: Transformed Standard Scores of Minimum, Maximum and Mean of Selected
Anthropometric Variables ........................................................................................................ 41
Level Judo Players of Weight Category -81 Kg to -90 Kg .................................................... 47
Table 4-13: Descriptive Statistics for Selected Physical Variables of National Level Judo
Players of Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg ........................................................................ 49
Table 4-14: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physical Variables of National Level
Table 4-15: Standard score (Z) of required Statistics of Selected Physical Variables of
xiv
Table 4-16: Transformed Standard Scores of Minimum, Maximum and Mean of Selected ... 51
Judo Players of Weight Category -66 kg to -73 kg .................................................................. 53
National Level Judo Players of Weight Category -66 kg to -73 kg ......................................... 54
Table 4-25: Descriptive Statistics for Selected Physiological Variables of National Level Judo
Table 4-26: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physiological Variables of National
Table 4-27: Standard score (Z) of required Statistics of Selected Physiological Variables of
Table 4-29; Descriptive Statistics for Selected Physiological Variables of National Level Judo
Table 4-30: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physiological Variables of National
Table 4-34; Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physiological Variables of National
xv
xvi
List of Figures
Figure 4-1: Profile chart of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level Judo Players
Weight Category (-56 Kg to -60 Kg) ....................................................................................... 42
Weight Category (-66 Kg to -73s Kg) ..................................................................................... 46
Figure 4-4: Profile chart of Selected Physical Variables of National Level Judo Players
Weight Category ...................................................................................................................... 52
Weight Category ...................................................................................................................... 55
Weight Category ...................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 4-7: Profile chart of Selected Physiological Variables of National Level Judo Players
Figure 4.8: Profile chart of Selected Physiological Variables of National Level Judo Players
Weight Category (-66 Kg to -73 Kg)……………………………………………………….65
xvii
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
“Scar tissue is stronger than regular tissue. Realize your strength, move on”. – Henry
Rollins
It is impossible to advance in any field in today's modern scientific age without a solid
foundation in the relevant scientific literature. In the same vein, a sportsperson or coach
who lacks a scientific understanding of training methods, techniques, and means cannot
hope to outperform someone who does have such an understanding. No one, then, can
outperform someone who has scientific knowledge of training methods, tactics, and
means when it comes to achieving the aim of greater levels of performance and
realizing a sportsman's desire. Therefore, scientific knowledge of training methods,
techniques, and means are important to reach the objective of higher levels of
Performance and for the realization of the sportsman's desire. Though many things
have a role in achieving success, scientific training methods, tactics, and means
contribute the most. However, scientifically-based training approaches, procedures, and
tools yield the best outcomes with the least amount of effort and time invested.
These approaches have been shown to be more effective, and athletes are now trained
using them. Sports research is full of diversity. It is full of twists. Sometimes we know
how to measure the dependent variable on the other hand we don‟t know it. It depends
on the nature of the sports. However today games and sports level are far improved
than yesterday. It became possible due to proper use of research tools. It helped the
sportsmen to increase recovery rate, avoid injuries so far, and correct the form of
exercises. Luckily, we had supportive hand of research. There is a research tool for
lost all the sports including all the situations. Metric tests are considered to be more
powerful than non-metric tests. In the present study metric test has been applied.
Athletes' physical attributes may have an impact on their game's strategy and
technique. Athlete segment length is fixed from birth and cannot be altered by training,
physical activity, environment, or diet. It may be advantageous at certain points in the
game to adapt one's strategy and tactics in light of one's segment size and structure,
1
provided that this is done efficiently. The coaches and athletes may occasionally
employ it as a strategic tool. As the body develops, so do the abilities that make up
physical performance, including as speed, strength, evidences, agility, and
coordination. This remarkable improvement in fitness levels appears to finally
determine performance in sports at any level of competition.
Somatic traits of successful athletes in a certain sport have been found to differ from
those of the general population, according to studies of human morphology conducted
to date. A person's physical appearance will always be special to them because it is
singularly their own. The range of human variation is so broad that no two people share
the same exact set of characteristics. Because of the vast differences in human
anatomy, it is common knowledge that some sporting activities are better suited to
particular body types. Some of the most important aspects in achieving peak
performance in a wide range of sports are a person's unique
bodily characteristics such as shape, size, and composition.
Sports and sports help to foster a sense of national pride and solidarity among future
generations, paving the way for them to view differences in caste, community, and
religion as meaningless and to instead place their faith in the transcendental values of
love, peace, purity, goodwill, and brotherhood. Sports and games create an
environment where people from all walks of life can come together and forget their
differences in favor of a common goal. This is especially true when it comes to
athletes, who come from all corners of the globe and practice a wide variety of faiths,
cultures, languages, and customs. A constructive role in national integration can be
played by this kind of thinking, insight, and mental attitude. Sports and sports are
effective tools for fostering such mutual comprehension and can play a critical part in
advancing national unity. Games and sports have played and continue to play an
important role in fostering a more constructive and efficient process of international
integration, goodwill, and mutual understanding.
The word “Judo” has been derived from two Japanese words „Ju‟ and „Do‟, Ju means
Gentleness, and Do means Way. Thus, the combined meaning of the term Judo is way
of gentleness. This sport was originated in Japan in the year 1882 by the most
renowned person of his era “Dr. Pro. JIGORO KANO”, founder of Judo. The ancient
martial skills of the samurai warriors provide the foundation for modern Judo, an
Olympic sport. It uses a wide range of submission tactics, including throwing, pinning,
choking, and arm locks. Jigoro Kano (1860-1938), the creator of modern Judo,
2
compiled Ju-jitsu moves he considered scientifically sound. With the goal of fostering
analytical thought in Judo's development, Kano divided techniques into stages. Judo
throws include three distinct phases: kuzushi, which means "breaking an opponent's
balance" or "preparing them for a throw," tsukuri, which means "fitting into the throw,"
and kake, which means "accelerating" the throw (Kano, 1986).
Despite the fact that phases have been discussed and described theoretically in the Judo
literature, no biomechanical analysis of phases has been conducted (Imamura & Alan,
1996). Analyzing Judo performance is complex task perhaps it can‟t be measured
directly; different sports scientists have followed different scientific approaches to
estimate the Judo performance objectively. In an attempt to recognize the level of
performance Dr. Sterkowicz Stanislaw proposed a newly developed Judo fitness
specific test which was proven to be capable of measuring Judo specific Physical
fitness later this test was widely accepted in all over the world.
The test was repeated for numerous times by various Judo experts in each corner of
globe and found to be valid. Now a day this test has become a powerful tool for
assessment of level of Judo performance because it covers almost all of Judo specific
motor components. In the present study an attempt is being made to estimate the Judo
performance on the basis selected Physical fitness, Anthropometric and Physiological
variables by developing profile of top-class Judokas.
The Olympic sport of judo is another style of martial art that is widely practised around
the world (Katralli et al., 2012). High-intensity, short-burst training is typical in judo
(Radovanovic et al., 2008). When performing a judo technique, the practitioner will
immediately enter into a phase of relentless pushing, lifting, tugging, grappling, and
gripping actions in order to set themselves up for the subsequent explosive effort
(Radovanovic et al., 2008). Judo is a popular Japanese martial art that involves
throwing and gripping techniques, wherein participants employ balance and body
weight to throw or grab one other in lock, with minimal physical exertion (Wolfson et
al., 1996; Douris et al., 2004). As a very explosive fighting sport (Thomas et al., 1989),
judo necessitates a highly developed aerobic system in addition to exceptional
anaerobic power and capacity (Ebine et al., 1991).
Aerobic and anaerobic capacity have been found to be the two most prominent features
of Judo players in previous studies (Radovanovic et al., 2008; Callister et al., 1991).
Athletes in the sport of Judo need to be able to quickly recover from exertion and
demonstrate high levels of anaerobic capacity in order to succeed in competitive bouts
3
within their weight class (Callister et al., 1991; Radovanovic et al., 2008). Judo
competitors' functional and morphological traits have been shown to correspond with
technical components (such as pushing, lifting, pulling, grappling, and grasping
actions) used in competition (Franchini et al., 2005b; Franchini et al., 2005).
However, combat sports place a premium on elements of skill such as speed, agility,
power, balance, flexibility, and VO2max (Vanhees et al., 2005). The fitness profile
often assesses aerobic capacity, muscular strength, range of motion, speed, and agility,
and body composition (Vanhees et al., 2005). For the duration of a karate match,
competitors must provide multiple high-stakes displays (Baker and Bell, 1990).
Competitors at the highest levels of Karate tend to be quite physically fit (Baker and
Bell, 1990). A higher agility score is a major factor in a Karateka's success in Karate,
as it allows them to better evade their opponent's blows and get into the best possible
position to perform their techniques (Chaabene et al., 2012).
Judo is a great way to become in shape, and regular practise has been shown to
increase fitness levels in previously inactive people (Katralli et al., 2012; Imamura et
al., 1998). The popularity of Judo, in particular, has helped raise the profile of martial
arts in general in recent years (Oler et al., 1991). In Canada, Judoka are credited with
developing traits such as anaerobic capacity, strength, aerobic power, and body
composition (Thomas et al., 1989). Consistent Judo training has been shown to boost
multiple aspects of physical fitness and protect against a variety of illnesses (ACSM,
2001). Kalari training (an ancient form of Martial Arts) has been shown in previous
research to significantly improve respiratory functions by synchronizing respiratory
muscles with exercise styles such as jumping and kicking, long stances, long strides,
blows and blocks by stretched arms and hands, etc. (Katralli et al., 2012). There is a
positive relationship between exercise and respiratory function, according to previous
studies in Serbian, Tunisian, Chinese, and Korean martial arts players (Triki et al.,
2013; Lazovic et al., 2016; Dongqing, 2013; Shin et al., 2016). In order to evaluate an
athlete's health and fitness levels, hemoglobin levels in the blood have been employed
as a proxy (Kenney et al., 2012). Hemoglobin concentration is a key factor in
determining whether or not a Judo or Karate athlete performs to his or her fullest
ability (Kenney et al., 2012; Chabeene et al., 2012). The intensity, density, and volume
of training, as well as the athletes' physical and physiological state, all have a role in
haematology (Erdemir et al., 2013), with changes in haemoglobin depending on these
4
factors (Koc et al., 2012). The intensity and duration of an athlete's training regimen
has a direct effect on the amount of haemoglobin in their blood (Erdemir et al., 2013).
Athletic prowess necessitates not only physical condition but also a fast RT (Mori et
al., 2002). Athletes in the martial arts, who must act quickly and decisively in response
to their opponent's movements of a specific organ, place a premium on reaction time
(Cojocariu, 2011). Gaining explosive muscle power is essential for peak Karate
performances (Chabeene et al., 2012). The Vertical Jump Test (VJT) is a metric for
measuring the explosiveness of a person's legs and feet (Abidin and Adam, 2012). The
increase in an athlete's performance over the course of a prescribed training regimen
can often be quantified by testing their velocity-jumping technique (VJT) (Saha,
2014).The grip strength endurance should be worked out during training sessions to
improve their strength during the competition (Andreato et al., 2013). Consequently,
muscle power exercises should also be included in physical training (Andreato et al.,
2013). Furthermore, the decline in muscle strength and endurance contributes to
decreases the aging process (Andreato et al., 2013).
Sportsperson, especially elite sportsperson, undertake hard training schedules that
combines multiple training sessions per day. Along with training, many more stress
needs to tackled by sportsperson during each session of training which leads to
physical as well as mental exhaustion. An athlete includes specific restoration methods
and techniques when planning a systemic periodized training program to speed up the
recovery. For better toleration of training load during training session, an athlete must
plan best recovery strategies to recover as quickly as possible. If athletes are able to
accelerate their recovery process, they will be able to bear greater training loads, which
ultimately lead to best levels of performance in the competition (Barnett, 2006).
Training or exercise damages the muscles, tissues and it is also causing to the fluid loss
as well as reduction of energy storage. While performing exercise and training of high
volume, the discrepancy between the demand for energy and energy provision from
oxidative metabolism means that the muscle is enforced to depend on anaerobic
sources of energy (Bogdanis, et al., 1995). Insufficient recovery time for repairing and
replenishing will result in prolonging breakdown of muscle tissues and muscles, that‟s
because recovery methods are very important to achieve sufficient 9 recovery for the
replenishment of the energy and repair of damaged tissues. Generally, recovery is
categorized as short term and long-term recovery, short-term recovery from a mainly
exhaustive training session, and another is the long-term recovery that needs to be built
5
into a year-round training schedule and it is a result of long-time seasonal training
program that leads to fatigue. Mostly well-designed training schedule always includes
recovery days or weeks that are built into an annual training program both are
imperative for the ideal sports performance.
Short-term recovery, sometimes called active recovery arises in the hours, nearly after
intense exercise. There are direct possessions of time duration on recovery, an athlete
gets recovered during a training session in three recovery phases; first phase recovery
takes place side by side with one set of fatigue (during the workout), second phase
starts subsequently after the stopping of workout and ends with the refurbishment of
homeostasis, generally second phase of recovery lasts from a few minutes to 2-3 hours
and the third phase of recovery takes numerous hours to several days (Singh H. , 1984).
Athletes are well aware about the recovery and they know that receiving appropriate
rest post training is important for high-level performance during competition, but
generally many athletes keep involving themselves in training and feel uncomfortable
even if they take rest for a day or two. Rest and recovery are very important to sports
performance for a number of reasons, such as physical as well as mental fatigue. The
Rest is more necessary for physical fatigue so that muscles can restore, rebuild, regain
and strengthen and can help to maintain the disturbed homeostasis due to over training
and competition (Cochrane, 2004).
Now a days many recovery interventions are being used by sports persons and coaches
to counter the negative effects of exhaustive training session. Participation in elite-level
of competition requires recovery from physiological fatigue to musculoskeletal,
nervous and metabolic systems (Leeder, et al., 2011). The use of thermotherapy (heat)
and cry therapy (cold) in alternating manner is described as contrast bath therapy. This
recovery therapy has been used by sports physiotherapists to treat several kinds of
injuries, although the contrast bath therapy is being used by sporting population as a
best means of recovery. Contrast therapy can be used in combination of any other
techniques, i.e., ice bags, water immersion, whirlpool baths, ice massage and water
massage, etc. but the most popular 10 combination of contrast therapy is hot cold water
immersion therapy in sports (Bompa, 2009). Contrast water immersion where the entire
body is immersed up to the neck in hot and cold water (but not boiling) alternatively.
The process will continue several times, alternating hot and cold-water immersion.
Contrast bath immersion results physiological changes in the body in terms of
vasodilatation enhanced local blood flow due to vasodilation and subsequent
6
vasoconstriction brought on by cold water immersion. In addition, the lymph vessels
constrict in warm temperatures and expand when exposed to cold. Unlike the
circulatory system, which relies on a central pump, the lymph system is decentralized.
The body's fundamental technique for repairing damaged tissue is swelling, and it is
thought that alternating cold and hot causes lymph veins to widen and dilate to
essentially "pump" and transport stationary fluid out of the affected area, which
positively affects the swelling process (Tharu, 2019). An alternative to cryotherapy that
is gaining popularity in the athletic world is contrast water treatment (CWT), in which
the athlete alternates between periods of cold and warm water immersion (Halson, et
al., 2007).
Hot/ cold recovery therapy using a tub with hot and another with cold or showers with
hot and cold water immediately following bout will help blood circulation and recovery
acceleration (Parr, 2018). Oxygen supplement has often been used as an ergogenic aid
for enhancing the performance of athletes as well as accelerating post exercise
recovery. Oxygen supplement is being used as an ergogenic aid because it enhances the
level of oxygen in arterial blood (Etheredge, et al., 2014). Athletes using an oxygen
supplement immediately post workout with the belief that it helps in performance
enhancement and acceleration of recovery (Robbins, et al., 1992).
Hypertoxic breathing or breathing oxygen (O2) ‐ improved air in the sports are more
prevalent, with a motive to progress the performance and recovery of athletes. Oxygen
supplement use is not banned by the world anti-doping agency (WADA) and many
more proofs are there that the use of hypertoxic breathing is valuable for the recovery
and improvement of performance also. This rises the arterial O2 pressure (paO2), the
inundation of hemoglobin with O2 (SaO2), and the amount of oxygen melted in the
plasma. Oxygen supplement helps in reaching oxygen the molecular level of damaged
and fatigued body parts more effortlessly than under normal atmospheric pressures
(Calder A., 2002). Consequently, the arterial oxygen content (CaO2) is better during
hypertoxic breathing, implying that 11 for a given cardiac output systemic O2 delivery,
which has been revealed to be a major determinant of VO2 max and endurance, is
enhanced (Sperlich B, 2016). A novel recovery method, the progressive relaxation
technique is being used by the consultants of sports such as coaches, athletes,
physiotherapists to control stress, anxiety and to improve recovery as we know that
more stress is being made because faster the recovery, better will be the performance
(Serin, et al., 2019). Progressive relaxation technique is one of the relaxation
7
techniques which involves a group of muscle that could be recovered by first tensing it
for 20 seconds and then relaxing (releasing) it. Progressive relaxation technique is a
planned and systematic recovery technique to reduce stress, fatigue and achieve a state
of relaxation. It improves the body‟s immunity system and sense of wellbeing through
the secretion of endorphin secretion. A sense of improvement in relaxation may be
realized to the practitioners (Essa, et al., 2007). Combat athletes usually try to contest
in the lower-weight category than their regular body weight and this leads somewhere
chronic and acute manipulation of body weight and this manipulation may impair their
performance.
To get the best possible results and performance, athlete‟s use different strategy that
finally can improve performance during competition. In such a limited time period to
get the best recovery for upcoming bouts, athletes can use different-different recovery
strategies so that their performance can improve and they can perform better in
competition. These interventions of recovery are being used by elite athletes and
coaches throughout the sporting world to accelerate the recovery and reduce the onset
delay of muscular fatigue (Reale, et al., 2017). The Judo is combative sports which
require a high level of physical fitness that leads to notable levels of muscular soreness
and damage. When Judokas participates in the competition, they go through a number
of judo bouts in a single day and it leads to muscle soreness and fatigue, however to
recover faster and sooner, sports scientists and coaches are using different methods and
recovery modalities to accelerate the recovery of Judoka (Driller, et al., 2017).
Many judo players wake up sore and rough after a session of judo bouts, weight
training, running and any other intense exercise. A remarkable number of people
surprisingly don‟t have much awareness about how to recover from a session, or even
when to initiate. Athletes 12 implement several methods of recovery during the periods
of frequent bout to enhance and accelerate the recovery process (Alaphilippe, et al.,
2012). The adequate recovery in judo is of great importance because the judokas have
to compete more than one fight in a single day during a competition (Ouergui, et al.,
2014). Judo pedagogy highlights randori („free practice") and shiai (contest). This term
shelters a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies
reliant on the intent and the level of proficiency of the participants. Judo contest is
exhaustive in nature and after a bout, judokas needs recovery to fully recover for the
next round of the bout, now days, so many methods/interventions are being practiced
worldwide by the athletes and researchers for boosting up the level of performances.
8
As an outcome of mounting researches in the field of sports and exercise, the method
and patterns of training structure have entirely changed. Scientist everywhere in the
world is nowadays involved in planning methods of recovery and entitlements are
made for one to be better than another based on psychological and physiological
reasons. In sports today best routine can only be reached through a precisely planned,
realized and controlled training system centered on the scientific knowledge,
theoretical and methodical basics of sports training.
The exercise physiologist and sports scientists have been of the opinion that human
dimensions of performance among athletes had its limits in the matter of standard of
efficiency. With the help of researches on training and recovery interventions as well as
evidence collected during the past few years, it was noted that the performance of an
athlete can not only be maximized by just training, achieving maximal performance
also depends on appropriate balance between training and recovery as well as it also
helps athletes to avoid psychological and physiological disturbance (Dupury, et al.,
2018).
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Developing profile of selected physical fitness, physiological and anthropometric
variables of top-class Indian Judokas.
Objectives
 To develop the profile of top-class Indian Judokas.
 To develop profile of top-class Indian Judokas on the basis of selected physical
fitness variables.
 To develop profile of top-class Indian Judokas on the basis of selected
Physiological variable.
 To develop profile of top-class Indian Judokas on the basis of selected
Anthropometric variables.
Research Questions
 Whether a physical fitness profile of Indian Judokas can be developed on the
basis of selected physical fitness variables?
 Whether a physiological profile of Indian Judokas can be developed on the
selected physiological variables?
 Whether an anthropometric profile of Indian Judokas can be developed on the
selected anthropometric variables?
9
1.3 Hypotheses
Based on literature review the researcher has gone through, research findings and
Scholar‟s own understanding of subject area, the following research hypotheses are
being formulated:
 A physical fitness profile can be developed on the basis of selected physical
fitness variables.
 A physiological profile can be developed on the basis of selected physical fitness
variables.
 An anthropometric profile can be developed on the basis of selected physical
fitness variables.
1.4 Delimitations
 This study was delimited to national level subjects only.
 The present study was delimited to age group 18-25 years only.
 The present study was delimited to selected weigh categories only:
A. -56kg, -60kg
B. -66kg, -73kg
C. -81kg, -90kg
 This study was delimited to Male subjects only.
 The present study was delimited to the subjects of Madhya Pradesh only.
 This study was delimited to the national level Judokas only.
 The present study was delimited to following independent variables only:
1. Back strength
2. Grip strength
3. Shoulder strength
4. 50m dash
5. 1000m run
6. Shuttle run 30 x 6 feet
7. Fat percentage
8. Vital capacity
9. Sitting height
10. Leg length
11. Shoulder width
12. Upper arm circumference
10
13. Fore arm circumference
14. Chest circumference
15. Thigh circumference
16. Calf circumference
1.5 Limitations of the study

Constraints of the study include the inability to account for the influence of
uncontrollable variables, such as the respondents' individual habits and states of mind,
emotional pressures and strains, and other aspects.
An further drawback is the potential influence of extraneous variables on the study's
findings, such as nutrition, daily routine, facilities, training, geographic conditions, etc.
Testing timings may be differing on the basis of availability of participants at specific
schedules.
1.6 Definition and explanation of terms
1.6.1 Physical fitness:

It can be defined as state of health and well-being and more specifically the ability to
perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities.
1.6.2 Anthropometry:
Anthropometry refers to the measurements of human body. It involves the systematic
measurements of physical properties of human body, primarily dimensional descriptors
of body size and shape.
1.6.3 Physiology:
Physiology is the branch of science which deals with functioning of internal organs of
human body.
Judoka: In Japanese terminology a Judo player is known as Judoka. Athlete who takes
part in running events of the Track and field sports.
1.7 Significance of the study

1. The present study may of special importance to the coaches who want to match
physical, physiological and anthropometric characteristics of their Judokas with
National level Judokas.
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2. The preset study may set a benchmark which is crucial to qualify for training at
National level tournaments
3. The present study could help the professionals to figure out where their
performance stands in terms of physical, physiological and anthropometric
variables.
4. If the developed profile is taken as reference it will assist new talents to compare
their characteristics with those presented in National level Profiles.
5. The present study can be highly beneficial to Judo coaches in designing target-
based training program for beginners.
12
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A literature review was conducted with the aims of the study in mind. Completed
studies provide not only information on how much work has already been done in the
field, but also about the gaps and lacunae that still remain in the relevant area of
research.
Books, monographs, journals, and other written works are of great use since they
educate us about tried-and-true ways for gathering data on previously studied topics, as
well as the statistical methods and clear results of previous studies on the same topics.
Ahokas, et al., (2019) conducted a study to evaluate the impact of water immersion
strategies on post-exercise recovery on mental and physical performance. The
modalities under investigation were: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three
different types of water immersion recovery after exercise with different types of active
recovery in terms of physiological responses and performance measures. All of the
chosen male individuals had an age range of 26+ 37 years and were engaged in
physical activity. The subjects participated in a brief activity session that included
sprinting and jumping as high as they could. In this experiment, four different recovery
patterns were used for ten minutes of cold-water immersion (10 degrees Celsius),
thermoneutral water immersion (24 degrees Celsius), and contrast water therapy (10
degrees Celsius and 38 degrees Celsius). The participants went through all of these
recovery procedures after active recovery, which consisted of a 10-minute bicycle
ergometer workout with heart rate ranges of 120-140 beats per minute and 60-73% of
their maximum heart rate. Active recovery was the fourth treatment that was
administered. Within 96 hours after the bouts, recovery was evaluated using a battery
of tests that included a 30 meter maximal sprint test, a countermovement Jump, a self-
perceived muscle soreness questionnaire, relaxation questionnaires, blood lactate
testing, creatine kinase testing, testosterone testing, cortisol testing, and catecholamine
testing. The sensation of relaxation experienced after 60 minutes of recovery was
significantly enhanced (p 0.05) following contrast water and cold-water immersion as
compared to that experienced following ACT and TWI. There was found to be no
statistically significant difference between any of the recovery strategies and the other
13
markers. It was determined, based on the findings, that contrast water immersion and
cold-water therapy were significant in accelerating fatigue and also improving
relaxation.
Laskowski, R. et.al (2019) Over the course of a period of four years, the purpose of
the research was to investigate whether or not elite female athletes experienced changes
in the structure and composition of their bodies. The research looked at 12 different
female judokas and examined 34 different somatic characteristics. Anthropometric
evaluation was carried out on the athletes twice: the first time, when they were
participants on the national junior team (at an average age of 16.64 -1.26 years), and
the second time, after four years, when they were participants on the national senior
team (at an average age of 20.78 -1.27 years).Using a collection of anthropometric
tools (GPM Swiss) and adhering to the Martin-Saller method, the measures were
obtained in a manner that was in keeping with the requirements of the IBP
(International Biological Program). The average body mass, height, BMI, and fat free
mass (in kg), as well as the body fat content, all increased significantly, although the
percentage of fat free mass declined dramatically. The body circumferences that were
measured all showed an upward trend as well. There was a discernible widening of
both the hands and the elbows, which was reflected in the measurements taken of the
upper limbs' width. In addition, there was a statistically significant rise in the value of
the endomorphic and mesomorphic components, whereas the value of the ectomorphic
component remained the same. At the junior level, the female judokas' body
composition and a significant number of the physical attributes they would have as
seniors were not yet fixed in stone. The endo-mesomorphic body type was the most
common form of body build, and the modifications that took place in the sample took
place mostly in accordance with the inclination toward this body type.
(Pavlović, r. fitness profile) Judo is a sport that brings together several aspects of the
contestants' anthropological landscapes in a single competition. Determining the profile
of a judoka, regardless of their weight category, requires not only an accurate analysis
of their morphological dimensions and their current physical status, but also the
discovery and evaluation of their motor (physical) abilities, which are frequently
referred to as their fitness profiles. It is conceivable to develop the so-called fitness
model of female judokas, particularly those competing in higher weight classes, if good
detection, analysis, and evaluation of these factors are performed. The achievements of
14
J.A., the female senior champion of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), as well as the two-
time champion of the Balkans, serve as an appropriate benchmark for this assumption
because of the results they attained (2018 and 2019 year).
Tavares, et al., (2018) carried out study on the various applications of cold-water
immersion in the real world. During the high-intensity preseason training that these
professional rugby players participated in for three weeks, the purpose of this study
was to observe the impact of a contrast water immersion on their performance. In order
to carry out this research, 23 male elite rugby players were selected on a random basis
and then subjected to either CWI (10 degree C for 10 minutes) or a passive recovery
control group (N = 12) either any of one on a random basis during high volume training
for a period of three weeks. After 17 days of training, the subjects were randomly
assigned to one of two groups: the contrast water immersion group or the control
group. The other activities, such as gym sessions, running loads, and conditioning,
were all performed in the identical manner for each of the groups. The measurements
of maximum jump, wellbeing, and subjective muscular pain were recorded twice every
week, and once every week, saliva was also recorded to the samples for the
determination of cortisol and interleukin-6. It was observed that contrast water
immersion reduced level of fatigue, as demonstrated by the moderate effects on muscle
tenderness (d = 0.58 to 0.91) and IL-6 (d = - 0.83), and the small effects (d = 0.23-0.38)
on counter movement jump when compared to the control group. The findings of this
study showed that there was no significant difference between the contrast water
immersion group and the control group for any of the measures. However, it was
discovered that the contrast water immersion group experienced a lower level.
According to the findings of the study, the use of contrast water immersion appears to
be useful in reducing the amount of fatigue and soreness experienced by rugby players
during high volume training (Tavares, et al., 2018). A comprehensive study of Olympic
athletes who compete in combat sports was carried out by Reid et al. (2016). It was
said that sportsmen competing in combat sports were classified into weight categories
so they may trim their waistlines and gain an advantage over their rivals. Typically,
athletes that compete in combat sports such as wrestling, judo, taekwondo, karate, and
boxing players, etc., strive to maintain a lower body weight. Athletes who used to
compete in combat sports typically attempted to compete in lower weight classes than
their regular body weight by altering their body mass. This was done in order to
increase their chances of winning. The use of these alterations strategically can boost
15
competitive success, despite the fact that they are harmful to one's health and may
reduce one's ability to perform well in competition. There were a few significant
concerns that were shared for the weigh-in, but these considerations varied in
importance, quantity, and methodology based on the requirements of the combative
sport and its inherent characteristics. To be more specific, the amount of body mass
that an athlete needed to lose depended on the amount of time that was allotted for
recovery. This is due to the fact that the amount of time that is allotted for recovery
plays an important role in regaining body mass that was lost as a result of restricted
food and fluid intake leading to a lower body weight. They sought to control the risk by
utilizing a variety of recovery and treatment options by reducing their body mass above
the safe limit. This can be dangerous. This review uncovered guiding principles for
combat sports athletes and coaches for manipulating body mass as well as optimizing
post-weigh-in recovery, with the goals of achieving better health and performance
during national and international combat competition. In the absence of sufficient
recovery strategies to attain a lower body weight and the pragmatic recognition of the
likely continuation of these practices for as long as regulations allow, this review
provided a framework for athletes and coaches involved in combat sports.
Cristina Casals et.al. (2017) A study was carried out, and the purpose of the present
study was to discover the anthropometric characteristics that are the most accurate
predictors of performance on the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). In addition to this,
the anthropometric profiles of Spain's top judo competitors were analyzed and
compared according to gender and age group (seniors and juniors). During a period of
competition, a total of 51 (29 female) athletes who were members of the Spanish
National Judo Team were examined for the purpose of this cross-sectional study. The
SJFT was conducted by every athlete, and they also had their skinfold thickness
measured for the anthropometric evaluation. Comparisons using the Mann-Whitney
test by gender and age group revealed that males had considerably larger muscle mass
and lower fat mass than females (p 0.001), but juniors and seniors demonstrated
relatively few changes in their body composition. In order to investigate the
connections between anthropometric features and SJFT variables, linear regression
analysis using the stepwise technique were carried out. The first model used gender,
age group, and total body mass as its predictors. Both body mass and sex strongly
predicted the SJFT index (R2 = 0.27, p <0.001); hence, both criteria had to be taken
16
into consideration before interpreting the test. Model 2's predictors were short
assessment variables such skinfolds, breadths, girths, and height. Model 1's predictors
were more in-depth. The biceps skinfold strongly predicted the SJFT index in our
regression model (R2 = 0.31, p<0.001) for elite athletes. As predictors, body
compositions and somatotypes were incorporated into Model 3. (R2 = 0.44, p 0.001)
Better SJFT performance was associated with higher muscle and bone masses as well
as lower ectomorphs. As a result, training regimens ought to strive to raise the
percentage of muscle mass and lower the percentage of upper arm fat, while the
percentage of bone might be taken into consideration in the selection of gifted athletes
in conjunction with other criteria.
Leandro C. Felippe et.al (2016) It is possible that taking a supplement that contains
caffeine (CAF) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) together could have an ergogenic
impact during activities that include intermittent exertion like judo; however, the
effectiveness of this combination in this sport has not been investigated. The purpose of
this study is to examine both the individual and synergistic effects of CAF and
NaHCO3 on judo performance. Methods: Ten judokas went through four different
supplementation protocols (NaHCO3, CAF, NaHCO3 + CAF, and placebo (PLA)
(cellulose), which were then followed by three Special Judo Fitness Tests (SJFTs) that
were separated by intervals of five minutes of rest results showed that the combined
supplement of NaHCO3 and CAF led to a larger number of throws in the first SJFT
compared to the use of PLA (24.4 +- 0.9 throws versus 23.2 +-1.5 throws, respectively,
P =.02). The results of the second SJFT showed that there was no significant difference
between the circumstances (P =.11). In the third SJFT, the results showed that
NaHCO3 and NaHCO3 + CAF led to more throws than PLA did (23.7 +- 1.6, 24.4 +-
1.0, and 22.0 +- 1.6 throws, respectively, P =.001 and P =.03). Only after the total
throws done in all three SJFTs were added together did it become clear that NaHCO3 +
CAF had a superior performance to PLA (68.8 4.4 throws versus 72.7 +- 3.1 throws,
respectively, P =.003). After each SJFT, plasma lactate levels were found to be
significantly greater than those with PLA (P =.001) in all of the experimental settings.
The assessment of perceived exertion did not differ significantly among the conditions
(P =.18), as indicated by the lack of a meaningful difference. The findings of this study
indicate that taking a combination supplement of sodium bicarbonate and calcium
17
amino acid phosphate (NaHCO3 + CAF) is superior to taking PLA for improving judo
performance.
Pujszo, R. et.al (2016).The purpose of the study was to determine the individual
tactical and technical profile of a leading Polish judoka from the heaviest weight
category as well as the characteristic of his body composition in comparison to the
world's elite in this category. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the
characteristics of his body composition in comparison to the world's elite in this
category. Material/Methods Material for the examination of the Polish athlete's
technical and tactical profile was derived from 92 fights that he competed in while
representing his country in national and international competitions. During the highest
level of the sport's championship, 12 judo competitors, one from Poland and 11 from
other countries, competed in the heaviest weight category. The anthropometric
measurements, which included 19 aspects, were taken of all of the participants.
Sheldon's approach, with Heath-modification, Carter's was utilized in order to perform
an analysis of the somatic kinds. Results The participant in the study was most
successful at doing throws from the ashiwaza group during his duels. Of these, osoto
gari was the technique with which he achieved the highest number of points and
victories before the end of the allotted time. The throws that were performed using
tewaza were found to be the second most successful, with seoinage performed from the
knees proving to be the most effective throw overall. The body height of the individual
was higher (199.0 cm) than the mean for the control group (188.9+- 8.3 cm), and his
body weight was lower (113.0 kg) than the mean of the world's greatest athletes (119.4
+-18.2 kg). Both of these measurements were significantly different from one another.
Mesomorphy predominated in the somatic type of the Polish athlete; however, its value
was higher in the control group (6.0–8.3–1.5). Conclusions To make battles more
effective, the subject should build up their muscular mass and make the most of the
natural physical predispositions they were born with. This should be done on the basis
of a prospective analysis of how this would affect their tactical and technical profile.
Kuzmicki, S. (2016) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the individual tactical
and technical profile of a leading Polish judoka from the heaviest weight category as
well as the characteristic of his body composition in relation to the world's elite
competitors in this category. Material/Methods: Material for the examination of the
18
Polish athlete's technical and tactical profile was derived from 92 fights that he
competed in while representing his country in national and international competitions.
During the highest level of the sport's championship, 12 judo competitors, one from
Poland and 11 from other countries, competed in the heaviest weight category. The
anthropometric measurements, which included 19 aspects, were taken of all of the
participants. Sheldon's approach, with Heath-modification, Carter's was utilized in
order to perform an analysis of the somatic kinds. Results: The participant in the study
was most successful at doing throws from the ashiwaza group during his duels.
Specifically, he used osoto gari to score the most points and victories before the end of
the regular time period. The throws that were part of the tewaza group proved to be the
second most effective, with the seoinage throw that was performed from the knees
emerging as the most successful overall. The body height of the individual was greater
(199.0 cm) than the mean for the control group (188.9+- 8.3 cm), and his body weight
was lower (113.0 kg) than the mean for the world's greatest athletes (119.4 +-18.2 kg).
Mesomorphy predominated in the somatic type of the Polish athlete; however, its value
was higher in the control group (6.0-8.3-1.5). In order to improve the effectiveness of
fights, the subject should focus on increasing the size of his muscle mass and making
the most of the natural physical predispositions he was born with. This should be done
on the basis of a prospective analysis of how this will affect the tactical and technical
profile.
Adam, M., Smaruj, M., & Laskowski, R. (2014) In spite of how frequently the
technical and tactical assessments of judo matches are covered in published works,
individual profiling is still rather uncommon. The purpose of the research was to
determine the technical and tactical profile of one of the greatest judokas in the history
of the sport of judo, who is considered to be among the finest in the world. In spite of
how frequently the technical and tactical assessments of judo matches are covered in
published works, individual profiling is still rather uncommon. The purpose of the
research was to determine the technical and tactical profile of one of the greatest
judokas in the history of the sport of judo, who is considered to be among the finest in
the world. Waldemar Legie is a Polish judoka who competed in the Olympics twice
and won gold in separate weight classes both times. He is now retired (78 kg and 86
kg). The current study on his career covers the years 1991 and 1992, which are the
years in which he participated in a total of 24 tournaments, both in his native nation
19
and in other countries. It is possible that the reason for his remarkable winning record
is that he utilized strategies from all of the different categories of throws. The fact that
he has nineteen various methods at his disposal, including throws and grappling, is
evidence of his exceptional technical ability. According to the findings of our study,
one of the distinguishing characteristics of Legie as a super elite judoka was his
adaptability in both technical and tactical manoeuvre.
Saini& Sinha (2014) Examine the leg strength, grip strength, and back strength of
wrestlers, weightlifters, and judokas who compete at the collegiate level. From each of
the many degree colleges in Jharkhand, ten courses were chosen to represent each of
the disciplines. An analysis of variance was performed on the students who participated
in wrestling, weightlifting, and judo, and the variables that were examined included leg
strength, back strength, and grip strength. The level of significance was determined to
be 0.05. Since the calculated F (4.04), which was determined to be bigger than the
tabulated value, a statistically significant difference was seen between the athletes in
the sports of wrestling, weightlifting, and judo (3.35). On the other hand, it appears that
wrestlers and judokas have roughly the same amount of leg strength. There was not a
significant difference between wrestlers, weightlifters, and judokas in terms of back
and grip strength. Weightlifters had a greater mean value (141.5) than wrestlers (128.3)
and the Judokas (132.9). In relation to back strength and grip strength, respectively,
Judokas had a greater mean value (52.7) than weightlifters (49.3) and wrestlers (51.1).
There were small ranges of variation. Weightlifters had a greater mean value (141.5)
than wrestlers (128.3).
Cicovicet. Et. al. (2014) conducted a study to investigate the connection between
young Judo athletes' functional skills and their agility test scores, and analyzed the
results of the study. Students from elementary schools in east Sarajevo make up the
sample of respondents for this survey, which has 42 total participants. They are 12 and
13 years old, have participated in formal training, and are currently competing as
athletes in Judo clubs. The primary purpose of this study was to discover, using
statistical methods, whether or not there is a correlation between functional skills,
which served as a predictor system, and the outcomes of agility, which served as a
criteria system, among the respondents. The functional capacities of the subject were
evaluated using three different tests: the vital lung capacity test, the systolic blood
20
pressure at rest test, and the diastolic blood pressure at rest test. Canonical correlation
analysis was utilized in order to make sense of the survey's findings. The findings of
the study indicated that there is a statistically significant association between the
functional abilities of young Judo competitors and the outcomes of their agility tests.
Frances Z. Cumbee (2013) carried out research to identify the fundamental aspects of
motor coordination. With the assistance of a variety of appropriate independent
variables, we assessed five separate factors: object, tempo, two-handed agility, speed of
change of direction of arms and hand, and body balance. The data collection took place
in two stages: the first stage (with a sample size of n = 200) focused on determining
which essential independent variables existed, and the second stage (with a sample size
of n = 130) was devoted to the establishment of norms. As a consequence of the study,
a total of eight factors were found, but only five of those components were given
names since clear interpretation and very simple tests can be performed on those
factors. Two aspects of motor educability were chosen as potential predictors, and the
best way to understand each was in relation to total body balance. As a conclusion, it
was said that the findings of this study cannot be used to provide a definitive definition
of motor coordination in terms of abilities.
Drid et.al. (2013) conducted a study to determine: 1) the physiological profile of cadet
male judokas competing for the Serbian national team in the study that was done. 2)
which motor and physiological qualities differentiate more successful athletes from
those who are less successful; The participants in this study were selected from among
the most talented cadet judokas across the entirety of Serbia. These participants were
then split into two distinct groups based on the results they had achieved in previous
contests. Both Group A and Group B had a total of 16 people participating in the study.
The participants who ended up winning the silver and gold medals were members of
group "A," and those who took home the bronze were members of group "B." The
structure of discriminate functions makes it abundantly evident that the variable agility
t-test is the source of the highest discriminant value in the set of variables that were
applied for analysis. The relative peak power achieved in the wingate test when
running laterally for 20 meters (W/kg). At the level of evaluation that was p< 0.01, it
was determined that there were statistically significant differences between the
variables 10m sprint from flying start, running sideways 20m, Agility t-test, continuous
jump, shuttle run, and relative peak power in Wingate test (W/Kg). This led to the
21
conclusion that there were statistically significant differences between the groups. The
differences are always in favour of team A, which indicates that the examinees who
were a part of this national team achieved much higher outcomes in the aforementioned
variables than those who were a part of team B. All of the differences are in team A's
favour. The framework of being in good shape in judo, which is determined by success,
can be labeled as invaluable from the point of view of both the science and the practice
of the sport. The findings of this study, which were obtained by doing the research, are
able to provide coaches with information about the areas that need greater focus in
order to make up for results that are below average when compared to the model.
Clarys, P. et.al (2012) to determine the anthropometrical features of the Swiss junior
and elite judo national team as well as the hand grip strength of the squad members.
The values that were measured were compared with the data that was found in the
literature. Measurements were taken of 24 individuals, including 19 males with an
average age of 23.01 4.91 years and five females with an average age of 19.95 2.02
years. All of the following anthropometric measurements were taken: body size, body
weight, six skinfolds (SFT), two breadths, two circumferences, body fat (tanita scale,
Durnin and Womersley method), body mass index (BMI), and assessment of
somatotypes. Along with that, the hand grip strength was evaluated. The
anthropometric evaluations were carried out in accordance with the recommendations
provided by the ISAK. The average male judoka somatotype had endomorphy values
of 2.22 +-0.08, mesomorphy values of 6.0 0.09, and ectomorphy values of 2.07 +-0.07.
The average somatotype was that of a mesomorph who is well balanced. The average
hand grip strength of male judoka was 47.4 kg with a standard deviation of 6.7 kg. The
mean endomorphy of female judoka was 3.7 with a standard deviation of 1.2, the mean
mesomorphy was 4.9 with a standard deviation of 0.07, and the mean ectomorphy was
1.5 with a standard deviation of 0.03. The mesomorphic endomorphic somatotype was
the typical one. The female judoka had a mean hand grip strength of 27.0 kg with a
standard deviation of 3.1 kg. There were anthropometric disparities between the juniors
and elite judoka from Switzerland, as well as differences between the athletes from
Switzerland and the athletes from the reference studies. The results of the hand grip
strength test and the anthropometric measurements provide advice on which aspects of
their game Swiss judoka should work to improve. Even if a judoka does not perfectly
22
match the ideal profile, there are many additional aspects that might contribute to their
success (technical, tactical, mental strength).
Cristina Casals et.al. 2012 applied a different method in order to make a prediction
about the judo performance. They found that higher-ranked judokas had a tendency to
do better in the Special Judo Fitness Test. In light of this idea, they decided to carry out
a cross-sectional study on 51 Judokas from the National Judo team of Spain, with 29
females and 22 males participating. The anthropometric data of the patient was
collected and then compared on the basis of gender (male or female) and age (junior or
senior). The findings of the study made it very clear that male participants do, in fact,
have higher levels of muscle mass when compared with female subjects. According to
one of the regression models, the biceps skinfold has the ability to predict SJFT
performance with an R2 value of 0.31, which is statistically significant (p<0.001). It
was discovered that a higher bone and muscle mass were strongly associated with
greater performance on the SJFT (R2 = 0.44, p< 0.001)
Daniele Detanico et.al. (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the association between
body fat percentage and body mass, as well as the strength characteristics of the Judogi
pull test and the counter movement leap. In this study, the relationship between a
person's non-dominant hand and their dominant hand was also studied. During the
Judogi pull test, the researchers gathered data on a number of different kinetic and
kinematic characteristics. These variables included maximal force, rate of force
buildup, and so on. In addition to that, several jump kinematics were recorded.
According to the findings of the study, both the absolute and relative maximum forces,
as well as the pace of force buildup, were greater in the dominant hand. In the instance
of the counter movement jump, an inverse link was shown to exist between relative
power and the maximum height achieved. It was discovered that there is a substantial
positive correlation between body mass and body fat (r=0.88). The findings of this
study lend credence to the claim that an individual's ability to leap lowers as their body
mass increases.
Molina, R. et.al (2011) The Scandal and the Probe the goal of many judo athletes is to
maximize muscle mass while minimizing fat, depending on their weight class. Very
little is known about sexual dimorphism among judo athletes, and there have been very
23
few research that compared athletes of different ages. The goal of this research was to
compare and contrast the physical attributes of male and female judoka in the Spanish
National Teams. Substances and Techniques: There were a total of 44 participants: 18
male cadets, 15 juniors, and 8 seniors; and 16 female cadets, 12 juniors, and 18 seniors.
Participants spanned all seven of the standard body mass index ranges. Body fat
percentage, muscle mass, bone density, skinfold thickness, and circumferences were
also measured. Not only that, but we also determined the subjects' somatotypes, BMIs,
body fat percentages, and muscle masses. In order to make group comparisons, we
used a Tukey test and a two-way analysis of variance (including both gender and age
groups). The results showed that (1) men were heavier and taller than women and had
lower body fat and higher muscle mass absolute and relative values, circumferences,
and bone diameters, and lower endomorphic and higher mesomorphic components; (2)
men had thinner skinfolds at the limb sites than women but the opposite was true for
the trunk; and (3) there were only slight differences in body composition between age
groups, with cadets having smaller flexed arm circumferences than adults. It's possible
to draw the conclusion that top-tier cadet judoka look identical to their senior
counterparts, making it easier for trainers to select them. Those in the know about
physical fitness could use the information as a reference from here on out.
De Durana4BE, A. L. D. et.al (2010) To conduct an analysis of the most effective

technical actions utilized by female judokas competing at the national level who are in
the cadet category (15 and 16 years old), in each of the weight categories, to determine
the advantages and sanctions obtained throughout the progression of fights, and to
determine the distribution of the results achieved in each of the four-minute rounds.
The judokas' technical profiles will be evaluated according to their respective weight
classes in order to accomplish this. Material/Methods: The sample includes 116 female
judokas who were between the ages of 15 and 16, and who competed in a total of 166
fights while competing in the Spanish Championships. These judokas were separated
into seven weight categories. The referees who were chosen for the study follow-up
throughout the progression of the tournament were the ones in charge of collecting the
data. They were the ones who were responsible for filling out the official entry form for
each of the fights. On the basis of statistical information collected using SPSS 14, a
descriptive analysis was carried out. Results: According to the findings, the most
common techniques utilised by female judokas, the dynamic structure of the
24
competition, and the total number of disqualifications are all comparable to those
utilised by judokas competing at the highest levels. However, in this age bracket, the
te-waza group, with seoi-nage as the most effective method, and the sutemi-waza
group, with tani-otoshi as the most prominent technique, are the most common
technical groupings. Sanctions come in third place. Conclusions: It doesn't matter what
weight class they compete in, Spanish female judokas are more successful in the battle
when they are in the vertical stance (tachi-waza) rather than when they are in the
horizontal posture (ne-waza).
Fallahi and Jaddian (2010) studied the influence that hand dimensions, hand shape,
and certain anthropometric traits had on the hand grip strength of male grip athletes and
grip non-athletes. Specifically, the participants were male. Participants in this study
ranged in age from 19 to 29, and were split into two groups: the first group (N=40)
consisted of national and collegiate grip athletes. The body mass index was determined
by measuring the subject's height in addition to their mass. It was necessary to correctly
measure the finger spans, finger lengths, and perimeters of the hands, thus the shape of
the dominant hand was drawn on a piece of paper with a thin marker. The ratio of the
hand's width to its length was used to get an estimate of the hand shape. Using a
conventional dynamometer, we determined the hand grip strength of both the dominant
hand and the non-dominant hand. For each variable, descriptive statistics were used,
and an independent t-test was utilized in order to investigate the differences that existed
between the two groups. In order to assess the degree of connection between the
variables under investigation, the Pearson correlation coefficient test was carried out.
In addition, a linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the linear trend in order to
provide accurate predictions regarding crucial aspects of handgrip strength. Both the
absolute handgrip strength (p less than 0.01) and the handgrip ratio (p less than 0.001)
of the two groups were found to be significantly different from one another. The
indices of body height, body mass, body fat content, and lean body mass were
considerably higher in grip athletes (p 0.001) than they were in other types of athletes.
In grip athletes, there was a substantial positive association between handgrip strength
and the majority of the hand dimensions. Because of this, they can be utilized in the
process of talent identification in sports that involve handgrips as well as in therapeutic
contexts.
25
Hernández, R., Torres-Luque, G., & Olmedilla, A. (2009) The purpose of this
research was to examine how the minds of 10 top-level judokas (five men and five
women) evolved over the course of the season's seven-week tournament period. A
modified Profile of Mood States was administered weekly, including on competition
days, in addition to quantitative monitoring of training volume and monitoring of body
weight. According to the results, judokas' ratings on the Profile of Mood States did not
change after a drastic reduction in the volume of specific training; however, a loss of 3
to 4 percent of the starting body weight in the weeks leading up to competition had a
profound effect on the athletes' moods, as shown by an increase in rated Tension and
Vigor and a decrease in rated Fatigue. This occurred with no appreciable lessening of
the total amount of time spent training.
Halson, et al. (2008) has carried out research to investigate the physiological effects of
cycling in hot weather immediately followed by immersion in cold water. The purpose
of this research was to investigate whether or not immersion in cold water has an effect
on the thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory
changes that occur after engaging in cycling activity while the environment is hot. In
order to carry out this research, 11 men endurance cyclists were recruited and asked to
compete in two simulated 40-minute time trials at a temperature of 34.3±11 degrees
Celsius. Subjects underwent through cold- water immersion treatment of 60 seconds
for 3 times at 11.5 ºC and control condition (passive recovery at 24.2 ± 1.8 ºC) in cross
over randomized design. Blood was drawn from capillaries for the purpose of analysis,
and this blood was tested for blood lactate, blood glucose, and pH. A venous blood
sample was also tested for cortisol, catecholamines, testosterone, c-reactive protein,
creatine kinase, IL-6, and IGF-1 on seven participants in this experiment. For assessing
recovery heart rate, rectal temperature was used as physiological recovery marker. The
analysis showed that contrast water immersion recorded a significantly lower heart rate
(CWI: 116 9 bpm vs. CONT. 106 4 bpm) and rectal temperature (CWI: 1.99± 0.50 C
vs. CONT: 1.49 0.50 °C. These differences were statistically significant. However, in
other physiological variables significant difference was not reported between any
conditions. In this study's conclusion, it was shown that all of the cyclists experienced
enhanced recovery following contrast water immersion, and none of the 27 cyclists
experienced hypothermia. As a result, the researchers came to the conclusion that
utilizing this recovery method for the purpose of post-recovery improvement was not
26
only safe, but that it could also be utilized by coaches and athletes for the purpose of
recovery enhancement.
Felici, F. et.al (2007) The primary objectives of this research were to provide a
description of the cardio respiratory fitness and maximal muscle power of a selected
sample of Italian Olympic judokas who competed in the male and female categories,
respectively. Eleven individuals (6 M, 5 F) underwent 3 separate tests. During a graded
maximal treadmill test, the ventilator threshold (VT; V-slope technique) and V O2max
were measured. During a 30-second Wingate test, the peak power (PP) and mean
power (MP) of the lower limbs' muscles were measured and recorded (WIN). After the
win, a peak blood lactate reading was also taken. The participants also underwent a
combat test (CT) that lasted for five minutes, during which time their blood lactate and
heart rate (HR) were measured. For male and female judokas, the values for V O2max
(mean and standard deviation) were 47.310.9 and 52.94.4 ml•kg1 •min1, respectively.
The VT was equal to 86.5% of V O2max for the females and 80.8% for the males.
During the WIN, both PP and MP were assessed, and the results showed that they were
much greater.
Emerson Franchini et.al. (2007) The primary goals of this study were to offer a
description of the cardio respiratory fitness and maximal muscle power of a selected
sample of Italian Olympic judokas who competed in the male and female divisions,
respectively. This research was carried out in Italy. Eleven people (6 M, 5 F)
underwent 3 distinct examinations. The ventilatory threshold (VT; V-slope technique)
and V O2max were assessed while the subject was undergoing a graded maximal
treadmill test. The peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) of the participants' lower
limb muscles were assessed and recorded during a 30-second Wingate test (WIN).
After the victory, a reading of the peak blood lactate level was also collected. A combat
test (CT) that lasted for five minutes was also administered to the individuals. During
this time, their blood lactate and heart rate (HR) were assessed. The values for
maximum ventilatory capacity (V O2max) were found to be 47.310.9 and 52.94.4
ml•kg1 •min1 for male and female judokas, respectively. The mean value was
47.310.9. For the females, the VT was equivalent to 86.5% of V O2max, while for the
men, it was equal to 80.8%. During the WIN, both the PP and the MP were evaluated,
and the findings revealed that both of them were significantly higher. The Pearson
27
coefficient correlation was used to investigate the connections that existed between the
various variables. The degree of significance was decided to be 5%. There was found
to be no statistically significant difference between them in any of the variables. The
main significant correlations that were discovered were between the following
variables: V O2max and the number of throws in the SJFT (r=0.79); percent body fat
and estimated V O2max (r=0.83) and number of throws in the SJFT (r=0.70); chest
circumference and bench press 1RM (r=0.90) and in the row (r=0.80); and thigh
circumference and squat 1RM (r=0.86). However, there was not a significant
correlation found between circumferences and one repetition maximum per kilograme
of body mass. According to these findings, the most important takeaways are as
follows: (1) the physical variables that were measured do not differentiate performance
when the analysis is focused on the best athletes; (2) a higher percentage of body fat is
negatively correlated with performance in activities with body mass locomotion
(Cooper test and the SJFT); (3) Judo players with higher aerobic power performed
better in high-intensity intermittent exercise; (4) Judo players with larger
circumferences present bigger absolute values for the variables that were measured;
and Journal of Physiological Anthropology, Volume 26 Number Two, Pages 59–67,
Year 2007 http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jpa2 [DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.26.59].
HarvozSerticet.l. et.al (2006) research was carried out in collaboration with the
Croatian Judo Association in order to formulate standards for evaluating judo
performance on both the national and international levels. Six men and eight women
who were members of the elite group, as well as seventeen male Judo players on the
junior level, were subjected to a variety of motor and functional ability tests, as well as
numerous anthropometric measurements and certain fitness assessments. Junior age
male participants were evaluated twice (at the ages of 11 and 14 years) for the research
of performance improvement. All of the individuals were examined on a total of
sixteen motor and functional ability tests, sixteen anthropometric measurements, and
sixteen fitness tests. The application of these three groups of tests, the majority of
which justifies the significance of maximal strength and strength endurance, was
carried out. According to the findings of the study, participating in periodic testing at
regular intervals may be of great assistance to athletes in terms of improving their Judo
performance.
28
Franchiniet. et.al. (2005) At the national and international levels, athletes can be
ranked based on their mental, physiological, and physical preparedness. This study is
one of several that have looked into the disparities between the most successful and
least successful Brazilian Judo athletes. Parameters such as 1 Wingate test for the upper
body Circumferences, Part 2 Strength in the grip, upper body, and abdominal muscles
Thickening of the Skin Dimensions (6-Breadths) 7) SJFT 8) Lactate levels in the blood
during active recovery (70 percent of anaerobic threshold speed and rest) after a fight.
The anaerobic capacity of Judo medalists was shown to be much higher than that of
non-medalists in tests designed specifically for the sport. Following factors were
determined to be statistically distinct from one another at the 0.05 level as a result of
the study: One can measure circumference by flexing their arm, forearm, wrist, and
calf; two, by using the SJFT, one can measure the number and index of throws; and
three, using the Wingate test, one can measure the mean and peak power. There were
no differences between medalists and non-medalists on any of the other characteristics
we looked at. Therefore, it is suggested to use the significantly distinct characteristics
as predictors of higher-quality Judo performance.
Shaw Dhananjoy and Kavanal B.K. (1995) conducted research to identify structural
metrics and body composition variables that can be used in a multiple regression
equation to predict judo performance. Standing height, sitting height, total leg length,
upper arm girth, thigh girth, calf girth, chest girth, ponderal index, crura index, upper-
forearm ratio, total body weight, lean body mass, and percentage of body fat were
some of the structural measures and body composition variables used. Forty-six male
judo competitors from the inter-university level were randomly selected to participate
in the study and undergo the aforementioned measurements. Three qualified Judo
coaches evaluated the performance using the provided criteria, and an average of their
scores was used to produce the final score. The data on judo performance and the data
on selected structural measures containing body composition elements were treated as
dependent and independent variables, respectively, in order to formulate the regression
equation. The data was then analyzed using multiple correlation and step-down
regression. Based on the data, we know that the upper-forearm ratio (UFAR), lean
body mass (LBM), and sitting height (SH) are the most relevant predictive variables
within the scope of this study, and they completed the multiple regression equation to
29
predict judo performance with high accuracy. Body fat percentage, upper arm length to
upper body length ratio, and height in inches spent seated (SH).
2.1 Research gap in above topic:

The study of physical fitness, physiological and anthropometric variables in elite
athletes is crucial for identifying key factors that contribute to high performance in a
particular sport. However, there is a lack of research on the physical fitness and
anthropometric profiles of top-class Indian Judokas. There is a need for detailed
research on the specific physical fitness and anthropometric variables that influence the
performance of Indian Judokas, and how these variables differ from those of athletes
from other countries. Additionally, there is a gap in research on the impact of training
and nutritional interventions on the physical fitness and anthropometric variables of
Indian Judokas.
Moreover, there is limited research on the physiological variables of top-class Indian

Judokas, such as VO2 max, lactate threshold, and muscle strength. These variables are
crucial in determining the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of an athlete, which are key
components of judo performance. Understanding the physiological characteristics of
Indian Judokas can also help coaches and sports scientists develop more effective
training programs to improve their performance.
Furthermore, there is a lack of studies that investigate the relationship between physical
fitness, physiological, and anthropometric variables in Indian Judokas. Such research
could provide insight into the factors that contribute to high performance in this sport
and inform the development of training programs that target these variables.
In summary, there is a significant research gap in the physical fitness, physiological,

and anthropometric profiles of top-class Indian Judokas. Further research in this area
could contribute to a better understanding of the factors that contribute to high
performance in this sport and inform the development of training programs for Indian
Judokas to compete at the international level.
30
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOLGY
The current study was a predictive type of study, and the sample of subjects was collected
on athletes engaging in judo tournaments at various levels of competition. The investigator
of a study needed to make a detailed strategy for the entire process of the work in terms of a
research design that was suitable for the investigation that was being conducted. As a
consequence of this, the design of the current study was presented in a methodical manner,
with the following headings:
3.1 Selection of Samples for the study:

This study's sample of 60 athletes who had competed at the national level comprised only
male players from Madhya Pradesh who were between the ages of 18 and 25 and who were
residents of Madhya Pradesh. Each of these athletes was a native of the Indian state of
Madhya Pradesh.
The random sampling approach was employed in the evening and morning sessions, before
the National camps, and during practice at the T.T. Nagar Stadium in Bhopal in order to
collect the essential data on the subject. These activities were carried out in advance of the
national camps. All of the participants were put through strenuous inspections and tests
before the competition began.
Table 3-1: Selection of subjects for data collection
Events -56, -60kg -66, -73kg -81, -90kg
No. of Subjects 20 20 20
3.1.1 Selection of variables:

A number of anthropometric and physical characteristics were chosen based on a
survey of the relevant literature, the opinions of relevant experts, the accessibility of
relevant facilities and tools, and the individual scholar's personal comprehension of the
issue.
Table 3-2: Selection of Variables
Predictor variables Predictor variables Predictor variables
Physiological Anthropometric Physical Fitness
Variables measurements
a. Back strength
a) Fat percentage a. Sitting height b. Shoulder strength
b) Vital capacity b. Leg length c. Grip strength
31
c. Shoulder width d. Standing broad
d. Upper arm jump
circumference e. 50m Dash
e. Fore arm circumference f. 1000m Run
f. Chest circumference g. Shuttle rum 30feet
g. Thigh circumference *6
h. Calf circumference
3.2 Criterion measures
1. All the anthropometric measurements were measured to the 1/10th of the centimeter.
Non-stretchable measuring tape were used to measure the length.
2. Standing broad jump and medicine ball throw: measuring tape were used to measure the
distance. The distance was measure to the closest of 1/10th of centimeter.
3. Hand grip strength: Handgrip Dynamometer were used to measure the grip strength of
the subjects. The best result of dominating hand was recorded to the nearest of 0.1kg.
4. Back and leg strength: Back and leg strength Dynamometer were used to measure the
back and leg strength. The measurement was recorded to the nearest of 0.1kg.
5. Standing broad jump: This test was conducted on long Jump pit of the stadium.
6. 50m & 1000 meter: These tests were conducted on standard 400m track. The timings of
the subjects were recorded to the nearest of 1/100 of a second.
3.3 Procedure of Testing and Collection of Data
3.3.1 Fat Percentage

Skinfold callipers (Harpenden, Slimglide, or Lange), a tape measure, a marker pen, and
paper to take notes on are the tools that will be used. If you are interested in gaining a
deeper understanding of the distinctions that exist between the various calipers.
Method: collect skinfold measurement at three to nine standard anatomical locations. In
most cases, only the "right side" is taken into (for consistency). When the skin is
pinched in the right spot, the tester is able to raise both layers of skin and the adipose
tissue beneath (but not the muscle). After waiting 2 seconds with the callipers 1 cm
below and perpendicular to the squeeze, a reading is taken in millimeters (mm). If you
can, take an average of two readings. A third reading should be taken if there is a
considerable difference between the findings of two measures, and the value in the
middle should be used.
32
3.3.2 Vital Capacity
There shouldn't be any difference in the amount of air that the person can exhale
whether they are standing or sitting as long as they are sitting up straight. The tips of all
four toes should be in contact with the ground, and the legs shouldn't be crossed in any
way. Spirometry readings could be off if the person is wearing clothing that is too
confining; if the subject is wearing clothing that is too tight, the readings could be off
(give lower volumes than are true). It is helpful to have some underlying structure in
the mouth, even if dentures are left in place, as long as they are not excessively loose.
Dentures are often left in place.
Before attempting the forced expiration, you should first take a few tidal breaths, which
are regular breaths, and then you should take a deep breath in while you are still
holding the mouthpiece, and then you should take a third quick and complete
inspiration before attempting the forced expiration. The second technique is to take a
deep breath in, wrap your mouth tightly around the mouthpiece, and then let out your
breath in one continuous motion. You can instruct the person to breathe out until their
lungs are completely empty, and then you can instruct them to breathe in completely
for a short length of time.
3.3.3 Back Strength

A back strength dynamometer was utilized in order to determine the isometric strength
of the back muscles. The participants were given the instruction to stand with their hips
extended forward by approximately 15 degrees while holding the dynamometer bar
with a dead lift grip. When the subjects are in this stance, with their hands on the front
of their thighs, the bar should be positioned so that it is just below the subjects' finger
tips. This can be accomplished by moving the bar down slightly. Hands are spaced
around the width of the shoulder. The rider maintains a straight position during the
ascent, with their knees and back, and there are no jerks in the lift's motion. When
determining overall performance, only the top two performances out of the three trials
were considered.
3.3.4 Grip Strength

This test was utilized for the purpose of measuring the isometric strength of the
dominant hand to its utmost capacity. The grip strength dynamometer was what was
utilized to carry out the test.
33
The subject's dominant hand was supposed to be the one holding the dynamometer, the
subject's arm was supposed to be at a right angle to the body, and the subject's elbow
was supposed to be resting by the side of the body. In the event that it is required, you
are able to adjust the height of the dynamometer's handle. Before having the subject
pull the handle of the dynamometer, the tester will check to make sure that the o value
is properly displayed on the dynamometer's display. A participant needs to exert their
greatest possible force on the dynamometer and keep that effort up for at least five
seconds. It is strictly forbidden for any other part of the body, including the hands, to
come into contact with the dynamometer. The participants in the study were given
three opportunities, with 15 seconds of intermittent recovery time in between each pair
of opportunities. The best result will be marked as being as close to 0.1kg as possible.
3.3.5 Shoulder Strength

This test was used to measure the patients' arm and shoulder girdle strength, as well as
their explosive shoulder strength. For this particular test, a medicine ball weighing 2
kilograms was utilized. Before beginning the test, the participants were provided with
the appropriate instructions regarding how to carry out the test in the most effective
manner. The participants were instructed to stand between the two restraining lines,
and they were to aim their throwing arm in a direction that was perpendicular to the
path of the ball. Recordings were made to the nearest tenth of a centimeter of the
distance travelled by the ball from its beginning point to its final resting place. Every
subject participated in a total of three trials, and only their three best efforts were taken
into consideration for the analysis.
3.3.6 Standing Broad Jump

In the first part of the performance, a person was shown standing a few inches from a
starting line, with his toes resting on the line. Before making a leap, the guy threw his
arms behind his back and bent his knees. The athlete simultaneously bent both knees
and stretched both arms forward in order to do the jump correctly. It was possible to try
the task three times, with the best time being recorded in terms of feet and inches.
3.3.7 50m Dash

The examiner gave the test subjects the option to begin at whatever time they chose.
Ready to do the test at the examiner's request! Set! go! Participants are required to
complete a distance of fifty meters to begin. It was presumed that the participants
34
would complete the 50-meter dash in the quickest time possible. Each iteration of the
test was carried out with a group of eight to ten subjects.
3.3.8 1000 Meter Run / Walk

The examiner gave the test subjects the option to begin at whatever time they chose.
Ready to do the test at the examiner's request! Set! go! Participants are required to
complete a distance of fifty meters to begin. It was presumed that the participants
would complete the 50-meter dash in the quickest time possible. Each iteration of the
test was carried out with a group of eight to ten subjects.
3.3.9 4 X 10-Yard Shuttle Run

Equipment includes two wooden blocks with dimensions of (2” x 2” x 4), a stop watch,
and marking powder.
The procedure for this test consisted of drawing two parallel lines on the ground, with
10 yards of distance separating them from one another. They put the two wooden
blocks in a place where they were behind one of the lines. The request was made that
the participants start on the opposite side of the line. Get set, go! Go! The participant
dashed to the blocks, grabbed one of them, sprinted back to the starting line, moved the
block past the line, and then dashed back to the blocks to get another one to bring over
the line. As soon as the second block was placed on the ground, the timer stopped the
clock and the event came to an end.
3.3.10 Vital Capacity

Dry spirometer, Procedure: A mouthpiece was fastened to the limb of the spirometer,
and the spirometer was held by the base or placed on a table in such a way that the air
holes were kept in a horizontal position and did not become blocked. It is necessary to
pinch the nasal airways of the subjects with one's hand to ensure that they remain
closed throughout the procedure. Afterwards, the participant was instructed to breathe
in as deeply as they could and exhale as much air as they could while using the
spirometer.
3.3.11 Sitting Height

It was the distance from the vertex to the sitting plane along the vertical axis. The
participant was instructed to sit on a table with his back stretched so that his head
35
remained in the F.H. plane. His thighs were instructed to rest totally on the tabletop
while his legs were allowed to hang freely. Midway along the sagittal plane, the
anthropometer rod was held in a vertical position with its rear end facing the patient.
The movable arm on the horizontal plane was brought all the way to the point vertex.
3.3.12 Leg Length

Using the same technique as before for elevation, we stood the participant up and used
an anthropometer rod to measure the distance between their anterior superior iliac and
the floor. This was done using the same way as before for elevation.
3.3.13 Shoulder Width

An anthropometer's top segment was used to measure the distance between the most
lateral points of the acromial processes on either side as the individual stood with their
arms hanging at their sides. The distance was measured using an anthropometer from
behind the person.
3.3.14 Chest Circumference

It was the circumference of the chest right below where the nipples were. In order to
determine the subject's size, a steel tape was wrapped around the subject's body in three
different locations: beneath the lower corner of the scapula, above the hollow of the
armpit, and around the nipple. The guy started by holding his arms in a slightly angled
position away from his sides, and then for the measurements he lowered his arms on
both sides of his body. It was also seen that the pressure from the steel tape had not
caused any changes to the natural contours of the skin. The reading was taken to within
a tenth of a centimeter of the nearest whole number.
3.3.15 Thigh Circumference

The measurement was obtained at the most tapered point of the thigh, which is directly
below the buttocks. The participant was advised to stand in a manner that was
comfortable for them, with their feet slightly apart from one another and their weight
spread evenly between both feet. The portion of her right thigh that had the most width
36
was covered in steel tape in a horizontal orientation. The accuracy of the measurements
was within one hundredth of a centimeter at all times.
3.3.16 Calf Circumference

The participant was standing with a comfortable distance between his feet and his
weight was evenly distributed over both legs. After wrapping the tape around the calf
at its widest point, the circumference was calculated. The measurement was taken in
centimeters, with 0.1 centimeters serving as the unit of measurement.
3.4 Statistical Technique

Descriptive analysis of the data obtained from top class Indian Judokas on selected
physical, physiological and anthropometric variables. The descriptive analysis was
done by computing mean, standard deviation, range, maximum score and minimum
score of the data.
37
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Analysis
In this section, we'll go over the study's results and discuss how they helped us
accomplish our goals. The primary purpose of the research was to create a profile of
key anthropometric, physiological, and physical characteristics of elite Indian judokas.
To achieve this objective the following research questions were investigated.
1. Whether a physical fitness profile of Indian Judokas can be developed on the basis of
selected physical fitness variables?
2. Whether a physiological profile of Indian Judokas can be developed on the selected
physiological variables?
3. Whether an anthropometric profile of Indian Judokas can be developed on the
selected anthropometric variables?
4. To address these research questions the analysis, include following steps:
5. Descriptive analysis of the data obtained from top class Indian Judokas on selected
physical, physiological and anthropometric variables. The descriptive analysis was
done by computing mean, standard deviation, range, maximum score and minimum
score of the data.
6. Profiling of selected physical, physiological and anthropometric variables of top-
class Indian Judokas. To develop profile and Profile chart on selected physical,
physiological and anthropometric variables of top-class Indian Judokas scores were
converted into standard scores using MS Excel -10 was used. Descriptive analysis
was analyzed by SPSS-24.
38
4.2 ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES
4.2.1 A Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg

Table 4-1: Descriptive Statistics for Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level Judo
Players of Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg
Std.
N Range Min, Max. Sum Mean
Deviation
Sitting height (in
20 36.20 72.20 108.40 1714.80 85.740 8.680
cm)
Leg length (in cm) 20 31.00 69.70 100.70 1749.50 87.475 7.804
Shoulder width(in
20 10.80 28.20 39.00 675.90 33.795 3.036
cm)
Upper arm
circumference (in 20 11.10 22.40 33.50 557.10 27.855 2.965
cm)
Forearm
circumference (in 20 8.50 21.30 29.80 506.00 25.300 2.293
cm)
Chest
circumference 20 23.60 74.40 98.00 1700.90 85.045 6.773
(in cm)
Thigh
circumference 20 20.70 34.90 55.60 940.50 47.025 5.270
(in cm)
Calf circumference
20 18.10 25.00 43.10 666.00 33.300 5.062
(in cm)
Table 4.1 shows descriptive statistics for selected anthropometric variables of national
level judo players of weight category (-56 kg to - 60 kg). Mean and standard deviation
of sitting height (In Cm) is 85.74±8.68, leg length (in cm) 87.47±7.80, shoulder width
(in cm) 33.75±3.03, upper arm circumference (in cm) 27.85±2.96, forearm
circumference (in cm) 25.30±2.29, chest circumference (in cm) 85.04± 6.77, thigh
circumference (in cm) 47.02±5.27 and calf circumference (in cm) 33.30±5.06
respectively.
Development of the profile chart for selected anthropometric variables of national level
judo players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg:
“For developing the profile chart of the for selected anthropometric variables of
national level judo players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg we need minimum
39
score, maximum score, mean and standard deviation out of all the descriptive statistics
for all the selected anthropometric variables mentioned in the table 4.1”.
Table 4-2: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level
Judo Players of Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg
Std.
Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
Sitting Height
72.20 108.40 85.740 8.680
(In Cm)
Leg Length
69.70 100.70 87.475 7.804
(In Cm)
Shoulder Width
28.20 39.00 33.795 3.036
(In Cm)
Upper arm
Circumference 22.40 33.50 27.855 2.965
(In Cm)
Forearm
Circumference 21.30 29.80 25.300 2.293
(In Cm)
Chest
Circumference 74.40 98.00 85.045 6.773
(In Cm)
Thigh
Circumference 34.90 55.60 47.025 5.270
(In Cm)
Calf
Circumference 25.00 43.10 33.300 5.062
(In Cm)
Table 4.2 shows all the required statistics to develop profile chart of national level judo
players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg in respect of selected anthropometric
variables.
40
4.2.2 Conversion of Data into Standard Scores:
After converting the data into standard score ( ), the prepared chart is
mentioned below in Table 4.3:
National Level Judo Players of Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg
Variables Minimum(Z) Mean (Z) Maximum(Z)
Sitting Height -1.560 0 2.611
Leg Length -2.278 0 1.695
Shoulder Width -1.843 0 1.714
Upper arm -1.840 0 1.904
Circumference
Forearm -1.744 0 1.962
Circumference
Chest Circumference -1.572 0 1.913
Thigh Circumference -2.301 0 1.627
Calf Circumference -1.640 0 1.936
Table 4.3 shows standard score (z) of required statistics for preparation of profile chart
of selected anthropometric variables of national level judo players of weight category-
56 kg to -60 kg.
Linear Transformation of the Standard Scores (Profile Chart):
“
Anthropometric Variables
Sitting Height 34.401 50 76.106
Leg Length 27.223 50 66.946
Shoulder Width 31.571 50 67.144
Upper arm 31.602 50 69.039
Circumference
Forearm 32.556 50 69.625
Circumference
Chest Circumference 34.283 50 69.127
Thigh Circumference 26.992 50 66.271
Calf Circumference 33.603 50 69.360
41
For removing the effect of negative values, the linear transformation of the standard
scores is done by using the transformation equation Z1 = 50 + 10 x Z. The linear
transformed profile chart is given below in the table 4 : ”
Table 4.4 shows, the linear transformation of the standard scores is done by using the
transformation equation Z1 = 50 + 10 x Z.
Profile chart of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level Judo Players
Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg
80
70
60
50
40
30
Minimum(Z)
20
Mean (Z)
10
Maximum(Z)
0
Weight Category (-56 Kg to -60 Kg)
4.2.3 Weight Category -66 Kg to -73 Kg

Std.
N Range Minimum Maximum Sum Mean
Deviation
Sitting Height
20 30.60 71.00 101.60 1745.10 87.26 8.952
(In Cm)
Leg Length
20 28.80 74.90 103.70 1815.00 90.75 8.428
(In Cm)
Shoulder Width
20 16.90 27.60 44.50 708.90 35.45 4.788
(In Cm)
Upper arm Circumference
20 11.30 22.00 33.30 563.40 28.17 2.601
(In Cm)
Forearm Circumference
20 15.10 16.40 31.50 491.40 24.57 3.745
(In Cm)
Chest Circumference
20 30.00 76.70 106.70 1801.00 90.05 8.034
(In Cm)
Thigh Circumference
20 18.00 38.50 56.50 952.30 47.62 4.407
(In Cm)
Calf Circumference 20 20.40 25.90 46.30 692.80 34.64 5.370
42
(In Cm)
respectively.
For developing the profile chart of the for selected anthropometric variables of national
level judo players of weight category -66 kg to -73 kg we need minimum score,
maximum score, mean and standard deviation out of all the descriptive statistics for all
the selected anthropometric variables mentioned in the table 4.1.
Table 4-6: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level
Std.
Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation
Sitting Height
71.00 101.60 87.26 8.952
(In Cm)
Leg Length
74.90 103.70 90.75 8.428
(In Cm)
Shoulder Width
27.60 44.50 35.45 4.788
(In Cm)
Upper arm
22.00 33.30 28.17 2.601
Circumference(In Cm)
16.40 31.50 24.57 3.745
(In Cm)
Chest Circumference
76.70 106.70 90.05 8.034
(In Cm)
Thigh Circumference
38.50 56.50 47.62 4.407
(In Cm)
43
Calf Circumference
25.90 46.30 34.64 5.370
(In Cm)
Table 4.6 shows all the required statistics to develop profile chart of national level judo
players of weight category -66 kg to -73 kg in respect of selected anthropometric
variables.

Leg Length -1.881 0 1.537
Upper arm
-2.372 0 1.972
Circumference
Forearm
-2.182 0 1.850
Circumference
Table 4.7 shows standard score (z) of required statistics for preparation of profile chart
of selected anthropometric variables of national level judo players of weight category -
66 kg to -73 kg.
“ For removing the effect of negative values, the linear transformation of the standard
transformed profile chart is given below in the table 4.8 : ”
44
Leg Length 31.194 50 65.365
Upper arm 26.278 50 69.723
Circumference
Forearm 28.184 50 68.505
Circumference
45
Profile chart of Selected Anthropometric Variables National Level Judo
80
70
60
50
40
30 Minimum(Z)
20 Mean (Z)
Maximum(Z)
10
Weight Category (-66 Kg to -73s Kg)
N Range Minimum Maximum Sum Mean Std. Deviation
Sitting Height
20 26.10 82.40 108.50 1844.20 92.21 6.285
(In Cm)
Leg Length
20 28.30 75.00 103.30 1793.50 89.68 7.911
(In Cm)
Shoulder Width
20 14.70 32.90 47.60 796.60 39.83 4.152
(In Cm)
Upper arm
Circumference 20 8.40 27.30 35.70 628.50 31.43 2.415
(In Cm)
20 14.90 17.70 32.60 537.70 26.89 4.260
(In Cm)
46
Chest Circumference
20 16.80 78.20 95.00 1732.30 86.62 5.162
(In Cm)
Thigh Circumference
20 25.10 35.20 60.30 1023.50 51.18 6.553
(In Cm)
Calf Circumference
20 27.00 33.70 40.70 688.10 34.41 5.979
(In Cm)
respectively.
For developing the profile chart of the for selected anthropometric variables of national
level judo players of weight category -81 kg to -90 kg we need minimum score,
maximum score, mean and standard deviation out of all the descriptive statistics for all
the selected anthropometric variables mentioned in the table 9.

Level Judo Players of Weight Category -81 Kg to -90 Kg
Std.
Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation
Sitting Height 82.40 108.50 92.21 6.285
(In Cm)
Leg Length 75.00 103.30 89.68 7.911
(In Cm)
Shoulder Width 32.90 47.60 39.83 4.152
(In Cm)
Upper arm Circumference 27.30 35.70 31.43 2.415
(In Cm)
Forearm Circumference 17.70 32.60 26.89 4.260
(In Cm)
Chest Circumference 78.20 95.00 86.62 5.162
(In Cm)
Thigh Circumference 35.20 60.30 51.18 6.553
(In Cm)
Calf Circumference 33.70 40.70 34.41 5.979
(In Cm)
47
Table 4.10 shows all the required statistics to develop profile chart of national level
judo players of weight category -81 kg to -90 kg in respect of selected anthropometric
variables.
Conversion of Data into Standard Scores:
Leg Length -1.856 0 1.722
Upper arm -1.710 0 1.768
Circumference
Forearm -2.157 0 1.340
Circumference
Table 4.11 shows standard score (z) of required statistics for preparation of profile
chart of selected anthropometric variables of national level judo players of weight
category -66 kg to -73 kg.
Leg Length 31.444 50 67.217
Upper arm 32.899 50 67.681
Circumference
Forearm 28.427 50 63.404
Circumference
48
Profile chart of Selected Anthropometric Variables National Level

80
70
60
50
40
30
Minimum(Z)
20
Mean (Z)
10 Maximum(Z)
0
4.3 PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES
Table 4-13: Descriptive Statistics for Selected Physical Variables of National Level Judo Players of
Back Strength
20 53.70 82.30 136.00 2107.20 105.36 14.871
(in Kg)
Shoulder Strength
20 4.50 8.10 12.60 193.20 9.66 1.038
(in Meters)
Grip Strength (in Kg) 20 28.10 41.70 69.80 1181.90 59.10 7.406
Leg Explosive
20 .73 2.08 2.81 48.31 2.42 0.189
Strength (in Meters)
Speed (in Sec) 20 1.41 6.37 7.78 143.52 7.18 0.348
Speed Endurance
20 .76 3.01 3.77 67.18 3.36 0.195
(in min)
Agility(in Sec) 20 5.33 13.80 19.13 327.82 16.39 1.455
49
Table 4.13 shows descriptive statistics for selected physical variables of national level
judo players of weight category (-56 kg to - 60 kg). Mean and standard deviation of
back strength (In kg) is 105.74±14.87, shoulder strength (in mts) 9.66±1.03, grip
strength (in kg) 59.10±7.40, leg explosive strength (in mts) 2.42±0.18, speed (in sec)
7.18±0.34, speed endurance (in min) 3.36± 0.19 and agility (in sec) 16.39±1.45
respectively.
Development of the profile chart for selected physical variables of national level judo
players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg:
For developing the profile chart of the selected physical variables of national level judo
players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg we need minimum score, maximum score,
mean and standard deviation out of all the descriptive statistics for all the selected
physical variables mentioned in the table 4.13.
judo players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg in respect of selected physical
variables.
mentioned below in Table 4.15
Table 4-14: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physical Variables of National Level Judo
Std.
Deviation
Back Strength
82.30 136.00 105.36 14.871
(in Kg)
Shoulder Strength
8.10 12.60 9.66 1.038
(in Meters)
Grip Strength
41.70 69.80 59.10 7.406
(in Kg)
Leg Explosive Strength
2.08 2.81 2.42 0.189
(in Meters)
Speed
6.37 7.78 7.18 0.348
(in Sec)
Speed Endurance
3.01 3.77 3.36 0.195
(in min)
Agility
13.80 19.13 16.39 1.455
(in Sec)
50
Table 4-15: Standard score (Z) of required Statistics of Selected Physical Variables of National
Back Strength -1.551 0 2.060
Shoulder Strength -1.503 0 2.832
Grip Strength -2.349 0 1.445
Leg Explosive
-1.799 0 2.063
Strength
Speed -2.328 0 1.724
Speed Endurance -1.795 0 2.103
Agility -1.780 0 1.883
chart of selected physical variables of national level judo players of weight category -
56 kg to -60 kg.

Back Strength 34.493 50 70.604
Shoulder Strength 34.971 50 78.324
Grip Strength 26.506 50 64.448

Leg Explosive
32.011 50 70.635
Strength
Speed 26.724 50 67.241
Speed Endurance 32.051 50 71.026
Agility 32.199 50 68.832
51
Profile chart of Selected Physical Variables National Level Judo Players of Weight
Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 Minimum(Z)
10 Mean (Z)
Maximum(Z)
0
Back Shoulder Grip Leg Speed Speed Agility
Strength Strength Strength Explosive Endurance
Strength
Figure 4-4: Profile chart of Selected Physical Variables of National Level Judo Players Weight
Category

Std.
Range Min. Max. Sum Mean
Deviation
Back Strength
58.10 94.00 152.10 2409.60 120.48 15.292
(in Kg)
Shoulder Strength
5.50 7.40 12.90 216.70 10.84 1.530
(in Meters)
Grip Strength
28.30 44.80 73.10 1233.00 61.65 8.024
(in Kg)
Leg Explosive
Strength 1.03 1.85 2.88 48.43 2.42 0.284
(in Meters)
52
Speed
2.31 6.18 8.49 149.90 7.50 0.588
(in Sec)
Speed Endurance
1.24 2.75 3.99 66.29 3.31 0.290
(in min)
Agility
5.49 14.75 20.24 352.85 17.64 1.528
(in Sec)
judo players of weight category (-66 kg to -73 kg). Mean and standard deviation of
back strength (In kg) is 120.48±15.29, shoulder strength (in mts) 10.84±1.53, grip
strength (in kg) 61.65±8.02, leg explosive strength (in mts) 2.42±0.28, speed (in sec)
7.50±0.58, speed endurance (in min) 3.31± 0.29 and agility (in sec) 17.64±1.52
respectively.
players of weight category -66 kg to -73 kg:
players of weight category (-66 kg to -73 kg) we need minimum score, maximum
score, mean and standard deviation out of all the descriptive statistics for all the
selected physical variables mentioned in the table 4.17.
Players of Weight Category -66 kg to -73 kg
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Back Strength
94.00 152.10 120.48 15.292
(in Kg)
Shoulder Strength
7.40 12.90 10.84 1.530
(in Meters)
Grip Strength
44.80 73.10 61.65 8.024
(in Kg)
Leg Explosive Strength
1.85 2.88 2.42 0.284
(in Meters)
Speed
6.18 8.49 7.50 0.588
(in Sec)
Speed Endurance
2.75 3.99 3.31 0.290
(in min)
Agility (in Sec) 14.75 20.24 17.64 1.528
53
variables.
Level Judo Players of Weight Category -66 kg to -73 kg
Leg Explosive
-2.007 0 1.620
Strength
Speed -2.245 0 1.684
Agility -1.891 0 1.702
chart of selected physical variables of national level judo players of weight category -
66 kg to -73.
“

Leg Explosive 29.930 50 66.197
Strength
Speed 27.551 50 66.837
Agility 31.086 50 67.016
54
80
70
60
50
40
30 Minimum(Z)
Mean (Z)
20
Maximum(Z)
10
0
Strength
Category

Std.
Range Minimum Maximum Sum Mean
Deviation
Back Strength
49.90 93.10 143.00 2418.60 120.93 13.860
(in Kg)
Shoulder Strength
8.10 8.10 16.20 224.60 11.23 2.157
(in Meters)
Grip Strength
26.10 48.90 75.00 1272.10 63.61 6.414
(in Kg)
Leg Explosive
1.48 1.80 3.28 51.29 2.56 0.417
Strength (in Meters)
Speed (in Sec) 2.18 6.48 8.66 150.08 7.50 0.546
Speed Endurance
.55 3.13 3.68 68.25 3.41 0.158
(in min)
Agility(in Sec) 9.41 13.28 22.69 357.74 17.89 2.219
55
judo players of weight category -81 kg to -90 kg. Mean and standard deviation of back
strength (In kg) is 120.93±13.80, shoulder strength (in mts) 11.23±2.15, grip strength
(in kg) 63.61±6.41, leg explosive strength (in mts) 2.56±0.41, speed (in sec) 7.50±0.54,
speed endurance (in min) 3.41± 0.15 and agility (in sec) 17.89±2.21 respectively.
players of weight category -81 Kg to -90 Kg:
Std.
Deviation
Back Strength 93.10 143.00 120.93 13.860
(in Kg)
Shoulder Strength 8.10 16.20 11.23 2.157
(in Meters)
Grip Strength 48.90 75.00 63.61 6.414
(in Kg)
Leg Explosive Strength 1.80 3.28 2.56 0.417
(in Meters)
Speed 6.48 8.66 7.50 0.546
(in Sec)
Speed Endurance 3.13 3.68 3.41 0.158
(in min)
Agility 13.28 22.69 17.89 2.219
(in Sec)
players of weight category -81 kg to -90 kg we need minimum score, maximum score,
mean and standard deviation out of all the descriptive statistics for all the selected
physical variables mentioned in the table 4.21.
variables.
mentioned below in Table 23:
56
Leg Explosive
-1.823 0 1.727
Strength
Speed -1.868 0 2.125
Agility -2.078 0 2.163
chart of selected physical variables of national level judo players of weight -81 kg to -
90 kg.
Leg Explosive
31.775 50 67.266
Strength
Speed 31.319 50 71.245
Agility 29.225 50 71.631
57
80
70
60
50
40 Minimum(Z)
Mean (Z)
30
Maximum(Z)
20
10
0
Strength
Category
4.4 PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

Std.
Deviation
Fat Percentage
3.87 7.84 11.71 202.94 10.15 0.959
(in percent)
Vital Capacity
0.43 4.85 5.28 102.34 5.12 0.117
(in liters)
Table 4.25 shows descriptive statistics for selected physiological variables of national
of fat percentage (In percent) is 10.15±0.95 and vital capacity (in liters) 5.12±0.11
respectively.
Development of the profile chart for selected Physiological variables of national level
58
For developing the profile chart of the selected physiological variables of national level
judo players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg we need minimum score, maximum
selected physiological variables mentioned in the table 4.25.
Table 4-26: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physiological Variables of National Level
Std.
Deviation
Fat Percentage
7.84 11.71 10.15 0.959
(in percent)
Vital Capacity
4.85 5.28 5.12 0.117
(in liters)
judo players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg in respect of selected physiological
variables.

Fat Percentage -2.409 0 1.627
Vital Capacity -2.308 0 1.368
chart of selected physiological variables of national level judo players of weight
category -56 kg to -60 kg.
59
Fat Percentage
25.912 50 66.267
Vital Capacity 26.923 50 63.675
Table 28 shows, the linear transformation of the standard scores is done by using the
Profile chart of Selected Physiological Variables National Level Judo Players of

70
60
50
40
Minimum(Z)
30 Mean (Z)
Maximum(Z)
20
10
0
Fat Vital
Percentage Capacity
60
Table 4-29; Descriptive Statistics for Selected Physiological Variables of National Level Judo
Std.
Deviation
Fat Percentage
4.54 8.64 13.18 220.07 11.00 1.281
(in percent)
Vital Capacity
.44 4.97 5.41 103.75 5.19 0.100
(in liters)
level judo players of weight category -66 kg to - 73 kg. Mean and standard deviation of
fat percentage (In percent) is 11.00±1.28 and vital capacity (in liters) 5.19±0.10
respectively.
judo players of weight category -66 kg to - 73 kg:
For developing the profile chart of the selected physiological variables of national level
judo players of weight category -66 kg to - 73 kg we need minimum score, maximum
selected physiological variables mentioned in the table 29.
Table 4-30: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physiological Variables of National Level
Std.
Deviation
Fat Percentage
8.64 13.18 11.00 1.281
(in percent)
Vital Capacity (in liters) 4.97 5.41 5.19 0.100
judo players of weight category -66 kg to - 73 kg in respect of selected physiological
variables.
61
Fat Percentage
-1.842 0 1.702
category -66 kg to - 73 kg.
transformed profile chart is given below in the table 4.32:
Fat Percentage 31.577 50 67.018

80
70
60
50
40 Minimum(Z)
Mean (Z)
30
Maximum(Z)
20
10
0
Fat Vital
Percentage Capacity
Figure 4.8: Profile chart of Selected Physiological Variables of National Level Judo Players Weight
Category (-66 Kg to -73 Kg)
62
Std.
Deviation
Fat Percentage
4.20 9.23 13.43 225.67 11.28 1.170
(in percent)
Vital Capacity
.50 4.85 5.35 101.34 5.07 0.128
(in liters)
level judo players of weight category -81 kg to - 90 kg. Mean and standard deviation of
fat percentage (In percent) is 10.15±0.95 and vital capacity (in liters) 5.12±0.11
respectively.
judo players of weight category -81 Kg to -90 Kg:
“For developing the profile chart of the selected physiological variables of national level
judo players of weight category -81 kg to - 90 kg we need minimum score, maximum
selected physiological variables mentioned in the table 4.34 . ”
Table 4-34; Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physiological Variables of National Level
Std.
Deviation
Fat Percentage
9.23 13.43 11.28 1.170
(in percent)
Vital Capacity (in liters) 4.85 5.35 5.07 0.128
judo players of weight category -81 kg to - 90 kg in respect of selected physiological
variables.
63
mentioned below in Table 35:
Fat Percentage
-1.752 0 1.838
category -81 kg to - 90 kg.
Fat Percentage
32.479 50 68.376
64
80
70
60
50
40 Minimum(Z)
Mean (Z)
30 Maximum(Z)
20
10
0
Fat Vital
Percentage Capacity
4.5 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The principle aim of the current study was to develop profile of selected physical
fitness, physiological and anthropometric variables of top-class Indian Judokas under
different weight categories. Results of the study showed that in anthropometric
variables sitting height was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -
66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Leg length was maximum in weight
category-66kg to -73 kg followed by-81 to -90 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg.
Shoulder width was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -
73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Upper arm circumference was maximum in
weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60
kg. Forearm circumference was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed
by -56 kg to -60 kg and lowest in -66kg to -73 kg. Chest circumference was maximum
in weight category -66kg to -73 kg followed by-81 to -90 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -
60 kg. Thigh circumference was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed
by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Calf circumference was maximum in
weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60
kg.
65
In physical fitness variables back, strength was maximum in weight category -81 to -90
kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Shoulder strength was
maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -
56 kg to -60 kg. Grip strength was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed
by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Leg Explosive Strength was
maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -
56 kg to -60 kg. Speed was maximum in weight category-56 kg to -60 kg followed by -
66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg. Speed Endurance was maximum in weight
category -66kg to -73 kg followed by -56 kg to -60 kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg.
Agility was maximum in weight category -56 kg to -60 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg
and lowest in -81 to -90 kg.
In physiological variables Body Fat Percentage was lower in weight category-56 kg to
-60 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg. Vital capacity was
maximum in weight category -66kg to -73 kg followed by -56 kg to -60 kg and lowest
in -81 to -90 kg.
Thus, height and skinfold thickness are mostly differentiated between heavier and
lighter groups, but bone breadths and circumferences are the primary differentiators
between weight categories.
Previous findings about the lowest fat percentages in the lightest weight categories and
the highest values in the lowest weight category (-81 to -90 kg) are corroborated by this
study (Franchini et al., 2011). High circumference values were also seen across all
weight classes, indicating that muscle growth is either an essential trait for judo athletes
or the result of rigorous, long-term judo training (Franchini et al., 2005; Kim et al.).
66
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
Today's scientific age makes it hard to succeed professionally in any field without
keeping up with the latest research in that field. Similarly, in the arena of games and
sports, an athlete or coach who lacks scientific knowledge of training methods,
techniques, and means will not be able to obtain a higher level of performance than
someone who does. Therefore, scientific understanding of training methods,
techniques, and means is necessary to achieve the goal of a better level of performance
and to fulfill a sportsman's desire. The scientifically illiterate simply can't outperform
their scientifically literate counterparts. Scientifically based training approaches,
strategies, and means yield comparable benefits with less time and effort invested.
It's possible that an athlete's physical characteristics will have an impact on their ability
to execute certain techniques and strategies. Athlete segment length is fixed from birth
and cannot be altered through training, physical activity, environment, or diet. It may
be advantageous at certain points in the game to adapt one's strategy and tactics in light
of one's segment size and structure, provided that this is done efficiently. Coaches and
athletes may occasionally employ it as a strategic tool. As the body develops, so do the
abilities that make up physical performance, including as speed, strength, evidences,
agility, and coordination. There has been remarkable progress in these physical
qualities, and it now appears that they are the deciding factor in athletic success at any
level of competition.
Somatic traits of successful athletes in a given sport have been found to differ from the
general population, according to studies of human anatomy conducted to date. When it
comes to appearance, no two people are exactly alike. The range of human variation is
so broad that no two people share the same exact set of characteristics. It's common
knowledge that due to the vast differences in human anatomy, some sporting activities
are better suited to particular body types than others. There are many aspects that
contribute to peak performance, but one of the most important is a person's unique
physical traits, including their size, type, and structure.
67
Judo is a dynamic, high-intensity intermittent sport that calls for sophisticated technical
abilities and superior tactical acumen. A judo bout is physically demanding since the
athletes must perform a wide variety of techniques. Athletes in the sport of judo need to
be in peak physical condition in order to compete well at the international level. A judo
bout is physically demanding since the athletes must perform a wide variety of
techniques. Medalists in international judo events often compete in five to seven
matches, each of which lasts for a maximum of four minutes. Judo is a form of martial
art wherein competitors are ranked according to their weight classes and engage in
intense ground fighting with the goal of throwing or controlling their opponents.
Assuring and encouraging fights that are fair in terms of strength leverage, and agility
is the main goal of weight division. Judo competitors, on the other hand, typically want
to be as lean and muscular as possible in order to have an advantage over their lighter
opponents.
Athletes who compete successfully in judo, whether they be male or female, have
exceptionally low amounts of body fat, with the exception of heavyweight athletes.
Male athletes tend to lean more toward mesomorphy, whereas girls have a more even
distribution of mesomorphy and endomorphy. In addition, top judo competitors have
exceptional levels of “dynamic strength, muscular endurance, anaerobic power, and
aerobic capacity. These factors appear to have a greater impact on the upper body than
the lower, suggesting that upper-body strength training might be beneficial for athletes
”
in preparation for competition. However, it seems that the lower body is where
muscular strength is best developed. The isometric grip strength of the average non-
athlete only slightly exceeds that of the average athlete. Yet, these athletes' aerobic
strength and stamina are far from their potential. However, much less is known about
“
the differences between weight classes and sexes, despite the fact that the
aforementioned traits have been consistently demonstrated in high-level judo athletes
and, thus, this may be considered an ideal profile when preparing an athlete for
engaging in high-level judo. The determination of weight class and sex-specific
profiles might be greatly elucidated if additional long-term studies and judo-specific
”
evaluation instruments were developed. In addition, research employing allometric

scaling would be quite useful for characterizing the weight categories and deciphering
the distinctions between them. As a result, the study's goal was to create a profile of
chosen physical fitness, physiological, and anthropometric factors of elite Indian
judokas in order to shed light on the discrepancies amongst judokas.
68
The present study has the following objectives:
1. To develop the profile of Top-class Indian Judokas.
2. To develop profile of Top-class Indian Judokas on the basis of selected physical
fitness variables.
3. To develop profile of Top-class Indian Judokas on the basis of selected
Physiological variable.
4. To develop profile of Top-class Indian Judokas on the basis of selected
Anthropometric variables.
Only male players from Madhya Pradesh between the ages of 18 and 25 were
considered for inclusion in the sample of 60 athletes who have competed at the national
level.
The necessary information on the issue was gathered using a random sample strategy
both in the evenings and mornings before the National camps and practicing at T.T.
Nagar Stadium Bhopal. Participants were subjected to rigorous testing and inspection.
Before going to a national championship, coaches and trainers went to the players' 1)
training centers and 2) coaching camps.
Human metrics will be measured to an accuracy of one tenth of a centimeter. The
length will be measured with a standard, non-elastic measuring tape. The length of a
measuring tape will be used for the standing broad jump and medicine ball throw.
Distances will be recorded to the nearest tenth of a centimeter. The subjects' grip
strength will be measured using a Handgrip Dynamometer. To the closest 0.1kg, the
dominant hand's best result shall be recorded. Consisting of both back and leg muscle,
Power in the back and thighs to evaluate thigh and lower back power, a dynamometer
will be utilized. To the nearest 0.1kg, the reading will be recorded. For this test, you'll
need to be in the long Jump pit at the stadium, and you'll be required to perform a
standing broad jump. Both the 50-meter and 1000-meter tests will be run on a
conventional 400-meter-long track. To the nearest 1/100 of a second, subjects' times
will be recorded.
A descriptive study of the physical, physiological, and anthropometric data collected
from elite Indian Judokas. Mean, standard deviation, range, maximum score, and
minimum score were calculated for the data's descriptive analysis. The physical,
physiological, and anthropometric profiles of elite Indian judokas are analyzed. Scores
69
were converted to standard scores using Microsoft Excel - 10 in order to create a
profile and profile chart on chosen physical, physiological, and anthropometric factors
of elite Indian Judokas. SPSS-24 was used to do a descriptive analysis.
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
Research scholar carefully analyzed the data, analyzed the data interpretation, and
investigated related literatures of infrastructure and facilities before arriving at useful
results. The following conclusions have been reached after extensive research, careful
consideration, and consultation with specialists and a supervisor.
1. It may be concluded from the results obtained that anthropometric variable sitting
height was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg
and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Leg length was maximum in weight category-66kg to
-73 kg followed by-81 to -90 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Shoulder width was
maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest
in -56 kg to -60 kg. Upper arm circumference was maximum in weight category -81
to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Forearm
circumference was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -56 kg to
-60 kg and lowest in -66kg to -73 kg. Chest circumference was maximum in weight
category -66kg to -73 kg followed by-81 to -90 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg.
Thigh circumference was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -
66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Calf circumference was maximum in
weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -
60 kg.
2. It may be concluded from the results obtained that physical fitness variables back
strength was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg
and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Shoulder strength was maximum in weight category -
81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Grip
strength was maximum in weight category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg
and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Leg Explosive Strength was maximum in weight
category -81 to -90 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg.
Speed was maximum in weight category-56 kg to -60 kg followed by -66kg to -73
kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg. Speed Endurance was maximum in weight category -
66kg to -73 kg followed by -56 kg to -60 kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg. Agility was
70
maximum in weight category -56 kg to -60 kg followed by -66kg to -73 kg and
lowest in -81 to -90 kg.
3. It may be concluded from the results obtained that physiological variables Body Fat
Percentage was lower in weight category-56 kg to -60 kg followed by -66kg to -73
kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg. Vital capacity was maximum in weight category -
66kg to -73 kg followed by -56 kg to -60 kg and lowest in -81 to -90 kg.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Because no previous research had made an attempt to profile athletes based on their
physical, anthropometric, and physiological features, the present study was novel.
Consequently, the study's results are useful for judo coaches, trainers, and even
selectors in understanding the players' physiology, anatomy, and anthropometry.
Following suggestions are on the table for consideration based on the conclusion
reached from data interpretation, findings, discussion, and support from relevant
literature:
A more comprehensive study may be conducted on a large sample.
1. It is possible to undertake a study of a similar nature using athletes from a variety of
sports, including wrestling, karate, taekwondo, wushu, etc.
2. Prognosis can also be based on the individual's physical, anthropometric, and
physiological profiles.
3. Third, this research could inform coaches and athletes about the physical,
anthropometric, and physiological factors that influence performance.
4. Four, the players of varying skill levels, ages, and sexes might be studied in a similar
fashion.
5. 5. The anthropometric and physiological profiles may be utilized to design national-
level judo players' training regimens.
71
References
REFERENCES
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García, C., & Escobar Molina, R. (2011). Anthropometrical
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6. Sbriccoli, P., Bazzucchi, I., Di Mario, A., Marzattinocci, G., & Felici, F. (2007).
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CHAMPION AND MEMBER OF THE JUDO NATIONAL TEAM: CASE
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A. L. D. Effective ways of struggles applied by teenage female judoka during
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13. Casals C, Huertas JR, Franchini Emerson, SterkowiczprzybycienKatarzyna,
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Adriano E. Lima-Silva (2016) Separate and Combined Effects of Caffeine and
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75
Appendices
Arun Verma (PhD Scholar)
Rabindranath Tagore University Raisen (M.P.)
Topic-: Developing profile of selected physical fitness, physiological and
anthropometric variables of top-class Indian judokas
Data Collection Form
*Player Name………………………………………
*Age ………………………………………………………….
*Sex……...........................
*Highest Achievements …………………………………..
* Weight Category -56 to -60 kg -66 to -73 kg -81 to -90 kg
Physiological Variables
Fat percentage……………………
Vital capacity……………………..
Anthropometric measurements
Sitting height……………………
Leg length…………………………………..
Shoulder width…………………………………
Upper arm circumference……………………..
Fore arm circumference……………………………
Chest circumference…………………………………..
Thigh circumference………………………………
Calf circumference………………………………..
Physical Fitness
Back strength…………………………
Shoulder strength………………………..
Grip strength………………………….
Standing broad jump……………………..
50m Dash…………………………
1000m Run……………………….
Shuttle rum 30feet *6……………………..
.
Confidentiality-: All information collected during this study will be kept confidential to the extent permitted by law. No
personally identifiable information will be included in any publication or presentation of the data.
Consent-: By agreeing to participate in this study, you acknowledge that you have read and understood the above
information, and voluntarily agree to participate.
Please sign below to indicate your consent to participate in this study:
Place:
(Signature of the Player)
Date:
Arun Verma (PhD Scholar)
Rabindranath Tagore University Raisen (M.P.)
Topic-: Developing profile of selected physical fitness, physiological and anthropometric
variables of top-class Indian judokas
Data Collection Photographs
Publication
Stallion Journal for Multidisciplinary Associated Research Studies
ISSN (Online): 2583-3340
Volume-1 Issue-1 || February 2022 || PP. 31-34 https://doi.org/10.55544/sjmars.1.6.6
Profile of Selected Physical Fitness Variables of Weight Category of -56

Kg to -60 Kg of Top-Class Indian Judokas
Arun Verma1 and Dr. Vikas Saxena2
1
PhD Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Rabindranath Tagore University, Bhopal (M.P.), INDIA.
2
HOD, Department of Physical Education, Rabindranath Tagore University, Bhopal (M.P.), INDIA.
1
Corresponding Author: sistecr.sports@sistec.ac.in
Date of Submission: 06-11-2022 Date of Acceptance: 27-12-2022 Date of Publication: 31-12-2022
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to prepare the profile of selected Physical fitness variables of 20 athletes who had
competed at the national level comprised only male players from Madhya Pradesh who were between the ages of 18 and 25 and
who were residents of Madhya Pradesh. Each of these athletes was a native of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. All the
physical fitness variables measured with their respective standard test. Results of the study showed that in physical fitness
variables back strength was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Shoulder strength was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Grip strength lowest in -
56 kg to -60 kg. Leg Explosive Strength lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Speed was maximum in weight category-56 kg to -60 kg. Speed
Endurance was maximum in weight category -56 kg to -60 kg. Agility was maximum in weight category -56 kg to -60 kg. Thus,
Physical fitness is the core of sports. Physical fitness of a player is influenced by age, sex, diet and condition. Legitimate co-
appointment of these elements can lead a player to the pinnacle execution. In combative games like judo physical fitness assumes
an essential job.
Keywords- Judokas, profiling, physical fitness, Top-Class.
I. INTRODUCTION
Athletes' physical attributes may have an impact on their game's strategy and technique. Athlete segment length is
fixed from birth and cannot be altered by training, physical activity, environment, or diet. It may be advantageous at certain
points in the game to adapt one's strategy and tactics in light of one's segment size and structure, provided that this is done
efficiently. The coaches and athletes may occasionally employ it as a strategic tool. As the body develops, so do the
abilities that make up physical performance, including as speed, strength, evidences, agility, and coordination. This
remarkable improvement in fitness levels appears to finally determine performance in sports at any level of competition.
However, scientifically-based training approaches, procedures, and tools yield the best outcomes with the least amount of
effort and time invested. The Olympic sport of judo is another style of martial art that is widely practiced around the world
(Katralli & Goudar, 2012). High-intensity, short-burst training is typical in judo (Radovanovic et al., 2009). When
performing a judo technique, the practitioner will immediately enter into a phase of relentless pushing, lifting, tugging,
grappling, and gripping actions in order to set themselves up for the subsequent explosive effort (Radovanovic et al., 200).
Judo is a popular Japanese martial art that involves throwing and gripping techniques, wherein participants employ balance
and body weight to throw or grab one other in lock, with minimal physical exertion (Wolfson et al., 1996; Douris et al.,
2004). As a very explosive fighting sport (Thomas et al., 1989), judo necessitates a highly developed aerobic system in
addition to exceptional anaerobic power and capacity (Ebine et al., 1991). In the present study an attempt is being made to
estimate the Judo performance on the basis selected physical fitness variables by developing profile of top-class Judokas
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Selection of subjects:
This study's sample of 20 athletes who had competed at the national level comprised only male players from
Madhya Pradesh who were between the ages of 18 and 25 and who were residents of Madhya Pradesh. Each of these
athletes was a native of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
Physical fitness variables
▪ Back strength
▪ Shoulder strength
31 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
▪ Grip strength
▪ Leg explosive strength
▪ speed
▪ speed endurance
▪ agility
Criterion measures
S. No. Physical fitness variable Criterion measure
1 Back Strength Back Dynamometer
2 Shoulder Strength Medicine Ball Throw
3 Grip Strength Handgrip Dynamometer
4 Leg Explosive Strength Standing Broad Jump
5 Speed 50 m Dash
6 Speed Endurance 1000 m Run
7 Agility Shuttle Run
III. RESULTS
Physical fitness Variables
Table 1: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Physical Variables of National Level Judo Players of Weight
Back Strength (in Kg) 82.30 136.00 105.36 14.871
Shoulder Strength (in Meters) 8.10 12.60 9.66 1.038
Grip Strength (in Kg) 41.70 69.80 59.10 7.406
Leg Explosive Strength (in Meters) 2.08 2.81 2.42 0.189
Speed (in Sec) 6.37 7.78 7.18 0.348
Speed Endurance (in min) 3.01 3.77 3.36 0.195
Agility (in Sec) 13.80 19.13 16.39 1.455
Table 1 show all the required statistics to develop profile chart of national level judo players of weight category -
56 kg to -60 kg in respect of selected physical variables.

After converting the data into standard score ( ), the prepared c hart is mentioned below in Table 15:
Table 2: Standard score (Z) of required Statistics of Selected Physical Variables of National Level Judo Players of
Leg Explosive Strength -1.799 0 2.063
Speed -2.328 0 1.724
Agility -1.780 0 1.883
Table 2 shows standard score (z) of required statistics for preparation of profile chart of selected physical
variables of national level judo players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg.

For removing the effect of negative values, the linear transformation of the standard scores is done by using the
transformation equation Z1 = 50 + 10 x Z. The linear transformed profile chart is given below in the table 3:
Table 3: Transformed Standard Scores of Minimum, Maximum and Mean of Selected Physical Variables
Leg Explosive Strength 32.011 50 70.635
Speed 26.724 50 67.241
Agility 32.199 50 68.832
Table 3 shows, the linear transformation of the standard scores is done by using the transformation equation Z 1 =
50 + 10 x Z.
Profile chart of Selected Physical Variables National Level

90
80
70
60
50
40
Minimum(Z)
30
Mean (Z)
20
Maximum(Z)
10
0
Figure 1: Profile chart of Selected Physical Variables of National Level Judo Players Weight Category
(-56 Kg to -60 Kg)
IV. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Results of the study showed that in physical fitness variables back strength was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg.
Shoulder strength was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Grip strength lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Leg Explosive Strength lowest
in -56 kg to -60 kg. Speed was maximum in weight category-56 kg to -60 kg. Speed Endurance was maximum in weight
category -56 kg to -60 kg. Agility was maximum in weight category -56 kg to -60 kg.
Physical fitness is the core of sports. Physical fitness of a player is influenced by age, sex, diet and condition.
Legitimate co-appointment of these elements can lead a player to the pinnacle execution. In combative games like judo
physical fitness assumes an essential job. A Judokas needs to do punching and footwork with high speed. For this reason
physical fitness is generally basic. Since Judo is a combative game, in this game to overwhelming the adversary and to
ensure himself physical fitness is basic. All in all physical fitness is the prime model for survival, to accomplish any
objective and to have a sound existence. Physical fitness can be recorded via cardiopulmonary effectiveness test like
Physical Fitness Index (PFI %) which is an amazing pointer of cardiopulmonary productivity. The American Alliance for
Health, Physical, Education Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) prescribed this test to think about wellbeing related
physical fitness program in youth. Physical fitness has been depicted from numerous points of view. It is a
multidimensional idea that has been characterized as a lot of components that individuals get that identifies with the
capability to perform physical movement. It is included skill related; wellbeing related and physiologic segments (Kumar,
2018).
REFERENCES
[1] Franchini, E., Rodríguez Huertas, J., Sterkowicz, S., Carratalá, V., Gutiérrez-García, C., & Escobar Molina, R. (2011).
Anthropometrical profile of elite Spanish Judoka: Comparative analysis among ages.
[2] Hernández, R., Torres-Luque, G., &Olmedilla, A. (2009). Relations among training volume, body weight, and profile
of mood states for elite judoka during a competitive period. Perceptual and motor skills, 109(3), 870-880.
[3] Kumar, P. (2018). A Study of Physical Fitness and Motor Abilities of Indian Judo Players. International Journal of
Physical Education & Sports Sciences, 13(7), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.29070/ijopess
[4] Katralli, J., & Goudar, S. S. (2012). Anthropometric profile and special judo fitness levels of Indian judo players.
Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34710
[5] Radovanovic, D., Bratić, M., Nurkić, M,. Cvetković, T., Ignjatović, A., Aleksandrović, M. (2009). Oxidative stress
biomarker response to concurrent strength and endurance training. General Physiology and Biophysics, 28(Special Issues),
205-211.
[6] Ebine K, Yoneda I, Hase H, .(1991) Physiological characteristics of exercise and findings of laboratory tests in
Japanese elite judo athletes. Med Sport ; 65 (2): 73-9
[7] Thomas SG, Cox MH, LeGal YM, (1989). Physiological profiles of the Canadian National Judo Team. Can J Sport
Sci; 14 (3): 142-7

CERTIFICATE OF PUBLICATION
THIS CERTIFICATE IS AWARDED TO
Arun Verma
FOR PUBLICATION OF PAPER ENTITLED

In Volume 1, Issue 6, of Stallion Journal for Multidisciplinary Associated Research

Studies Peer Reviewed Journal, December 2022, Published by Stallion Publication.
Editor-in-Chief
Licensed Under: Powered By:
www.sjmars.com editor@sjmars.com +91-8303613016

Dr. Vikas Saxena


In Volume 1, Issue 6, of Stallion Journal for Multidisciplinary Associated Research

Studies Peer Reviewed Journal, December 2022, Published by Stallion Publication.
Editor-in-Chief
www.sjmars.com editor@sjmars.com +91-8303613016

Journal for Research in Applied Sciences ISSN: 2583-4053
and Biotechnology Volume-1 Issue-5 || December 2022 || PP. 205-208
www.jrasb.com https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.5.23
Profile of Selected Anthropometric Variables of Weight Category of -56

Arun Verma1 and Dr. Vikas Saxena2
1
PhD Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Rabindranath Tagore University, Bhopal (M.P.), INDIA.
2
HOD, Department of Physical Education, Rabindranath Tagore University, Bhopal (M.P.), INDIA.
1
Corresponding Author: sistecr.sports@sistec.ac.in
www.jrasb.com || Vol. 1 No. 5 (2022): December Issue
Received: 30-11-2022 Revised: 21-12-2022 Accepted: 31-12-2022
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to prepare the profile of selected anthropometric variables of 20 athletes who had
competed at the national level comprised only male players from Madhya Pradesh who were between the ages of 18 and 25 and
who were residents of Madhya Pradesh. Each of these athletes was a native of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. All the
anthropometric measurements were measured to the 1/10 th of the centimeter. Non-stretchable measuring tape were used to
measure the length. Results of the study showed that in anthropometric variables sitting height was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg.
Leg length was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Shoulder width was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Upper arm circumference was lowest in
-56 kg to -60 kg. Forearm circumference was medium in -56 kg to -60 kg. Chest circumference was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg.
Thigh circumference lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Calf circumference lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg.
Thus, height and skinfold thickness are mostly differentiated between heavier and lighter groups, but bone breadths
and circumferences are the primary differentiators between weight categories.
Keywords- Judokas, profiling, Anthropometric, Top-Class.
I. INTRODUCTION training approaches, procedures, and tools yield the best

outcomes with the least amount of effort and time
It is impossible to advance in any field in invested. In the present study an attempt is being made
today's modern scientific age without a solid foundation to estimate the Judo performance on the basis selected
in the relevant scientific literature. In the same vein, a Anthropometric variables by developing profile of top-
sportsperson or coach who lacks a scientific class Judokas.
understanding of training methods, techniques, and
means cannot hope to outperform someone who does II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
have such an understanding. No one, then, can
outperform someone who has scientific knowledge of Selection of Subjects:
training methods, tactics, and means when it comes to This study's sample of 20 athletes who had
achieving the aim of greater levels of performance and competed at the national level comprised only male
realizing a sportsman's desire. Therefore, scientific players from Madhya Pradesh who were between the
knowledge of training methods, techniques, and means ages of 18 and 25 and who were residents of Madhya
are important to reach the objective of higher levels of Pradesh. Each of these athletes was a native of the Indian
Performance and for the realization of the sportsman's state of Madhya Pradesh.
desire. Though many things have a role in achieving Anthropometric measurements
success, scientific training methods, tactics, and means ▪ Sitting height
contribute the most. However, scientifically-based ▪ Leg length
205 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
▪ Shoulder width measured to the 1/10th of the centimeter. Non-stretchable

▪ Upper arm circumference measuring tape were used to measure the length.
▪ Fore arm circumference
▪ Chest circumference III. RESULTS
▪ Thigh circumference
▪ Calf circumference. Anthropometric Variables
Criterion measures Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg

All the anthropometric measurements were
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level Judo Players of Weight
Sitting Height (In Cm) 20 36.20 72.20 108.40 1714.80 85.740 8.680
Leg Length (In Cm) 20 31.00 69.70 100.70 1749.50 87.475 7.804
Shoulder Width (In Cm) 20 10.80 28.20 39.00 675.90 33.795 3.036
Upper arm Circumference (In Cm) 20 11.10 22.40 33.50 557.10 27.855 2.965
Forearm Circumference (In Cm) 20 8.50 21.30 29.80 506.00 25.300 2.293
Chest Circumference (In Cm) 20 23.60 74.40 98.00 1700.90 85.045 6.773
Thigh Circumference (In Cm) 20 20.70 34.90 55.60 940.50 47.025 5.270
Calf Circumference (In Cm) 20 18.10 25.00 43.10 666.00 33.300 5.062
Table 1 shows descriptive statistics for selected Development of the profile chart for selected
anthropometric variables of national level judo players anthropometric variables of national level judo players
of weight category (-56 kg to - 60 kg). Mean and of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg:
standard deviation of sitting height (In Cm) is For developing the profile chart of the for
85.74±8.68, leg length (in cm) 87.47±7.80, shoulder selected anthropometric variables of national level judo
width (in cm) 33.75±3.03, upper arm circumference (in players of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg we need
cm) 27.85±2.96, forearm circumference (in cm) minimum score, maximum score, mean and standard
25.30±2.29, chest circumference (in cm) 85.04± 6.77, deviation out of all the descriptive statistics for all the
thigh circumference (in cm) 47.02±5.27 and calf selected anthropometric variables mentioned in the table
circumference (in cm) 33.30±5.06 respectively. 1.
Table 2: Required Descriptive Statistics of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level Judo Players of
Sitting Height (In Cm) 72.20 108.40 85.740 8.680
Leg Length (In Cm) 69.70 100.70 87.475 7.804
Shoulder Width (In Cm) 28.20 39.00 33.795 3.036
Upper arm Circumference (In Cm) 22.40 33.50 27.855 2.965
Forearm Circumference (In Cm) 21.30 29.80 25.300 2.293
Chest Circumference (In Cm) 74.40 98.00 85.045 6.773
Thigh Circumference (In Cm) 34.90 55.60 47.025 5.270
Calf Circumference (In Cm) 25.00 43.10 33.300 5.062
Table 2 shows all the required statistics to Conversion of Data into Standard Scores:
develop profile chart of national level judo players of After converting the data into standard score
weight category -56 kg to -60 kg in respect of selected ̅
X− X
(Z = ), the prepared chart is mentioned below in
anthropometric variables. s
Table 3:
Table 3: Standard score (Z) of required Statistics of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level Judo
Leg Length -2.278 0 1.695
Upper arm Circumference -1.840 0 1.904
Forearm Circumference -1.744 0 1.962
Table 3 shows standard score (z) of required Linear Transformation of the Standard Scores (Profile
statistics for preparation of profile chart of selectedChart):
anthropometric variables of national level judo players For removing the effect of negative values, the
of weight category -56 kg to -60 kg. linear transformation of the standard scores is done by
using the transformation equation Z1 = 50 + 10 x Z. The
linear transformed profile chart is given below in the
table 4:
Table 4: Transformed Standard Scores of Minimum, Maximum and Mean of Selected Anthropometric Variables
Leg Length 27.223 50 66.946
Upper arm Circumference 31.602 50 69.039
Forearm Circumference 32.556 50 69.625
Table 4 shows, the linear transformation of the

standard scores is done by using the transformation
equation Z1 = 50 + 10 x Z.
Profile chart of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level Judo Players

80
70
60
50
40
30
20 Minimum(Z)
10
0 Mean (Z)
Maximum(Z)
Figure 1: Profile chart of Selected Anthropometric Variables of National Level Judo Players Weight Category (-56
Kg to -60 Kg)
IV. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS REFERENCES
Results of the study showed that in [1] Franchini, E., Rodríguez Huertas, J., Sterkowicz, S.,
anthropometric variables sitting height was lowest in -56 Carratalá, V., Gutiérrez-García, C., & Escobar Molina,
kg to -60 kg. Leg length was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. R. (2011). Anthropometrical profile of elite Spanish
Judoka: Comparative analysis among ages.
Shoulder width was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Upper
[2] Hernández, R., Torres-Luque, G., & Olmedilla, A.
arm circumference was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. (2009). Relations among training volume, body weight,
Forearm circumference was medium in -56 kg to -60 kg. and profile of mood states for elite judoka during a
Chest circumference was lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. competitive period. Perceptual and motor skills, 109(3),
Thigh circumference lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. Calf 870-880.
circumference lowest in -56 kg to -60 kg. [3] Kuźmicki, S., Kruszewski, A., Kruszewski, M.,
Thus, height and skinfold thickness are mostly Adam, M., Sarnacki, M., & Pujszo, R. (2016). The
differentiated between heavier and lighter groups, but individual technical and tactical profile of a leading
bone breadths and circumferences are the primary Polish judoka in the+ 100 kg weight category and his
differentiators between weight categories. Previous somatic composition in comparison to the world
elite. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical
findings about the lowest fat percentages in the lightest
Activity, 8(4), 69-78.
weight categories and the highest values in the lowest [4] Adam, M., Smaruj, M., & Laskowski, R. (2014). A
weight category (-81 to -90 kg) are corroborated by this technical and tactical profile of the double Olympic judo
study (Franchini et al.,2011). High circumference values champion: a case study. International Journal of Sports
were also seen across all weight classes, indicating that Science & Coaching, 9(1), 123-138.
muscle growth is either an essential trait for judo athletes [5] Sbriccoli, P., Bazzucchi, I., Di Mario, A.,
or the result of rigorous, long-term judo training Marzattinocci, G., & Felici, F. (2007). Assessment of
(Franchini et al., 2005; Kim et al.). maximal cardiorespiratory performance and muscle
Somatic traits of successful athletes in a given power in the Italian Olympic judoka. The Journal of
sport have been found to differ from the general Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 738-744.
[6] Kuzmicki, S., Kruszewski, A., Kruszewski, M.,
population, according to studies of human anatomy
Adam, M., Sarnacki, M., &Pujszo, R. (2016). The
conducted to date. When it comes to appearance, no two individual technical and tactical profile of a leading
people are exactly alike. The range of human variation is Polish judoka in the+ 100 kg weight category and his
so broad that no two people share the same exact set of somatic composition in comparison to the world
characteristics. It's common knowledge that due to the elite. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical
vast differences in human anatomy, some sporting Activity, 8(4), 8.
activities are better suited to particular body types than [7] Spieser, L., Clijsen, R., Rucker, A. M., Cabri, J., &
others. There are many aspects that contribute to peak Clarys, P. (2012). Anthropometry of the Swiss junior
performance, but one of the most important is a person's and elite judo national team-a descriptive
unique physical traits, including their size, type, and study. Sportverletzung Sportschaden: Organ der
Gesellschaft fur Orthopadisch-traumatologische
structure.
Sportmedizin, 26(4), 199-203.
Arun Verma

In Volume 1, Issue 5, of Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Peer Reviewed Journal, December 2022, Published by Stallion Publication.
Editor-in-Chief
www.jrasb.com editor@jrasb.com +91-8303613016

Dr. Vikas Saxena


In Volume 1, Issue 5, of Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Peer Reviewed Journal, December 2022, Published by Stallion Publication.
Editor-in-Chief
www.jrasb.com editor@jrasb.com +91-8303613016

PLAGIARISM CERTIFICATE
Certified that the thesis titled “Developing Profile of Selected Physical Fitness, Physiological and
Anthropometric Variables of Top Class Indian Judokas” submitted by research scholar Mr. Arun
Verma having Enrolment No. AU182393 has been run through plagiarism check software (URKUND)
and the plagiarism percentage is reported to be 3 %. Report generated by the plagiarism check
software (URKUND) is enclosed here with.
Arun Verma
Enrolment No. AU182393
Supervised by
Dr. Vikas Saxena (Head)
Rabindranath Tagore University
(Authorized Signatory)
Dean
Faculty of Education
Rabindranath Tagore University

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DEVELOPING PROFILE OF SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES OF TOP-

For the award of the degree of

Enrolment No. AU182393 RDC No. RNTU/R&D/RDC/22/134

For the award of the degree of

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Enrolment No. AU182393 RDC No. RNTU/R&D/RDC/22/134

Date---------------------- Arun Verma

Enrolment No. AU182393

Dr. Vikas Saxena

Title of the Thesis : DEVELOPING PROFILE OF SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS,

However, the undersigned may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce material

It is a manner of immense pleasure to express the overwhelming sense of gratitude,

Keywords: Judo, Profiling, National Level, Anthropometric, Physical Fitness, Physiological

1.1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 9

1.2 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................ 10

1.3 Delimitations ............................................................................................................. 10

1.4 Limitations of the study............................................................................................. 11

1.5 Definition and explanation of terms .......................................................................... 11

1.5.1 Physical fitness: ................................................................................................. 11

1.5.2 Anthropometry: .................................................................................................. 11

1.5.3 Physiology: ........................................................................................................ 11

1.6 Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 11

Chapter 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................ 13

2.1 Research gap in above topic: ..................................................................................... 30

Chapter 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOLGY .................................................................... 31

3.1 Selection of Samples for the study: ........................................................................... 31

3.1.1 Selection of variables: ........................................................................................ 31

3.2 Criterion measures..................................................................................................... 32

3.3 Procedure of Testing and Collection of Data ............................................................ 32

3.3.1 Fat Percentage .................................................................................................... 32

3.3.2 Vital Capacity .................................................................................................... 33

3.3.3 Back Strength ..................................................................................................... 33

3.3.4 Grip Strength ...................................................................................................... 33

3.3.5 Shoulder Strength............................................................................................... 34

3.3.6 Standing Broad Jump ......................................................................................... 34

3.3.7 50m Dash ........................................................................................................... 34

3.3.8 1000 Meter Run / Walk...................................................................................... 35

3.3.9 4 X 10-Yard Shuttle Run ................................................................................... 35

3.3.11 Sitting Height ..................................................................................................... 35

3.3.12 Leg Length ......................................................................................................... 36

3.3.13 Shoulder Width .................................................................................................. 36

3.3.14 Chest Circumference .......................................................................................... 36

3.3.15 Thigh Circumference ......................................................................................... 36

3.3.16 Calf Circumference ............................................................................................ 37

3.4 Statistical Technique ................................................................................................. 37

Chapter 4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ............................................................................ 38

4.1 ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES ...................................................................... 39

4.1.1 A Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg ................................................................ 39

4.1.2 Conversion of Data into Standard Scores: ......................................................... 41

4.1.3 Weight Category -66 Kg to -73 Kg.................................................................... 42

4.1.4 Conversion of Data into Standard Scores: ......................................................... 44

4.1.5 Weight Category -81 Kg to -90 Kg.................................................................... 46

4.2 PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES ....................................................................... 49

4.2.1 Weight Category -56 Kg to -60 Kg.................................................................... 49

4.2.2 Weight Category -66 Kg to -73 Kg.................................................................... 52

4.2.3 Weight Category -81 Kg to -90 Kg.................................................................... 55

4.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES ........................................................................... 58