CHEMISTRY - practice lecture

AA 2016-2017

7 – Solutions

Dr. Cristina Pagliano

Department of Applied Science and Technology
Politecnico di Torino
Phone number: 0131-229301
E-mail: cristina.pagliano@polito.it

1/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS

Quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of
a solution (1/2)
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In
such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance,
known as a solvent.

The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of how much

of that solute is dissolved in the solvent.
There are a number of ways to express the relative amounts of solute
and solvent in a solution. Five different units commonly used to
express the concentration are:
 Percent Composition by mass
 Percent Composition by volume
 Molarity
 Molality
 Mole Fraction 2/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS
Quantitative ways of expressing the concentration of
a solution (2/2)
Mass percent: is the fraction of a solute in a
solution, both expressed in g, multiplied by 100.

Volume percent: is the fraction of a solute in a volume of solute

Percent by volume
solution, both expressed in ml, multiplied by volume of solution

100.

MOLARITY (M): is the number of moles of

solute in exactly one liter of a solution.

MOLALITY (m): is the number of moles of solute

dissolved in exactly one kilogram of solvent.

The mole fraction, X, of a component in a solution is the ratio of the number of moles
of that component to the total number of moles of all components in the solution.
The mole fraction of A, XA, in a solution
consisting of A, B, C, ... is calculated using the
equation:
3/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS
Exercises & Answers (1)

4/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS

 Exercises & Answers (2)

1)

2)

5/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS

Exercises & Answers (3)

6/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS

 Vapor pressure
The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor
above its liquid; that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from
evaporation of a liquid above a sample of the liquid in a closed
container.
When a liquid evaporates to a gas in a closed container, the molecules
cannot escape. Some of the gas molecules will eventually strike the
condensed phase and condense back into it.
When the rate of condensation of the gas becomes equal to the rate
of evaporation of the liquid, the amount of gas or liquid no longer
changes.
The gas in the container is in equilibrium with the liquid (or solid).

The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid)
in a closed container at a given temperature is called vapor pressure.

7/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS

 Boiling temperature
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid, and
the liquid changes into a vapor.

The normal boiling point of a liquid is the special case in which the
vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure
at sea level, 1 atmosphere. At that temperature, the vapor pressure of
the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and
allows bubbles of vapor to be formed inside the bulk of the liquid.

If the external pressure decreases, also the boiling temperature

decreases.

8/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS

 Clausius-Clapeyron equation
gives the correlation between vapor pressures and related
temperatures.

p1 is the vapor pressure at T1 temperature; p2 is the vapor pressure at T2

temperature
Qvap is the molar heat vaporization; R is the gas universal constant

Qvap= q * MM where q is the mass heat vaporization

Qvap= ΔHvap where ΔHvap is the enthalpy of vaporization

if Q [cal/mol] => R = 1.987 [cal/mol K]

note
if Q [Joule/mol] => R = 8.314 [Joule/mol K]

9/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS

 Exercise example
Exercise: The normal boiling temperature of water is 100°C. Calculate
the boiling temperature of water when the pressure is 600 mmHg.
(For water: q = 539 cal/g)

Answer: “Boiling” means that the vapor pressure of the liquid equals
the pressure surrounding. We are given 4 of the 5 variables in the
Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Substitute and solve for T1.

MM

10/10 Practice lecture 7 – SOLUTIONS