ApexI

ELTSAcademyReadi
ngModul
eTest002

Sect
ion1

A.Therearenotenoughcl assroomsatt heMsekenipri

mar yschool,
sohal ft
helessonstake
placeint
heshadeofy ell
ow- bl
ossomedacaci at
rees.Giventhisshort
age,itmightseem odd
thatoneoftheschool'
spur pose-bui
l
tclassr
oomshasbeenempt i
edofpupi l
sandt ur
nedint
oa
storer
oom forsacksofgrain.Butitmakessense.Foodmat t
ersmoret hanshelt
er.

B.Msekeniisinoneoft hepoorerpar
tsofMal awi,al
andl
ockedsout her
nAf ri
cancountr
yof
excepti
onal
beaut yandgreatpovert
y.Nowarl ayswasteMalawi,noristhelandunusuall
y
crowdedorinfert
il
e,butMalawianssti
l
lhavetroublefi
ndi
ngenought oeat.Halfofthechil
dren
underfi
veareunder f
edtothepointofstunt
ing.Hungerbl
ightsmostaspect sofMalawianlife,
sothecountryisasgoodapl aceasanyt oi
nv est
igat
ehownut r
it
ionaf f
ectsdevel
opment ,and
vi
cev er
sa.

C.Theheadmast eratMsekeni,BernardKumanda, hasstrongv i

ewsont hesubject.Het hinks
foodisapr i
cel
essteachingai
d.Since1999, hispupi
lshavereceivedfreeschoollunches.
Donorssuchast heWor l
dFoodPr ogramme( WFP)pr ov
idethefood:thosesacksofgr ain
(mostl
ymi xedmaizeandsoy abeanflour,
enrichedwithvit
ami nA)inthatconvert
edcl assroom.
Localvol
unteersdothecooking—turningthedr yi
ngredi
entsintoablandbutnutriti
oussl op,and
spooningitoutontoplasti
cplat
es.Thechi l
drenli
neupi nlargecrowds,cheerf
ull
ysi nginga
songcalled"Wearegetti
ngpor r
idge".

D.Whent heschool '

sfeedingpr ogrammewasi nt
roduced,enr
olmentatMsekeni doubl
ed.Some
ofthenewpupi l
shadswi tchedf rom nearbyschool sthatdidnotgi
veoutf reeporri
dge,but
mostwer echildrenwhosef ami l
ieshadpr eviouslykeptthem athomet owor k.Thesefami l
i
es
wer esopool t
hatthelong-term benefitsofeducat ionseemedunattracti
vewhensetagai nstthe
shor t
-ter
m gainofsendi ngchildrenoutt ogat herfir
ewoodorhelpint hefi
elds.Oneplateof
porridgeadaycompl etelyalt
eredt hecalculationAchi l
dfedatschool wi
llnothowl so
plainti
velyforfoodathome.Gi rl
s, whoaremor el
ikel
ythanboystobekeptoutofschool ,are
givenext rasnackstotakehome.

E.Whenaschool takesinahor deofextrastudentsfrom thepoor esthomes, youwoul dexpect

standardst odrop.Anywher eintheworld,poorkidstendt operf
or m wor set hant heirbet t
er-
off
classmat es.Whent heinfl
uxofnewpupi l
sisnotaccompani edbyanyi ncreasei nt henumberof
teachers,aswast hecaseatMsekeni ,youwouldexpectst andardst of al
l evenfur ther.Butthey
hav enotPassr atesatMsekenl i
mproveddr amatical
ly,
from 30%t o65%.Al thought hiswasan
exceptionalexampl e,t
henat i
onwideresult
sofschool f
eedingprogr ammeswer est i
llprett
y
good.Onav erage,aft
eraMal awianschool star
tedhandingoutf reef oodi tattr
act ed38%mor e
girl
sand24%mor eboy s.Thepassr at
ef orboysst ay
edaboutdi esame, whileforgi rl
sit
i
mpr ov
edby93%.

F.Bett
ernutr
iti
onmakesf orbri
ghterchi
l
dren.Mosti
mmedi atel
y,well
-f
edchil
drenfi
nditeasi
er
toconcent
rate.I
tishar
dtof ocusthemindonlongdivi
sionwheny ourstomachisscr
eamingfor
food.MrKumandasay sthatitusedtobeeasytospotthekidswhower ereal
lyunder
nouri
shed.
 ApexI
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eTest002

"Theywer etheoneswhost aredi nt

ospaceanddi dn?trespondwheny ouaskedthem
questions,
"hesay s.Mor ecr ucial
ly,t
hough, moreandbet t
erfoodhelpsbrainsgrowanddev el
op.
Likeanyot herorgani nt hebody ,
thebr ainneedsnutri
ti
onandexer ci
se.Butifi
tisstar
vedofthe
necessarycal or
ies, pr
otei nsandmi cr onutr
ient
s.ItI
sstunt ed,per
hapsnotassev erel
yasa
muscl ewoul dbe,butst unt ednonet heless.Thati
swhyf eedingchil
drenatschoolsworksso
well.Andthef actthatt heef fectoffeedingwasmor epr onouncedongi r
lsthanonboy sgi
vesa
cluetowhoeat sfirstInr ural Malawi anhouseholds.I
tisn'tthegir
ls.

G.Onagl obalscale,thegoodnewsI st hatpeopl ear eeatingbet t

erthanev erbefore.Homo
sapienshasgr own50%bi ggersincet hei ndust ri
alrevolut
ion.Threecent uri
esago, chronic
malnutrit
ionwasmor eorl
essuni versal.Now, itI
sext remelyrareinrichcount ri
es.I
ndev elopi
ng
countri
es, wher emostpeopl eli
ve,platesandr icebowl sareal soful
lerthanev erbefore.The
proporti
onofchi l
drenunderf i
veinthedev elopingwor ldwhoar emal nouri
shedt othepointof
stunti
ngf ell
from 39%i n1990t o30%i n2000, sayst heWor l
dHealthOr ganisati
on(WHO) .I
n
otherplaces,thebat t
leagainsthungeri sst eadilybeingwon.Bet t
ernut r
it
ionismaki ngpeopl e
cl
ev er
erandmor eenerget
ic,whichwi l
l helpt hem growmor eprosperous.Andwhent hey
eventuall
yjoint heranksofthewel loff,theycanst artfret
tingaboutgr owingt oofat.

Quest
ions1-
7

Ther
eadi
ngpassagehassev
enpar
agr
aphs,
A-GChooset
hecor
rectheadi
ngf
orpar
agr
aphsA-
G
fr
om t
hel
istbel
ow.

Wr
it
ethecor
rectnumber
,i-
xi,
inboxes1-
7ony
ouranswersheet
.

Li
stofHeadi
ngs

i
Whybet
terf
oodhel
psst
udent
s’l
ear
ning

i
iAsongf
orget
ti
ngpor
ri
dge

i
i
iSur
pri
singuseofschool
premi
ses

i
vGl
obal
per
spect
ive

VBr
ainscanbest
arv
ed

v
iSur
pri
singacademi
csout
come

v
iiGi
rl
sar
especi
all
ytr
eat
edi
nthepr
ogr
am

v
ii
iHowf
oodpr
ogr
am i
soper
ated

i
xHowf
oodpr
ogr
am af
fect
sschool
att
endance

XNoneoft
heusual
reasons
 ApexI
ELTSAcademyReadi
ngModul
eTest002

xi
Howt
omai
ntai
nacademi
cst
andar
d

1Par
agr
aphA

2Par
agr
aphB

3Par
agr
aphC

4Par
agr
aphD

5Par
agr
aphE

6Par
agr
aphF

7Par
agr
aphG

Quest
ions8-
11Complet
ethesent
encesbel
owusi
ngNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/
ORA
NUMBERf r
om t
hepassage?

Wr
it
eyouranswer
sinboxes8-
11ony
ouranswersheet

8_
___
___
areexcl
usi
vel
yof
fer
edt
ogi
rl
sint
hef
eedi
ngpr
ogr
amme.

9I
nst
eadofgoi
ngt
oschool
,manychi
l
dreni
npov
ert
yar
esentt
ocol
l
ect_
___
___
int
hef
iel
ds.

10Thepassr
ateatMsekeni
hasr
isent
o__
___
_wi
tht
hehel
poft
hef
eedi
ngpr
ogr
amme.

11Si
ncet
hei
ndust
ri
alr
evol
uti
on,
thesi
zeoft
hemoder
nhumanhasgr
ownby
___
___
_

Quest
ions12-
13ChooseTWOl
ett
ers,
A-F.

Wr
it
eyouranswer
sinboxes12and13ony
ouranswersheet
.

Whi
chTWOoft
hef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
sar
etr
ue?

ASomechi
l
drenar
etaughti
ntheopenai
r.

BMal
awi
hav
etr
oubl
etof
eedi
tsl
argepopul
ati
on.

C.Nonewst
aff
swer
erecr
uit
edwhenat
tendancer
ose.

DGi
rl
senj
oyahigherst
atusthanboy
sint
hef
ami
l
yEBoy
sandgi
rl
sexper
iencet
hesame
i
mpr
ovementi
nthepassrate.

FWHOhascooper
atedwi
thWFPt
opr
ovi
degr
aint
otheschool
atMsekeni
.
 ApexI
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eTest002

Sect
ion2

Sav
ingt
heBr
it
ishBi
tt
erns

A.Breedingbit
ternsbecameextincti
ntheUKby1886but,f
ollowingre-
col
onisat
ionearlyl
ast
centur
y,number sr oset
oapeakofabout70booming(si
nging)malesinthe1950s, f
all
i
ngto
fewerthan20byt he1990s.I
nthelat
e1980si
twascleart
hatt hebit
ter
nwasi ntroubl
e,but
ther
ewasl it
tl
einfor mat
iononwhichtobaser
ecov
eryacti
ons.

B.Bitter
nshav ecrypti
cplumageandashynat ur
e,usual l
yr emaini
nghi ddenwithi
nt hecoverof
reedbedv egetat
ion.Ourfi
rstchall
engewast odevelopst andardmet hodstomoni tortheir
number s.Theboom oft hemal ebit
ter
nisitsmostdi st
inctivefeatur
edur i
ngthebr eeding
season, andwedev elopedamet hodtocountthem usingt hesoundpat t
ernsuniquet oeach
i
ndividual.Thi
snotonl yal
lowsUSt obemuchmor ecer tainofthenumberofboomi ngmal esi
n
theUK, butalsoenablesustoest i
matelocalsur
vivalofmal esfr
om oney eartothenext .

C.Ourf i
rstdir
ectunderstandingoft hehabi
tatneedsofbr eedingbitt
ernscamef r
om
compar i
sonsofr eedbedsitesthathadlosttheirboomingbirdswiththoset hatret
ainedt hem.
Thisresearchshowedt hatbi t
ternshadbeenr etai
nedinreedbedswher ethenaturalprocessof
succession,ordryingout,hadbeensl owedthroughmanagement .Basedont hi
swor k,broad
recommendat ionsonhowt omanageandr ehabi l
it
ater
eedbedsf orbitt
ernsweremade, and
fundi
ngwaspr ovidedthr
ought heEULIFEFundt omanage13si teswi t
hinthecorebr eeding
range.Thisproject,t
houghl edbyt heRSPB,involvedmanyot herorganisati
ons.

D.Tor efi
net heser ecommendat i
onsandpr ov i
define-scale, quant i
tati
v ehabitatprescript
ions
ont hebit
terns' pr
efer r
edf eedinghabi t
at,weradio-
trackedmal ebi t
ternsont heRSPB' s
Minsmer eandLei ghtonMossr eserv
es.Thisshowedcl earpr eferencesf orfeedingint hewetter
reedbedmar gi ns,particularlywi t
hinthereedbednextt ol argeropenpool s.Theav eragehome
rangesizesoft hemal ebi tternswef ollowed(about20hect ares)pr ovidedagoodi ndicati
onof
theareaofr eedbedneededwhenmanagi ngorcreatinghabi tatforthisspeci es.Femal ebitt
erns
undertakeall theincubat i
onandcar eofthey oung,soi twasi mpor tanttounder standt hen
needsaswel l.Overt hecour seofourr esearch,welocat ed87bi t
ternnest sandf oundt hat
femalebitternspr eferredt onesti nareasofcont i
nuousv eget ation,wel li
ntot hereedbed,but
wher ewaterwasst illpresentdur i
ngthedr i
estpartoft hebr eedi ngseason.

E.Thesuccessoft hehabit
atprescr
ipt
ionsdevelopedfrom thisresear chhasbeenspectacular
.
Forinstance,
atMinsmere,boomingbitter
nnumber sgr
aduallyincreasedf rom onet
o10
fol
lowingreedbedl
ower i
ng,amanagementt echniquedesignedt ohal tthedryi
ngoutprocess.
Aft
eral owpointof11boomi ngmalesin1997, bi
tternnumber sinBr i
tainrespondedtoal
lthe
habit
atmanagementwor kandstart
edtoincreasef ort
hefir
stt i
mesi ncet he1950s.
 ApexI
ELTSAcademyReadi
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eTest002

F.Thef i
nal phaseofresearchinvolvedunderstandingthediet
, survi
v al
anddi sper sal
ofbi
tter
n
chicks.Todot hi
swef i
tt
edsmal l r
adiotagstoy oungbitter
nchi cksinthenest ,t odet
ermi
ne
theirfat
et hroughtofl
edgingandbey ond.Manychi cksdidnotsur vivetofledgingandst ar
vati
on
wasf oundt obet hemostlikelyreasonforthei
rdemi se.Thefishpr eyfedt ochi ckswas
domi natedbyt hosespeci
espenet r
ati
ngintothereededge.So, animpor t
antel ementofrecent
studies(incl
udingaPhDwi ththeUniversi
tyofHul l
)hasbeent hedev el
opmentof
recommendat ionsonhabitatandwat ercondit
ionst opromoteheal thynativefishpopulat
ions.

G.Oncei ndependent,r
adi o-t
aggedy oungbi tternswerefoundtoseekoutnewsi tesduri
ngt heir
fi
rstwinter;
apr opor
ti
onoft hesewoul dr emai nonnewsi t
estobreediftheconditi
onswer e
suit
able.AsecondEULI FEf undedpr ojectaimst oprovi
dethesesuit
ablesit
esinnewar eas.A
networkof19si tesdevelopedt hrought hispartner
shipproj
ectwil
lsecureamor esustainable
UKbi t
ternpopulati
onwi thsuccessf ulbreedingoutsideofthecor
ear ea,
lessvulnerabl
et o
chanceev entsandseal ev el
rise.

H.By2004, thenumberofboomi ngmal ebitternsint heUKhadi ncreasedt o55, wit

hal mostall
ofthei ncreasebei ngont hosesi t
esunder takingmanagementbasedonadv i
cederiv
edf rom our
research.Al thoughsci encehasbeenatt hecor eoft hebi t
ternstory,successhasonl ybeen
achievedt hr oughthet rust,hardwor kanddedi cati
onofal lthemanager s,owner sandwar dens
ofsitest hathav eimplement ed,insomecasesv er
ydr asti
c,managementt osecurethef utureof
thi
swet l
andspeci esint heUK.Theconst r
uctedbundsandf ivemaj orsluicesnowcont r
ol t
he
waterl evel over82ha, wi t
haf ur
ther50hacomi ngundercont roli
nt hewint erof2005/06.Reed
establishmenthaspr incipallyusednat uralregener at
ionorpl antedseedl i
ngst oprovidesmal l
corear east hatwi l
li
nt imeexpandt ocr eateabi ggerr eedarea.Todat enear l
y275,000
seedlingshav ebeenpl antedandr eedcov erisext ensive.Over3km ofnewdi t
cheshav ebeen
formed, 3.7km ofexi st i
ngdi tchhavebeenr e-profil
edand2. 2km ofol dmeander( f
ormer
estuarinef eatures)hav ebeencl eanedout .

I.Bitt
ernsnowr egularl
ywinteront hesitewithsomei ndi
cati
onthattheyarest ayinglongeri nt
o
thespr i
ng.Nobr eedinghasy etoccurredbutaboomi ngmal ewaspr esentinthespr ingof2004.
Ar angeofwi l
dfowl breed,
aswel lasagoodnumberofr eedbedpasserinesincludingr eed
bunt i
ng,reed,sedgeandgr asshopperwar bl
ers.Number sofwinter
ingshov el
erhav ei ncreased
sot hatthesit
enowhol dsaUKi mpor tantwinter
ingpopulati
on.Mallt
raethReser venowf orms
partoft heUKnet workofkeysi t
esf orwatervole(aUKpr i
orit
yspecies)and12moni tori
ng
transectshavebeenest abl
ished.Otterandbrown- har
eoccuront hesiteasdoest herar eplant
,
pill
wort.

Quest
ions14-
20

Ther
eadi
ngpassagehassev
enpar
agr
aphs,
A-H

Li
stofHeadi
ngs

i
resear
chf
indi
ngsi
ntohabi
tat
sanddeci
sionsmade
 ApexI
ELTSAcademyReadi
ngModul
eTest002

i
ifl
uct
uat
ioni
nbi
tt
ernnumber

i
i
ipr
otectt
hey
oungbi
tt
ern

i
vint
ernat
ional
cooper
ati
onwor
ks

vBegani
ncal
cul
ati
onoft
henumber

v
iimpor
tanceoff
ood

v
iiResear
chhasbeensuccessf
ul.

v
ii
iresear
chi
ntot
her
eedbed

i
xreser
veest
abl
i
shedhol
dingbi
tt
erni
nwi
nter

Chooset
hecor
rectheadi
ngf
orpar
agr
aphsA-
Hfr
om t
hel
i
stbel
ow.

Wr
it
ethecor
rectnumber
,i-
vii
i
,inbox
es14-
20ony
ouranswersheet
.

14Par
agr
aphA

15Par
agr
aphB

16Par
agr
aphC

17Par
agr
aphD

18Par
agr
aphF

19Par
agr
aphG

20Par
agr
aphH

Quest
ions21-
26Answert
hequest
ionsbel
ow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/
ORANUMBERf
rom t
hepassagef
oreach
answer
.

21Whendi
dthebi
rdofbi
tt
enr
eachi
tspeakofnumber
?

22Whatdoest
heaut
hordescr
ibet
hebi
tt
ern'
schar
act
er?

23Whati
sthemai
ncausef
ort
hechi
ckbi
tt
ern'
sdeat
h?

24Whati
sthemai
nfoodf
orchi
ckbi
tt
ern?
 ApexI
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eTest002

25Whatsy
stem doesi
tsecur
ethest
abi
l
ityf
orbi
tt
ern'
spopul
ati
on?

26Besi
desbi
tt
ernandr
arev
eget
ati
on,
whatmammal
doest
hepr
otect
ionpl
anbenef
it
?

Quest
ions27Chooset
hecor
rectl
ett
er,
A,B,
CorD.

Wr
it
eyouranswer
sinboxes27ony
ouranswersheet
.

27Whati
sthemai
npur
poseoft
hispassage?

AMai
nchar
act
eri
sti
cofabi
rdcal
l
edbi
tt
ern.

BCooperat
ioncanpr
otectanendanger
edspeci
es,
CThedi
ff
icul
tyofaccessi
nfor
mat
ionof
bi
tt
ern'
shabit
atanddi
et.

DTosav
ewet
landandr
eedbedi
nUK.

Sect
ion3

E-t
rai
ning

A.E-leamingi st heunify
ingt ermt odescribethefieldsofonl
inel
earning,web-
basedtrai
ning,
andt echnology -del
iv
eredi nstructi
on,whichcanbeagr eatbenef
ittocorporat
ee-l
earni
ng.IBM,
forinstance,claimst hatthei nsti
tuti
onofitse-tr
ainingprogr
am,Basi cBl
ue,whosepurposei st
o
trai
nnewmanager s,savedt hecompanyi ntherangeof$200mi ll
ionin1999.Cutt
ingthetravel
expensesr equir edtobringempl oyeesandinstructorstoacentr
alclassr
oom accountsforthe
l
ion'sshareoft hesav i
ngs.Wi t
hanonl i
necour se,employeescanlearnfr
om anyInter
net-
connect edPC, any whereint hewor ld.

ErnstandYoungr
educedt
rai
ningcost
sby35per
centwhi
l
eimpr
ovi
ngconsi
stencyand
scalabi
li
ty.

B.Inaddit i
ont ogener allypositiveeconomi cbenef it
s, otheradv ant agessuchasconv enience,
standardizeddel i
very,self-
pacedl earning,andv ar ietyofav ailabl econt ent,havemadee- l
earning
ahighpr i
or i
tyf ormanycor porat ions.E- l
earningi swi del ybel ievedt oof ferflexi
ble"anyt ime, any
place"l
ear ning.Thecl aimf or" anypl ace"i sv alidinpr i
nci pl
eandi sagr eatdev el
opment .Many
peoplecanengagewi thr i
chlear ningmat erialst hatsi mpl ywer enotpossi bleinapaperor
broadcastdi stancel earninger a.Fort eachi ngspeci f
ici nformat ionandski ll
s,e-t
raininghol ds
greatpromi se.I tcanbeespeci allyeffect i
veathel pingempl oy eespr epareforITcer tif
icati
on
programs.E- lear ni
ngal soseemst oef fecti
v elyaddr esst opi cssuchassexual harassment
education,’safet ytr
ainingandmanagementt rai
ning—al lareaswher eaclearsetofobj ectiv
es
canbei dent i
fied.Ultimately,tr
ai ningexper tsr ecommenda" blended"appr oacht hatcombi nes
bothonl i
neandi n-
personf rami ngast heinst ruct i
onr equi r
es.E- learningisnotanend- all
soluti
on.Buti fithelpsdecr easecost sandwi ndowl esscl assr oomsf i
ll
edwi thsnoringst udents,
 ApexI
ELTSAcademyReadi
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eTest002

i
tdef
ini
tel
yhasi
tsadv
ant
ages.

C.Muchoft hediscussi
onabouti
mplementinge-
lear
ninghasf ocusedont hetechnology,butas
Dri
scol
landot hershaveremi
ndedus,e-
lear
ningi
snotj ustaboutthetechnol
ogy ,butalsomany
humanfactors.Asanycapablemanagerknows,t
eachingempl oyeesnewski l
l
si scrit
icalt
oa
smoothl
yrunbusi ness.

Hav ingsai dt hat,howev er,thet r

adi t
ional routeofcl assroom i nstr
uctionr unst her iskofbeing
expensi ve,sl
owand, oftent imes, i
nef f
ect i
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thef actt hatittakesempl oyeesoutoft heirjobs.Ev erymi nut eanempl oyeei ssittingi
na
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ainingsessi oni sami nutet hey '
renotoutont hef loorwor king.Itnowl ooksasi f
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l
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or
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Groupt r
aini
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on, therei
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vedindev elopingandt eachingonlinecl asses.
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s,orhav eaccesst ot hesetools, cannot
succeedi nane- Learningprogr am.

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toconf irmthatlearnersareact ual
lyacqui r
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eenv i
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Quest
ions28-
33

Ther
eadi
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enpar
agr
aphs,
A-F.

Chooset
hecor
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agraphsA-
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om t
hel
i
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it
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,i-
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Li
stofHeadi
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i
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it
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i
iIBM'
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rai
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i
i
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eachi
ng

i
vlear
ner
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evementandadv
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vl
i
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v
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i
xot
heradv
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ati
on

xTr
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-
--
--
--
--
-

28Par
agr
aphA

29Par
agr
aphB

30Par
agr
aphc

31Par
agr
aphD

32Par
agr
aphE

33Par
agr
aphF

Quest
ions34-
37

Ther
eadi
ngPassagehassev
enpar
agr
aphsA-
F.

Whi
chpar
agr
aphcont
ainst
hef
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owi
ngi
nfor
mat
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Wr
it
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rectl
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erA-
F,i
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37ony
ouranswersheet
.

34Pr
oject
edBasi
cBl
uei
nIBM achi
evedagr
eatsuccess.

35E-
lear
ningwi
nsasapr
ior
it
yformanycor
por
ati
onsasi
tsf
lexi
bil
i
ty.

36Thecombi
nat
ionoft
het
radi
ti
onal
andc-
tr
aini
ngenv
ironment
smaypr
evai
l
.

37Exampl
eofaf
astel
ect
roni
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i
ver
yforacompany
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oduct
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s.

Questi
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it
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40on
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A.Techni
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l
iti
esar
ehar
dlyobt
ained.

B.Pr
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ingmul
ti
medi
aov
ert
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nter
neti
srest
ri
ctedduet
othebandwi
dthl
i
mit
,

C.I
tisi
nef
fect
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mpar
ti
ngauni
quecor
por
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eshempl
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D.Empl
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imel
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E.Mor
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tabl
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