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Astm A 471 06
Astm A 471 06
Astm A 471 06
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A 471 – 06
tons of steel lifted per cycle 3 number of cycles 4.5.4 Tempering Temperature—The forgings shall be tem-
heat weight in tons pered to develop the specified properties. The final tempering
4.2.1.3 When the ladle degassing process is used, the temperature for Class 1 to 6 and 11 through 14 shall be not less
evacuation system shall be capable of reducing the system than 1100°F (593°C), and for Class 10 not less than 1200°F
vacuum pressure to a low level (usually less than 1000 µm). (649°C). The forgings shall be cooled under suitable conditions
The molten metal shall be adequately stirred for a sufficient from the tempering temperature.
length of time to maximize exposure to the evacuated atmo- 4.5.5 Stress Relief—Unless otherwise specified by the pur-
sphere. When this process is used, hydrogen testing per chaser, the forgings shall be stress relieved after machining
Supplemental Requirement S2 is mandatory. (see 4.6.2) by heating slowly to a temperature within 100°F
4.2.1.4 Other methods of degassing may be used if the (56°C) below the final tempering temperature but in no case
supplier can demonstrate their adequacy to the satisfaction of below 1025°F (552°C) for Classes 1 to 6 and 11 through 14 and
the purchaser. When other processes are used, hydrogen testing 1150°F (621°C) for Class 10. They shall be held for a sufficient
per the supplemental requirement S2 is mandatory. length of time and then cooled under suitable conditions. This
4.3 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be taken from each stress-relief temperature may be omitted provided the metal
ingot to secure freedom from pipe and undue segregation in the removed in accordance with 4.6.2, excluding test metal, does
finished forging. not exceed 3⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) on any surface.
4.4 Forging Process—The forgings shall receive their hot 4.6 Machining:
mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient 4.6.1 Preliminary Machining—The forgings shall be pre-
power to work the metal throughout its section. The forgings liminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment for
shall be upset by forming from a block having an axial length mechanical properties (see 4.5.3).
before upsetting of at least two times the thickness of the 4.6.2 Machining to Purchaser’s Requirements for
forging after upsetting. Shipment—After heat treatment for mechanical properties (see
4.4.1 The as-forged dimensions of each forging shall be 4.5.3), the forgings shall be machined to the dimensions of the
planned so the metal is shaped by forging as close as is purchaser’s forging drawing or instructions on his order.
practical to the dimensions shown on the purchaser’s drawing
so as to keep subsequent machining to a minimum. 5. Chemical Composition
4.4.2 The axial center of the forging shall be maintained in 5.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical
common with the axial center of the ingot. composition prescribed in Table 1.
4.5 Heat Treatment: 5.2 Chemical Analysis:
4.5.1 Cooling Prior to Heat Treatment—After forging and 5.2.1 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat of steel shall
before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of
allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to those elements specified in Table 1. This analysis shall be made
accomplish transformation. from a test ingot taken during the pouring of the heat.
4.5.2 Preliminary Heat Treatment—The forgings shall be 5.2.1.1 If the test sample taken for the ladle analysis is lost
given such preliminary heat treatment as is proper for the or declared inadequate for chemical determinations, the manu-
design and composition. The forgings shall be heated to a facturer may take alternative samples from appropriate loca-
suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete tions near the surface of the ingot or forging as necessary to
austenitization and shall be suitably cooled to bring about establish the analysis of the heat in question.
complete transformation. 5.2.2 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made
4.5.3 Heat Treatment for Mechanical Properties—The forg- by the purchaser on each forging. Sample for an analysis may
ings shall be reheated to a temperature above the upper critical be taken from the forging at any point from the mid-radius to
temperature, held a sufficient length of time for complete the outside diameter or from a full-size prolongation, or
austenitization, and liquid quenched. turnings may be taken from a test specimen. The chemical
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A 471 – 06
composition thus determined shall not vary from the require- shall be considered a minimum number of tests conducted on
ments specified in Table 1 more than the amounts prescribed in forgings made to this specification.
Table 2. 6.4.1 For Classes 11 through 14 unless otherwise specified
5.3 Test Methods of Analysis—Test Methods E 30 shall be by the purchaser, tests shall be made as follows:
used for referee purposes. 6.4.1.1 Forgings 30 in. (762 mm) and under in diameter may
be group tested. One tension test and one Charpy V-notch test
6. Mechanical Properties
shall be considered representative of each lot of forgings
6.1 Tension Test—The material shall conform to the require- manufactured from the same heat of material and heat treated
ment for tensile properties prescribed in Table 3 when tested in together. When group tested two Brinell tests, 180° apart, shall
accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370. Tension be made on the same face of each forging near the rim.
test specimens shall be the standard round, 1⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) 6.4.1.2 For forgings over 30 in. in diameter, at least one rim
diameter, 2-in. (50.8-mm) gauge length as shown in Test tension test and one Charpy V-notch test shall be made from
Methods and Definitions A 370. The yield strength prescribed each forging.
in Table 3 shall be determined by the 0.2 % offset method of
6.4.1.3 Location—Unless otherwise specified, tension and
Test Methods and Definitions A 370. The offset shall be 0.2 %
Charpy V-notch specimens shall be taken on full thickness
unless 0.02 % is specified in the ordering information.
prolongations on the forging periphery. The test specimen shall
6.2 Impact Test—The material shall conform to the require-
be taken as close as possible to the quarter thickness of the
ments for impact (both transition-temperature and room-
forging, with the axis of the specimen tangential.
temperature impact value) as prescribed in Table 3. The impact
tests shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods and 6.5 Removal of Test Specimens—Removal of mechanical
Definitions A 370 using standard full-size specimens. test specimens shall be done after all heat treatment, including
6.3 Hardness—Forgings made from Classes 11 to 14 and the stress relief when required, has been completed. Test
subjected to group testing in accordance with 6.4.1 shall material shall not be separated from the forging until after the
conform to the Brinell hardness requirements prescribed in quench and temper cycles. If separated prior to a required
Table 3 when tested in accordance with Test Methods and stress relief cycle, test material sufficient to satisfy 6.4 and of
Definitions A 370. the proper orientation shall be included with the stress relief
6.4 Location and Number of Tests—Classes 1 through 10 cycle of the forgings and subsequently tested.
tension and impact test specimen shall be identified and taken
from the locations as specified by the purchaser and agreed to 7. Nondestructive Test Requirements
by the producer. One tension test and a transition-temperature 7.1 General Requirements—The forgings shall be free from
determination, including room-temperature impact strength cracks, seams, laps, shrinkage, and other similar imperfections.
Unit or Maximum Specified Up to and Over 100 Over 200 Over 400 Over 800 Over 1600
Element including to 200 in.2 to 400 in.2 to 800 in.2 to 1600 in.2
Range, %
100 in.2 (645 to (1290 to (2580 to in.2 (5160 (10 320
(645 cm2) 1290 cm2), 2580 cm2), 5160 cm2), to 10 320 cm2)
incl incl incl cm2), incl
Carbon ... 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06
Manganese up to and including 0.90 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0.91 and over 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09
Phosphorus ... 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.015 0.015
Sulfur ... 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006
Silicon ... 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06
Nickel up to and including 1.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
1.01 to 2.00, incl 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
2.01 and over 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Chromium up to and including 0.90 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06
0.91 and over 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08
Molybdenum up to and including 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03
0.21 to 0.40, incl 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04
0.41 to 1.15, incl 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
1.16 and over 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12
Vanadium up to and including 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.11 to 0.25, incl 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
0.26 and over 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
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TABLE 3 Tensile and Charpy Impact Requirements
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6
Tensile strength, min, ksi (MPa) 100 105 110 120 130 140
(690) (725) (760) 830) (900) (965)
Yield strength, ksi (MPa)
0.2 % offset 80–100 90–110 100–120 110–130 120–140 130–150
(550–690) (620–760) (690–825) (760–895) (825–965) (895–1035)
0.02 % offset 75–95 85–105 95–115 105–125 115–135 125–145
(520–655) (585–725) (655–790) (725–860) (790–930) (860–1000)
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 20 19 18 17 16 15
Reduction of area, min, % 50 50 47 45 43 43
Charpy V-notch impact, room temperature, ft·lb, min 50 50 45 45 40 40
Transition temperature, FATT50, °F, max 0 0 0 0 10 10
Brinell hardness number ... ... ... ... ... ...
Class 10 Class 11 Class 12 Class 13 Class 14
Tensile strength, min, ksi (MPa) 105 100 110 125 125
(725) (690) (760) (860) (860)
Yield strength, ksi (MPa)
0.2 % offset 90–105 ... ... ... ...
... ... ...
(620–725) ... ... ... ...
0.02 % offset 85–100 75–95 85–105 105–125 105–125
7.2 Ultrasonic Inspection—An ultrasonic inspection of the specified and the average for the three bars shall be above the
forgings shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate minimum specified. Room temperature impact values less than
freedom from detrimental internal indications. In making the 80 % of the specified value are not acceptable.
ultrasonic inspection, reference shall be made to Practice
A 388/A 388M. Acceptance level shall be agreed upon be- 11. Retreatment
tween the purchaser and manufacturer. 11.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any forging
7.3 Other nondestructive test methods such as dye pen- does not conform to the specified requirements, the manufac-
etrant, sulfur printing, or etching may be used upon request of turer may retreat the forging one or more times, but not more
the purchaser to evaluate the forging. than three additional times without approval of the purchaser.
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A 471 – 06
14.2 The following items shall be reported: 15. Packaging, Package Marking, and Loading
14.2.1 Heat and product (when specified by the purchaser) 15.1 Each forging shall be legibly stamped by the manufac-
analyses, turer with the manufacturer’s name or trademark, the manu-
14.2.2 Results of acceptance tests for mechanical properties, facturer’s serial number, the specification number (A 471), and
14.2.3 Report of all nondestructive tests including sketches the appropriate class number.
when necessary, 15.2 Packaging and loading shall be done so that the forging
is not damaged during shipment to the purchaser.
14.2.4 Final austenitizing, tempering, and stress relieving
temperatures, holding times, and methods of cooling, and 16. Keywords
14.2.5 The results of the supplementary requirement when 16.1 steel forgings; turbine rotor disks; turbine rotor wheels;
required. vacuum-treated low alloy steel
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser on the
order.
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A 471 – 06
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, A 471 – 05,
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 15, 2006.)
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, A 471 – 02,
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Sept. 1, 2005.)
(1) Revised the wording of 4.1. (2) Added S4 to the Supplementary Requirements Section.
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