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Taiyuan
Coordinates: 37°52′13″N 112°32′59″E

Taiyuan (/ˌtaɪjuˈɑːn/;[3] /ˈtaɪˈjwɛn/;[4] Chinese: 太原 ; pinyin:

并
Tàiyuán; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰâɪ.ɥɛ̌n]; also known as Bīng ( ), Taiyuan
Jìnyáng ( 晋阳 ))[5] is the capital and largest city of Shanxi Province, 太原市
People's Republic of China.[6] Taiyuan is the political, economic,
cultural and international exchange center of Shanxi Province. It is Prefecture-level city
an industrial base focusing on energy and heavy chemicals.
Throughout its long history, Taiyuan was the capital or provisional
capital of many dynasties in China, hence the name Lóngchéng ( 龙
城 ; Dragon City).[7]

As of 2021, the city will govern 6 districts, 3 counties, and host a

county-level city with a total area of 6,988 square kilometers and a
permanent population of 5,390,957.[1]

Taiyuan is located roughly in the centre of Shanxi, with the Fen

River flowing through the central city.[8]

Taiyuan belongs to the warm temperate continental monsoon

climate, with long, dry and cold winters, hot and humid summers,
short and windy spring and autumn, and distinct dry and wet
seasons.[9]

Etymology and names

Longtan Lake Park, The east pagoda in Twin
The two Chinese characters of the city's name are 太 (tài, "great")
Pagoda Temple, Jinci temple.

and 原 (yuán, "plain"), referring to the location where the Fen River Nickname(s): Bīngzhōu ( 并州
Dragon City (
); Jìnyáng (
龙城 )
晋阳);
leaves the mountains and enters a relatively flat plain. Throughout its
long history, the city had various names, including Bīngzhōu ( 并州 )
并
(from which the city's abbreviated single-character name Bīng ( ) is
derived), Jìnyáng ( 晋阳 ) and Lóngchéng ( 龙城 ).[10]

During the Tang dynasty and subsequent Five Dynasties, the status
of the city of Taiyuan was elevated to be the Northern Capital, hence
the name Běidū ( 北都 ), and Běijīng (北京 , different from present-
day Beijing).[11]

History
Taiyuan is an ancient city with more than 2500 years of urban
history, dating back from 497 BC. It was the capital or secondary
capital (陪都 别都 , ) of Zhao, Former Qin, Eastern Wei, Northern
Qi, Northern Jin, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Northern Han. Its
strategic location and rich history make Taiyuan one of the
economic, political, military, and cultural centers of Northern
China.[7]

Pre-Qin dynasty history

Location of Taiyuan City jurisdiction in Shanxi
From about 859 BC the area around modern-day Taiyuan was
occupied by the Rong people. In 662 BC the Rong were driven out
by the Di people.[12]

During the Spring and Autumn period, the state of Jin emerged to
the south of Taiyuan. In 541 BC, the Jin army led by General ( 荀
吴 ), drove out the Di Tribes, and Taiyuan became part of the state of
Jin.

In 497 BC, the first ancient city of Jinyang was built around the Taiyuan
southern Jinyuan District of present-day Taiyuan, by Dong Anyu ( 董
安于 ), who was a steward of Zhao Jianzi ( 赵鞅 ), an upper-level
official of the state of Jin.[7][13]

During the Battle of Jinyang in 453 BC, Zhi Yao diverted the flow
of the Fen River to inundate the city of Jinyang, caused significant
damage to the Zhao. Later, Zhao Xiangzi alerted Wei and Han, who
both decided to ally with Zhao. On the night of 8 May 453 BC,
Zhao troops broke the dams of the Fen River and let the river flood
the Zhi armies, and eventually annihilated the Zhi army, with the Location of the city center in Shanxi
help from Wei and Han.[14] Coordinates (Taiyuan municipal government):
37°52′13″N 112°32′59″E
The Tripartition of Jin happened in 403 BC, when the state of Jin,
then a strong power in Northern China, was divided into three Country China
smaller states of Han, Zhao and Wei. This event is the watershed Province Shanxi
between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in
Municipal seat Xinghualing District
Chinese history. Jinyang, was chosen as the capital of Zhao, by
Divisions County-level divisions:
Zhao Ji. Later, the capital of Zhao was moved to Handan in modern 10, Township-level
Hebei. divisions: 83
Government
Qin dynasty  • Type Prefecture-level city
 • Body Taiyuan Municipal
In 248 BC, the state of Qin attacked Zhao under General Meng'ao, People's Congress
and obtained the area around Jinyang from Zhao. Qin set up the  • CCP Secretary Luo Qingyu
Commandery of Taiyuan ( 太原郡 ), with the city of Jinyang as its  • Congress Chairman Wei Min
administrative center. Although, the name Taiyuan had appeared in  • Mayor Zhang Xinwei
historic records before, potentially referring to different regions in  • CPPCC Chairman Cao Xuecheng
nowadays southern and central Shanxi, this was the first time Area
Taiyuan was officially used to refer to present-day Taiyuan.[12]  • Prefecture-level city 6,959 km2
(2,687 sq mi)
In 246 BC, there was an uprising in Jinyang, and it was quickly
 • Urban 1,460 km2 (560 sq mi)
quelled by Meng'ao.
 • Metro 2,787 km2
Between 229 and 228 BC, Qin General Li Xin lead two armies that (1,076 sq mi)
marched from the cities of Taiyuan and Yunzhong to attack Zhao's Elevation 800 m (2,600 ft)
northern commandery of Dai. Three months after General Li Mu’s Highest elevation 2,670 m (8,760 ft)
death; Wang Jian, Li Xin & Qiang Lei conquered Zhao. Lowest elevation 760 m (2,490 ft)

In 221 BC, Qin conquered the rest of China, and officially started Population (2020 census)[1]
the first imperial dynasty of China. Qin established thirty-six  • Prefecture-level city 5,305,061
commanderies on its territory, and Taiyuan was one of them. Also,  • Density 760/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
the capital of commandery of Taiyuan was Jinyang.[15]  • Urban 4,529,141
 • Urban density 3,100/km2
(8,000/sq mi)
Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms  • Metro 5,433,659
 • Metro density 1,900/km2
In 206 BC, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang established the Han dynasty. (5,000/sq mi)
During that period, the Qin administrative system of commanderies
was abolished, the two Commanderies of Taiyuan and Yanmen were Time zone UTC+08:00 (China
Standard)
combined as the vassal state of Han ( 韩国 ) under the rule of King
Xin of Han ( 韩王信 ).
Postal code
Area code
030000
351
ISO 3166 code CN-SX-01
Later, King Xin of Han moved the capital from Jinyang to Mayi
(present-day Shuozhou) with the approval from the emperor Gaozu.
Vehicle registration 晋 A

However, King Xin of Han conspired with the Xiongnu against GDP ¥ 5121.61 billion
Gaozu, and attacked Han for many years. In 196 BC, King Xin of (2021)
Han was killed after he lost a battle. And the vassal state of Han was GDP per capita ¥ 90,698 (2020)
GaWC Global City [2]
replaced by the vassal state of Dai, with Jinyang as the Gamma -
administrative center of Dai. level classification
Major Nationalities Han
During the tumultuous Three Kingdoms, the population of Taiyuan Administrative 140100
decreased significantly due to constant warfares. Taiyuan was ruled division code
by Gongsun Zan, Yuan Shao, and then by Cao Cao, and was part of Website taiyuan.gov.cn (http://t
Cao Wei afterwards. aiyuan.gov.cn)

Taiyuan
Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms

During the Jin dynasty, Taiyuan was again changed into a vassal state. Following
the ending of the Jin dynasty, ethnic minority peoples settled a series of short-lived "Taiyuan" in Chinese characters
sovereign states in northern China, commonly referred to as Sixteen Kingdoms.
Taiyuan was part of Former Zhao, Later Zhao, Former Qin, Former Yan, Former
Chinese 太原
Qin again, Western Yan, and Later Yan chronologically. Literal meaning "Great Plain"
Transcriptions
In 304, Liu Yuan founded the Xiongnu state of Former Zhao, whose army raided
the area around Taiyuan for years and eventually obtained Taiyuan in 316. In 319, Standard Mandarin
Taiyuan became part of Later Zhao, founded by Shi Le. Later, Taiyuan was Hanyu Pinyin Tàiyuán
obtained by Former Yan in 358, and by Former Qin in 370. Former Qin was
founded by Fu Jian in 351 with capital of Chang'an.
Bopomofo ㄊㄞˋ   ㄩㄢˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh Tayyuan
Fu Jian died in 384. His son Fu Pi declared himself an emperor in 385, with Wade–Giles Tʻai4-yüan2
Jinyang (central city of Taiyuan) as the capital. But the next year, Fu Pi was
IPA [tʰâɪ.ɥɛ̌n]
defeated by the Western Yan prince Murong Yong in 386, and Taiyuan became part
of Western Yan. In 394, Taiyuan was conquered by Later Yan army. Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization Taai-yùhn
Jyutping Taai3-jyun4
Southern and Northern Dynasties
IPA [tʰaːi˧.jyːn˩]
In 386, Tuoba Gui founded Northern Wei. In 396, Northern Wei expanded to Southern Min
Taiyuan.
Hokkien POJ Thài-goân
In 543, Eastern Wei was founded by Gao Huan, with the capital at the city of Ye, Middle Chinese
and Taiyuan as the alternative capital ( 别都 ), where the Mansion of the "Great
Chancellor" Gao Huan ( 大丞相府 ) was located.
Middle Chinese ThajH-ŋʉan

In 550, Northern Qi was founded by Gao Yang, who maintained his father Gao Huan's choice of Taiyuan as the alternative
capital. The Buddhist Tianlongshan Grottoes of Taiyuan started during this period, and continued for many centuries
afterwards.

In 577, Taiyuan was conquered and became part of Northern Zhou.

Sui dynasty

In 581, Emperor Wen of Sui founded Sui dynasty. Jinyang was first the administrative center of Bing Zhou ( 并州
), which
was changed into Taiyuan Commandery. In 617, Li Yuan rose in rebellion based in Taiyuan, and expanded quickly.

Tang dynasty
In 618, Li Yuan founded Tang dynasty, which is generally considered a golden age
of Chinese civilization. Taiyuan expanded significantly during the Tang dynasty,
partly because Taiyuan was the military base of the founding emperors Li Yuan and
Li Shimin. As Li Shimin wrote in 619: "Taiyuan, the base of the imperial regime
太原，王业所基，国之根本
and the foundation of the state." ( )[16]

In 690, Wu Zetian set Taiyuan as the Northern Capital, ( 北都 ; Běidū), one of the
three capitals, along with Chang'an and Luoyang, as depicted in the poem by Li
Bai: "The king of the heaven has three capitals, the Northern capital is one of
them." ("天王三京，北都居一 ").[11] In 742 AD, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
changed its name further to Beijing ( 北京 ). During the Tang dynasty, the title
Northern Capital to Taiyuan had been endowed or abolished multiple times.[15]

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

In 923, Li Cunxu, son of Li Keyong, founded Later Tang with capital of Daming,
and soon conquered most of North China, and ended Later Liang. Afterwards, Li
Cunxu moved the capital from Daming to Luoyang, and Taiyuan was set as a
北都
provisional capital, titled "Beidu" ( , literally 'Northern Capital').[17]

In 936, Shi Jingtang established Later Jin in Taiyuan with the help from Khitan Liao
dynasty. The next year, Shi Jingtang moved the capital from Taiyuan to Luoyang,
A sitting bodhisattva statue originally
and then to Kaifeng, and Taiyuan became a provisional northern capital ("Beijing")
from Tianlongshan Grottoes,
again. currently in Museum Rietberg, Zürich

Song dynasty

Zhao Kuangyin (Emperor Taizu of Song ) established the Song

dynasty and embarked on the campaign of re-unification of
China. Using a power struggle at the Northern Han court Taizu
moved against it in the late 968.[18] By early 969 his armies
encircled Taiyuan and defeated the reinforcements sent by the
Khitan. However, an attempt to flood the city failed. The siege
was lifted after three months, as heavy rains caused diseases in
the besieging army, the supplies were running low, and another
Khitan relief force was advancing towards the city.[18]
Main battles involved for the establishment of the Tang
Taizu launched the second invasion of Northern Han in dynasty originated from Taiyuan.
September 969, but the armies were recalled after his death
(November 14,969).[18]

Taizu's brother Taizong subjugated the last independent kingdoms in the south of
China by 978, and in 979 launched the third campaign against the Northern Han
and its overlord the Khitan state of Liao. Using the north-western route instead of
the southern (used in the previous campaigns) the armies of Taizong defeated a
major Liao force. Isolated, the Northern Han resisted for only fifteen days before
surrendering. In contrast to the mild policies of his brother, Taizong dealt harshly
with the city. He ordered the flooding of Taiyuan by releasing the Fen River, and set
the city on fire.[18] The former capital was downgraded from prefecture to county
town status. The hall of the holy mother in Jinci,
constructed from 1023 to 1032 during
It was not until 982 that a new city was founded on the banks of the Fen River. The the Song dynasty
oldest existing building in Taiyuan today is the Temple of the Goddess (simplified
Chinese: 圣母殿 聖母殿
; traditional Chinese: ) inside the Jin Ci Complex. It was
originally built in 1023 and reconstructed in 1102.
From 1027 one of the two private markets for Tangut goods, particularly salt, operated in Taiyuan.[19] During the Song
period many people, including the family of chancellor Wang Anshi, migrated south.[20]

Jin dynasty

The Jurchen Jin dynasty was founded in 1115, and in 1125, Taiyuan was conquered by Jin.

Yuan dynasty

The Mongol empire emerged in 1206 under the leadership of Genghis Khan, and it expanded quickly. In 1218, Taiyuan
was conquered by the Mongol army led by General Muqali. Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in 1271, and the
administrative area of Taiyuan Lu ( 太原路
) was expanded.

The Taoist Longshan Grottoes was built in early Yuan dynasty, initiated by Taoist monk Song Defang ( 宋德芳).
Ming dynasty

In 1368, Hongwu Emperor established the Ming dynasty, and Taiyuan was obtained from Yuan, by General Xu Da.

The Ming dynasty installed Nine Military Garrisons to defend the northern territory during the reign of the Hongzhi
Emperor, which included the Garrison of Taiyuan ( 太原镇).

Shanxi merchants became prominent in Chinese business history since the beginning of Ming dynasty, thanks to the logistic
requirements of the military around the borders of northern Shanxi to defend Ming against the remnant Mongol Northern
Yuan dynasty.

In the ending period of Ming dynasty, the rebel leader Li Zicheng conquered Taiyuan, and Taiyuan became part of Great
Shun temporarily in 1644.

Qing dynasty

In 1644, Shunzhi founded the Qing dynasty and defeated the Great Shun Army in Taiyuan in the same year.

Throughout the Qing dynasty, the international trade with Russia, especially of tea, and the creation and development of so-
called draft banks, or Piaohao, boosted the central Shanxi basin to become the financial center of Qing China. Even though
most of these Piaohao were based in different neighboring counties of Qi County, Taigu, and Yuci, Taiyuan became a
significant trading center, due to its political and economical status in Shanxi.[21][22]

In 1900, the Taiyuan Massacre occurred, during which a number of Western missionaries were killed.[23]

Republic of China

The warlord Yan Xishan retained control of Shanxi from the Xinhai Revolution in
1911 to the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Taiyuan consequently flourished
as the center of his comparatively progressive province and experienced extensive
industrial development. It was linked by rail both to the far southwest of Shanxi and
to Datong in the north. Until the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Yan's arsenal
in Taiyuan was the only factory in China sufficiently advanced to produce field
Taiyuan Cathedral, photographed by
Edouard Chavannes in 1907
artillery. Because Yan succeeded in keeping Shanxi uninvolved in most of the major
battles between rival warlords that occurred in China during the 1910s and 1920s,
Taiyuan was never taken from Yan by an invading army until the Japanese
conquered it in 1937.[24]

Yan was aware of the threat posed by the Japanese; and, in order to defend against the impending Japanese invasion of
Shanxi, Yan entered into a secret "united front" agreement with the Communists in November 1936. After concluding his
alliance with the Communists, he allowed agents under Zhou Enlai to establish a secret headquarters in Taiyuan.[25] Yan,
 under the slogan "resistance against the enemy and defense of the soil", attempted to
recruit young patriotic intellectuals to his government from across China. By 1936
Taiyuan became a gathering point for anti-Japanese intellectuals who had fled from
Beijing, Tianjin, and Northeast China.[26] A representative of the Japanese army,
speaking of the final defense of Taiyuan, said that "nowhere in China have the
Chinese fought so obstinately".[27]

From the Japanese occupation of Taiyuan to the Japanese surrender in 1945, the
Chinese soldiers and civilians
Japanese continued to exploit Taiyuan's industries and resources to supply the
celebrating the victory at
Japanese army. After the Japanese army in Shanxi surrendered to Yan Xishan,
Pingxingguan in 1937 10,000–15,000 Japanese troops, including both enlisted men and officers, decided
to fight for Yan rather than return to Japan. Yan also retained the services of
experienced and foreign-educated Japanese technicians and professional staff
brought into Taiyuan by the Japanese to run the complex of industries that they had developed around Taiyuan.[28]

Taiyuan was the last area in Shanxi to resist Communist control during the final
stages of the Chinese Civil War. The city was taken by the Communists on 22 April
1949, after they surrounded Taiyuan and cut it off from all means of land and air
supply, and taking the city required the support of 1,300 pieces of artillery.[29] Many
Nationalist officers committed suicide when the city fell to a Communist army.[30]

Geography
Taiyuan lies on the Fen River in the north of its fertile upper basin. The city is
Taiyuan Campaign
located at the center of the province with an east–west span of 144 km (89 mi) and a
north–south span of 107 km (66 mi).[5][31] It commands the north–south route
through the province, as well as important natural lines of transportation
through the Taihang Mountains to Hebei in the east and to northern Shaanxi in
the west.

Natural resources

Taiyuan is abundant in natural resources such as coal, iron, marble, silica,

bauxite, limestone, graphite, quartz, phosphorus, gypsum, mica, copper, and
gold. It boasts high production of coal, iron, silica and marble. The western
satellite city of Gujiao is the largest production site of metallurgical coal in
Satellite image of Taiyuan
China. The tree population in Taiyuan is dominated by coniferous forest, pine,
white pine, spruce, and cypress.[32]

Climate

Taiyuan experiences a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). Taiyuan has a temperate monsoon
climate. Spring is dry, with occasional dust storms, followed by early summer heat waves. Summer tends to be warm to hot
with most of the year's rainfall concentrated in July and August. Winter is long and cold, but dry and sunny. Because of the
aridity, there tends to be considerable diurnal variation in temperature, except during the summer. The weather is much
cooler than comparable-latitude cities, such as Shijiazhuang, due to the moderately high altitude. The monthly 24-hour
average temperature range from −5.0  °C (23.0  °F) in January to 24.0  °C (75.2  °F) in July, while the annual mean is
10.42 °C (50.8 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 51 percent in July to 61 percent in May, there are
2,502 hours of sunshine annually.
 Climate data for Taiyuan (1981–2010 normals)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 14.3 19.8 28.3 37.5 37.7 38.7 39.4 36.6 34.9 28.7 23.2 16.0 39.4
°C (°F) (57.7) (67.6) (82.9) (99.5) (99.9) (101.7) (102.9) (97.9) (94.8) (83.7) (73.8) (60.8) (102.9)

Mean
8.4 13.8 22.0 29.3 32.4 34.6 34.7 33.3 29.9 24.8 18.1 10.0 35.7
maximum
(47.1) (56.8) (71.6) (84.7) (90.3) (94.3) (94.5) (91.9) (85.8) (76.6) (64.6) (50.0) (96.3)
°C (°F)

Average 2.0 6.1 12.1 20.2 25.6 28.9 30.0 28.2 23.9 17.9 9.7 3.2 17.3
high °C (°F) (35.6) (43.0) (53.8) (68.4) (78.1) (84.0) (86.0) (82.8) (75.0) (64.2) (49.5) (37.8) (63.2)

Daily mean −5.0 −1.1 4.9 12.7 18.4 22.2 24.0 22.2 17.0 10.4 2.7 −3.4 10.4
°C (°F) (23.0) (30.0) (40.8) (54.9) (65.1) (72.0) (75.2) (72.0) (62.6) (50.7) (36.9) (25.9) (50.8)

Average low −10.8 −7.0 −1.4 5.5 11.2 15.7 18.7 17.2 11.5 4.5 −2.6 −8.6 4.5
°C (°F) (12.6) (19.4) (29.5) (41.9) (52.2) (60.3) (65.7) (63.0) (52.7) (40.1) (27.3) (16.5) (40.1)

Mean
−17.4 −14.6 −9.4 −2.0 4.4 10.0 14.1 11.8 4.3 −2.9 −9.6 −15.8 −18.4
minimum °C
(0.7) (5.7) (15.1) (28.4) (39.9) (50.0) (57.4) (53.2) (39.7) (26.8) (14.7) (3.6) (−1.1)
(°F)

Record low −25.5 −24.6 −18.0 −9.7 −0.7 4.4 7.2 7.4 −2.0 −13.9 −21.2 −23.3 −25.5
°C (°F) (−13.9) (−12.3) (−0.4) (14.5) (30.7) (39.9) (45.0) (45.3) (28.4) (7.0) (−6.2) (−9.9) (−13.9)

Average
3.0 4.8 12.5 19.4 38.2 54.0 93.5 99.6 58.3 25.8 11.6 2.6 423.3
precipitation
(0.12) (0.19) (0.49) (0.76) (1.50) (2.13) (3.68) (3.92) (2.30) (1.02) (0.46) (0.10) (16.67)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
1.9 2.9 4.4 4.3 5.7 9.3 12.4 11.2 8.1 5.4 3.3 1.4 70.3
days
(≥ 0.1 mm)

Average
relative
51 47 47 45 50 60 71 74 73 67 60 54 58
humidity
(%)

Mean
monthly
173.4 174.0 202.3 229.8 265.1 250.9 228.6 223.8 209.6 206.9 174.6 162.6 2,501.6
sunshine
hours

Percent
possible 57 58 55 59 61 57 51 53 56 60 57 55 57
sunshine

Source 1: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days, sunshine data 1971–2000)[33][34]

Source 2: Météo Climat (records)[35]

Environment

The municipality of Taiyuan is 6,988 km2 (2,698 sq mi). Taiyuan has a forest area of 146,700 hectares. and total grassland
area of 422.5 km2 (163.1 sq mi) in 2007.[36] The forest area coverage rate in the six urban districts has been increased to
21.69% in 2015.[37]

Air pollution

Taiyuan had suffered from severe air pollution, especially in the 1990s, and the first decade of the 21st century,[38] and once
it was even listed among the ten most air-polluted cities in the world.[39] Recently, the air quality has been gradually
improved with increasing public awareness of air quality control and stricter and more detailed rules for pollution applied.
However, according to the 2014 statistical book issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, even though no longer among
the worst polluted cities in China, Taiyuan still has below-average ambient air quality, compared with other major Chinese
cities.[40] A 2019 study estimated that in 2016, there were 228,000 households in the city burning coal, burning a total of
1,096,000 tons that year alone.[41] The authors of the study suggested that the local government should do more to
transition from coal energy to gas energy, provide more electrical heating infrastructure, and transition to more renewable
energy sources.[41] In recent years, the city has taken further action to combat air pollution, creating a "coal-free zone" of
1,460  km2 in 2017.[42] This zone prevents most people and organizations from buying, selling, storing, transporting,
burning, or using coal.[42] In 2019, the Taiyuan City Government expanded the size of this zone slightly, to a total of
1,574 km2 .[42]

Administrative divisions
Map

Yangqu
County

Loufan
County
Jiancaoping

Xinghualing
Gujiao
(city) Wanbailin
Yingze

Xiaodian
Jinyuan

Qingxu
County

Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010) Area (km2) Density (/km2)
City Proper

Xiaodian District 小店区 Xiǎodiàn Qū 804,537 290 2,774

Yingze District 迎泽区 Yíngzé Qū 592,007 105 5,638

Xinghualing District 杏花岭区 Xìnghuālǐng Qū 643,584 146 4,408

Wanbailin District 万柏林区 Wànbǎilín Qū 749,255 289 2,592

Suburban and satellite cities

Jiancaoping District 尖草坪区 Jiāncǎopíng Qū 415,705 296 1,404

Jinyuan District 晋源区 Jìnyuán Qū 221,431 290 763

Gujiao City 古交市 Gǔjiāo Shì 205,143 1,512 135

Rural

Qingxu County 清徐县 Qīngxú Xiàn 343,861 608 565

Yangqu County 阳曲县 Yángqǔ Xiàn 120,228 2,084 57

Loufan County 娄烦县 Lóufán Xiàn 105,841 1,289 82

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, Taiyuan prefecture had a total population of 5,304,061 inhabitants on 6,959 km2 (2,687 sq mi), from
whom 4,529,141 lived in the 6 urban districts on 1,460 km2 (560 sq mi).[43]

Economy
Consistent with China's economic expansion throughout the 2010s, Taiyuan's
economy has shown consistent growth in recent years. In 2018, Taiyuan's GDP was
worth 388.450 billion Yuan, more than double what it was in 2010.[44] Disposable
income per capita was reported to be 31,031 Yuan in 2018, a 7.2% increase from
2017.[45] In 2015, Taiyuan imported 4,085.130 million USD worth of goods,[46]
and exported 6,592.250 million USD worth.[47] Taiyuan's primary, secondary, and
tertiary industries were worth 3.9 billion yuan, 105.2 billion yuan, and 132.2 billion
yuan respectively in 2007.[48] Shanxi produces a quarter of China's coal, and
Taiyuan is the location of the China Taiyuan Coal Transaction Center, which began
Taiyuan Riverside Sports Arena
trading in 2012.[49]

Transportation
Taiyuan is one of the transportation hubs in North China, with highways linking neighboring provincial capitals, and
airlines to most other major Chinese cities and some international cities.

Public Transportation

The Taiyuan Metro is still under construction. Line 1 is set to open in 2024, while
Line 2 has been operating since 26 December 2020.

In early 2016 the city began the conversion of all its 8000 taxi fleet into purely
electric vehicles, initially using BYD Auto model E6.[50][51]

Air
A 1 route bus at Taiyuan
The primary airport of the city is Taiyuan Wusu International Airport. It has been
expanded for the landing of Airbus A380. The airport has domestic airlines to major
cities including Beijing, Shanghai, and coastal cities such as Dalian.[52]
International flights to Taipei and Da Nang are available.[53][54]

Highway

Taiyuan has a number of major roads, Including the G5, G20 (including Shitai
Expressway), G55, G2001 (Ring Highway around Taiyuan), G307, G108, G208.

A 45-kilometer Middle Ring Highway circles the metropolis of Taiyuan. Taiyuan Airport
Two highways on the banks of Fen River run through the center of the
city.
Nine Riverside highways along the nine branches of Fen River, including the Southern Shahe river,
Northern Shahe river, etc., comprise an expressway system, connecting the central Fen River bank with
surrounding areas of urban Taiyuan.
The southern part of Taiyuan has three "East-West" direction highways: South Middle Ring Street,
Huazhang Street and Yingbin Road, and five "North-South" direction highways: West Middle Ring Road,
Binhe West Road, Binhe East Road, Dayun Road, Jianshe Road & Taiyu Road.
The western S56 Taiyuan-Gujiao Highway links Taiyuan with the western satellite city of Gujiao, and further
connects Loufan.
 The northern Yangxing Highway connects downtown Taiyuan with the northern suburb of Yangqu County.

Railway

Taiyuan is one of the main national hubs for the high-speed railway system of
Northern China. Major high-speed railways passing Taiyuan, including the
Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway and Datong–Xi'an high-speed railway.
By high-speed trains, the travel time between Taiyuan and Beijing is less than three
hours on a distance of 600 km (370 mi).[55] The main high-speed railway station is
Taiyuan South railway station. The conventional-speed Taiyuan–Zhongwei–
Yinchuan railway, opened in 2011, provides a direct connection with western
Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, Ningxia, and points further west.
Taiyuan Railway Station
Food
Taiyuan's local specialities include:

Tomato egg noodles (Chinese: 西红柿炒鸡蛋面 ; pinyin: xīhóngshì chǎo

jīdàn miàn; lit. 'noodles with tomato and scrambled eggs')
剔尖; tī jiān; 'scraped noodles')
Tijian (
Dao Xiao noodles (刀削面; dāo xiāo miàn)
Tounao (头脑; tóu nǎo; 'brain-enhancing soup'): Contains mutton, rice wine
Tounao was created in Taiyuan.
and vegetables in the soup. This dish was first created by Chinese
polymath Fu Shan, who was proficient in medicine, for his old and illness-
ridden mother as a food substitute for the ancient medicine Bazhen Tang
(literally "Soup of Eight Treasures") using only locally available food materials that have similar effects
as the original medicine.[56]
Lao Chen Cu mature vinegar ( 老陈醋; lǎo chén cù)
Yuci Flour Sausage ( 榆次灌肠; Yú Cì guàn cháng)
Fried Pork with vegetables (过油肉; guò yóu ròu)
Mutton Soup (羊肉汤; yángròu tāng)

Sports
The Shanxi Brave Dragons of the Chinese Basketball Association play at Riverside Sports Arena. The football club Shanxi
Metropolis, currently playing in China League Two, plays in the Shanxi Sports Centre Stadium.

Tourism
Taiyuan is a modern city with just a few historic buildings remaining in the
centre. The remnants of old Taiyuan can be found west of the central station,
north of Fudong Street and close to Wuyi Road.

One of the main tourist destinations is Shanxi Museum located in West Binhe
Road, downtown Taiyuan, which is among the largest museums in China.

The Twin Towers in Yongzuo Temple, which are featured in the emblem of the
city, have been regarded as a symbol of Taiyuan for a long time. Yongzuo Changfeng (长风 ) footbridge on Fen River
Temple is at southeast of the city centre, also famous for its peony garden and and Shanxi Theater
martyrs cemetery.

The Chongshan Monastery, Longtan Park, and Yingze Park (just off Yingze Street), in the city centre, are popular tourist
destinations.[57]
Jinci Temple also called Tangshuyu Temple, located in Jinyuan District of
southern Taiyuan, dates back to the Zhou dynasty. In Jinci, there are three
treasures: the Nanlao Spring, the Beauty Status and the Queen status. The
Flying Bridge Across the Fish Pond was built during the Song dynasty, which
is famous for its cross-shaped structure.[58]

Along the West Mountain range in western Taiyuan, tourists can find
Tianlongshan Grottoes, which were gradually built over many centuries, from
the northern Qi dynasty, and contains thousands of Buddhist statues and Shanxi Folklore Museum courtyard with
artwork. The grottoes exist today in a damaged state with many of the old Confucian temple
sculptures now missing, that visitors to the caves cannot imagine how they
looked in the past. Many of the sculptures from the caves are now in museums
around the world. However, though the sculptures may be preserved and
displayed, visitors to museums cannot understand them in their original
historical, spatial, and religious contexts. Researchers at the University of
Chicago initiated the Tianlongshan Caves Project in 2013 to pursue research
and digital imaging of the caves and their sculptures.[59]

Not far from the Tianlongshan Grottoes are the Longshan Grottoes, which is
the only Taoist grottoes site in China. The main eight grottoes were carved in
1234~1239 during the Yuan dynasty.

Education and research The twin towers inside the Yongzuo

Temple.

Taiyuan is a major city for research appearing among the top 200 cities in the
world by scientific research outputs as of 2022, as tracked by the Nature
Index[60] and home to Taiyuan University of Technology, the national key
university in China and other public universities including Shanxi University,
Taiyuan University of Science and Technology and North University of China.

Colleges and universities

Taiyuan University of Technology ( 太原理工大学) Jinci Temple

Shanxi University ( 山西大学)

North University of China (中北大学)
Shanxi Medical University (山西医科大学)
Taiyuan University of Science and Technology ( 太原科技大学)
Taiyuan Normal University ( 太原师范学院)
Shanxi University of Finance and Economics ( 山西财经大学)
Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Major high schools

The Affiliated High School of Shanxi University ( 山西大学附属中学)

Taiyuan No. 5 Secondary School (太原五中)
Shanxi Experimental Secondary School (山西省实验中学)
Taiyuan Foreign Language School (太原市外国语学校)
Shanxi Modern Bilingual School (山西现代双语学校)
Taiyuan Chengcheng Secondary School (太原成成中学)
 Taiyuan No. 12 Secondary School ( 太原十二中)
International relations
Taiyuan has a friendship pairing with the following cities:[61][62][63]

Launceston, Tasmania, Australia (Established relations on 28 November 1995)

Douala, Cameroon (Established relations on 12 October 1999)
Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany (Established relations on 17 May 1995)
Saint-Denis, Réunion, France (Established relations formally on 2 March 2012)[64]
Himeji, Hyōgo, Japan (Established relations on 19 May 1987)
Saratov and Syktyvkar, Russia (Established relations on 8 December 1995 and 1 September 1994)
Khujand, Tajikistan (Established relations on 31 August 2017)[65]
Donetsk, Ukraine (Established relations formally on 25 August 2012)
Nashville, Tennessee, United States (Established relations on 18 April 2007)[66]

See also
Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center

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External links
Taiyuan Government website (https://web.archive.org/web/20180705183917/http://www.taiyuan.gov.cn/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiyuan&oldid=1157536226"

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