Data Center College of the Philippines

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
Laoag City, 2900

Readings in Philippine history

Unit 1: Meaning and
Relevance of History
 Data Center College of the Philippines
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
Laoag City, 2900

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY

• Introduction to History
• Historiography
• Distinction of Primary and Secondary Sources
At the end of the unit, you should be able to:
• define the meaning of History and Historiography;
• understand the meaning of history as an academic
discipline and to be familiar with underlying philosophy and
methodology of discipline;
• apply the knowledge in historical methodology and
philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical
narratives;
• evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity,
and provenance; and
• appreciate the significance of history in the social and
national life of the Philippines.
 The word history comes from the Ancient Greek
word “iotopia” (historia), meaning inquiry, a knowledge
acquired through investigation.
A science which investigates and then records in
the causal relations and development of the past
human activities as they are definite in time and
space, social in nature, and socially significant. It
deals with the study of the past events presented in
chronological order and often with explanation.
1.Individual History
2.Local History
3.National History
4.World History
• account of the personal and social
details of a person’s life that serves
to identify the person.
• study of history in a geographically local
context and it often concentrates on the local
community.
• The study of the people, places and events of
a particular geographic area.
• Identifies unique qualities and stories of our
communities.
• histories regard the nation-state as the
primary unit of historical, analysis and
social, economic, intellectual and other
processes are contained with it.
• Historical study examines history from
global perspective.
People/Individual: most important
element of history.
Theories and Beliefs on the Origin of Man:
• Biblical- creation theory (Adam and Eve)
• Scientific- evolution of Darwin’s Theory
• Myths/Legends- almost all ethnolinguistic
groups in the Philippines have their own
myth or legend of the origin of man.
• Place - territory, geographic
features, location and how these
have affected people lives.
• Time - refers to the specific
period by which the event took
place.
 PERSIA
• Politics - what government what influenced by
society.
• Economics - where money dominates and effects
people. Most social classes are based on money
and money is usually what causes conflict in
history.
• Religion - a total impact on Europe during the
15th century. Religion is important as affects ones
beliefs and thoughts.
 PERSIA
• Social - how the upper class, middle
class and poor class communicate and
how they interact each other.
• Intelligence and knowledge that has
progress in history.
• Arts, paintings and pictures produced
throughout the course of time.
History and Political Science – A
historian is not merely concerned with the
tracing of history of the political process by
a narration of the episodes. But he has to
learn the nature of fundamental political
principles and basic forms of political
institution.
History and Economics – History is closely related
to economics as the activities of man in society are
very closely related with the economic matters. Thus,
the historian of any period must possess at least a
rudimentary knowledge of the economics. In fact, the
economic history of any period of is an important
branch of history and its understanding is essential for
the proper understanding of history of any period.
History and Sociology – both history and
sociology are concerned with the study of
man in differed only on with regard to their
approach. Max Weber acknowledges the
initial dependence of sociology upon
history. Although, history too benefits from
the interaction.
History and Psychology – A historian must have to
show some psychological insights while making an
analysis of the motive actions of men and societies.
Historian work would be mere fiction unless he uses
the discoveries of modern psychology. The personal
life and the environment of a historian has a direct
bearing in his decision and often import a bias to his
account and renders the much desired objectivity
impossible.
History and Geography – It would be
impossible to study certain branches of
history without rudimentary knowledge of
geography. Geology is one of the eyes of
history, the other eye being chronology.
Time and space factors give history its
correct perspective.
1. Narrative History- a story that is told.
2. Didactic History- facts as a repertoire of texts
from which to draw lessons: political, economic,
moral; facts about individual and social guidance.
3. Genetic History- facts as elaborate complex of
causes and effects revealing growth and
development. Evolution is the basic
phenomenon in history.
• History provides a source of personal and social
identity.
• It helps us understand the problems of the present.
• Can help one develop tolerance and open-
mindedness.
• Good history-corrects misleading analogies and
lessons of the past.
• Helps us had better understand all human
behaviors and all aspects of the human condition.
• Provides the basic background of other
disciplines.
• A source of entertainment.
• When studied, can teach many critical skills.
• History can be influential in shaping human
affairs.
• History provides informed perspective about
the world.
• History is a guide on making judgements.
Pangkami- telling a one person about
himself or herself.
• Written in English because the target
audience are Westerners.
• Goal: is to introduce Filipino Culture
and History to other countries
Pangkayo- telling one person to
another what is history of their
specific place/ person.
Pangsila- someone telling his point of view of
a certain specific place/person.
Pantayong pananaw; someone telling their
story of their own place; reaction to
pangkaming pananaw
• Written in Filipino for the Filipinos.
• Goal: to correct the misconceptions about
our people and country. Using the language
that is understood by everyone.
• Is the history of history
• It covers how historians have studied and
developed history including its sources, techniques,
and theoretical approaches.
• It should not be confused with history because
history is the study of the past, the events
happened in the past.
• Not only get to learn historical facts but also
provided with understanding of the facts and
historians context.
• The practice of historical writing is called
historiography.
• Traditional method in doing historical research
focuses on gathering of documents from different
libraries and archives to form pool of evidence
needed in making a descriptive or analytical
narrative. However, modern historical writing does
not only include examination of documents but
also the use of research methods from related areas
of study such as archaeology and geography.
• Is the school of thought that emerged between the 18th and
19th century. This though requires empirical and observable
evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is
true.
• Positivism also entails an objective means of arriving of at a
conclusion.
• Historians were required to show written primary documents
in order to write a particular historical narrative.
• Positivist historians are also expected to be objective and
impartial not just in their arguments but on their conduct of
historical research.
• Is the school of thought that
th
emerged in the early 20 century
when formerly colonized nations
grappled with the idea of creating
their identities and understanding
their societies against the shadows
of their colonial past.
Two Things in Writing History
1. Tell the history of their nation that will highlight
their identity free from that colonial discourse and
knowledge.
2. To criticize the methods, effects, and idea of
colonialism.
• Postcolonial history therefore a reaction an
alternative to the colonial history that colonial
powers created and taught to their subjects.
• Facts cannot speak for themselves. It is the
historian’s job not just to seek historical
evidences and facts but also interpret them.
• It is their job to give meaning to these facts
and organize them into timeline, establish
causes, and write history.
• Who influenced by his own context,
environment, ideology, education and
influences.
• His subjectively will inevitably influence the
process of his historical research; the
methodology he will use, the facts he shall
select and deem relevant, his interpretation,
and the form of his writings.
• Meanwhile, the historian is not a blank sheet
who mechanically interprets and analyzes
present historical fact.
• Can history be objective? Is it written
from a point of view?
• Documents are not self-interpreting,
and therefore, need a human
interpreter – the historian. Being
human, he brings with him not only
his point of view, but also his biases
and prejudices.
• Certain rules apply in cases of conflicting accounts
in different sources, and on how to properly treat
eyewitness accounts and oral sources as valid
historical evidence.
• Historians have to verify sources, to date them,
locate their place of origin and identity their
intended functions
• Historical Method is the process of critically
examining and analyzing the records and
survivals of the past.
1. Written Sources
• Published materials - Books, magazines,
journals, travelogue, transcription of speech
• Manuscript [any handwritten or typed
record that has not been printed] - Archival
materials, diary, memoirs
2. Non-written – artifacts, relics/remains, art
works, oral tradition and structures.
• Historian must rely on surviving records. Historians are fallible,
capable of error, with personal biases, political beliefs, economic
status, and idiosyncrasies
• There is element of subjectivity in historical accounts.
• Historians are justified in viewing an event from any perspective they
wish.
• Historians could excessively focus on his or her point viewpoint.

Evaluating Historical Materials

• Author’s background
• Time when it was written
• Where it was written
Sources – an object from the past or
testimony concerning the past on
which historians depend in order to
create their own depiction of the past.
Tangible remains of the past.
a. Primary Sources
b. Secondary Sources
• Testimony of an eye witness
• A contemporary of the event it narrates must have
produced a primary source.
• A primary source is a document or physical object, which
was written or created during the time under study.
• These sources were present during an experience or time
and offer an inside view of particular event.
• Primary sources are characterized by their content,
regardless of whether they are available in original format,
microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in published
format.
Four Main Categories of Primary Sources
• Written Sources
• Images
• Artifacts
• Oral Testimony
Locating Primary Sources
• National Library
• Academic Institutions
• Privately owned museums and archives
• Religious congregations
• Abroad
• Secondary source interprets and analyzes
primary sources. These sources are one or
more steps removed from the event.
• Secondary sources may have pictures,
quotes, or graphics of primary sources in
them, e.g. History textbook, printed
materials (serials, periodicals, which
interprets previous research)
Does History repeat itself ?
Can we learn from the mistakes of
those who came before us?
Historical Sources that were not written
should not be used in writing history?

TRUE FALSE
 XIAO CHUA AMBETH OCAMPO GREGORIO ZAIDE

ZEUS ZALAZAR RENATO B. CONSTANTINO TEODORO A. AGONCILLO

 Data Center College of the Philippines
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
Laoag City, 2900

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