SPAS WEEK 8

Critical Mass: Media and Interest Groups

A. The First Amendment
- protect freedom of religion, speech, and press.
- protect the right to peaceful protest and petition to govt
- adopted in 1791
- Bill of Rights  federalist James Madison and Alexander Hamilton draft US Constitution.
Antifederalist (Virginia – Patrick Henry) opposed the ratification because it gave federal gov too
much power and lack individual rights protection. So BOR is the compromise
- Thomas Jefferson  wall of separation, not establishing state church
- James Madison  BOR
- public opinion, voice out opinion, increasing public role in democracy, check and balances.

B. Yellow Journalism, Media Endorsement

-journalism based on sensationalism and exaggeration to attract readers and increase news
circulation  little to no legitimate well researched news, bombastic headline, scandal-
mongering, imaginary drawings, faked interviews, pseudoscience, misleading headline.
- originated from the competition b/w New York City newspaper in 1890s (Joseph Pulitzer and
William Randolph Hearst in 1897)  R.F. Outcault drew a character called Yellow Kid, a kid who
are not polite and talk too much.
- in 19th century  help pushed US and Spain into war in Cuba and Philiphines  acquisition of
overseas territory by US.
- story of how miserable cuba is  help america to help cuban?
- anti-spanish sentiment, the sinking of US Battleship (USS Maine) in Havana Harbor  it is said
as media-driven war
- helped create nuance in international conflict and expansion of US influence overseas
- The Code Ethics of Journalism will condemn yellow journalism.

- Media Endorsement: the power of mass media to support a political candidate to influence the
people (public opinion)
- media bias and political spectrum of each media. The invention of printing press support the bias
on mass media.

C. Gallup Poll (Polling and American Election)

- Gallup inc. is american analytics and advisory company based in Washington D.C., founded by
George Gallup in 1935
- conduct public opinion polls worldwide (not limited to politics)  spread internationally
- Gallup poll  opinion poll carried out by an official org to forecast the result of elections.
- How is it conducted?
- in 1935-1980: interview door to door
-1986: interview by telephone  sample target population randomly
-1996: presidential vote question is looked at by pol par, age, gender, region, etc.
- Gallup prediction in presidential election
-1992: Bill Clinton is the winner
- 1948: wrong prediction that Thomas Dewey would defeat Truman.
- 3 ways polls can influence public opinion
1. increasing electoral participation by encouraging respondent to gain info
 2. possibility of ideology
3. intimidating particular opinion so the less popular one are not raised

D. Fairness Doctrine
- 1934: independent regulatory body  Federal Communications Commisson (FCC) to regulate
broadcasting media. They made Fairness Doctrine
- introduced in 1949  policy that required broadcaster to balance between controversy and its
contrasting view points through news segments, public affairs shows, etc.
- purpose: ensure viewers to get diverse viewpoints
- fainess doctrine isn’t the same with equal-time rule  fairness deals with discussion of
controversial issue, equal-time rules deals only with political candidates (any station should
give the same amount of time for every candidate to broadcast themselves, no favored one)
- two elements:
1. requirement for broadcasters to devote a lot of time to cover issues of public interest
2. requirement for broadcasters to provide exposures of contrasting points of view of
controversial public issues that are aired by them
- but it has to be public mattered issues only and utmost truth that can be relied on by public.
- contoversy
1. may seems natural but already edited  may add opinion and judgement.
2. inconsistency b/w political candidates
3. as controversial as response to personal attack
- the effect of fairness doctrine
1. showing different sides of gov
2. transparency to the public eyes
3. polarizations of media in judging candidates
4. edited judgement usually breaks law
- the abolition of fairness doctrine
1. in 1987
2. because it gave more negative effect
3. media had avoid controversial issue to avoid the doctrine so public has less info of the
controversy

E. Watergate Scandal
- Richard Nixon 1972-1974  led to his resignation on August 9, 1974. The money is related to
his re-election campaign (he was impeached but resign by himself)  succeded by VP Geralf
Ford
- Espionage  Nixon’s Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) broke into the Democratic
National Committee’s Watergate headquarters to steal copies of top-secret documents and phone.
- Nixon were trying to cover up, but it got exposed by Washington Post reporter Bob
Woodward and Carl Bernstein
- abuse of presidential power and deliberate obstruction of justice
- Effect of the scandal
1. the story was gripping for several years
2. public respect for press has risen

F. Roles and Types of Interest Groups

- Interest Group: group of people to chase common interest, main goalis to get a beneficial public
decision from govt. It don’t focus on politics only
- protected by the First Amendment and Lobbying Act 1946. In 1995, Congress made bill to tighten
the registration of interest group
- strategies
1. lobbying w edu, persuasion, and pressure
2. cultivating access to influence the decision makers
3. using courts to affect public policy
4. using public mass to widen the influence and support from society
-Types
1. business group  company
2. labor group  to increase wages, etc
3. professional association
4. public interest groups
5. ideological interest groups
6. public sector groups
-Benefit (to gain members, the offer these benefits)
1. material beenfit
2. solidary benefit  sense of membership and identification
3. expressive benefit  social and environmental issue expression

G. Lobbyist and Lobbying

- lobby: act of directly expressing your views to elected officials in order to influence the
action of that person or influence the law
- purpose: find solutions to benefit both parties
- History  James Madison (1787)  want to create powerful interest group but don’t want a
faction
- lobbyst: professional that works to influence politicians. Persuasing legislator to pass, challenge
bills
- US Chamber of Commerce  biggest lobbying group in US started on April 22, 1912. Has
biggest expenditures. Mostly work with Republican and has worldwide connection to help
foreign policy and funding

H. Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act/ FRoLA (1946)

-Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act: was enacted for the regulation of general lobbying
activities. Many lobbyst in that time, esp in times of WW2
- it is to separate between bribing (illlegal act) and lobbying
- In 20th century, business corp started to realize that lobbying is beneficial to increase profit
- How it works: lobbyist have to register and report every money they pumped and spent
quarterly to both house of Congress
- Impact:
1. creates burden on lobbying groups
2. creates chaos on interpreting the regulation upon judging the lobbying activities (vague
definition)
3. lobbying activities become transparent to public
 LECTURING

A. The fundamental values: the first amendment on US Constitution

- it guarantes freedoms of religion, expression, assembly, and right to petition

B. Media (editorial) endorsement

- traditional journalism has been so influential in setting political agenda and campaign
- trying to hold candidate accountable for the overstatement and inaccuracies
- today, socmed  political actors already have support and mass
- it accomodates everything and amplify anger
- easily to gain traction and attention.
- so it’s not from newspaper only but also from socmed.
- the political influence of media
1. influencing political opinion of voters
2. determining behavior of candidates and officials
3. setting public agenda
-example: Donald Trump and his tweets, Bernie Sanders mobilized followers thru socmed
#BernieBros

C. Gallup Poll
- a scientific and nonbiased public opinion poll
- survey or inquiry designed to measure the public views regarding a particular topic
- random sampling, interview face to face
- it helps regular people to be heard

D. Roles of Interest Group

- an org whose members share common concerns and try to influence gov policies that impact
those concerns
- AIPAC: American Israel Public Affairs Committee  America’s Pro-Israel Lobby
- trying to persuade Obama that Hamas is terrorist, so they have to support Israel 
influence US foreign policy and try to minimize harm for Isarel.
- it successfully made Trump moved the capital city, Trump favor them.

E. Fairness Doctrine
- grey, not really strong, but exist? The doctrine is debatable.
- to make broadcaster present both view of controversial news in balance portion

F. Lobbyist and Lobbying

- lobbyst are hired and paid by special interest groups, companies, non-profits, groups of citizen,
school district to exert influence over elected officials at all levels of govt
- state generally define lobbying as an attempt to influence govt action thru either written or
oral communication (demo but not harming public services and convinience). Each state may
have unique elements for what constitutes as lobbying (each state has their own definition and
parameter of what can be considered as lobby)
- why lobbyists so unpopular? Their work comes down to money. Most Americans don’t have
the fund to influence congress, so lobbyist have unfair advantage in creating policy that
benefits them rather than the common good  they are fishy, but they are protected by
laws, so yeah. Though it’s not a direct bribery, the disadvantages to the marginalized
groups can still apparent.

G. FRoLA
GAO  government accountability office
- to determine
1. the amount of receipts and expenditures reported by lobbyists
2. whether lobbyists filed timely and complete reports
3. whether peple involved were registering and reporting as has been regulated

QnA

Q: if there is still yellow journalism around, so how does gov regulate controversy if
fairness doctrine is not exist anymore
A: samy  one of the reason why fairness doctrine was issued to create fair coverage of news but
it turns out so many media outlet is restricted. So it’s up to people how to perceive and process the
news instead of govt controling it

Q: if yellow journalism exist, why people still believe media?

A: angie  because they didn’t know that media is lying, but after they know the exaggeration,
they are more aware and critical towards media.

Q: comparison of watergate media vs role of donald trump impeachment

A: I think media has exposed the truth about trump, ie Mueller reports the exposure of his
cooperation with ukraine. However, the problem isnt with the media, it’s with the senate decision.

Samy  trump is able to give prove why he isnt guilty

Via  the proof and witness is bigger in watergate scandal (ie: those 5 people were caught red
handedly and white house call history).

Q: is demonstration & socmed hashtag included as interest group method to gain

members? Can they use violence?
A: dinda  yes, hashtags helps promote events  to gain awareness about the existence of this
group. Violence are not allowed
Keiko  demonstration is allowed and guaranteed by the first amendment, violence is allowed as
long as it doesn’t disturb public convinience or facility. Burning yourself is allowed lol what

Q: what is LDA? What is the difference bw lobbying and bribing and why is it important?
A: wan  LDA (lobbying diclosure act) is a regulation to expand the regulation on lobbying in US.
This is important regulation because FRoLA is weak and has many loopholes, so it is an attempt
to reform it.
Sasa  lobbying is legal bc they try to influence politicians to decide by their own favor. Bribery is
illegal because they offer something to influence the decision (gratification?)  buying power
 WEEK 9
Foreign Policy

A. The roles of POTUS

- foreign policy: programs and policies that determine international relations which include diplomacy,
military, security, prosperity, human right, and economic policy

- 3 goals of US FP: security, prosperity, creation of better world

 Security
 Isolationism: 18th & 19th centuries  security based on geographic isolation. Indeed
they believe in Manifest Destiny, but still should protect themselves.
 Deterrence: 20th century  WW 1, the development of military strength to detter attack
and contain power of Soviet.
 Preemption: Bush’s administration  preventive war, strike first in order to prevent
enemy attack (ie: War on Terror  Iraq Invasion 2003)
 Prosperity:
 expand employment opportunities, maintain access to foreign energy supply at
reasonable cost, promote foreign investor, lower prices for US citizen
 creation of WTO, NAFTA, etc
 creation of better world
 environmental, international human rights, international peacekeeping, global health
and against hunger policies
 ratification of related treaties (ie:Kyoto protocol, Copenhagen Climate Summit, etc)

- 4 Traditions: Hammiltonianism (relations with UK), Jeffresionianism (avoid involvement with foreign
affairs to protect citizen), Jacksonianism (war at all cost, military service, loyalty, retributive justice).
Wilsonianism (spread democracy and liberalism to world)

- POTUS is the most important actor because he has more informations, he is main actor of
conducting foreign relations (ie: signing and making treaties, accept ambassadors, commander in
chief, conduct diplomacy, etc). However, other parties such as individuals, interest groups, and
lobbyists also playing role

- POTUS determine national interest which leads into the formulation of FP.

- notable FP: Bush’s War on Terror, Trump’s Travel Ban

B. The roles of Congress

- Indirect influence

 non-binding laws
 the appointment (controlled by senate)
 procedural laws
- Direct influence
 the spesific probles of law
  agreements (controlled by senate)
 appropriations and foreign commerce
- control of power  war power resolution (so potus cant unilaterally declare war/act)
- roles of congress during cold war:
 constitutional struggle for supremacy bw congress and executive branch
 power of congress relatively was weak  but in cold war, they began to assert influence over
decision making, foreign aid legislation, etc

C. The roles of Department of State (DoS)

- oldest executive cabinets to conduct FP (1789)  at first, its name was Dept of Foreign Affairs. The
power of DoS is big until WW II but it is now declined because of distribution of power with other
agencies

-Functions

 provide solution
 formulate US FP
 provide info about US FP and other countries feedbacks
 represent US
 institution that negotiates between two countries

D. The roles of Department of Defense (DoD)

- DoD: responsible for providing military forces to deter war and protect security. Established as an
executive departmment by National Security Act (NSA) Amendments 1949 (head: Secretary of
Defense)

- DoD: attempted to unite Army, Navy, and Air force  but failed because of plurality

- Potus as commander in chief, SoD as center defense approach advisor to the potus

- Roles in FP:

 works together with Department of State (DoS)

 advising and influencing the making of fp
 provides assistance in many foreign affairs
 ensuring national security (implement national security and military policy)
 serving foreign assistance (sending humanitarian and basic needs, provide army equipment,
weapons, training, help foreign gov fight against internal and worldwide threat)

E. The roles of Intelligent Community

- Intelligent community  gov and other public/private agencies that gather and report informations
regarding world or national security

- 1947 NSA formed 3 org: DoD, NSC, and CIA (after WW II)
- Duties: data collection analysis, counterintelligence (prevention, investigation, espionage,
subversion & sabotage), political and paramilitary intervention (propaganda, psychological warfare,
and destabilization campaigns)

- roles in FP

 collection and analysis of intelligence info and distributes it to policymakers (ie: potus)
 counterintelligence outside US
 CIA as intelligence liason bw congress, exec, and intelligence community

F. The roles of Interest Group/Lobbyists

- lobbyst  to spark issue and generate interest upon foreign affairs

-lobbyst also advice and give direction for congress

- ie: US x Iran relations

G. The roles of National Security Council (NSC)

- is a presidential forum to consider fp (not only military but also other such as econ)

- as president’s main arm to coordinate these policies among various gov agencies

- DoS is not strong enough to contain Soviet, that’s why the made NSC through NSA

- functions

 Advise potus
 As a vehicle for long range planning
 To promote coordination and integration of national security process
- members of NSC
 Principal committee  attend meeting regularly as the highest committee in NSC.
 Deputies committee  senior sub-cabinet interagency forum for consideration and decision
making on policies that impact national security
 Policy coordination committee  management of the development and implementation of
national security policies
 Directorate of global health security and biodefense (pandemic response team)  promote
national security and econ prosperity by combating biothreats and preventing epidemic before
become pandemic. (first operated in 2016 during Obama’s adm, ebola. Ended in 2018 by
Trump)

H. The roles of Media and Public Opinion

- public opinion serves as supporter of fp implementations

- media serves as mediator of gov and public. It is also provide information regarding the making and
implementation of fp.

- white house is influenced by public opinion, it shape the priority on fp

 LECTURING

By: mas Nugi

Goals of US FP

1. protection of US Security

2. promoting US economic prosperity  profitable relations

3. make the world a better place

Who made FP?

1. POTUS  leads the making of fp with their political belief and presidency goals

2. Congress  at first, their power in fp were limited. But after WW II, the congress become more
active (ie: Marshall Plan). Now, financing of fp is also in the hand of Congress

3. the bureaucrats  DoD, DoS, NSC, etc.

4. interest groups

5. media

How do they achieve their fp goals?

1. diplomacy

2. thru UN  use their advantage as P5

3. Economic aid  there is trade off, if they want to get US aids, they have to go with US interests
(playing leverage)

4. collective security  ie: NATO

5. military forces

How do they carry their FP outside US?

There some others way (apart from 5 above)

1. sending non-gov actors to conduct diplomatic duties  artists “cultural trips”

2. socmed interface (info update)

3. direct interactions bw the gov and public through socmed

4. getting involved with everything  paint good images as peacemaker, elevate US bargaining
position, make other countries rely on them (even though they US isnt interested)
 LECTURING

By: Mbak Dhila

NSC

- forum kecil (Dewan Keamanan Nasional) in white house. The structure can change over years

- purpose: to draw together all the principal offices of security policy under the president’s decision-
making authority

- national security advisor  coordinater of all this

-Roles: coordinator of other agencies, close advisory of president.

POTUS

- most visible part of gov

- commander in chief

- power to appoint ambassadors and receive representatives of foreign gov

- negotiates treaties and other int’l agreements

- criticized the most if they are seen incapable

- growth of strength after WW II because there is increase of size of the executive branch  Office of
Pres, DoD, NSC, the intelligence services, etc.

- pres has advantage of being heard  has great advantage on agenda setting compare to other
actors.

Congress

- constitutional power lies with congress to raise fund and any army, advise and consent upon treaties
and appointments, regulate commerce and immigration, control the federal budget, declare war.

- Can influence policy through

1. threats to use “power of purse” to withhold cash

2. efforts to shape agenda  hearings, investigations, media (as transparency)

3. vote down treaties, block appointment, seek to thwart presidential agreements (ie: Iran Deal)

4. refuse to support authorisation for combat operations

- Congress also has challenges

1. coordination  too many people with different interests, they can block and complain but it’s hard
to propose a coherent programme
2. parochialism  most members care about domestic issues, and their own districts more that
foreign affairs

3. withold funding is a blunt instrument defund war

4. lack of direct chain of command

Department of States (DepLu)

- officially the most senior cabinet officer is the Secretary of State (like MoFA)

- headed by political appointees with permanent staff of career diplomats

- run embassies: the formal US diplomatic link to other nations

- strength: high quality of staffs, expertise, awareness of political affairs and sensitivity

- weakness: small budget and personel comparet to DoD, tough for Sec of State to stay popular with
both potus and their own department at the same time (pilih interest nya siapa), president often want
to run their own foreign policy

DoD

- created after WW II  bring all parts of military (Army, Navy, Air Force) under one civilian office

- huge resources and employees

- Dept of homeland security  ie: FBI, kaya polisi gitu  lebih ke domestik

- Joint Chiefs of Staff (one for each service  top military adviser

- Office of Secretary of Defense

- DoD can have influence on major issues  WMD proliferation, counterterrorism, alliances, etc

- there can be tensions bw political appointees

- a lot of procurement and research & development spending goes through DoD. This makes “military
industrial complex” (informal alliance bw nation’s military and defense industry that supplies it 
public and private cooperation)

Intelligence Community

- CIA, NSA, Defence Intelligence Agency  all under the oversight of Director of National Intelligence
(DNI)

- sometimes assembling info and analysis public domain, sometimes from surveillance (ie: Snowden
revelations), recruits and runs human agents abroad, performs covert operations (ie: drone strike of
CIA)
Isolationism  keadaan ketika suatu negara pengen detach dari intl sphere. WW I, Great
Depression, WW II. Pengen fokus bangun negara sendiri dulu

Liberal intlism  institusi liberal, WTO, WB, IMF, promote liberal values lewat institusi (neoliberalism)

Realism  pursuing state interest at its best, by all means. Fokus mikirin negaranya sendiri (aspek
self-help)  ie: peningkatan kekuatan militer besar, military basis everywhere

Neoconservatism  lupa, conservatism mempertahankan nilai-nilai culture. Ie: (di luar US) Brexit
soalnya pengen maintain national identity (ga blend di supranational organisation  EU). Mungkin
Donald Trump yang keluar dari Paris Agreement? Soalnya dia ga percaya climate change.