idudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

Genaral information Technology

a sfõok ;dlaIKh (ICT) yd iudch ms<sn| ye¢kaùu

 f;dr;==re yd ikak
 mß.Kl moaO;s we.hSu
 f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wdY%s; /lshd wjia:d
 ICT Ndú;fha ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= wdpdr O¾u" ffk;sl yd iudcuh lreKq
 o;a; ikaksfõokh
 wka;¾cd,h
 fufyhqï moaO;s (Operating systems)
 joka ieliqï uDÿldx.
 úoHq;a me;=reïm;a uDÿldx.
 bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mk
 o;a; l<ukdlrK moaO;s uDÿldx.
 f;dr;==re yd ikaaksfõok ;dlaIKh (ICT) yd
iudch ms<sn| ye¢kaùu
wOHdmkfha § f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
• a) mka;s ldurfha §
• mß.Kl wdY%s; iu¾mk (Presentations)
• mÍlaIK iys; ùäfhda o¾Yk
• iÕrd" ,sms" f,aLk ilia lsÍu iy uqøKh lsÍu
• CD-ROM udOHfhka f;dr;=re wOHhkh
• wka;¾cd,h Tiafia wOHdmksl f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu
• b) ´kE u ;ekl § ´kE u fõ,djl § wOHdmkh ,eîu
• www.schoolnet.lk, keKi, (nenasala.lk), b-;lai,dj ,(www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk/)
fjí mdGYd,d (www.edulanka.lk/Web-Patashala), úÿ ux fm; (www.vidumanpetha.com) jeks
fjí wvú'

• c) b.ekaùu i|yd .=rejrhdg wdOdrlhla ùu(Presentations)

• úia;r lr §ug wmyiq mdvï i|yd rEm igyka" iÔùlrK iy ùäfhda o¾Yk weiqfrka
fmkaùu'

(D) ud¾.ia: ÿria: wOHdmkh (Online Distance Learning)

(E) wOHdmk l<uKdlrK moaO;s

fuu.ska isiqka ,shdmosxÑ lsrSu" bf,lafg%dksl bf.kqï mdGud,d yd wka;¾.;h iemhSug isik
q ag fukau
.=rejrekago ud¾. .; l%uhg iïnkaO ù igyka "m%Yak m;% mejreï ,nd oSu yd tajd we.hSu jeks
lghq;= j,g bv ,nd foa'

2-fi!LH lafIa;%fha fhojqï

1-mß.Kl.; wdlaIl YÍr ia;r tlaiaf¾ hka;%h

(CAT - Computerized Axial Tomography Machine)

• fuu.ska YÍrfha wNHka;r fldgia fjka fjka jYfhka ;%u
s dK f,i rEm .; lrhs
2- pqïnl wkqkdo uQ¾;k hka;%h

(MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine)

f¾äfhda ;rx. iy m%n, pqïnl wkqkdo ^fodaxldr&u.ska YÍrfha

wNHka;rfldgiaj, iúia;rd;aulrEm igyka ,nd .ekSufuu hka;%h u.ska isÿfõ

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 3-úoHq;a ;ka;= f¾Çh hka;%h - (ECG - Electrocardiogram Machine)
yDo iamkaokh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu i|yd fuu hka;%h fhdod.efka'

lDIs l¾udka;fha fhojqï

 jHdma; ld¾hhka i|yd wka;¾cd,h yd B-fï,a Ndú;h
 lDIs ld,.=K úoHd f;dr;=re ikakf
s õokh
 fj<| fmd< ñ, .Kka ikaksfõokh
 lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIlhkaf.a cd, myiq lrùu
 bvï ,shd mÈxÑ ld¾hd, j¾Okh
fjk;a WodyrK f,i

• ld,.=K ñKqï hka;%

• iajhxl%Sh l=reñ‚ md,k hka;%h
• j.d ìfuys ;;a;ajh uksk hka;%h
• iajhxl%Sh c, iemhqu (Drip irrigation)
• iajhxl%Sh j,a me< bj;alrKh
• frdfnda ;dlaIKfhka me< isgqùu

.ukd.ukh i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

 mshejQ mßm: rEmjdyskS leurd (Closed Circuit TV (CCTV))
jdyk ;onoh" yÈis wk;=re iy kS;s úfrdaë l%shdjka ksÍlaIKh lrñka iqÿiq wdldrfha l%shdud¾.
.ekSug fï ksid yelshdj ,eî we;'

 úÿ,s ix{d ,dïmq (Traffic Light Control System)

iajhxl%h
S j l%h
s d;aul jk fuu moaO;sh k.r uxikaêj, olakg we;' fuu.ska jdyk
iy mÈlhska yiqrejñka yÈis wk;=re wju lr .; yels ù we;'

ud¾..; idmamq ijdßh (Online Shopping)

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia furg fyda msgrgl we;s fjf<| wdh;k úiska NdKav fyda fiajd iemhSu;a
"mdßfNda.l
s hka úiska NdKav fyda fiajd ñ, § .ekSu;a h'

b-nexl= moaO;s (e-Banking System)

iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;%h (ATM& u.ska ´kE u fõ,djl ´kE u ia:dkhl § uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï

yelshdj'

ud¾..; /lshd fidhd .ekSu ud¾..; /lshd fjí wvúh

Wod- http://www.jobsnet.lk

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 mß.Kl moaO;s we.hSu

mß.Klhla ñ, § .ekSfï § n,mdk idOl

1' msßú;r
2' iud.fï lS¾;s kduh
3' j.lSï iy;sl .súiqu
4' ñ,
5' miq úl=Kqï fiajdj

msßú;r
ilikh( (processor)
jeä n,hla wjYH kï 2009 § Intel Core 2 Duo Ñmhla fyda Athlon 64 x 3 ilikhlao blauka nyq
ld¾hhkag yd fõ.S l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd oaú;aj yr (Dual-Core) iliko jeo.;a fõ'j¾;udkfha core i3
,core i7 jeks uOH ieliqï tallo Ndú;d flf¾'

u;lh( (Memory)
Windows XP iu. fhÿïj,g jev lsÍug m%udKj;a bv ie,iSu i|yd wju jYfhka RAM
512 MB ;sìh hq;=h' Windows Vista windows 7,8,10 wdosh i|yd 1 GB RAM wjuhla wjYH fõ

wdphkh((Storage)
fndfyda úg uQ,sl fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl 80 GB fyda jeä fyda oDv Odjl iu`. ,efí'idudkHfhka ñks;a;=
30l wixl=Ñ; (Uncompressed) ixLHdxl ùäfhda 6.5 GB g wdikak bvla .kakd w;r 128 kbps ys
ñks;a;= 4 ys MP3 f.dkq 250 la 1 GB g jvd Ndú; lrhs fuf,i ;udf.a wjYH;djh wkqj Odrs;dj
;SrKh l< hq;=h'

Ñ;%l yd ixo¾Yk(

w`.,a 17 ys lef;dav lsrK (CRT) fudksgr ñ, wvq jqj;a jeä úÿ,sh m%udKhla jeh fõ' øj iaMál
(LCD-Liquid crystal display) ;sr ñ,g .; yels kï ñ, jeä jqj;a úÿ,sh jeh ùu wvq w;r wvq bvl
;eìh yel'

bj;a l< yels wdphkh (Removable storage)

CD –RW (Compact disk re -writable)Odjl jvd M,odhS jk w;r ñf,ka o wvqh'kuq;a wdphkh
l, yelafla 650-700 MB muKs'DVD-RW (digital versatile disk Re-Writable) ;rula ñf,ka jeä
jqj;a 4.7 GB o;a; wdphkh flf¾'USB Odjl o j¾;udkfha jeä wdphk Odrs;djla iys;j wvq uqo,lg
,nd .; yel'

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ikaksfõokh

j¾;udkfha wka;¾cd, iïnkaO;djh i|yd 3G myiqlï iys; internet dongles fyda sri lanka telecom
jeks iud.ï u.ska ,ndfok broadband ,4G jeks fú.j;a wka;¾cd, myiqlï ,nd .; yel'mrs.Klh
mq¿,a l,dm cd,hla yd iïnkaO ùug Router WmlrKhla wjYH jkq we;'

Yíoh

fï i|yd idudkH iamSl¾ hq.,hla fyda iíjQ*¾ j¾.fha iamSlr hq.,hla ñ, § .; yelsh'

fuhg wu;rj USB flfjks 2la wju jYfhkao tfiau ;j;a DVD drive 1la fyda iú l< yels jkfia bv
myiqlïo sound ,TV card jeks wu;r ldä j¾. iúlr tys yelshdjka jeä lr .ekSug wu;r PCI slot
o ;sìh hq;=h

uDÿldx.(
Windows 7 ,8,10 fyda Linux ^Wod( Ubuntu fyda Fedora& fyda n÷ fufyhqï moaO;shla wjYH
fõ'

mrs.Klfha moaO;s tallh ;=< we;s ujq mqjrej

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 f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wdY%s; /lshd wjia:d

l%uf,aLl-
tkï mß.Kl uDÿldx. ,shkafkls' mß.Kl l%uf,aLl hk moh mß.Kl l%uf,aLkfha tla
lafIa;%hl úfYaI{hl= fyda fndfyda uDÿldx. j¾.j,g fla; ,shk idudkH whl= fyda ye¢kaùug
Ndú; l< yelsh'

moaO;s úYaf,aIl
f;dr;=re mß.Kl j,g we;=,a jk wkaou" tu f;dr;=re ilik wkaou yd f;dr;=re wjYH mqoa.,hkag
th ,efnk wkaou fmkaùu fukau úúO mß.Kl moaO;s ie,iqï w;ayod ne,Suo isÿ lrhs we;eï
moaO;s úYaf,aIlhkaf.a m%Odk ld¾hh mß.Kl tljr jev lsÍug ie,eiaùu h' Tjqyq tajd cd,hlg
iïnkaO lr;s' tla mß.Klhlska ;j;a mß.Klhlg f;dr;=re ,nd .kafka flfia oehs ;SrKh lr;s'

mß.Kl fhÿï iydhl

fudjqkaf.a m%Odk rdcldßh ld¾hd, fhÿïj,g iïnkaO jefvys § by< ks,OdÍkag Wojq ùu h' mo
ilik Ndú; lr bf,lafg%dakl
s f,aLk" o;a; iuqodhka yd me;=reï m;a ms<sfh, lsÍï iy bf,lafg%daksl
bÈßm;a lsÍï ks¾udKh lsÍu fujeks whl=f.a m%Odk j.lSï fõ'wka;¾cd,h yd Bfï,a Ndú;d lsrSfï
yelshdj fudjqka I;= úh hq;=h'
o;a; ksfõYk l%shdlre

mdG h;=re lsÍfuka mß.Klhg o;a; ksfõIkfhka" úúO ld¾hd, hka;% l%shd lrùfuka yd fjk;a
,smsldr rdcldß bgq lsÍu fudjqka isÿ lrhs'

fjí ie,iqïlre
fudjqka fjí wvúhl msßie,iqu" oDYH fmkqu wdosh ms<sn| j.lSu or;s' wêmdG i,l=Kq l< NdIdj
(HTML), cdjd ial%smaÜ" welaIka ial%smaÜ" flda,aâ *shqIka" cdjd" m¾,a yd *a,EIa n÷ taldnoaOhlska fyda ã%ï
ùj¾ n÷ fla; ckk l%uf,aL Ndú;fhka fyda fjí msgq ,sùulrkq ,nhs uQ,sl msßie,iqu ksmoùu yd
wkqrEm yeisrùu i|yd *h¾j¾laia fyda f*dfgdafIdma fyda n÷ rEmsl ie,iqï lÜg, ms<sn| oekqu fjí
ie,iqï lrejkag ;sìh hq;=h'(CSS-cascade style sheet) B jdKscHh yd PHP yd Perl n÷ fiajdodhl
w;=re ;dlaIK yd wka;¾cd, wdrlaIKh wdÈh ms<sn| l=i,;d o jeo.;a fõ'

fjí ixj¾Ol
fudyq HTTP fiajdodhlh" fjí fiajdodhlh yd HTTP wkq.%dylh" fjí w;ßlaij
q (Web browser
–ex-Google chrome)weiqfrka HTTP kshudj,shla yryd Odjkh jk úYaj úisß úhuka fhÿï fyda
úia;D; cd, fhÿï fyda ixj¾Okfha úfYaI;
s j ksr; uDÿldx. ixj¾Olhl= ke;fyd;a
bxðfkarejrfhls'fudyq úêu;a j ish ixúOdkh ;=< fjí ixj¾Okh Ndr j isákq we;'

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cd, mßmd,l
cd,h iukaú; oDvdx. yd uDÿldx. kv;a;= lsrSu 'iaúÉp" ud¾.ldrl" *h¾fjd,a wd§ il%Sh cd,
WmlrK fufyhùu" úkHdih kv;a;=j yd kshdukh idudkHfhka óg we;=<;a fõ' cd, weu;=ï
mejreu" kshudj,s ud¾.lrK mejreu yd ud¾.lrK j.= úkHdih fuka u kshudj,s fiajd ;:HNdjh
yd n,h §u úkHdih o n÷ l%shdldrlï idukHfhka cd, mßmd,khg we;=<;a fõ'

mß.Kl moaO;s bxðfkare

;dlaIKsl Wmfoia yd wdOdr ie,iSfuka yd j¾;udk yd wjYH;djkag .e<fmk" Tfrd;a;= fok" jev
l< yels o;a; ilik moaO;s w;am;a lr .ekSug yd msysgqùug ixúOdkj,g iemhSfuka mß.Kl
moaO;s f;dard .ekSug yd ia:dmkhg idudkHfhka iydh fj;s'

mß.Kl m%ldYl
mß.Kl uDÿldx. Ndú; lr m%ldYkhg iQodkï øjH ksmoùug mß.Kl m%ldYljre mdG" ixLHd;aul
o;a;" PdhdrEm" pdÜ yd fjk;a oDYH Ñ;%l wx. yeviõlrKh lr;s'mß.Kl m%ldYlhka úiska
ksmojkq ,nk øjHj,g fmd;a" jHdmdr ldâm;a" Èk o¾Yk" i`.rd" mqj;a yiqka yd mqj;a m;a" weiqreï"
lod yd álÜ m;a wh;a fõ'
mß.Kl oDvdx. bxðfkare
odvdx. bxðfkarejre idudkHfhka mß.Kl oDvdx. ia:dmkh m¾fhaIKh lr;s' ie,iqï lr;s' j¾Okh
lr;s' mÍlaId lr;s' wëlaIKh lr;s' tfuka u ksIamdokh yd ia:dmkh wëlaIKh lr;a' oDvdx.
hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka mß.Kl Ñm" mßm: mqjre" mß.Kl moaO;s yd h;=re mqjre" fudavu yd
uqøl n÷ iïnkaê; WmlrK h' ^fndfyda úg ir, j mß.Kl bxðfkarejreka f,i ye¢kafjk
mß.Kl uDÿldx. bxðfkarejre mß.Kl md,kh lrk uDÿldx. moaO;s ie,iqï lr j¾Okh lr;a'&
mß.Kl oDvdx. bxðfkarejrekaf.a ld¾hh bf,lafg%dksl bxðfkarejrekaf.a ld¾hhg fndfyda iudk h'

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 f;dr;=re yd ikakf
s õok ;dlaIKh Ndú;fha ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=
wdpdr O¾u" ffk;sl yd iudcuh lreKq

whs;h
s W,a,x>kh hkq
n,m;%hla fkdue;s j uDÿldx. ksIamdokh" fnod yeÍu yd Ndú;h whs;sh W,a,x>kh fõ' kS;s úfrdaë
j l%uf,aL msgm;a lsÍu" uDÿldx. jHdc f,i ieliSu yd fnod yeÍu hkqfjka fuh w¾:oelaúh yelsh'
ñ;=rl= iu`. uDÿldx.hla yjqf,a fnod .ekSu jqjo whs;sh W,a,x>khls' fjk;a jpkj,ska lsj fyd;a
ixLHdxl wdlD;sfha(Digital) we;s ´kE u fohla mß.Kl fidrlug we;=<;a fõ' thska woyia lrkqfha
´kE u uDÿldx.hla" ùäfhdajla" l%Svdjla" ixLHdxl Y%jHhla fyda B-fmd;la hk tajd h'

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uDÿldx. fidrlu hkq l=ula o@

mß.Kl l%uf,aLhla wkjir msgm;alrKh uDÿldx. fidrlula f,i i,lkq ,efí'—l¾;D ysñlu
orkakdf.a wjirhla fkdue;s j wêf,aLk Wmia:hla f,i yer fjk;a ´kE u fya;=jlg uDÿldx.
fldgil msgm;la mßYS,lhka úiska fkdl< hq;h˜' hkqfjka i|yka lrk wefußld tlai;a ckmofha
f*vr,a l¾;D ysñlï kS;sh hgf;a mß.Kl uDÿldx. wdrlaIs; h' flfia jqj o úúO fndfyda fhÿï
i|yd fkdñf,a ,nd .; yels újD; m%Nj uDÿldx. (Open Source Software) fndfyduhla ;sfí'

wmyrKh ^n, rys; m%fõYh&

tkï fjk;a whl=f.a mß.Kl moaO;shg kS;s úfrdaë j m%fõY ùu h'(Hacking) fndfyda mqoa.,hka fï
wdldrfha fohla olskf
q ha kS;s úfrdaë l%shdjla f,i fkdj wNsfhda.hla f,i h'
iudchSh .eg¨
wxls; fnÿu Digital divide)

tkï f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK (ICT) iïm;aj,g m%fõY ùu wkqj mqoa.,hka fn§u h' ICT
iïm;aj,g^mrs.Kl" wka;¾cd,h& myiqfjka m%fõY úh yels yd fkdyels wh w;r ysveila mej;Su hs'

wxls; fia;=j (Digital bridge)

wxls; fnÿu ÿr,ñka ñksik q a w;r f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhg <Õd ùfï mr;rh wju lsrSuhs' ieug u
mß.Klhla fyda cx.u ÿrl:khla fyda ,nd §fuka wxls; fia;=jla we;s l< fkd yel' ñksid úúO
;dlaI‚l Wmdx. i;= lr.kakjd fuka u tajd ksjerÈ f,i Ndú; lsÍug o" tajd ms<sn| j oekqj;a ùu
o" tajd i;= lr.ekSfï Wkkaÿj o wjYH fõ'
wdrlaIl m%Yak
fuys fldgia 2 ls'

fN!;sl wdrlaIdj
fï i|yd mß.Klfhys my; oE ;sìh hq;=h
 m%Odk n, iemhqu weK ysàfï yd WÉpdjpkfha wjodku je<elaùu i|yd wLKaä;
n, iemhqula (UPS-Uninterruptible power supply )-(UPS negrsh&
 úÿ,s flàfuka yd .s.sÍfuka wdrlaId ùu i|yd i¾mk wdrlaIlhla (Surge Protector)
 fjda,aàh;dj md,kh i|yd ia:dhSlrKhla (Stabilizer)
 Hardware Fire wall

;d¾lsl wdrlaIdj
mß.Klfha uDÿldx. yd o;a; wdrlaId lsrSug
 uqrmo (password)yd
 Wmia: msgm;a (Backups)Ndú;h fhda.H fõ'
 Software firewall

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 oafõY iy.; fla;(Malicious software)
j¾ïia" fg%dacka fyda¾ia yd jhsri —foafõY iy.; fla;˜ hkqfjka ye¢kafjk mq¿,a j¾.hlg wh;a fõ'
jhsri(Virus)
fuh wmf.a oekqu fkdue;s j wmf.a mß.Klhg m%fõYkh lr we;s yd mrsYS,l leue;af;ka f;dr j
Odjkh jk l%uf,aLhla fyda fla; fldgila fõ' fjk;a l%uf,aLhla fuka u l< hq;af;a l=ula o@
hkqfjka mß.Klhg fok Wmfoia tys wvx.= h'
 ish¨ mß.Kl jhsri" ñksid úiska iE¥ tajd h'
 kej; kej;;a tys msgm;a iEÈh yels ir, jhsrihla ksmoùu idfmalaI j myiq h'
 jhsrihla b;d ydksodhl úh yelsh' Bg oDv äialh yeviõ.ekaùu(Format) l< yelsh'
 Bg Tfí oDv äial wdrïN LKvlh(Boot sector) Wäka ,súh yelsh' ke;fyd;a f.dkq uld oud
Tfí hka;%h l%shd úrys; l< yelsh'

jhsri ,efnkafka flfiao @

 B fï,a fyda B fï,a wEÈhlska (Attachment)

 nd.ekSfuka (Download)
 yjqf,a Ndú; lrk wdidÈ; kuH äialj,ska (Floppy disks) yd Pen drives j,ska

jhsri ,shkakl=g tys kshñ; nr ^ydksh& jydu" j¾;udk wkd.; fõ,djl § fyda Èkhl § fyda
f.dkqjla újD; lrk fyda wdphkh lrk fyda úg § n÷ ksYaÑ; úOdkhla l%shdlrùfï § l%shdrïNl
lrúh yelsh' WodyrK jYfhka uhsl,a wekacf,da jhsrih Ys,amshdf.a Wmka Èkh jk ´kE u wjqreoaol
ud¾;= 6 fjksod tys kshñ; nr ^ydksh& uqod yeÍug l%uf,aL lr ;sfí'

s hsri uDÿldx.(Antivirus software)

m%;j

mß.Klhg ffjria wdrlaIl uDÿldx.hla ia:dmkh lr .kak' th ksis mßÈ hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;=h' tys
wdrlaIl Wml%u ^Guard/Shield/Auto scan/Update& iEu úg u újD; j ;nkak' m%p,s; ffjria
wdrlaIl uDÿldx. lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 Avira Antivirus  Kaspersky Antivirus

 Avast Antivirus  Panda Cloud Antivirus
 AVG Antivirus  Microsoft Security Essentials
 K7 Antivirus  Norton Antivirus
 Digital Defender Antivirus  Bit Defender Antivirus
 Norman Antivirus  McAfee Antivirus

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 wdrlaIl mjqr$ .sKs mjqr (Fire wall)
fuh wjir fkdue;s j mß.Klh Ndú;h yd Bg m%fõY ùu j,lajk moaO;shls' wdrlaIl mjqr
oDvdx.hla fukau uDÿldx.hla úh yelsh' fuh ;ks ksIamdok f,i fyda m<,a l,dm ud¾.ldrl
(Broadband Router)f,i fyda ñ, § .; yelsh'

ydkslr uDÿldx.hkaf.ka mß.Klhla iy mß.Kl cd,hla wdrlaId lr.ekSu

 úYajdi l< fkdyels m%Njhkaf.ka tk wkfmalaIs; Bfï,a Bfï,a yd wE÷ï újD; fkdlsÍu
 m%;js hsri uDÿldx. ks;r hdj;ald,Sk lsrSu
 ndysr wdphk Wml%u ^USB u;l& ;u mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍfï § ffjria wdrlaIl
uDÿldx.hla u.ska mÍlaId lsrSu
 iEu úg u kS;Hkql+, jQ uDÿldx. mß.Klhg ia:dmkh lsrSu wdrlaIs; fjí wvú i|yd
msúfikak'
 uDÿldx. fyda fjk;a nd.; lsÍï i|yd wdrlaIs; fjì wvú muKla u f;dard.kak'
 nd.; lsÍug fmr tu f,aLh fyda uDÿldx.h ffjri wdrlaIl uDÿldx.hla
u.ska mÍlaId lr.kak'
fi!LH yd wdrlaIK m%Yak

udxYfmaYS iy wiaÓ wdY%s; .eg¨

fkdkj;ajd mß.Klh Ndú;h ksid YÍrfha úúO ia:dkhkays udxi fmaYsj, iy wiaÒj, fõokd we;sùu
iq,n h' óg m%Odk u fya;= idOlh jkafka mß.Klh Ndú; lsÍfï § jerÈ bßhõfjka isàuhs'

mqk¾j¾;S wd;;s mSvdj^RSI - Repetitive Stress Injury&

Wrysfia isg wf;a weÕs,s olajd we;s jk fõokdj mqk¾j¾;S wd;;s mSvdj f,iska ye¢kafõ' tu ia:dkj,
bÈuqu" ;o .;sh" fõokdj we;s fõ'uQislh i|yd w;a, tyd fuyd lsÍug wmyiq nj fuys ,laIKhls'
ksjerÈ bßhjq wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu fuhg fya;=jhs'
ldm, fodakd iy,laIKh (CTS - Carpel Tunnel Syndrome&

wf;a weÕs,sj, we;s jk ysßjeàu iy fõokdj ldm, fodakd iy,laIKh f,i ye¢kafõ' ue‚lalgqj
wdY%s; j we;s jk f;rmSu ksid fuu fõokdj we;s fõ'uQislh yd h;=remqjrej ksjerÈ wdldrfhka
mdúÉÑ fkd lsÍu;a ia:dk .; fkdlsÍu;a fuhg fya;= fõ'

mß.Kl oDIaá iy,laIKh (CVS/Computer Vision Syndrome&

fkdlvjd meh 6 la 7 w;r ld,hla mß.Klfha we,S .e,S isàu fya;=fjka weiaj, we;s jk wdid;añl;d"
mß.Kl oDIaá iy,laIKh (CVS) f,i ye¢kafõ' weia úh<Su" r;= ùu" l÷¿ .e,Su" fmkqu
wvqùu"ysfia" fn,af,a fyda fldkafoa lelal=u fuu oDIaá .eg¨fjys iajNdjhhs'

10 | P a g e
ysfia lelal=u (Headache)
fn,af,ys udxi fmaYSkaf.a wd;;sh iy weiaj, we;s jk fjfyildÍ nj ksid we;s jk ysfia lelal=u
mß.Kl Ndú; lrkakka ;=< nyq, j olakg ,efí'

fi!LH .eg¨ u.yrjd .ekSu

1. mß.Kl ;srh ;udf.a weia uÜgug fyda Bg jvd my;ska fyda msysgk fia mß.Kl mqgqj iy

fïih yev .iajd .ekSu

2. mß.Kl ;srh iy weia w;r mr;rh wÕ,a 18-28 ^fi'ñ 45-70& muK ùu

3. mqgq wekaog fya;a;= jk fia msg fldkao fl<ska ;nd Wrysi ieye,a¨fjka ;eîu

4. ll=,a fmdf<djg ,ïnl j o m;=,a fmdf<dj u; o ieye,a¨fjka ;nd.ekSu

5. uQil
s h h;=re mqjrej wdikakfha ;nd .ekSu" ieye,a¨fjka h;=re,shkhlsÍu" ue‚la lgqj tla

ia:dkhl isrlr fkd isàu" h;=re mqjrej je,ñgg fl<ska fyda Bg my;ska fyda ia:dk .; lsÍu

wdÈ ksjerÈ bßhjq wkq.ukh lsÍu o"

6. weig fjfyildÍ fkdjk fia mß.Kl ;srfhys wdf,dalh ilia lr .ekSu

7. úáka úg ;srfhka msg; ne,Su iy weismsh .eiSu

8. ld¾hh w;r;=r § flá úfõl .ekSu iy flá ÿr weú§u

9. orejkayg mß.Kl l%Svd i|yd ld,h fjkalr §u" Tjqka ndysr l%Svd i|yd fhduq lsÍu'

10. meh 7-8 olajd ld,hla mß.Kl iu. l%shdlrk jeäysáhka ksjfia § mß.Klh Ndú;fhka

je<lS isàu iy uki ieye,a¨fjka ;nd .ekSu

11 | P a g e
 o;a; ikaksfõokh(Data communication)
ikaksfõokh hkq tla ia:dkhl isg fjk;a ia:dkhlg f;dr;=re heùu h' tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a
ia:dkhlg oaúuh wdfla;sl o;a; heùula o;a; ikaksfõokh hkqfjka i|yka flf¾'

Wod-mß.Kl h;=re mqjrefõ h;=rla ;o l< úg mß.Klhg tu h;=f¾ ,laIKh ksrEmKh lrk úÿ,s
ix{djla Wml%ufhka ksIamdokh fõ' Wml%ufha isg mß.Klhg flan,hla yryd iïfm%aIKh .uka
lrhs'

m%;i
s u ix{d yd oaúuh ix{d

m%;siu ix{d(Analog signals)

l:kh" ÿrl:k /yeka j, Ndú; lrk ix{d m%;siu ix{djls' m%;siu ix{dj, ix{d ;Sj%;dj
ld,hla iu. iqug j fjkia fõ'

oaúuh ix{d(Digital signals)

oaúuh ix{ kQ;k mß.Klj, NdIdj fõ' oaúuh ix{d wjia:d follska muKla iukaú; fõ' tajd
ms<sfj,ska ON ^oeuQ& fyda OFF ^jeiQ& fyda 1 fyda 0 fyda f,i m%ldY fõ'

oaúuh ix{dj, ix{d ;Sj%;dj tla;rd ld,hlg ksh; j ;sî fjk;a ksh; w.hlg fjkia
fõ' ixl%dka;sh b;d l=vd ld,hl § isÿ fõ'

Wod(mß.Klh yryd l:kh

o;a; iïfm%aIKh
o;a; iïfm%aIKh hkq ikaksfõok udOHhla ud¾.fhka ia:dk folla w;r o;a; f.k hdfï
l%shdj,sh hs

12 | P a g e
 o;a; iïfma%IK udOH (Data Transmission Media)

o;a; iïfma%IK udOH

kshuq udOH kshuq fkdjk udOHh

.=jka úÿ,s ;rx. (Radio

weUrE lïì hq., (Twisted
pair) waves)

laIqø ;rx.
(Microwaves)
iulaIl flan,h (Coaxial
cable) wfOdarla; lsrK
(Infrared)

m%ldY ;ka;= - (Fiber optics)

kshuq udOH (Guided / Wired)

o;a; iïfma%IKh i|yd fhdod .kakd udOHh fN!;sl udOHhla ^physical medium& kï th kshuq
udOHhla f,i oelaúh yels h'

weUrE lïì hq., (Twisted pair) –

tlg weUrE ;U lïì hq., o;a; iïfma%IKh i|yd fhdod .efka' fïjd wdldr folls'
 fkdjeiqKq weUrE lïì hq., - ( nshielded Twisted Pair - UTP)
 jeiqKq weUrE lïì hq., (Shielded Twisted Pair- STP)

iulaIl flan,h (Coaxial cable)

ikakdhl flan, hq.,lska iukaú; iulaIl flan,fhys ;U lïì oe,la wdldrhg jQ msg; flan,h"
uOH flan,h jgd úoHq;a pqïnl;ajhla we;s lrkq ,nhs'rEmjdyskS wekafgkd CCTV flan, f,i
fhdod .kakd fuu flan, ñf,ka wêl h'

13 | P a g e
m%ldY ;ka;= - (Fiber optics)
uOHia:h ^core& ùÿre nghlao ta jgd isyska ùÿre ;ka;= o
^cladding&fuu flan,a hq.,h fjka lsÍug ma,diaála wdjrKhla
^Jacket& o we;'fuu udOHfhys we;s úfYaI;ajh jkafka o;a;
iïfma%IKfha § wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh fjñka iïfma%IKh ùuhs'
ñf,ka wêl jqjo fõ.j;au iïfm%aIK udOHh fõ

kshuq fkdjk udOHh (Unguided / Wireless)

fN!;sl udOH fhdod .ekSulska f;dr j jd;h yryd
ix{d f,i o;a; iïfma%IKh lsÍu kshuq fkdjk
udOHh f,i yeÈkafõ'

.=jka úÿ,s ;rx. (Radio waves)

o;a; iïfma%IKh i|yd .=jka úÿ,s;rx. udOH fhdod .efka'
jhs *hs (Wifi) iy íÆgQ;a (Bluetooth) .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.
u; l%shdlsÍï i|yd WodyrK fõ'

laIqø ;rx. (Microwaves)

laIqø ;rx. iïfma%IKfha § o;a; .uka lrkafka tla f¾Ldjlg h'
tu ksid iïfma%IK uOHia:dk tlsfkldg o¾Ykh úh hq;=hs'

wfOdarla; lsrK(Infrared)
rEmjdyskS ÿria: md,lj, fuka u /yeka rys; h;=re mqjre iy uQil
s md,kh i|yd wfOdarla; lsrK
o;a; iïfma%IK udOHh f,i fhdod .kq ,nhs'

14 | P a g e
 mß.Kl cd,h
mß.Kl cd,hla" fmdÿ cd, udOHhla yryd tlsfkl iu`. ikaksfõokh lrk iajdëk mß.Kl
iuQyhls' mß.Kl cd,hlg mßYS,lhka w;r Yíoh" ùäfhda iy$fyda o;a; hïixhqla;hla
iïfm%aIKh l< yelsh'

mß.Kl cd, ^Computer network&

mß.Kl cd, N+ñfha msysàu wkqj my; mrsos j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'

mß.Kl cd,

mqrjr m%foaY cd,

ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, mq¿,a m%foaY cd,
(Metropolitan Area
( Local Area Network (LAN) Network- MAN) (Wide Area Network - WAN)

ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,h

idfmalaI j flá ÿrlg cd, Wml%u iïnkaO lrhs' cd,lrKh jQ ld¾hd, f.dvke.s,a,l" mdi,l fyda
ksjil fyda idudkHfhka ;ks cd,hla mj;S' we;eï úg tla f.dvke.s,a,l l=vd LAN ^we;eï úg tla
ldurhlg tl ne.ska& tlla o l,d;=rlska LAN tlla wdikak f.dvke.s,s iuQyhl o ;sfnkq we;'
Windows Mac yd UNIX n÷ cd, yelshdj we;s fufyhqï moaO;s we;s wkq.%dylhka yd fiajdodhlhka
úiska cd,hla Ndú;flf¾' wdphk Wml%u" uqøl" uDÿldx." o;a; f.dkq n÷ ixia:dms; iïm;a úYd,
mßYS,l ixLHdjlg fnod .ekSug fuu cd, bv i,ihs'

15 | P a g e
mq¿q,a fmfoia cd,h (WAN)

fuu cd,h úYd, fN!;sl ÿrlg úysfohs ' fuu cd,h N+f.da,Sh j úysÿkq ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,j,
tl;=jls' ud¾.ldrlh kñka ye¢kafjk cd, Wml%uhla ia:dkSh fmfoia cd, lsysmhla iïnkaO lrhs'
wka;¾cd, kshudj,s (IP) cd,lrKfha § ud¾.ldrlh ia:dkSh fmfoia cd, (LAN) ,smskhla fuka u mq¿,a
fmfoia cd, (WAN) ,smskhla o mj;ajd f.k hhs'

Wod -wka;¾cd,h

mqrjr fmfoia cd,h (MAN)

ia:dkSh fmfoia cd,hg jvd úYd, jQ tfy;a mq¿,a fmfoia cd,hg jvd l=vd jQ k.rhla n÷ fN!;sl
m%foaYhl úys§ hk cd,hls'
Wod-
 nexl= cd,
 YdLd iys; wdh;khkays cd,
 úYajúoHd, cd,

16 | P a g e
 cd,hl ixrpl
fudvuh Modem (MODulator & DEModulator)
fudvuhla u.ska ÿrl:k ud¾.fhka meñfKk m%;siu ix×d mrs.Klhg .e,fmk f,i ixLHdxlhg;a
ixLHdxl ix×d m%;siuhg;a mßj¾;kh flf¾

iaúph fyda kdNs - (Switch / Hub)

mß.Kl folla fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla fyda w;r iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Su i|yd fhdod .efka

iaúph u.ska o;a; wod, mrs.Klhg muKla ,ndfok w;r kdNsh u.ska uq¿ cd,hgu ix×d ksl=;a
lrk uq;a wod, mrs.Klh muKla o;a;h .%ykh lr .kS' tneúka iaúpfhys o;a; yqjudre fõ.h
jeäh'

cd, ia:, úoHdj (Network Topology)

cd,hla ;=< mß.Kl iïnkaO;dj ie,iqï lsÍu iy cd, .; lsÍu cd, ia:, úoHdj ^Network
Topology& f,iska ye|skafõ'fuys wdldr 5 ls

 ;re wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu (Star Topology)

ish¿ mrs.Kl iaúphlg fyda yí tllg iú fõ'

17 | P a g e
 nihl wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu (Bus Topology)
fuysoS m%Odk flan,hla yryd ish¨u iïnkaO;d we;s lrñka mrs.Kl cd, .; lrhs

jdis- ie,iqu b;d myiqhs

flan, wvq m%udKhla jeh ùu

wjdis-

• iïnkaO l< yels mß.Kl m%udKh iSñ;hs

• m%Odk flan,fhys isÿ jk wl%ñl;djla cd,fha we;s mß.Kl ish,a,g u n,mEu

j,,a,l wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu(Ring Topology)

mß.Kl cd, .; lr we;af;a uqoaol$ j<,a,l wdldrhg hs

jdis-wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùu

wjdis-tla mß.Klhl fyda flan,hl wl%ñl;djla

iïmQ¾K cd,hgu n,mEu

rela $.il wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu (Tree Topology)

;re wdldrfha (Star Topology) cd, .; lsÍï lsysmhla nia

wdldrfha cd, .; lsÍulg tl;= lsÍuhs

fuys jdish jkafka tla tla cd,

fjka fjka jYfhka md,kh lsÍfï

myiqjhs

oe,la wdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu

(Mesh Topology)
• cd,fha we;s ish¨u mß.Kl tlsfkl yd iïnkaO lsÍuhs ixlS¾K ksid md,kh wmyiq fukau
msrsjeh wêlh' kuq;a tla mß.Kl cd,hla ì| jegqk o" cd, iïnkaO ùug ud¾. lSmhla we;s
neúka tu ud¾. yryd iïnkaO;dj /£ mej;Su jdis iy.;h

18 | P a g e
 wka;¾cd,h
wka;¾cd,h hkq mß.Kl cd,j, w;súYd, cd,hls'wka;¾cd,h yryd hk f;dr;=re" kshudj,s yryd
.uka lrhs' wka;¾cd,fhys l=vd .Dyia:" " jHdmdr yd rdcH wdoS cd, ñ,shk .Kkla wvx.= jk w;r
ta iu`. u bf,lafg%dksl ;emE," ud¾..; l;dny" f.dkq ;ekaudrej" wka;¾ ikaOdk fjí msgq yd
f,dal jHdma; fjí wvúfha fjk;a f,aLk n÷ úúO f;dr;=re yd fiajdjka f.k hhs' fuhg ;ks
whs;slrefjl= fkdue;'

f,dal úisß úhuk(World wide web-www)

f,dal úisß úhuk (www) ke;fyd;a fjí hkq wka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO f,dj mqrd we;s mrs.Klj,
.nvd lr we;s úoHq;a f,aLk j, tl;=jls' fjí o;a; iïfm%aIKhg Ndú; lrkqfha Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) h' wêikaOdk yryd tlsfklg ikaOdk jQ fjí msgq j,g m%fõY ùu i|yd
Internet Explorer fyda Mozilla Firefox fyda n÷ w;ßlaiq www úiska Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fjí f,aLkj,
Ñ;%l" Yío mdG yd ùäfhda o wvx.= fõ'

fjí w;ßlaiqj (web browser)

fjí w;ßlaiqjla hkq fjí wvúfhys fjí msgqjl msysá mdG" m%;sìïn fyda fjk;a f;dr;=re fyda
ixo¾Ykhg yd tajd iu`. wka;¾l%shd lsÍug mßYS,lhl=g yelsjk fhÿï uDÿldx.hls '
Wod- Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator
Mozilla Firefox ,
Google chrome

taldldr iïm;a ksYapdhlh(URL-Uniform resourse locator)

f,dal jHdma; úhuk ;=< fjí wvúj, f;dr;=re wvx.=j we;'fufia fjí wvú ;=< mj;sk iïm;a
wkkHj y÷kd .ekSug fhdod .kakd l%uh fuh fõ'

Protocol Domain name

19 | P a g e
 wka;¾cd,fhka imhk fiajdjka

(01) fijqï hka;%(search engines)

wka;¾cd,fha we;s ish¿u fjí ,smsk u;l ;nd .ekSug wmg fkdyels neúka wmg wjYH hï
ud;Dldjlg wod,j f;dr;=re fiùug Wmldr jk fjí wvú fõ'

Wod- Google, yahoo,MSN,Bing,Ask

^02& B fï,a (E-mail)

B fï,a ^bf,lafg%dksl ;emE,& wka;¾cd,h u.ska imhkq ,nk tla fiajdjls' tla mß.Kl mßYS,lhl=g
mß.Kl cd,hla ;=<k
s a ixLHdxluh wdldrhg ;j;a mß.Kl mßYS,lhl=g fyda lsysm fokl=g fyda
mKsúvhla heùug bv i,ik fuj,ula f,i fuh ye|skaúh yel'
B fï,a ,nd .; yels l%u
 mß.Klfha Eudora, Pine,Microsoft outlook Express wdÈ B fï,a uDÿldx. msysgù
q fuka
 B fï,a myiqlï iys; jQ Google(Gmail), yahoo fyda MSN n÷ ckm%sh fijqï hka;%hla
Ndú;fhka

f.dkq ;ekaudrej (File Transfer)

f.dkq ;ekaudrej" wka;¾cd,h u.ska iemfhk ;j;a jeo.;a fiajdjls' wka;¾cd,fha fyda tlu cd,fha
fyda mß.Kl folla w;r f.dkq ;ekaudrejg fï fiajdj bv i,ihs' f.dkq ;ekaudrej u.ska imfhk
jvd;a jeo.;a myiqlï fol kï"
1' fjk;a mß.Klhlska Tfí mß.Klhg f.dkqjla msgm;a lsÍfï yelshdj
2' Tfí mß.Klfha isg fjk;a mß.Klhlg f.dkqjla heùfï yelshdj

b - ;eme,a .sKu
q la ks¾sudKh lsÍu'
b - ;eme,a .sKuq la ,nd .kakd l%u folls'
1' wka;¾cd, ;eme,a .sKqu ^idudkHfhka fkdñf,a ,efí'&
Wod( Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail
2' wka;¾cd, fiajd iemhqïlrejkaf.ka (Internet Service Provider, ISP) ^ uqo,a f.úh hq;=h'&

b - ;eme,a mKsúvhl m%Odk fldgia

,eìh hq;= (TO):

Tn mKsúvh hjk ;eke;a;df.a b - ;eme,a ,smskh "To" lafIa;%fhys we;=<;a lrkak'
.%dylhka lsysm fokl= isà kï Tjqkf
a .a ,smskhla fldudj,ska ^"& fyda fiñflda,kaj,ska ^;& fyda
fjka l< hq;=h'

ldnka msgm;a (CC):

CC —ldnka msgm;— i|yd fhfoa(Carbon copy) ' CC lafIa;%fha f,aLk.; ´kE u flfkl=g wm hjk
mKsúvfha msgm;la ,efí' tu mKsúvfha ish¨ .%dylhkag tu tlsfkldg tu mKsúvh ,efnk nj oek
.; yel'
20 | P a g e
w| ldnka msgm;a (BCC-Blind carbon copy):
BCC —w| ldnka msgm;a— i|yd fhfoa' fuh CC j,g iudk kuq;a BCC j,ska hjkq ,nk whg tu msgm;
hejQ nj CC wh fkdokS'

úIh(Subject)
mKsúvh l=ula o hkq fuu lafIa;%fhka ksrEmKh fõ' mKsúvfha wka;¾.;h fuys
idrdxY lrhs' Wod- school photos

wEÿu (Attachment)
b - ;eme,a mKsúvh iu`. hjk fjka jQ f.dkq h' b - ;eme,a ,smskhlg my;
i|yka wdldrfha f.dkq ish,a, wEÈh yelsh'

me;=reï m;a "joka ieliqï f,aLk" o;a; iuqodh f.dkq "Y%jH f.dkq "ùäfhda f.dkq "photos

hdyq (yahoo) ;eme,a ljq¿fõ f*da,avr fldgfia jeo.;a whs;u

f*da,avr
ish¨ m%Odk f*da,avr fï f*da,avr fldgfia msysgd ;sfí' tkï ,enqKq ;emE," flgqïm;a" hejQ
;emE, yd bj; ,k ;emE,'

 ,enqKq ;emE, (Inbox)

Tng ,enqKq mKsúv ixo¾Ykh lrhs' fï f*da,avrfha lshejQ yd fkdlshejQ mKsúv ixo¾Ykh fõ'

 flgqïm;a (Drafts)
Tn ilia l< fyda ks¾udKh l< fyda mKsúv iqrlsk ,o kï tajd fï f*da,avrh hgf;a oelafõ

 hejQ ;emE, (Sent)

Tn hejQ ish¨ mKsúv wdphkh fõ'
 bj; ,k ;emE, (Trash)
f,dma l< ^uld oeuQ& ish¨ whs;u wdphkh lrhs'Trash ys "Empty" iïnkaOh la,sla lsÍfuka
Tng bj; ,k ;emE, ysia l< yels h'

 laIKsl mKsúv heùu ^l;dny&(

l;dnfyys fh§u wka;¾cd,fhys we;s jvd;a u ckm%sh l%shdldrluls' ;uka ie,ls,a,la olajk úúO
ud;Dld ms<sn| j f,dalh mqrd isák mqoa.,hka iu`. ´kE u /lshdjl fhfok ´kE u jhfiys miqjk
mqoa.,hkag iïnkaO ùfï yelshdj Bg wh;a fõ' iïm%odhdkql+, j l;dnyg mdGh mokï fõ' tfy;a
Y%jH yd ùäfhda o we;=<;a úh yelsh' m%isoaO l;dny m%foaYj, § mqoa.,fhda —mßYS,l kï˜ fyda —wdrEV
kï˜ Ndú; lr;a' ke;fyd;a we;eï úg l;dny f,dalfha ;uka y÷kk mßÈ Ñ;%l ksrEml fyda —
wj;dr˜ fyda f,i ksrEmKh fj;a'

 wka;¾cd, m%;sfhdacl l;dny (IRC)

IRC nyq mßYS,l l;dny l%uf,aLhls' IRC u.ska tla;rd cd,hl fyda cd, lsysmhl fyda iu.dó j
idlÉPdjlg iyNd.s ùug mqoa.,hkag bv ie,fia' wka;¾cd, l;dnyg my; i|yka tajd wjYH fõ'
 wka;¾cd, myiqlï iys; mß.Klhla
 uhsfl%df*dak iys; iamSlrhla$fyâf*dakhla
 wod< uDÿldx. ^Wod( Skype, Yahoo Messenger&

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 mrs.Kl uDÿldx.

fufyhqï moaO;s (Operating systems)

• mrs.Klhla l%shd lsrSug w;HjYH uDÿldx.h fuhhs'mß.Klfha ia:dms; wfkl=;a uDÿldx. iy
oDVdx. l<ukdlrKh lrñka mßYS,lhdg mß.Klh Ndú; lsÍug wjldYh ,nd fokafka fuh
u.sks'

fufyhqï moaO;shl uQ,sl ld¾hhka

1. mß.Kl fufyhqu i|yd w;=reuqyqK; iemhSu

w;=re uqyqK;a j¾. 2ls

 úOdk fma<s w;=reuqyqK; (CLI -command line interface )

 Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK; (GUI-Graphical user interface )

úOdk fma<s w;=reuqyqK; (command line interface -CLI)

wdrïNl wjêfha § ks¾udKh lrkq ,enq ish¨ mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;sj, olakg ,enqfKa fïjd jk
w;r fuys wod< wK lsÍï iy Wmfoia we;=<;a lsÍu i|yd fm%arlhla (prompt) olakg ,eìKs' wjYH

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lrk ish¨ wK lsÍï iy Wmfoia fuu fm%arlh u; h;=re,shkh l< hq;= úh' wod< wK lsÍfï ldrl
Í;sh (syntax) ksjerÈ j wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

Wod-MS DOS(Microsoft disk operating system) ,Unix

 Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK; (GUI-Graphical user interface )

wo fndfyda kQ;k fufyhqï moaO;sj, Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK; (GUI) wvx.= fõ' mßYS,l
w;=reuqyqK;la mßYS,l yd mß.Klh w;r wka;¾l%shdjg jHqyh ,nd fohs' Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re
uqyqKf;ys WIMP wkq,laIKj,ska ksrEms; w;HjYH uQ,dx. y;rla we;' WIMP j,ska ms<sfj<ska
oelafjkqfha ljq¿ (Windows) ^RcqfldaKdi% m%foaYh& ksrEml (Icons) fukq (Menus) yd olajk
(Pointing) Wml%u fõ' fï Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqKf;ys Èiajk jia;+ka oelaùfuka yd la,sla
úOdkhkag we;=¿ùug Tng bv i,ihs'
Wod-windows, linux, Ubuntu, Android

Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;

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^2& l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh(Process Management)

• mß.Klhl Odjkh lrkq ,nk yeu l%uf,aLhla u fyda l%uf,aLhla l%shd lrùu fyda
l%shdj,shls' l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh" nyq l%shdj,s Odjkh ms<sn| lghq;= lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha
l%uhla fõ' l%shdj,s i|yd wjYH lrk wdldrfhka uOH ieliqï tallfha ld,h fjka lr .ekSu"
u;lh fjka lr .ekSu iy wod< l%shdj,s i|yd wdodk- m%;sodk tall fjka lr .ekSu jeks
iïm;a l<ukdlrK ld¾h fuysoS isÿ fõ' úkafvdaia mßirfha CTRL, ALT, DEL h;=re tljr ghsma
lsÍfuka Odjk l%shdj,s oelsh yelsh

^03&f.dkq l<ukdlrKh (File Management)

o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍug f.dkq (Files)Ndú; lrk w;r f.dkq úêu;a j l<ukdlrKh lsÍug f*da,avr
(Folders) fhdod .kS'

f.dkq(Files)
f*da,avr(Folders)

• fï hgf;a -kj f.dkq ilia lsÍu (Create files) f.dkq uld oeóu (Delete files) f*da,avr ilia
lsÍu "uld oeóu (Create,delete folders)f.dkqj,"f*da,avrj, kï fjkia lsÍu (Rename) msysá
ia:dk fjkia lsÍu ( Move) f.dkq Wmia: lsÍu (Backup) isÿfõ'windows fufyhqï moaO;s j,oS
f.dkq ;ekam;a lsrSu i|yd oDv ;eáh C:,D: E: wdoS f,i fldgia j,g fjka lr .; yelsh
(Partition lsrSu f,i fuh y÷kajhs& C: Odjlh ;=, we;af;a windows fufyhqï moaO;shg wod,
f.kq fõ'

^04&Wmdx. l<ukdlrKh ^Device Management)

• mß.Kl moaO;shl fndfyda m¾hka; Wmdx. (peripheral devices)(eg-Mouse ,key board) md,kh
lsÍfï j.lSu orkafka o fufyhqï moaO;shhs'ta i|yd oDVdx. fldgia jk Wmdx. md,l (device
controllers) o uDÿldx. fldgia md,kh i|yd Odjl$ t,jqï jevigyka (device drivers) o
fhdod .efka'

fufyhqï moaO;sj, we;s myiqlï

^01& mßYS,l .sKqï (User accounts)
mßYS,l hkq mß.Kl moaO;shla Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hd h' ;u wkkH;dj i|yd mßYS,lhl=g .sKu
q la
we;' mß.Klhla yjqf,a Ndú;fha § wfkla mßYS,lhkag ;u fm!oa.,sl f.dkq" uDÿldx. ne,Sug fyda
mß.Kl msysgqï fjkia lsÍug fyda yelshdj we;s neúka uqr mo fhÿ mrsYS,l .sKu
q la ;nd .ekSu
jeo.;a fõ'

24 | P a g e
 moaO;s fuj,ï(System tools)
fï hgf;a

(01) äial m%;sNd.SlrKh (Disk Defragmentation)

• fuu jevigyk we;af;a Windows ;=, muKs f.dkqjla oDV ;eáhl fyda iefK,s u;l tallh
;ekam;a lsÍfï § f.dkqjl fldgia ;eáfha úúO ia:dkj, ;ekam;a ùu LKavkh f,iska ye|skafõ
LKavkh fya;=fjka f.dkqjla lshùug W;aidy lsÍfï § tys fldgia tl È.g ^tl <Õ&
fkdmsysàu ksid lshùu i|yd jeä ld,hla .;ùu isÿ fõ' fuh mß.Klfha ld¾hlaIu;dj my<
oeóug fya;= jkq we; m%;sNd.SlrKfhaoS isÿ jkqfha fufia f.dkq j, fldgia ;eáfha úúO
ia:dkj, ;ekam;a ùfï ;;ajh wju lsrSuhs' Linux ys § m%;sNd.SlrKh i|yd wu;r Wmfhda.S
jevigykla wjYH fkdfõ'

(02) Wmia:h (Backups)

oDv äialh fkis;+ wjia:d j,oS wl%Sh úh yel' fyda ffjria wdosh ksid f.dkq uld oeñh yel'
tjeks wjia:d j,oS Wmia: Wmfhda.S;dj Tfí o;a; wdrlaId lrhs' oDv äialfha ish¨ o;a;j,
wkqmsgm;la Wmia:h ks¾udKh lr fjk;a wdphk Wml%uhla th w;alr .kshs'

(03) äial msßisÿlrKh(Disk cleanup)

oDv äial Odjlh l=uk f.dkq ;j ÿrg;a wjYH fkdfõ hhs —äial msßisÿlrKh˜ u.ska ;SrKh
lr tu f.dkq uld oeóu isÿ lrhs'

(04) md,k mek,h(control panel)

mßYS,lhkag uQ,sl moaO;s msysgïq o¾Ykhg yd fufyhùug bv i,ik oDvdx. tl;= lsÍu" uDÿldx.
bj;a lsÍu" mßYS,l .sKqï md,kh lsÍu yd m%fõYSh úl,am fjkia lsÍu n÷ oE md,kh lrk úkafvdaia
Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqKf;ys fldgi md,k mqjrej fõ'wdrlaIl ieliqï (eg-Windows firewall) yd
cd, ieliqï (internet options) jeks oEo fuysoS ielish yel'

^05& kdudj,s jHqyh

kdudj,s Ndú; lrkqfha f.dkq wdphkh i|yd h' kdudj,shl f.dkq lsysmhla wvx.= úh yelsh' Wm
kdudj,s hkqfjka ye¢kafjk fjk;a kdudj,s o tys wvx.= úh yelsh' Wv u kdudj,sh uQ, kdudj,sh
f,i ye¢ka fõ' Wm kdudj,s th orK kdudj,sfhys —orejd(child) — hhs lshkq ,efí'

25 | P a g e
 joka ieliqï uDÿldx.
(Word processing software)
úúO f,aLk wdosh ieliSug fuu uDÿldx. fhdod .kq ,nhs'

Wod-

MS word jeo.;a lreKq yd flá ux h;=re lsysmhla

 File →New (Ctrl+N) →kj f,aLkhla ,nd .ekSu

 File→Save (Ctrl+S) f,aLkh iq/lSu
 File→Save as ^fjk;a kula fhdod Save lsÍu
f.dkq kï È.=j (file extension)
 MS Word 2007$ 2010 - .docx
 MS Word 97-2003 - .doc
 LibreOffice Writer - .odt
 File →Open (Ctrl+O) f.kqjla újD; lsrSu
 MS word j,oS Home tab …. ,l=Kska isÿ lrkqfha f,aLkhl we;s fPao ,l=Kq yd

wfkl=;a ieÕjqKq yeviõ ixfla; osiaùug ie,iaùuhs'

 uqøKh lsrSu --file ….print…all pages fyda ctrl+P

 tlu ,smshla ,smsk wdosh muKla fjkia lrñka lsysm fofkl=g heùug Mail merge myiqlu
Ndú;d l< yel'

 wlaIr úkHdi ksjeros lsrSug—spellings & grammar

26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e
 úoHq;a me;=reïm;a uDÿldx.
(Electronic spread sheets software)
úúO .Ks;uh lghq;= isÿ lsrSug fuh fhdod .efka'

• jevm; (Worksheet)- oaúudk ;,hl isria ;Sre (Columns) yd ;sria fma<s ^Row& jYfhka
msysáfldaI iuQyhlska jevm; (Worksheet) ks¾udKh ù we;' th jevm;a má;s (Sheet Tab) u.ska
olajkq ,nhs Excel jevm;l we;s ;SreA,B,C,D,…...Z…AA,AB…AZ..wdoS f,i XFD olajd ;Sre
16384 la we;

fuys .Kkh lsrSï i|yd iQ;% iy Y%s; hk j¾. 2 Ndú;d l< yels w;r tajd my; mrsosh'

A B C D E F G

1 Maths science english Total Average Rank^ia:dkh&

2 saman 45 88 85 =sum(B2:D2) =average =rank(F2,F$2:F$5)

(B2:D2)
3 Amal 55 97 54

4 Nimal 68 100 66

5 Kamal 78 56 33

6 Max =Max(B2:B5)
Wmrsuh fiùug
7 Min =Min(B2:B5)
wjuh fiùug

fuu tla Y%s;hla fhdod enter l, miq by; f,i olajd we;s ia:dkhg ujqia fmdhskg
a rh
f.k .sh úg (+) ,l=Kla f,i ujqia fmdhskagrh fjkia jQ miq tu.ska my,g weoSfuka ^fuh Fill handle
f,i y÷kajhs'& b;srs w.hka ,nd .; yel'

 by; f;dr;=re j,g m%ia;drhla fhdokafka kï A1:D5 fi,a mrdih f;dard

insert..chart…column u.ska ;Sre m%ia;drhla ,nd .; yel'
 tl;=j fiùug iQ;% fhdokafka kï =B2+D2+C2 f,i fhosh hq;=h'
 iQ;% j,g ldrl lsysmhla fhfoa kï m,uqj ^& o fojkqj ^ o f;jkqj * ,/ o isõ jkqj
+,- o wkqms,sfj,g úi|kak'
(excel 2 activities)

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 bf,lafg%dksl iu¾mk
(Electronic Presentations)
bosrsm;a lsrSï ieliSug fuh Ndú; fõ'

Microsoft powerpoint j,g wod, flá ux h;=re lsysmhla

 F5- slide show wdldrfhka keröug

 Ctrl+ M - kj slide tlla .ekSug
 N- B<Õ lodjg hdug
 P- fmr lodjg hdug
 Esc- slide show wdldrh k;r lsrSu
 w - ;srh iqÿ meye .ekafõ
 B-;srh l¿ meye .ekafõ
 (Save ,save as ,open …word j, mrsosuh&

 ia,hsä j, miqìug theme tlla fhoSu

Design tab……wjYH theme tl f;darkak

 jpk $rEm wdoshg Animation tlla fhoSu

Animation tab…..wjYH Animation tl f;darkak

 side w;r udrejk wdldrh Transition fhoSu

Transition tab….. wjYH Transition tl f;darkak

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 o;a; l<ukdlrK moaO;s uDÿldx.
Database Management system -DBMS
o;a; iuqodh w¾: oelaùu

ixúOdkh jQ o;a;j, tl;=jla o;a; iuqÞhla f,i w¾: oelafõ'

mßYS,lhdg o;a; iuqodh ie,iqï lsÍug iy kv;a;= lsÍug myiqlï i,ik l%uf,aL tl;=jla o;a;
iuqodh l<uKdlrK moaO;shla ^Database Management System-DBMS& f,i ye¢kafõ' o;a; iuqodh
l<ukdlrK moaO;sj, j.=(Tables) " úuiqu(Quary) " wdlD;s(Forms) iy jd¾;d(Reports) wd§ jYfhka
jia;= lsysmhlska iukaú; fõ'

o;a; iuqodh uDÿldx.

 Microsoft Access
 Base
 Oracle

Microsoft Access u.ska o;a; iuqodhla ks¾udKh

Start→ Programs → Microsoft Office→ Microsoft Office Access → BlankDatabase → Select
Folder and Type Name → Create

Create → Table Design → lafIa;% kduh iy o;a; m%rEm ,nd fokak → .=Kdx. ilia lrkak → j.=j
;eïm;a lrkak'

o;a; m%rEm

lafIa;%fha ku o;a; m%rEmh

Admission number Number
First_Name Text
Date of birth Date and time
Price Currency
Scholorship holder Yes/No
Course lookup wizard ^fuu.ska wjYH o;a;h f;arSug
List tlla ielish yel'&

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o;a; j.=jl m%d:ñl h;=r msysgqùu(Primary key)

j.=jl fma<s wkkH j y÷kd .ekSug o;a; wkqmsgm;a fkdúh hq;= h' j.=jl ;Srejla fyda ;Sre lsysmhla
m%d:ñl h;=re lafIa;%hla njg m;a lsÍfuka frfldavj, wkkH;dj mj;ajd .ekSug yels fõ'

Wod- Admission number, Index Number

o;a; iuqodhl olakg ,efnk jia;+ka (Objects)

wdlD;s m;%^Forms)
o;a; iuqodh l<ukdlrK moaO;sj, § j.=jlg o;a; wdodkh lsÍug Ndú; flfrkafka wdlD;s m;% fõ
^Forms&' tfuka u j.=jg we;=<;a l< o;a; wdlD;s oelaùu i|yd o Ndú; flf¾'

create….form wizard yryd fuh ks¾udkh lr .; yel'

úuiqu (Query)ks¾udKh lsÍu

tlsfkl iïnkaê; j.=j, o;a;j,ska wmg wjYH f;dr;=re muKla ,nd .ekSu i|yd úuiqu Ndú;
flf¾' úuiqu u.ska tla tla j.=j, f;dard .;a lafIa;%j,g ^;Sre& wod< o;a; ksfhdackh flf¾'
create…query wizard u.ska fuh ks¾udKh l< yel'

31 | P a g e
 f;dr;=re bosßm;a lsÍu i|yd jd¾;d ks¾udKh lsÍu(Reports)
Create Tab → Report Wizard → wjYH j.=j fyda úuiqu f;dard .kak'
→ j.=fjka fyda úuiqfuka jd¾;djg wjYH lafIa;% f;darkak' → Next fnd;a;u l%shd;aul
lrñka wjYH mßÈ jd¾;dfõ ieliSï isÿ lrkak' → Finish lrkak

2013 j¾Ifha ,l=Kqj, tl;=j olafjk jd¾;dj

32 | P a g e