Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Procedia
Available Engineering
online 00 (2017) 000–000
at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 212 (2018) 1347–1354

7th International Conference on Building Resilience; Using scientific knowledge to inform policy
7th
andInternational Conference
practice in disaster on Building
risk reduction, Resilience;
ICBR2017, 27Using scientific knowledge
– 29 November to inform
2017, Bangkok, policy
Thailand
and practice in disaster risk reduction, ICBR2017, 27 – 29 November 2017, Bangkok, Thailand
Strategic challenges in development planning for Denpasar City and
Strategic challenges in development planning for Denpasar City and
the coastal urban agglomeration of Sarbagita
the coastal urban agglomeration of Sarbagita
H. Rahayu*aa, R. Haighbb, D. Amaratungabb
H. Rahayu* , R. Haigh , D. Amaratunga
a
Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
b a
Bandung
Global Disaster Institute
Resilience of Technology,
Centre, UniversityIndonesia
of Huddersfield, UK
b
Global Disaster Resilience Centre, University of Huddersfield, UK

Abstract
Abstract
Urban agglomerations are becoming a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain economic growth and development. However,
Urban agglomerations
agglomerations also pose aresignificant
becoming challenges
a vital geographic unit for nations
for development to sustain
planning. They areeconomic
complex, growth
dynamicand anddevelopment.
huge systems. However,
Their
agglomerations
interconnectivityalso pose
blurs thesignificant
boundarieschallenges for development
between cities and peripheral planning.
regions,They are complex,
and makes dynamic
traditional and huge systems.
city boundaries, Their
often imposed
interconnectivity
by administrativeblursneeds,theessentially
boundariesobsolete.
betweenDespite
cities and peripheral
this, regions,ofand
the importance an makes traditional
integrated approachcitytoboundaries,
development often imposed
planning is
by administrative
particularly acute needs, essentially
for coastal urban obsolete. Despitethat
agglomerations this,
arethethreatened
importance by of an integrated
a range approach
of geological to development
hazards, planning is
hydro-meteorological
particularly
hazards and acute
climatefor change
coastal impacts.
urban agglomerations
This paper isthatan are threatened
account of thebyfirst
a range
phaseofofgeological hazards,
a longer-term studyhydro-meteorological
into agglomeration
hazards and climate
development planningchange impacts.Metropolitan
of Sarbagita This paperinis Bali
an account
Province,of Indonesia,
the first phase
with of a longer-term
a focus study intoofagglomeration
on the integration disaster risk
development
reduction andplanning of Sarbagita
climate change Metropolitan
adaption in Bali Province,
into the planning Indonesia,
process. This phase with
of thea study
focus presents
on the integration
an initial of disaster
analysis of risk
the
reductionissues
strategic and climate
for thechange adaption
development into theofplanning
planning Sarbagitaprocess. This phase
Metropolitan, and aofmapping
the studyofpresents an initial
stakeholders analysis
involved of the
in climate
strategicadaptation
change issues forand thedisaster
development planningwithin
risk reduction of Sarbagita
the region.Metropolitan, and a mapping
Data was collected of stakeholders
through interviews with keyinvolved in climate
stakeholders and
achange
policyadaptation
analysis. Theand results
disasteraddress
risk reduction within
how urban the region. Data
agglomeration was collected
is addressed within through
nationalinterviews
development withplanning,
key stakeholders
the natureand of
a policy
urban analysis. The in
agglomeration results
Bali address
Province, how
theurban agglomeration
management is addressedplanning
of development within national development
in the region, planning, the
the stakeholders nature of
involved in
urban agglomeration
disaster risk reductioninand Baliclimate
Province, the adaptation
change management of development
in Bali Province, and planning in the challenges
the strategic region, thefor stakeholders
development involved
planningin
disasterthe
within riskregion.
reduction
Key and climate
issues change
identified adaptation
through in Balianalysis
this initial Province, and the
include the strategic
importantchallenges for development
role the agglomeration playsplanning
in the
within the
national region.development
strategic Key issues identified through
plan as a centre forthis initialeconomic
regional analysis development
include the important
based on theroletourism
the agglomeration
industry, theplays in the
importance
national
of strategicsharing,
infrastructure development plan as a centre
interconnectivity, and for regional security
water/food economic development
among the citiesbased on the tourism
and regencies, and theindustry,
lack ofthe importance
integration or
of infrastructure
consideration sharing, risk
of disaster interconnectivity, and water/food
reduction and climate security among
change adaptation in thethe cities and regencies,
agglomeration plan. and the lack of integration or
consideration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the agglomeration plan.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
©© 2017
2018 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd. committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience.
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of of the
the scientific
scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience.
Keywords: agglomeration; covergence; stakeholders; Indonesia
Keywords: agglomeration; covergence; stakeholders; Indonesia

*Corresponding author: Email: harkunti@gmail.com

*Corresponding author: Email: harkunti@gmail.com

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1877-7058
Peer-review©under
2017responsibility
The Authors. of
Published by Elsevier
the scientific Ltd. of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience.
committee
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience.

1877-7058 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Building Resilience
10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.174
1348 H. Rahayu et al. / Procedia Engineering 212 (2018) 1347–1354
2 Rahayu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

Based on the United Nations’ forecast [1], 75% of the world’s total population will be living in cities by 2050. In
the meantime, the largest 40 urban agglomerations will have 18% of the total population, 66% of global economic
activities and approximately 85% of technological innovations. This is in spite of them occupying very small land
areas. Such trends indicate that urban agglomerations are becoming a vital geographic unit for nations to sustain
economic growth and development.
Although, to date, a consensus on how to define the urban agglomeration has not been reached, scholars tend to
agree that an urban agglomeration comprises multiple cities that are highly integrated [2]. As Friedman contends
[3], in an era of globalisation, the importance of urban agglomerations does not necessarily depend on their
population size but more on their ability to participate in global socioeconomic activities and to possess, process,
and allocate capital and information.
Although definitions vary, it is widely agreed that agglomerations pose significant challenges for development
planning. They are complex, dynamic and huge systems [2]. The increased interconnectivity blurs the boundaries
between cities and peripheral regions, and makes traditional city boundaries, often imposed by administrative needs,
essentially obsolete [4]. Teaford cautions that within such regions, traditional means of describing the differences
among cities and rural areas, or the concentration of cities within the region, fall short of fully appreciating the
newly emerged urban spatial form [4].
Despite the administrative challenges, the importance of an integrated approach to development planning is
particularly acute for coastal urban agglomerations that are threatened by a range of geological hazards, hydro-
meteorological hazards and climate change impacts. For example, coastal communities are commonly attributed
with lower geographic elevations and are often associated with higher population densities than that of inland
communities [5]. Flood exposure is increasing in coastal cities, owing to growing populations and assets, the
changing climate, and subsidence [6].
City planners and local governments have been recognized as key actors for reducing the risks posed by natural
hazards and building resilient urban societies. Yet, demographic factors related to the size, number, and geographic
distribution of urban agglomerations, as well as to the projected patterns of growth of these urban agglomerations
and urban populations, have not always been properly integrated into the analyses of climate change and disaster
risk reduction [1]. The post-2015 global policy frameworks have created a significant opportunity to build coherence
across overlapping policy areas [7]. Such information could help improve understanding of the relationship between
urbanization and sustainable development, and enable investigation of the potential risks faced by urban populations
in the context of rapid urbanisation. Moreover, such research can inform future urban development policies and
plans that anticipate and respond to environmental challenges, economic growth, public service expansion, changing
patterns of energy consumption, and the process of globalisation.

1.1. Background to the study

Bali Province with Denpasar City as the Capital plays an important role in national and regional economic
development. The rich and unique culture, and its tropical nature has been able to attract millions of overseas
tourists. The number of overseas tourist visiting Bali reached up to 4 million visitors per year in 2014, contributing
about 50% of total number overseas tourists visiting Indonesia. This has put Bali as one of the strategic area for
generating income/revenue for Indonesia from Tourism Industry. As a consequence, Bali has become a centre of
regional economic development for other economic activities, such as trading, agribusiness, fishery and many others.
As a central economic generator, the number of population has also sharply increased, leading to the growth of
Denpasar City to become a Metropolitan City supported by several satellite cities, namely Tabanan, Badung and
Gianyar. This constitutes an agglomerated city region called Sarbagita, a coastal urban agglomeration. The growth of
Sarbagita is identified within the National Strategic Area (KSN) Development Plan in Indonesia 2015-2019, where
the focus of agglomeration is on the regional economic development, acceleration of the connectivity for
development, capacity building of human resource for science and technology, regulation and policy, and increasing
investment and attractiveness for business.
 H. Rahayu et al. / Procedia Engineering 212 (2018) 1347–1354 1349
Rahayu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 3

The Metropolitan of Sarbagita is located in a very high coastal hazards zone induced by geological hazards,
hydrometeorological hazards and climate change impacts. These coastal hazards include: earthquake, tsunami,
abrasion, storm surges, floods (urban flood), flash flood as well as its hazard susceptibility such as sedimentation
etc. Meanwhile coastal hazard induced by climate change impact includes extreme rainfalls, sea level rise, increase
temperature. As a key driver for economic growth in the region, it is important that disaster risk and climate change
are adequately addressed within development planning. Despite this importance, disaster risk reduction (DRR) and
climate change adaptation (CCA) initiatives are typically reflected within each city/regency’s responsibility, rather
than addressed in a strategic manner across an agglomeration.
In general, strategic issues of Sarbagita urban agglomeration have focused on the need for regional economic
development and infrastructure sharing for transportation and sanitation, such as waste treatment. The exposure of
this metropolitan toward coastal hazard and climate change impact has not been the subject of previous studies.
This paper is an account of the first phase of a longer-term study into agglomeration development planning of
Sarbagita Metropolitan in Bali Province, Indonesia, with a focus on the integration of DRR and CCA into the
planning process. This phase of the study presents an initial analysis of the strategic issues for the development
planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan, and a mapping of stakeholders involved in climate change adaptation and
disaster risk reduction within the region.

2. Methods and data

In order to better understand he current state of DRR and CCA integration within Sarbagita region and
development planning, a series of in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders related to both DRR and
CCA. The interviews focused on the understanding coastal hazard risk and climate change impact, countermeasures
and strategies adopted, recovery processes for critical facilities, and their willingness to cooperate, not only in inter
and intra cooperation in their jurisdiction city, but also as the metropolitan to face the coastal disaster and climate
change impact. An analysis of key policy documents was also undertaken [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
This data was analysed according to several guiding questions:
1. How is urban agglomeration addressed within national development planning?
2. What is the nature of urban agglomeration in Bali Province, and how is the population distributed across the
Sarbagita region?
3. How is development planning managed within the region?
4. Who are the stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in Bali Province?
5. What are the strategic challenges for development planning within the region?
A second phase involved multi-stakeholder mapping. At this stage, each stakeholder’s information/data was
analysed from the perspective of the level of influencer and their expected contribution to support the needs for
mainstreaming the strategy for DRR and CCA into agglomeration development planning.

3. Results

3.1. Sarbagita Agglomeration as Part of National Strategic Area Development Plan

Sarbagita urban agglomeration as a National Strategic Area (KSN) Development Plan in Indonesia 2015-2019
can be seen from two different perspective, regional economic development and spatial planning.
From the regional economic perspective, the conception of urban agglomeration is a spatial pattern formed by
several concentrations or group of economic activities which have a relevant business pattern in one location or
nearby location. The infrastructure and resource sharing in this area will decrease productivity cost and increase
market.
From a spatial planning perspective, agglomeration is the urban expansion called as Metropolitan which
generally consisting of one core city and several satellite cities/regions. The agglomerated cities should have a
consensus and synergic strategic development plan and program. From the national perspective, these agglomerated
cities are not only able to support each other, but also able to fill the gap among their development problem.
1350 H. Rahayu et al. / Procedia Engineering 212 (2018) 1347–1354
4 Rahayu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

The National Strategic Area Development Plan (KSN) as part of National Spatial Plan 2015-2019 has focused on
several areas aiming at:
• Regional economic development
• Acceleration on the connectivity development
• Capacity building on human resource for science and technology
• Regulation and policy
• Increasing investment and business atmosphere
There are seven main target of National Strategic Development Area program. These include Metropolitan
Mebidangro, Metropolitan Jabodetabekpuncur, Metropolitan Cekungan Bandung (Bandung Basin), Metropolitan
Kedungsepur, Metropolitan Gerbangkertasusila, Metropolitan Sarbagita, and Metropolitan Maminasata. Beside
there are 3 additional National Strategic Development Area, i.e. Metropolitan Patungraya Agung, Metropolitan
Banjarbakula, and Metropolitan Bimido. From this point, it shows that Metropolitan Sarbagita becomes one of the
important agglomeration program in the National Strategic Development perspective.

3.2. Urban Agglomeration of Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan

The Sarbagita is defined as a metropolitan consisting of Denpasar City and Urban Area of Kuta Sub-district as
core city, with three other satellite regencies, i.e. Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan, which have functional
interrelationships and form an urban system linked to integrated regional infrastructure network system. Kuta Sub-
district is part of Badung Regency. Delineation of this metropolitan as shown in Figure 1 has been agreed upon
based administrative unit of the sub-district with an area of 72.399 Ha (41,37% total area of Denpasar City, Badung,
Gianyar and Tabanan Regencies and 12.5% total area of Bali Province), consisting of:
• All area of Denpasar City covering 3 sub-districts, i.e. Denpasar Utara, Denpasar Timur, Denpasar Selatan dan
Denpasar Barat, with an area of 12.778 Ha.
• 5 out of 6 sub-districts of Badung Regencies, i.e. Mengwi, Abiansemal, Kuta Utara, Kuta and Kuta Selatan sub-
districts, with an area of 30.352 Ha.
• 4 out of 7 sub-districts of Gianyar Regencies, i.e. Sukawati, Blahbatuh, Gianyar and Ubud sub-districts, with an
area of 18.769 Ha.
• 2 out of 10 sub-districts of Tabanan Regencies, i.e. Tabanan and Kediri sub-districts, with an area of 10.500 Ha.

Figure 1 Sub-districts of Sarbagita Agglomerated City and Regencies Figure 2 Population Density of Sarbagita in sub-districts

3.3. Population and population density

According to demographic statistic data in year 2016 mentioned that total population of Sarbagita reach
2,023,420 people with total area of 723,99 km2. The average population density is 2,795 inhabitants / km2. Details
of population in each sub-district of Sarbagita area can be seen in the Table 1 and Figure 2. The highest population
 H. Rahayu et al. / Procedia Engineering 212 (2018) 1347–1354 1351
Rahayu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 5

density is at the Denpasar Barat Sub-districts (10,798 people/km2), followed by Denpasar Timur (6,879
people/km2), Denpasar Utara (6,301 people/km2) and Denpasar Selatan (5,722 people/km2). The highest population
density is at Denpasar Selatan (286,060 people), which is mostly dominated by a long-stay tourist destination,
followed by Denpasar Barat (259,790 people).

Table 1. Number of Population and Area of Jurisdiction of Sarbagita Agglomeration [Sources: Statistics of Denpasar City, Badung Regency,
Gianyar Regency and Tabanan Regency, 2017
No. Sub-districts Population Area (km2) Population density (people/km2)

1. Denpasar Selatan 286.060 49,99 5.722

2. Denpasar Timur 153.480 22,31 6.879
3. Denpasar Barat 259.790 24,06 10.798
4. Denpasar Utara 197.970 31,42 6.301
5. Kuta Selatan 152.600 101,13 1.509
6. Kuta 102.770 17,52 5.866
7. Kuta Utara 127.400 33,86 3.763
8. Mengwi 130.040 82,00 1.586
9. Abiansemal 91.280 69,01 1.323
10. Sukawati 120.910 55,02 2.198
11. Blahbatuh 70.290 39,70 1.771
12. Gianyar 92.290 50,59 1.824
13. Ubud 72.860 42,38 1.719
14. Tabanan 73.870 51,40 1.437
15 Kediri 91.810 53,60 1.713
Total 2.023.420 723,99 2.795 (Average)

3.4. Development Planning

The Sarbagita Area is a cross-regional urban area with the City of Denpasar as the main core city and the Urban
Area of Kuta as the secondary core city, which has functional linkages in an urban system with adjacent urban areas
in the vicinity as the satellite cities, i.e. Mangupura urban area, Jimbaran, Gianyar, Ubud, Sukawatu and Tabanan
and other smaller urban areas such as Kerobokan, Blahkiuh, Kediri, Sukawati, and Blahbatuh, which are centres of
tourism activities.
The Article 44 of Spatial Plan Law UUPR no. 26/2007 describes that the Metropolitan Area Spatial Plan is a
means of coordinating the implementation of cross-regional development. Therefore, the spatial planning of the
Sarbagita Metropolitan Area, which is also a National Strategic Area, requires inter-governmental coordination in
terms of regional infrastructure development among Bali Provincial Government, and Regency / City Government
Sarbagita
In accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 45 of 2011 on Urban Spatial Plans for Denpasar, Badung,
Gianyar and Tabanan, which has been changed through Presidential Regulation no. 54 year 2014, Spatial Planning
of National Strategic Area (KSN) Sarbagita is aimed at realizing the Sarbagita Metropolitan area which is safe,
comfortable, productive, competitive, and sustainable as the center of national economic activity based on the
international standard of tourism activity, which is self-cultural Bali based Tri Hita Karana.
The direction of regulation of Sarbagita area is contained in Sarbagita Metropolitan Spatial Plan in 2029; where
the spatial plan aims to distribute the designation of spatial for the functions of protection and cultivation.
The arrangement of Central Service System of Sarbagita Metropolitan area is arranged in the Spatial Structure
Plan until 2029, composed by settlement centers and infrastructure and facilities network system that serve as
1352 H. Rahayu et al. / Procedia Engineering 212 (2018) 1347–1354
6 Rahayu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

supporting socio-economic activity which hierarchically having functional relationship. The arrangement of the
service center system of the Sarbagita Metropolitan area consists of:
• Core City, comprising of Denpasar City and Urban Area of Kuta, with functions of provincial and municipal
government centers, tertiary education, regional, national and international trade and service, and tourism.
• Satellite Cities/Regencies, aimed becoming an urban area and center of regional development, which integrated
with core city, with the function as the balance and inhibition of the development rate of the Core City,
comprises:
• Gianyar urban area, with functions as a district government center, trade and services, tourism and agriculture
• Mangupura urban area, with functions as a district government center, trade and services, tourism, and agriculture
• Tabanan urban area, with function as the center of district government, trade and services, tourism, and
agriculture
• Jimbaran urban area, with function as a center of trade and services, higher education, and tourism
• Ubud urban area, with function as center of tourism and agriculture

3.5. Mapping of provincial, city and regency stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA

Table 2. Stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation
Location Stakeholders/Institutions

Bali Province Provincial Planning Department of Bali Province – Bappeda Prov Bali
BMKG Regional III Bali
Environment Department of Bali Province – DLH Provinsi Bali
Forestry Department of Bali Province – Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Bali
Spatial and Agraria Department of Bali Province – BPN/ATR Prov Bali
Local Disaster Managamen Office at Bali Provincial – BPBD Prov Bali
Denpasar City City Planning Department of Denpasar City – Bappeda Kota Denpasar
Local Disaster Managamen Office of Denpasar City – BPBD Kota Denpasar
Tourism Department of Denpasar City – Dinas Pariwisata Kota Denpasar
Public Works Department of Denpasar City – Dinas PU Kota Denpasar
Environemnt Department of Denpasar City – DLH Kota Denpasar
Badung Regency Regional Planning Department of Badung Regency – Bappeda Kab. Badung
Local Disaster Managamen Office of Badung Regency – BPBD Kab. Badung
Environemnt Department of Badung Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Badung
Public Department of Badung Regency – Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kab. Badung
Gianyar Regency Regional Planning Department of Gianyar Regency – Bappeda Kab. Gianyar
Local Disaster Managamen Office of Gianyar Regency – BPBD Kab. Gianyar
Environemnt Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Gianyar
Agriculture Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Pertanian Kab. Gianyar
Public Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas PU (Bina Marga) Kab. Gianyar
Health Department of Gianyar Regency – Dinas Kesehatan Kab. Gianyar
Tabanan Regency Regional Planning Department of Tabanan Regency – Bappeda Kab. Tabanan
Local Disaster Managamen Office of Tabanan Regency – BPBD Kab. Tabanan
Environemnt Department of Tabanan Regency – Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kab. Tabanan

Table 2 details the main stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA within Sarbagita. Figure 3 further illustrates the
level of resourcing and degree of influence each of these stakeholders has in addressing climate change adaptation
(left) and disaster risk reduction (right) issues in the Sarbagita Metropolitan.
Both climate change adaptation aspects and disaster risk reduction aspects have not been considered in the
agglomeration development planning. Meanwhile, at the individual city/regency level both climate change
adaptation program and disaster risk reduction program are not aligned in relation to influence the city/regency
development planning. Only disaster risk reduction program has been acknowledged in the planning process as part
of consideration on the disaster risk reduction based spatial planning as endorsed both by Spatial Plan Law UUPR
no. 26/2007 and Disaster Management Law UUMB no 24/2007.
 H. Rahayu et al. / Procedia Engineering 212 (2018) 1347–1354 1353
Rahayu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000 7

Further analysis found that the DRR strategic program has an inter-sectoral basis and is accommodated by a local
law as a Disaster Management Plan (PRB) led by BPBD. In contrast, the CCA strategic action plan, which is also
inter-sectoral and supposed to be included within a Local Action Plan for CCA (RAD-API), does not have a single
institution mandated to lead.
The stakeholders involved in DRR and CCA are also not aligned. From Table 2 at the province level, there are 3
stakeholders that have an important role for both CCA and DRR, i.e. Planning Department (Bapeda Bali Province),
BMKG, and Spatial and Agraria Department (BPN/ATR Bali Province). However, for DRR only one stakeholder is
involved, i.e. the Local Disaster Management Office of Bali Province, while for CCA there are two stakeholders
involved, i.e. the Environment Department of Bali Province – DLH Provinsi Bali and the Forestry Department of
Bali Province – Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Bali.
By way of comparison, within Denpasar City, the stakeholders involved for both CCA and DRR programs are
City Planning Department of Denpasar City – Bappeda Kota Denpasar, Public Works Department of Denpasar City
– Dinas PU Kota Denpasar. Meanwhile for DRR it involves the Local Disaster Management Office of Denpasar
City – BPBD Kota Denpasar and Tourism Department of Denpasar City – Dinas Pariwisata Kota Denpasar, while
for CAA it only involves the Environment Department of Denpasar City – DLH Kota Denpasar.
It is evident from this analysis that stakeholders are not appropriately aligned, either between CCA and DRR, or
between the various cities and regencies that make up the agglomeration area.

Figure 3 Stakeholder mapping for climate change (left) and disaster risk reduction (right) in Sarbagita Metropolitan

3.6. The strategic issues of the development planning of Sarbagita Metropolitan

Several important policies of Sarbagita Metropolitan Spatial Plan include:

• Development of integrated system of activity centers that support the function of the region as the center of
national economic activity based on international tourism;
• Improving the quality and scope of the services of infrastructure systems;
• Improvement of functions and protection of national defense and security facilities;
• Natural and socio-culture conservation in the Sarbagita Metropolitan as a center of international tourism with a
Balinese culture.
There is very significant linkage of several centres of activities that support the function of Sarbagita
Metropolitan as a centre of national economic activities based on the international tourism industry. Those centres
include Denpasar, Badung, Tanah Lot in Tabanan to Gianyar area. In addition, there is also a regional linkage and
cooperation related to improving the quality and scope of service of infrastructure system, i.e. transportation mode,
garbage and clean water.
These findings need to be further analysed holistically and in depth from the perspective of cost benefit
effectiveness from regional economic development, coupled with the impact of climate change and coastal hazard
threats.
These findings will inform recommendations on mainstreaming the integration of DRR and CCA into
development planning.
1354 H. Rahayu et al. / Procedia Engineering 212 (2018) 1347–1354
8 Rahayu et al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

4. Discussion and conclusion

Several key issues have emerged from this initial analysis. Firstly, Sarbagita Agglomeration plays important role
in the national strategic development plan, as center for regional economic development based on tourism industry.
Cities and regencies agglomerated in Sarbagita Metropolitan will support each other not only for the tourism based
regional economic development but also in terms of sustainability and caring capacity, i.e. infrastructure sharing,
interconnectivity, and water/food security. However, there is a significant probably of population and its density
exposed to coastal hazard. Despite this threat, both DRR and CCA are not considered in the agglomeration plan, and
dualism in managing the disaster and climate change impact is a major concern. The extent to which DRR and CCA
are considered on any level, also varies significantly. A DRR strategic plan has legal endorsement and a lead
agency, whereas CCA is only an action plan and does not have a lead agency.
These initial findings will inform the next phase of the study, which will involve a detailed examination of the
natural hazards that threaten Sarbagita Metropolitan, the potential impact of climatic changes, and how these are
addressed through the development planning process. The study will also be replicated in Jakarta, West Java
Province, to allow for a cross case analysis.

Acknowledgement

The research is jointly funded by a British Council Institutional Links Newton Fund grant to the University of
Huddersfield, and an Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of
Indonesia (Ristekdikti) grant to the Institute of Technology Bandung. This 18 month research project is entitled
Mainstreaming integrated DRR and CCA strategies into coastal urban agglomeration policy.

References

[1] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, World Cities Report 2016 Urbanisation and development: emerging futures, United Nations
Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Kenya.
[2] Fang C L, Yu D L, 2017. Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon. Landscape and Urban Planning, 162: 126–
136.
[3] J.R. Friedman The world city hypothesis: Development and change, Urban Studies, 23 (2) (1986), pp. 59-137
[4] J. Teaford The metropolitan revolution, Columbia University Press, New York (2006).
Analisis Tim WJPMDM Tahun 2011, 2012, 2013; Data SP Tahun 2010; GIS Bappeda Jabar 2020
[5] Balcia S.F., Wright N.G., van der Meulen F. A flood vulnerability index for coastal cities and its use in assessing climate change impacts. Nat.
Hazards. 64:73–105 (2012).
[6] Hallegatte S, Green C, Nicholls R J, Corfee-Morlot J Future flood losses in major coastal cities Nature Climate Change 3, 802–806 (2013).
[7] Murray V, Maini R, Clarke L, Eltinay N (2016) Coherence between the Sendai Framework, the SDGs, the Climate Agreement, New Urban
Agenda and World Humanitarian Summit and he role of science in their implementation.
[8] Bappenas. 2013. Perencanaan Tata Ruang Kawasan Strategis Nasional: Tinjauan Kebencanaan Studi Kasus Penataan Ruang Kawasan
JABODETABEKPUNJUR.
[9] Bappenas. 2014. Rancangan Awal, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, Buku III: Agenda Pembangunan Wilayah
[10] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 45 tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar
dan Tabanan
[11] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 45 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung,
Gianyar, Dan Tabanan
[12] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 51 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 45 Tahun 2011 Tentang
Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Perkotaan Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Dan Tabanan