Upper and Lower Limbs Reviewer

The bones of the upper limb can be divided into  hand and wrist
four main groups:  forearm
 arm (humerus)
 shoulder girdle
The 27 bones on each hand and wrist are  Phalanges (fingers and thumb) - 14
divided into the following  Metacarpals (palm) - 5
three groups:  Carpals (wrist) - 8
 The most distal bones of the hand  phalanges
 which constitute the digits (fingers and
thumb)
 The second group of bones  metacarpals
 these bones make up the palm of each
hand
 The third group of bones  carpals
 consists of the bones of the wrist
Each finger and thumb is called a  digit
each digit consists of two or three separate small  phalanges (singular, phalanx)
bones called
Each of the four fingers (digits 2, 3, 4, and 5) is  proximal
composed of three phalanges—  middle
 distal
The thumb, or first digit, has two phalanges—  proximal
 distal
Each phalanx consists of three parts:  head
- a distal rounded  body
- or shaft  base
- an expanded
Each metacarpal is composed of three parts:  head
- Distally, the rounded portion  body (shaft)
- is the long curved portion  base
- is the expanded proximal end, which
articulates with associated carpals
Metacarpals is also called as  Palm

The thumb has only two phalanges, so the  interphalangeal (IP) joint
joint between them is called the

The joint between the first metacarpal and the  first metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint
proximal phalanx of the thumb is called the

from the most distal portion of each digit, the  distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint
joints are the_______ followed by the ______  proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
and, most proximally, the _________.  metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint
The metacarpals articulate with the phalanges at  metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints
their distal ends and are called

At the proximal end, the metacarpals articulate  carpometacarpal (CMC) joints

with the respective carpals and are called

The five metacarpals (MCs) articulate with  First MC with trapezium

specific carpals as follows:  Second MC with trapezoid
 Third MC with capitate
 Fourth and fifth MC with hamate
- Located at the proximal row and it is the  scaphoid
beginning on the lateral, or thumb, side
- sometimes referred to as the navicular
the correct term for the tarsal bone of the foot  navicular
is the

the correct term for the carpal bone of the wrist  scaphoid
is the

- a boat-shaped bone, is the largest bone  scaphoid

in the proximal row and articulates with
the radius proximally.
- Its location and articulation with the
forearm make it important
radiographically because it is the most
frequently fractured carpal bone.
- is the second carpal in the proximal  lunate (moon-shaped)
row; it articulates with the radius.
- It is distinguished by the deep concavity
on its distal surface, where it articulates
with the capitate of the distal row of
carpals.
The third carpal, which has three articular  triquetrum
surfaces and is distinguished by its pyramidal
shape and anterior articulation with the small
pisiform.
the smallest of the carpal bones, is located  Pisiform (pea-shaped)
anterior to the triquetrum and is most evident in
the carpal sulcus view.
- Located at the distal row, starting again  trapezium
on the lateral, or thumb, side
- a four-sided, irregularly shaped bone
that is located medial and distal to the
scaphoid and proximal to the first
metacarpal.
 - The wedge-shaped  trapezoid
- also four-sided, is the smallest bone in
the distal row
- the largest of the carpal bones  capitate
- It is identified by its large rounded head
that fits proximally into a concavity
formed by the scaphoid and lunate
bones.
capitate means  “large bone”

The last carpal in the distal row on the medial  hamate

aspect, which is easily distinguished by the
hooklike process called the hamulus (ham′-u-lus),
or hamular process.
which projects from its palmar surface  hamulus (ham′-u-lus), or hamular
process

concave area or groove, through which major  carpal sulcus (carpal tunnel or canal)
nerves and tendons pass.

The term hamate means  hooked

The second group of upper limb bones consists of  forearm

the bones of the ______

on the lateral or thumb side  radius

on the medial side  ulna

The radius and ulna articulate with each other at  proximal radioulnar joint
the _______ and at the _______.  distal radioulnar joint

These two joints allow for the rotational  proximal radioulnar joint
movement of the wrist and hand.  distal radioulnar joint

Small conical projections, are located at the  styloid processes

extreme distal ends of both the radius and the
ulna.
- can be palpated on the thumb side of the  radial styloid process
wrist joint.
- extends more distally than the ulnar
styloid process.
 - is a small depression on the medial  ulnar notch
aspect of the distal radius.
- The head of the ulna fits into this to form
the distal radioulnar joint.
is located near the wrist at the distal end of the  head of the ulna
ulna.

is located at the proximal end of the radius near  head of the radius
the elbow joint.

The long midportion of both the radius and the  body (shaft)
ulna is called the

the shorter of the two bones of the forearm, is  radius

the only one of the two that is directly involved in
the wrist joint.
NOTE: During the act of pronation, the radius is
the bone that rotates around the
more stationary ulna
The proximal radius shows the round, disklike  head

as a tapered constricted area directly below the  neck of the radius

head.

The rough oval process on the medial and  radial tuberosity

anterior side of the radius, just distal to the neck,
is the
the longer of the two bones of the forearm, is  ulna
primarily involved in the formation of the elbow
joint.
The two beaklike processes of the proximal ulna  olecranon process
are called the  coronoid process

can be palpated easily on the posterior aspect of  olecranon process

the elbow joint.

The medial margin of the coronoid process  coronoid tubercle

opposite the radial notch (lateral) is commonly
referred to as the
The large concave depression, or notch, that  trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
articulates with the distal humerus is the
The small, shallow depression located on the  radial notch
lateral aspect of the proximal ulna is the

The head of the radius articulates with the ulna at  proximal radioulnar joint
the radial notch, forming the

NOTE: Proximal Radioulnar Joint combines with
the distal radioulnar joint to allow rotation of
the forearm during pronation.
The body (shaft) of the humerus is the long
center section, and the expanded distal end of
the humerus is the
The articular portion of the humeral condyle is
divided into two parts:
NOTE: During the act of pronation, the radius
crosses over the ulna near the upper third of the
forearm.
 humeral condyle
 trochlea (medial condyle)
 capitulum (lateral condyle)

- (meaning “pulley”) is shaped like a pulley  trochlea

or spool;
- is located more medially and articulates
with the ulna.
- two rimlike outer margins and a smooth  trochlear sulcus, or groove
depressed center portion of the trochlea.
- This depression of the trochlea, which
begins anteriorly and continues inferiorly
and posteriorly, appears circular on a
lateral end-on view; on a lateral elbow
radiograph, it appears as a less dense
(more radiolucent) area
meaning “little head,” is located on the lateral  capitulum
aspect and articulates with the head of the
radius.
In earlier literature, the capitulum was called the  capitellum

is the small projection on the lateral aspect of the  lateral epicondyle

distal humerus above the capitulum.

is larger and more prominent than the lateral  medial epicondyle

epicondyle and is located on the medial edge of
the distal humerus.
The distal humerus has specific depressions on  coronoid fossa
both anterior and posterior surfaces. The two  radial fossa
shallow anterior depressions are the
- The deep posterior depression of the  olecranon fossa
distal humerus is the
- The olecranon process of the ulna fits
into this depression when the arm is fully
 extended.
All joints of the upper limb are classified as  synovial
__________ and are freely movable, or
diarthrodial.
NOTE: all IP (interphalangeal) joints are
ginglymus,or hinge-type, joints with movement
in two directions only—flexion and extension.
- This movement occurs in one plane only,
around the transverse axis. This includes
the single IP joint of the thumb (first
digit) and the distal and proximal IP
joints of the fingers
(second to fifth digits).
second to fifth MCP joints are  ellipsoidal (condyloid)-type joints that
allow movement in four directions—
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
and Circumduction
is conelike sequential movement  Circumduction movement

also is generally classified as an ellipsoidal  first MCP joint (thumb)

(condyloid) joint, although it has very limited
abduction and adduction movements because of
the wider and less-rounded head of the first
metacarpal.
is a sellar (saddle)-type joint.  first CMC joint of the thumb

allows a great range of movement, including  saddle joint

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, opposition, and some degree of
rotation.
are plane (gliding)-type joints, which allow the  second through fifth CMC joints
least amount of movement of the synovial class
joints. The joint surfaces are flat or slightly
curved, with movement limited by a tight fibrous
capsule.
have only a plane (gliding) movement.  intercarpal joints between the various
carpals

is an ellipsoidal (condyloid)-type joint and is the  wrist joint

most freely movable, or diarthrodial, of the
synovial classification.
This wrist joint is called the  radiocarpal joint
is also part of the wrist joint in that it is  triquetral bone
opposite the articular disk.

is part of the total wrist articulation, including a  articular disk

joint between the distal radius and ulna of the
forearm—the distal radioulnar joint.
is attached to the styloid process of the ulna  ulnar collateral ligament
and fans out to attach to the triquetrum and the
pisiform.
extends from the styloid process of the radius  radial collateral ligament
primarily to the lateral side of the scaphoid
(scaphoid tubercle), but it also has attachments
to the trapezium
These five ligaments are commonly imaged with  Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
conventional arthrography or MRI (magnetic  Palmar radiocarpal ligament
resonance imaging):  Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)
 Scapholunate ligament
 Lunotriquetral ligament
- is also of the synovial classification and is  elbow joint
freely movable, or diarthrodial.
- generally, is considered a ginglymus
(hinge)-type joint with flexion and
extension movements between the
humerus and the ulna and radius
the hinge joints between the humerus and ulna  proximal radioulnar joint
and the humerus and radius, the

(trochoidal, or pivot-type) is considered part of  proximal radioulnar joint

the elbow joint.

as turning or bending the hand and wrist from its  ulnar deviation
natural position toward the side of the ulna

While towards the radius  radial deviation

Demonstrate the scaphoid, trapezium, and  Ulnar deviation (special scaphoid

trapezoid projection)

Demonstrate the hamate, pisiform, triquetrum,  Radial deviation

and lunate

The forearm routinely should be radiographed in  supinated, or palm up (anatomic

an anteroposterior (AP) with the hand ____. position)
The reason becomes clear in studying the “cross-  pronated
over” position of the radius and ulna when the
hand is ____.
Radiographs of the upper and lower limbs are  fat pads, fat bands, or stripes
taken not only to evaluate for disease or trauma
to bony structures but also to assess associated
soft tissues, such as certain accumulations of fat
called
are extrasynovial (outside the synovial sac)  fat pads
but are located within the joint capsule.

are seen as densities that are slightly more  Radiolucent fat pads
lucent than surrounding structures

It is elongated and slightly convex in shape and is  scaphoid fat stripe

located between the radial collateral ligament
and adjoining muscle tendons immediately
lateral to the scaphoid
is normally visualized approximately 1 cm from  pronator fat stripe
the anterior surface of the radius

which is formed by the superimposed coronoid  anterior fat pad

and radial pads, is seen as a slightly radiolucent
teardrop shape located just anterior to the distal
humerus
is located deep within the olecranon fossa and  posterior fat pad
normally is not visible on a negative elbow
examination.
is a long thin stripe just anterior to the proximal  supinator fat stripe
radius.

is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb.  humerus

The humerus articulates with the ______ at the  scapula (shoulder blade)
shoulder joint.

is the part of the upper arm that articulates  proximal humerus

with the scapula, making up the shoulder joint

The most proximal part of the humerus. It is  Head

rounded.

The slightly constricted area directly below and  anatomic neck

lateral to the head, which appears as a line of
demarcation between the rounded head
and the adjoining greater and lesser tubercles
The process directly below the anatomic neck on  lesser tubercle
the anterior surface is the

The larger lateral process, to which the pectoralis  greater tubercle

major and supraspinatus muscles attach.

The deep groove between those two  intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
Tubercles is the

- The tapered area below the head and  surgical neck

tubercles is the
- it is the site of frequent fractures
requiring surgery.
distal to the surgical neck is the long _____ of the  Body
humerus.

is the roughened raised triangular elevation along  deltoid tuberosity

the anterolateral surface of the body (shaft) to
which the deltoid muscle is attached.
NOTE: The lesser tubercle is located anteriorly
and the greater tubercle is located laterally in a
true AP projection
The shoulder girdle consists of two bones:  clavicle
 scapula

NOTE: The function of the clavicle and scapula is

to connect each upper limb to the trunk or axial
skeleton.
The upper margin of the scapula is at the level of  second posterior rib
the

the lower margin is at the level of the  seventh posterior rib (T7)

is a long bone with a double curvature that has  clavicle (collarbone)

three main parts: two ends and a long central
portion.
The lateral or acromial extremity (end) of the  acromioclavicular joint
clavicle articulates with the acromion of the
scapula. This joint or articulation is called the
The medial or sternal extremity (end) articulates  sternoclavicular joint
with the manubrium, which is the upper part of
the sternum. This articulation is called the
the combination of the sternoclavicular joints on  jugular notch
either side of the manubrium helps to form an
important positioning landmark called the
is the elongated portion between the two  body (shaft) of the clavicle
extremities

is flattened and has a downward curvature at its  acromial end of the clavicle
attachment with the acromion.

is more triangular in shape and is directed  sternal end

downward to articulate with the sternum

NOTE: The female clavicle is usually shorter and

less curved than the male clavicle. The male
clavicle tends to be thicker and more curved,
usually being most curved in heavily muscled
men.
which forms the posterior part of the shoulder  scapula (shoulder blade)
girdle, is a flat triangular bone with three
borders, three angles, and two surfaces.
which is the long edge or border near the  medial (vertebral) border
vertebrae

or the uppermost margin of the scapula;  superior border

or the border nearest the axilla  lateral (axillary) border

is the medical term for the armpit.  Axilla

The three corners of the triangular scapula are  angles

called

sometimes called the head of the scapula,is the  lateral angle

thickest part

Lateral angle ends laterally in a shallow  glenoid cavity (fossa)

depression called the

The humeral head articulates with the glenoid  scapulohumeral joint, also known as the
cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint
The constricted area between the head and the  neck
body of the scapula is the

refer to the upper and lower ends of the medial  superior and inferior angles
or vertebral border.

is arched for greater strength.  The body (blade) of the scapula

The thin, flat, lower part of the body sometimes  wing or ala of the scapula
is referred to as the

The anterior surface of the scapula is termed the  costal surface

The middle area of the costal surface presents a  subscapular fossa

large concavity or depression, known as the

is a long, curved process that extends laterally  acromion

over the head of the humerus

is a thick, beaklike process that projects  coracoid process

anteriorly beneath the clavicle.

is a notch on the superior border that is partially  scapular notch

formed by the base of the coracoid process

prominent structure on the dorsal or posterior  spine

surface of the scapula, called the

The posterior border or ridge of the spine is  crest of the spine

thickened and is termed the

The spine separates the posterior surface into an  infraspinous fossa

 supraspinous fossa

these fossae serve as surfaces of attachment for  infraspinous fossa

shoulder muscles  supraspinous fossa

The posterior surface or back portion of the thin  dorsal surface

body portion of the scapula is the

The anterior surface of the body is the  ventral (costal) surface

is a thicker edge or border that extends from the  lateral (axillary) border
glenoid cavity to the inferior angle

Three joints or articulations are involved in the  sternoclavicular joint

shoulder girdle:  acromioclavicular joint
 scapulohumeral joint (glenohumeral or
shoulder joint)
NOTE: The mobility type of all three of these
joints is freely movable, or diarthrodial. All
synovial joints are by nature of their structure
freely movable. The only difference between
these three joints is their movement type.
- involves articulation between the head of  scapulohumeral (glenohumeral) or
the humerus and the glenoid cavity of shoulder joint
the scapula.
- The movement type is a spheroidal
(balland-socket) joint, which allows
great freedom of movement. These
movements include flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, circumduction,
and medial (internal) and lateral
(external) rotation
is very shallow, allowing the greatest freedom  glenoid cavity
in mobility of any joint in the human body but at
some expense to its strength and stability.
is a double plane, or gliding, joint because the  sternoclavicular joint
sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the
manubrium or upper portion of the sternum and
the cartilage of the first rib.
is also a small synovial joint of the plane, or  acromioclavicular joint
gliding, movement type between the acromial
end of the clavicle and the medial aspect of the
acromion of the scapula
is the longest and strongest bone in the body.  Femur
The entire weight of the body is transferred
through this bone and the associated joints at
each end.
The proximal femur consists of four essential  Head
parts,  Neck
 Greater trochanter
 Lesser trochanter
is rounded and smooth for articulation with the  Head of the femur
hip bones.

A depression, or pit, near the center of the head  Fovea capitis

of the femur, wherein a major ligament called
the ligament of the head of the femur, or the
ligament capitis femoris, is attached to the head
of the femur.
is a strong pyramidal process of bone that  Neck of the femur
connects the head with the body or shaft in the
region of the trochanters.
is a large prominence that is located superiorly  Greater trochanter
and laterally to the femoral shaft and is palpable
as a bony landmark.
is a smaller, blunt, conical eminence that  Lesser trochanter
projects medially and posteriorly from the
junction of the neck and shaft of the femur.
The trochanters are joined posteriorly by a thick  Intertrochanteric crest
ridge called the

is long and almost cylindrical.  Body or shaft of the femur

The angle of the neck to the shaft on an average  125°

adult is approximately ____ with a variance of
±15°, depending on the width of the pelvis and
the length of the lower limbs.
On an average adult in the anatomic position, the  10° from vertical
longitudinal plane of the femur is about _____

Another angle of the neck and head of the femur  15° to 20° anterior angle
that is important in radiography is the _____ of
the head and neck in relation to the body of the
femur
serves as the base of the trunk and forms the  Complete pelvis
connection between the vertebral column and
lower limbs.
Meaning a basin  Complete pelvis

The pelvis consists of four bones—  two hip bones (ossa coxae also called
innominate bones)
 one sacrum
 one coccyx
Consists only of the two hip (innominate) bones  Pelvic girdle

Includes four bones, the right and left hip  Pelvis

(innominate) bones the sacrum and the coccyx
Each hip bone is composed of three divisions:  Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
In a child, these three divisions are separate  Acetabulum
bones, but they fuse into one bone during the
middle teens. The fusion occurs in the area of the
is a deep, cupshaped cavity that accepts the head  Acetabulum
of the femur to form the hip joint.

the largest of the three divisions, is located  Ilium

superior to the acetabulum

is inferior and posterior to the acetabulum  Ischium

Is inferior and anterior to the acetabulum.  Pubis

Is composed of a body and an ala or wing.  Ilium

is the more inferior portion near the acetabulum  body of the ilium
and includes the superior two-fifths of the
acetabulum.
Is the thin and flared superior part of the ilium  ala, or wing portion

is the superior margin of the ala; it extends from  Crest of the ilium
the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the
posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).
In radiographic positioning, the uppermost peak  Iliac crest
of the crest often is referred to as the

Below the ASIS is a less prominent projection  Anterior inferior iliac spine
referred to as the

Inferior to the PSIS is the  Posterior inferior iliac spine.

Is that part of the hip bone that lies inferior and  Ischium
posterior to the acetabulum.

Each ischium is divided into a  Body

 Ramus
makes up the posteroinferior two-fifths of the  Superior portion of the body of the
acetabulum. ischium

formerly called the superior ramus  lower portion of the body of the ischium

projects caudally and medially from the  lower portion of the body of the ischium
acetabulum, ending at the ischial tuberosity

Projecting anteriorly from the ischial tuberosity is  ramus of the ischium

the

The rounded roughened area near the junction of  tuberosity of the ischium, or the ischial
the lower body and the inferior rami is a tuberosity
landmark called the
Posterior to the acetabulum is a bony projection  ischial spine
termed the

Directly superior to the ischial spine is a deep  greater sciatic notch

notch termed the

Inferior to the ischial spine is a smaller notch  lesser sciatic notch

termed the

bear most of the weight of the body when an  Ischial tuberosities

individual sits. can be palpated through the soft
tissues of each buttock in a prone position.
The last of the three divisions of one hip bone is  pubis or pubic bone
the

is anterior and inferior to the acetabulum and  body of the pubis

includes the anteroinferior one-fifth of the
acetabulum
Extending anteriorly and medially from the body  superior ramus
of each pubis is a

The two superior rami meet in the midline to  Symphysis pubis

form an amphiarthrodial joint, which also is
correctly called the pubic symphysis.
passes down and posterior from the symphysis  Each inferior ramus
pubis to join the ramus of the respective ischium.

- is a large opening formed by the ramus  Obturator foramen

and body of each ischium and by the
pubis.
 - Is the largest foramen in the human
skeletal system.
Is defined by the superior portion of the  Pelvic brim
symphysis pubis anteriorly and by the superior,
prominent part of the sacrum posteriorly.
The general area above or superior to the oblique  greater, or false, pelvis
plane through the pelvic brim is termed the

The area inferior to a plane through the pelvic  lesser, or true, pelvis
brim is termed the

Is a cavity that is completely surrounded by bony  True pelvis

structure.

The oblique plane defined by the brim of the  Inlet, or superior aperture, of the true
pelvis is termed the pelvis

Is defined by the two ischial tuberosities and the  outlet or inferior aperture of the true
tip of the coccyx pelvis

The area between the inlet and outlet of the true  cavity of the true pelvis
pelvis is termed the

joints between the sacrum and each ilium  Sacroiliac joint

structure between the right and left pubic bones  Symphysis pubis
temporary growth joint of each acetabulum  Union of acetabulum
that solidifies in the midteen years

joints between the head of the femur and the  Hip joints
acetabulum of the pelvis

- are wide flat joints located on each side  sacroiliac joints

obliquely between the sacrum and each
ilium.
- is classified as a synovial joint in that it is
enclosed in a fibrous articular capsule
that contains synovial fluid.
is classified as a cartilaginous joint of the  symphysis pubis
symphysis subtype in that only limited movement
is possible (amphiarthrodial).


NOTE: Movements of the hip joint include

flexion and extension abduction and adduction
medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation
and circumduction.
The 26 bones of one foot are divided into three  Phalanges (toes or digits) – 14
groups as follows:  Metatarsals (instep) – 5
 Tarsals - 7
The most distal bones of the foot are the _____  Phalanges
which make up the toes, or digits.

The large toe, or first digit, has only two  Proximal phalanx
phalanges, similar to the thumb:  Distal phalanx

NOTE: Each of the second, third, fourth, and fifth

digits has a middle phalanx, in addition to a
proximal phalanx and a distal phalanx. Because
the first digit has 2 phalanges and digits 2
through 5 have 3 phalanges apiece, 14
phalanges are found in each foot.
are smaller, and their movements are more  Phalanges of the foot
limited than the phalanges of the hand.

The five bones of the instep are the  Metatarsal bones

Each of the metatarsals consists of three parts.  Head

- The small, rounded distal part of each  Body (shaft)
metatarsal  Base
- The centrally located, long, slender
portion
- The expanded, proximal end of each
metatarsal
is expanded laterally into a prominent rough  Base of the fifth metatarsal
tuberosity

which provides for the attachment of a tendon  Tuberosity

Between the proximal and distal phalanges of the  Interphalangeal (IP) joint
first digit is the (Joint of Phalanges and
Metatarsal)
Between the middle and distal phalanges is the  Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint
(Joint of Phalanges and Metatarsal)

Between the proximal and middle phalanges is  proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
the (Joint of Phalanges and Metatarsal)

Each of the joints at the head of the metatarsal is  metatarso phalangeal (MTP) joint
a

each of the joints at the base of the metatarsal is  tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint
a

Several small, detached bones, called ______  sesamoid bones

often are found in the feet and hands. These
extra bones, which are embedded in certain
tendons, are often present near various joints
The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the  patella, or kneecap

the sesamoid bone on the medial side of the  tibial sesamoid

lower limb is termed the
The lateral is the  fibular sesamoid

The seven large bones of the proximal foot are  tarsal bones
called

What are the seven tarsal bones? (In order)  Calcaneus (os calcis)
 Talus (astragalus)
 Cuboid
 Navicular (scaphoid)
 First, second, and third cuneiforms
are larger and less mobile because they provide a  Tarsals
basis of support for the body in an erect position
compared with the more mobile carpals of the
hand and wrist.
The seven tarsal bones sometimes are referred to  ankle bones
as the

The largest and strongest bone of the foot is the  Calcaneus

The posterior portion is often called the  Heel bone

- The most posterior-inferior part of the  Tuberosity

calcaneus contains a process called the
- can be a common site for bone spurs,
which are sharp outgrowths of bone that
can be painful on weight-bearing.
Certain large tendons, the largest of which is the  Achilles tendon
_______ are attached to this rough and striated
process
The largest process where the Achilles tendon are  Lateral process
attached.

The smaller and less pronounced process where  Medial process

the Achilles tendon are attached.

Another ridge of bone that varies in size and  Peroneal trochlea (trochlear process)
shape and is visualized laterally on an axial
projection is the
On the medial proximal aspect is a larger, more  Sustentaculum tali
prominent bony process called the, which literally
means a support for the talus.
The calcaneus articulates with two bones:  anteriorly with the cuboid
 superiorly with the talus

The superior articulation with the talus forms the  subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint
important _______ joint

through which the weight of the body is  larger posterior articular facet
transmitted to the ground in an erect position:  smaller anterior facet
 middle articular facet
The deep depression between the posterior and  calcaneal sulcus
middle articular facets is called the _____. This
depression, combined with a similar groove or
depression of the talus
is the superior portion of the prominent  Middle articular facet
sustentaculum tali, which provides medial
support for this important weight-bearing joint.
Calcaneal Sulcus and a similar groove or  Sinus tarsi, or tarsal sinus
depression of the talus combined to forms an
opening for certain ligaments to pass through.
This opening in the middle of the subtalar joint is
the ______.
the second largest tarsal bone, is located  Talus
between the lower leg and the calcaneus. The
weight of the body is transmitted by this bone
through the important ankle and talocalcaneal
joints.
The talus articulates with four bones:  superiorly with the tibia and fibula
 inferiorly with the calcaneus
 anteriorly with the navicular
is a flattened, oval bone that is located on the  Navicular
medial side of the foot between the talus and the
three cuneiforms.
Navicular articulates with four bones:  posteriorly with the talus
 anteriorly with the three cuneiform

(meaning “wedge-shaped”)  three cuneiforms

are located on the medial and mid aspects of the  Three cuneiforms
foot between the first three metatarsals distally
and the navicular proximally.
The largest cuneiform, which articulates with the  medial (first) cuneiform
first metatarsal, is the
which articulates with the second metatarsal, is
the smallest of the cuneiforms.
articulates with the third metatarsal distally and
with the cuboid laterally.
The medial cuneiform articulates with four
bones:
The intermediate cuneiform also articulates with
four bones:
The lateral cuneiform articulates with six bones:
is located on the lateral aspect of the foot, distal
to the calcaneus and proximal to the fourth and
fifth metatarsals.
The cuboid articulates with four bones:
The bones of the foot are arranged in
providing a strong, shock-absorbing support for
the weight of the body
The springy, _____ comprises a medial and a
lateral component, with most of the arch located
on the medial and mid aspects of the foot.
- is located primarily along the plantar
surface of the distal tarsals and the
tarsometatarsal joints.
- is primarily made up of the wedge-
shaped cuneiforms, especially the smaller
second and third cuneiforms, in
combination with the larger first
cuneiform and the cuboid
 Intermediate (second) cuneiform
 Lateral (third) cuneiform
 navicular proximally
 first and second metatarsals distally
 intermediate cuneiform medially
 navicular proximally
 second metatarsal distally
 medial and lateral cuneiforms on each
side.
 the navicular proximally; the second,
third, and fourth metatarsals distally;
the intermediate cuneiform medially;
and the cuboid laterally.
 Cuboid
 the calcaneus proximally, the lateral
cuneiform medially, and the fourth and
fifth metatarsals distally. Occasionally, it
also articulates with a fifth bone, the
navicular
 longitudinal and transverse arches
 longitudinal and transverse arches
 Longitudinal arch
 Transverse arch

 

The ankle joint is formed by three bones—the  the tibia and fibula, and one tarsal bone,
two long bones of the lower leg the talus

The expanded distal end of the slender fibula,  lateral malleolus

which extends well down alongside the talus, is
called the
The medial elongated process of the tibia that  medial malleolus
extends down alongside the medial talus is called
the
The inferior portions of the tibia and fibula form a  Mortise
deep “socket,” or three-sided opening, called a
____, into which the superior talus fits.
is an expanded process at the distal anterior and  Anterior tubercle
lateral tibia that has been shown to articulate
with the superolateral talus, while partially
overlapping the fibula anteriorly
The distal tibial joint surface that forms the roof  Tibial plafond (ceiling)
of the ankle mortise joint is called the

NOTE: The ankle joint is a synovial joint of the

sellar type with flexion and extension
(dorsiflexion and plantar flexion) movements
only.
The two bones of the lower leg:  tibia and fibula

as one of the larger bones of the body, is the  Tibia

weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
can be felt easily through the skin in the
anteromedial part of the leg
Tibia made up of 3 parts:  The central body (shaft) and two
extremities

are the two large processes that make up the  Medial and lateral condyles
medial and lateral aspects of the proximal tibia.

The intercondylar eminence includes two small  Medial and lateral intercondylar
pointed prominences, called the _____which are tubercles
located on the superior surface of the tibial head
between the two condyles.
The upper articular surface of the condyles  Tibial plateau
includes two smooth concave articular facets,
commonly called the ______ which articulate
with the femur.
on the proximal extremity of the tibia is a rough-  Tibial tuberosity
textured prominence located on the midanterior
surface of the tibia just distal to the condyles.
is the long portion of the tibia between the two  Body (shaft)
extremities.

Along the anterior surface of the body, extending  Anterior crest or border
from the tibial tuberosity to the medial malleolus,
is a sharp ridge called the
Anterior crest or border is just under the skin  shin or shin bone
surface and often is referred to as

The lateral aspect of the distal extremity of the  Fibular notch

tibia forms a flattened, triangular ______ for
articulation with the distal fibula.
is located laterally and posteriorly to the larger  Smaller fibula
tibia.

NOTE: The fibula articulates with the tibia

proximally and the tibia and talus distally.

The proximal extremity of the fibula is expanded  Head

into a _____ which articulates with the lateral
aspect of the posteroinferior surface of the
lateral condyle of the tibia.
The extreme proximal aspect of the head is  Apex of the head of the fibula
pointed and is known as the

The tapered area just below the head is the  Neck of the fibula

is the long, slender portion of the fibula between  Body (shaft)

the two extremities

is the smooth, shallow, triangular depression at  Patellar surface (intercondylar sulcus)

the distal portion of the anterior femur that
extends up under the lower part of the patella
a slightly raised area that receives the tendon of  Adductor tubercle
an adductor muscle

which can be palpated, are rough prominences  Medial and lateral epicondyles
for attachments of the medial and lateral
collateral ligaments and are located on the
outermost portions of the condyles.
along with the adductor tubercle, is the more  Medial epicondyle
prominent of the two epicondyles

The posterior surface of the distal femur just  Popliteal surface

proximal to the intercondylar fossa is called the
____ over which popliteal blood vessels and
nerves pass.
is a flat triangular bone about 2 inches (5 cm) in  Patella (kneecap)
diameter

The patella appears to be upside down because  Apex

its pointed ___ is located along the inferior
border, and its baseis the superior or upper
border.
is convex and rough  Outer or anterior surface

is smooth and oval-shaped for articulation with  Posterior surface

the femur.

between the two condyles of the femur and the  Femorotibial joint
corresponding condyles of the tibia.

is also part of the knee joint, wherein the patella  patellofemoral joint
articulates with the anterior surface of the distal
femur.
are strong bands at the sides of the knee that  two collateral ligaments
prevent adduction and abduction movements at
the knee
are strong, rounded cords that cross each other  Two cruciate ligaments
as they attach to the respective anterior and
posterior aspects of the intercondylar eminence
of the tibia.
is shown as part of the tendon of insertion of the  Patellar ligament
large quadriceps femoris muscle, extending over
the patella to the tibial tuberosity.
is posterior to this ligament, which aids in  Infrapatellar fat pad
protecting the anterior aspect of the knee joint.

It is a complex, saclike structure that is filled with  Articular capsule, or bursa

a lubricating-type synovial fluid.

The articular cavity or bursa of the knee joint  suprapatellar bursa

extends upward under and superior to the
patella, identified as the
is separated by a large infrapatellar fat pad,  infrapatellar bursa

are fibrocartilage disks between the articular  Medial and lateral menisci
facets of the tibia (tibial plateau) and the femoral
condyles
They are crescent-shaped and are thicker at their
external margins, tapering to a very thin center
portion.


The surfaces of the foot are sometimes confusing  Dorsum

because the top or anterior surface of the foot is
called the
usually refers to the posterior part of the body.  Dorsal

refers to the upper surface, or the surface  Dorsum pedis

opposite the sole of the foot.

The sole of the foot is the  Posterior surface or plantar surface

The less common posteroanterior (PA) projection  Plantodorsal (PD) projection
can also be called a

To decrease the angle (flex) between the dorsum  Dorsiflex

pedis and the anterior part of the lower leg is to
______ at the ankle joint.
Extending the ankle joint or pointing the foot  Plantar flexion
and toe downward with respect to the normal
position is called
is an inward turning or bending of the ankle and  Inversion, or varus
subtalar (talocalcaneal) joints

is an outward turning or bending  Eversion, or valgus