Review of Fluid Properties

VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
Fluid Properties
Lecturer : Nguyen Viet Khoi Nguyen, MSc.

Email : nguyennvk@pvu.edu.vn
Website : www.pvu.edu.vn
Outline
 Introduction
 Crude Oil Properties
 Oil Viscosity
 Oil Compressibility
 Oil Formation Volume Factor
 Gas Properties
 Ideal Gas and Real Gas EOS
 Gas Compressibility
 Gas Viscosity
 Gas Formation Volume Factor
 Gas Solubility
Reservoir Engineering 2
Introduction
 Reservoir analysis depends on

 Temperature and Pressure measurements
 Rock and fluid properties
Crude Oil Properties
 Crude oil is a complex mixture consisting

predominantly of hydrocarbons and
containing sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and
helium as minor constituents
Crude Oil Properties
 The physical and chemical properties of

crude oils vary considerably and are
dependent on the concentration of the
various types of hydrocarbons and minor
constituents present
Crude Oil Viscosity
 Crude oil viscosity is an important physical

property that controls and influences the flow
of oil through porous media and pipes
 The viscosity is defined as the internal
resistance of the fluid to flow
Crude Oil Viscosity
 Crude oil viscosity should be determined by
laboratory measurements at reservoir temperature
and pressure or published correlations
 The viscosity of crude oils can be classified into 3
categories
dầu chết là dầu không có khí hòa tan
 Dead-Oil Viscosity
dầu bõa hào là dầu nằm trên đường power olf ,tại đó
 Saturated-Oil Viscosity no bão hòa khí
 Undersaturated-Oil Viscosity dầu 2 pha
Crude Oil Viscosity
 Estimation of the oil viscosity at pressures

equal to or below the bubble-point pressure
is a 2-step procedure
 Step 1: Calculate the viscosity of the oil without
dissolved gas (dead oil), μob, at the reservoir
temperature
 Step 2: Adjust the dead-oil viscosity to account
for the effect of the gas solubility at the pressure
of interest
Crude Oil Viscosity
phương trình trạng thái
 Methods of calculating viscosity of the dead oil

 Beal’s correlation
 The Beggs-Robinson correlation
 Glaso’s correlation
Dead Oil Viscosity – Beal’s correlation
phương thirình tươgtương quan để xác định đọ nhớt
 Beal (1946) developed a graphical correlation for

determining the viscosity of the dead oil as a
function of temperature and the API gravity of the
crude. Standing (1981) expressed the proposed
graphical correlation in a mathematical relationship
 1.8 10   360 

7 a
od   0.32   
 API 4.53
 T  260 
phải biết API(hệ số tỉ trọng dầu), nhiệt độ, hệ số a
with: a  10
 0.438.33
API 
Dead Oil Viscosity – Beggs-Robinson correlation
phương trình tương quan này cần nhiệt độ và api
 Beggs and Robinson (1975) developed an

empirical correlation for determining the viscosity of
the dead oil
od  10 X  1
X  Y T  460 
1.163
with:
Y  10Z
Z  3.0324  0.02023  API
Dead Oil Viscosity – Glaso’s correlation
 Glaso (1980) proposed a generalized mathematical

relationship for computing the dead-oil viscosity
nhiệt độ,api
od   3.14110  T  460   log API 

10 3.444 a
with: a  10.313  log T  460   36.447
Crude Oil Viscosity
pt tương quan độ nhớt dầu bão hòa
 Methods of calculating viscosity of the saturated oil

 The Chew-Connally correlation
 The Beggs-Robinson correlation
Saturated Oil Viscosity – Chew-Connally correlation
 Chew and Connally (1959) presented a graphical

correlation to adjust the dead-oil viscosity
according to the gas solubility at saturation
pressure. a là Rs là độ hòa tan của khí
ob  10  od 
a b trong dầu
độ khí hòa tan
with: a  Rs  Rs  2.2 107  7.4 104 

0.68 0.25 0.062
b c  d 
10 10 10e
c  Rs  8.62 105
d  Rs 1.1103
e  Rs  3.74 103
Saturated Oil Viscosity – Beggs-Robinson correlation
 Beggs and Robinson (1975) proposed an empirical

correlation for estimating the saturated-oil viscosity
ob  a  od 
b
a  10.715  Rs  100 
0.515
with: độ khí hòa tan
b  5.44  Rs  150 
0.338
Crude Oil Viscosity
dầu chưa bão hòa
 Methods of calculating viscosity of the

undersaturated oil
 The Vasquez-Beggs Correlation
Undersaturated Oil Viscosity – Vasquez-Beggs correlation
 Oil viscosity at pressures above the bubble point is

estimated by first calculating the oil viscosity at its
bubble-point pressure and adjusting the bubble-
point viscosity to higher pressures
 Vasquez and Beggs (1980) proposed the following
expression for estimating the viscosity of
undersaturated crude oil
Undersaturated Oil Viscosity – Vasquez-Beggs correlation
 The viscosity of undersaturated crude oil
m
 p
o  ob   áp suất vĩa và áp suất tại điểm
 pb  bọt khí
with: m  2.6  p1.187 10a
a  3.9 105  p  5
Crude Oil Viscosity
 Exercise 3.1: The experimental PVT data is given
below
and the viscosity data is shown in slide 20.

dead oil dùng robinson
dầu bão hòa dùng robinson
Crude Oil Viscosity
 Exercise 3.1 (cont’): The viscosity data
 Using all the oil viscosity correlations to calculate μod,

μob, and the viscosity of the undersaturated oil.
Crude Oil Compressibility
 Isothermal compressibility coefficients are

required in solving many reservoir
engineering problems, including transient
fluid flow problems
 They are also required in the determination
of the physical properties of the
undersaturated crude oil
 The isothermal compressibility of a

substance is defined mathematically by:
1  V 
c  
V  p T
 For a crude oil system, the isothermal

compressibility coefficient of the oil phase co
is defined for pressures above the bubble-
point
1  V 
co    
V  p T
1  Bo  1  o 
co     co   
Bo  p T o  p T
 At pressures below the bubble-point

pressure, the oil compressibility is defined
as: cộng thêm cho 1 lượng khí thoát ra
1 Bo Bg Rs
co   
Bo p Bo p
 There are several correlations that are

developed to estimate the oil compressibility
at pressures above the bubble-point
pressure
 The Vasquez-Beggs correlation
 The Petrosky-Farshad correlation
Crude Oil Compressibility – Vasquez-Beggs
 Vasquez and Beggs (1980) correlated the

isothermal oil compressibility coefficients with Rs, T,
°API, gg, and p phân biệt dấu , với dấu .
1, 433  5 Rsb  17.2 T  460   1,180g gs  12.61 API

co 
105 p
  p 
g gs  g gp 1  5.912 10  API  T  460   log 
5

  114.7  
Crude Oil Compressibility – Petrosky-Farshad
 Petrosky and Farshad (1993) proposed a

relationship for determining the oil compressibility
for undersaturated hydrocarbon systems
7
co  1.705 10 R g T  460  p 0.5906
0.69357 0.1885 0.3272 0.6729
sb g API
 Exercise 3.2: The experimental data is given below
về nhà làm
 Estimate the undersaturated oil compressibility coefficient

by using the Vasquez-Beggs and the Petrosky-Farshad
correlations.
 To estimate the oil compressibility at

pressures below the bubble-point pressure,
the following correlation could be used:
 McCain’s correlation
 Standing’s correlation
Crude Oil Compressibility – McCain
 McCain and coauthors (1988) correlated the oil

compressibility with pressure p, the oil API gravity,
gas solubility at the bubble-point Rsb, and the
temperature T in °R.
 7.633  1.497 ln p  1.115ln T  

co  exp  
 0.533ln API  0.184 ln Rsp 
Crude Oil Compressibility – McCain
 McCain and coauthors (1988) improved the

accuracy substantially if the bubble-point pressure
is known.
 7.573  1.45ln p  0.383ln pb  

co  exp  
 1.402 ln T  0.256 ln API  0.449 ln Rsp 
Crude Oil Compressibility – Standing
 Analytically, Standing’s correlations for Rs and βo

can be differentiated with respect to the pressure p
to give:
 Rs
co  
Bo  0.83 p  21.75 
 g  g 
0.12

 
 0.00014 g
 Rs
g
 1.25 T  460    Bg 
 g o  go 
 
 Exercise 3.3: A crude oil system exists at 1,650 psi
and a temperature of 250°F. The system has the
following PVT properties
 The laboratory measured oil PVT data at 1,650 psig are

listed below
 Estimate the oil compressibility by using:

− McCain’s correlation
− Standing’s correlations
Oil Formation Volume Factor
 The oil formation volume factor, Bo, is the

ratio of the volume of oil at the reservoir
conditions to the volume of oil at standard
conditions
Vo reservoir
Bo 
Vo surface
Oil formation volume factor vs pressure

 The empirical Bo correlations utilize the

following relationship:
Bo  f R ,g ,g ,T 
s g o
 There are different methods of predicting the

oil formation volume factor:
 Marhoun’s correlation
 Material Balance Equation (MBE)
Oil Formation Volume Factor - Standing
 Standing (1981) presented a correlation for
estimating the oil formation volume factor with Rs,
gg, go and T.
1.2
 gg  0.5
Bo  0.9759  0.000120  Rs    1.25T 

  g o  
Oil FVF – Vasquez-Beggs
 Vasquez and Beggs (1980) developed a
relationship for determining Bo with Rs, gg, go and T.
 API 
Bo  1.0  C1 Rs  T  60  
 g   2
C  C3 Rs 
 gs 
Oil FVF – Glaso
 Glaso (1980) proposed the following expressions
for calculating the oil formation volume factor:
Bo  1.0  10
6.58511 2.91329log Bob
*
 0.27683  
* 2
log Bob
gg 
0.526
B  Rs  
*
 0.968T
 go 
ob
Oil FVF – Marhoun
 Marhoun (1988) developed a correlation for
determining the oil formation volume factor as a
function of Rs, gg, go and T.
Bo  0.497069  0.862963 103 T  0.182594 102 F 

5
 0.318099 10 F 2
a  0.742390
FR g g
a
s
b c
g o b  0.323294
c  1.20204
Oil FVF – Petrosky-Farshad
 Petrosky and Farshad (1993) proposed a new
expression for estimating Bo.
5
Bo  1.0113  7.2046 10
3.0936
 0.3738  g 0.2914
 
 Rs   0.24626T 
g

0.5371
g
0.6265
 o  
Oil FVF – MBE
 Petrosky and Farshad (1993) proposed a new
expression for estimating Bo.
62.4g o  0.0136 Rsg g

Bo 
o
 Exercise 3.4: The experimental PVT data on six
different crude oil systems are shown below
về nhà làm
 Calculate the oil formation volume factor at the bubble-

point pressure by using the different correlations
Gas Properties – Ideal Gases
 Ideal gas: the volume of these molecules is

insignificant compared with the total volume
occupied by the gas
pV  nRT
 Standard Volume
phương trình trạng thái khi
lí tương
RTsc
r =10.732
T = 60+ 460 Vsc  n v là ft^3/lb-mol
p
14.7
Psc
t là độ rankin
 psia 
  60  460  R
R
3 0
10.732 ft
 lb-mol. R 
0
Vsc 
14.7 psia
p ở áp suất chuẩn là 379.63
 Ideal gas equation can be used to estimate

the gas density at any conditions:
m pM
g  
V RT
 Exercise 3.5: Three pounds of n-butane are placed
in a vessel at 120°F and 60 psia.
 Calculate the volume of the gas assuming an ideal gas
behavior
 Calculate the density of n-butane
tự làm
Gas Properties – Real Gases
 At very low pressure, the ideal gas

relationship is a convenient tool
 At higher pressures, the use of the ideal gas
equation-of-state may lead to errors as great
as 500%.
 Numerous equations-of-state have been developed
in the attempt to correlate the PVT variables for real
gases with experimental data
 In order to express a more exact relationship
between the variables p, V, and T, a correction
factor called the gas compressibility factor, gas
hệ số nén khí
deviation factor, or the z-factor
pV  znRT
 Z-factor is a dimensionless quantity as the ratio of
the actual volume of n-moles of gas at T and p to
the ideal volume of the same number of moles at
the same T and p là thể tích 1 lượng khí thực/ lượng khí lí tưởng
Vactual
z
Videal
 Real Gases:
Ref: Brown et al., Natural Gasoline

and the Volatie HC
p T
pr  Tr 
pc Tc
Standing-Katz chart
Ref: Density of Natural Gases
Gas Properties – z factor
 How to determine z-factor from Standing-

Katz chart?
 Step 1: Kay’s Mixing Rules

p pc   yi pci Tpc   yiTci
i i
xd áp sut và nhit giã ti hn
Table: Physical Constants of HC
Ref: Kay, W.B., Density of hydrocarbon gases and vapors at high temperature and pressure
 Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced Ppr & Tpr
p T
p pr  Tpr 
p pc Tpc
 Exercise 3.6: Calculate the z-factor for the reservoir

fluid in below Table at 1100F and 1,000 psia
Mole Mole Weight Critical P Critical T

Component
percent (lb/lb-mol) (psia) (0F)
C1 85 16.043 667.8 -116.68
C2 4 30.070 707.8 90.1
C3 6 44.097 616.3 206.01
i-C4 3 58.123 529.1 274.96
n-C4 2 58.123 550.7 305.62
 The specific gravity of the gas mixtures is only
available:
 For natural gas systems:
Tpc  168  325g g  12.5g 2

g
Ppc  677  15.0g g  37.5g 2

g
 For gas condensate systems:

Tpc  187  330g g  71.5g g2
Ppc  706  51.7g g  11.1g 2
g
 Exercise 3.7: Calculate the z-factor for a natural gas

systems at 1900F and 3,250 psia with the following
properties: gg = 0.71. Using Standing-Katz correlation
 Direct Calculation of z-factor:
 There are 3 empirical correlations to calculate z-
factor
− Hall-Yarborough (1973)
− Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem (1975)
− Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson (1974)
 Hall-Yarborough method (1973)
 0.06125 p pr t 
z      
2
 exp

1.2 1 t

 Y 
Ppr : pseudo-reduced pressure

t : reciprocal of pseudo-reduced tempt (Tpc/T)
Y : the reduced density
 Hall-Yarborough method (1973)
Y Y2 Y3 Y4

FY   X 1    X 2 Y 2   X 3 Y X4  0
1  Y 
3
X 1  0.06125 p pr t exp  1.2 1  t  

2
 
X 2  14.76t  9.76t  4.58t 2 3

X 3   90.7t  242.2t 2
 42.4t 
3
X 4   2.18  2.82t 
 Exercise 3.8: For a natural gas with SG of 0.71,

calculate z-factor at 3,250 psia and 1900F. Using Hall-
Yarborough correlation.
 Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem method (1975)
pM a p
r 


 zRT 

 zT 
c pc M a pc
 zc RTc   zcTc 
0.27 p pr
r 
zTpr
R2
f r   R1  r   R3   R4 2 5
r r r
 R5 1  A11   r2 exp   A11  r2   1  0
A2 A3 A4 A5 A1  0.3265
R1  A1   3  4  5
Tpr Tpr Tpr Tpr A2  1.0700
0.27 p pr A3  0.5339
R2  A4  0.01569
Tpr
A5  0.05165
A7 A8
R3  A6   2 A6  0.5475
Tpr Tpr
A7  0.7361
 A7 A8 
R4  A9   2  A8  0.1844
T T 
 pr pr  A9  0.1056
A10 A10  0.6134
R5  3
Tpr A11  0.7210

calculate z-factor at 3,250 psia and 1900F. Using
Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem correlation.
 Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson method (1974)
f r   1  T1  r  T2   T3  
2
r
5
r
T4  1  A8   exp   A     T5


2
r
2
r 8
2
r 0
r
 Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson method (1974)
A2 A3
T1  A1   3
Tpr Tpr A1  0.31506237
T2  A4 
A5 A2  1.0467099
Tpr A3  0.57832720
A5 A6 A4  0.53530771
T3 
Tpr A5  0.61232032
A7 A6  0.10488813
T4  3
Tpr A7  0.68157001
0.27 p pr A8  0.68446549
T5 
Tpr

calculate z-factor at 3,250 psia and 1900F. Using
Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson correlation.
 Effect of Non-HC components on the z-factor

 Non-HC: N2, CO2, H2S.
 HC gases are classified as sweet or sour depending on
the H2S content
 Non-HC Adjustment methods

 Wichert-Aziz correction (1972)
 Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows correction (1952)
 Wichert-Aziz correction method (1972)
Tpc  Tpc  
p pcTpc
ppc 
Tpc  B 1  B  
  120  A  A
0.9 1.6
  15  B 0.5
B 4.0

 Exercise 3.11: Calculate the z-fator for a gas by using

Wichert-Aziz correction at:
 p = 2,530 psia
 T = 1800F
 with properties: SG = 0.81, H2S = 7% and CO2 = 10%.
 Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows correction method
(1954)
Tpc  Tpc  80 yCO2  130 yH 2 S  250 yN2

ppc  p pc  440 yCO2  600 yH 2 S  170 yN2
 Exercise 3.12: Calculate the z-fator for a gas by using

Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows correction at:
 p = 2,530 psia
 T = 1800F
 with properties: SG = 0.81, H2S = 7% and CO2 = 10%.
Gas Viscosity
 Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow

exerted by the gas
 Viscosity is generally defined as the ratio of the

shear force per unit area to the local velocity
gradient.
Gas Viscosity
 The gas viscosity can be estimated precisely from

empirical correlations. Viscosity of a natural gas is
described by the following function:
 g   p, T , yi 
Gas Viscosity
 There are two popular methods that are

commonly used in calculating the viscosity of
Natural Gases.
 Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows method (1954)
 Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin method (1966)
Gas Viscosity
 Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows method (1954)
Step 1: Calculate Ppc, Tpc, Ma.
 Notes: Correct the pseudo-critical properties for

the presence of the non-HC.
Gas Viscosity
Step 2:
Gas Viscosity
c1c2c3 dùng pp tìm từng pt
Step 2: cơ và h2s dùng wictcher aziz
n1,co2,h2s dùng dramchunk-k
1   1 uncorrected     N    CO     H S
2 2 2
Step 3:
Calculate the Ppr and Tpr
Gas Viscosity
Step 4:
Gas Viscosity
Step 5:
Determine g from viscosity ratio g/1 and 1.
Gas Viscosity
 Exercise 3.13: Find the viscosity for a gas by using

Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows method at:
 p = 2,010 psia
 T = 750F
 with the following properties: gg = 0.7; H2S = 7% and CO2 =
10%.
Gas Viscosity
 Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin method (1966)
   g Y 
 g  10 K exp  X 
4
 
  62.4  
K
 9.4  0.02 M a T 1.5
209  19 M a  T
986
X  3.5   0.01M a
T
Y  2.4  0.2 X
Gas Viscosity
 Exercise 3.14: Find the viscosity for a gas by using

Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin method at:
 p = 2,010 psia
 T = 750F
 with the following properties: gg = 0.7; H2S = 7% and CO2 =
10%.
Gas formation volume factor
 The gas formation volume factor is used to relate
the volume of gas, as measured at reservoir
conditions, to the volume of the gas as measured
at standard conditions
Vres
Bg 
Vsc
 With the real gas EOS:
nzRT psc
Bg  
p nzsc RTsc
hệ số thành hệ khí
psc zT
Bg  
Tsc p
 At standard conditions (psc = 14.7 psia, Tsc = 520
oR):
tại điều kiện chuẩn
zT
Bg  0.02827
p
 Gas volume factor can also be estimated from
apparent molecular weight of gas (Ma) and gas
density (g) parameters:
pptt
Ma Ma
Bg  0.02827  0.002635
R g g
 The reciprocal of the gas formation volume factor is
called the gas expansion factor, Eg:
hệ số giãn nở khí
p
Eg  35.37
zT
 The gas expansion factor, Eg, in terms of the gas
density g:
hệ số giãn nở khí
R g g
Eg  35.37  379.52
Ma Ma
 Exercise 3.15: A gas well is producing at a rate of

15,000 ft 3 /day from a gas reservoir at an average
pressure of 2,000 psia and a temperature of 120°F.
The specific gravity is 0.72.
 Calculate the gas flow rate in scf/day
Gas solubility
 The gas solubility, Rs, is the volume gas at standard
conditions that dissolve in crude oil at certain
conditions
 For a particular gas and crude oil to exist at a
constant temperature, the solubility increases with
pressure until the saturation pressure is reached. At
the saturation pressure (bubble-point pressure) all
the available gases are dissolved in the oil and the
gas solubility reaches its maximum value
Gas solubility
Gas-solubility pressure diagram

Gas solubility
 Figure in slide 98 shows typical gas solubility curve,
as a function of pressure for an undersaturated
crude oil
 The gas solubility can be calculated from the
experimental measured PVT data
Bo o  62.4g o
Rs 
0.0136g g
Gas solubility
 The gas solubility can also be determined from the
empirical correlations:
 There are empirical correlations for estimating Rs:
 Marhoun’s correlation

Gas solubility - Standing
 Standing (1981) expressed the mathematical
correlation for determining the Rs as a function of p,
gg, API, and T
1.2048
 p  0.0125 API 0.00091T 
Rs  g g   1.4 10 
 18.2  

Gas solubility – Vasquez-Beggs
 Vasquez and Beggs (1980) presented an improved
empirical correlation for estimating Rs.
 API 
Rs  C1g gs p exp  C3
C2

 T 
with:

Gas solubility – Vasquez-Beggs
 Vasquez and Beggs proposed that the value of the
gas specific gravity as obtained from a separator
pressure of 100 psig
  psep  
g gs  g g 1  5.912 10 API  Tsep log 
5

  114.7  

Gas solubility – Glaso
 Glaso (1980) proposed a correlation for estimating
the Rs as a function of the API, p, T, and gg.
1.2255
 API  * 0.989
Rs  g g  0.172  pb 
 T  
2.8869 14.18113.3093log p 
0.5
pb*  10

Gas solubility – Marhoun
 Marhoun (1988) developed an expression for
estimating the saturation pressure of the Middle
Eastern crude oil systems:
Rs   ag g T p 
b c d e
g o
with:
*** Note: temperature in oR.

Gas solubility – Petrosky-Farshad
 Petrosky and Farshad (1993) used a nonlinear
multiple regression software to develop a gas
solubility correlation:
1.73184
 p  0.8439 x 
Rs    12.340  g g 10 
 112.727  
with:
4 5
x  7.916 10 API 1.5410
 4.56110 T 1.3911

Gas solubility

different crude oil systems are shown below:
 Using Standing’s correlation, estimate the gas solubility at

the bubble-point pressure

Gas solubility

 Using Vasquez-Beggs’ correlation, estimate the gas

solubility at the bubble-point pressure

Gas solubility

 Using Glaso’s correlation, estimate the gas solubility at the

bubble-point pressure

Gas solubility

 Using Marhoun’s correlation, estimate the gas solubility at

the bubble-point pressure

Gas solubility

 Using Petrosky-Farshad’s correlation, estimate the gas


Gas solubility

 Using empirical equation in slide 99, estimate the gas


Summary
 Oil viscosity: controls and influences the flow of oil

through porous media and pipes
 There are several empirical methods to calculate oil’s
viscosity
- Beal’s correlation
- Beggs-Robinson’s correlation
- Glaso’s correlation
- The Chew-Connally’s correlation
- The Vasquez-Beggs’ correlation

Summary
 Oil compressibility: is defined for pressures above

the bubble point
1  V 
co    
V  p T
1  Bo  1  o 
co     co   
Bo  p T o  p T

Summary
 Oil compressibility: is defined for pressures below

the bubble point
1 Bo Bg Rs
co   
Bo p Bo p

Summary
 Oil Formation Volume Factor: the ratio of the volume

of oil at the reservoir conditions to the volume of oil
at standard conditions
Vo reservoir
Bo 
Vo surface

Summary
 Gas properties – z factor: is a dimensionless

quantity as the ratio of the actual volume of n-moles
of gas at T and p to the ideal volume of the same
number of moles at the same T and p
Vactual
z
Videal

Summary
 Gas properties – z factor: determine from Standing-

Katz chart

Summary
 Gas properties – z factor: determine from several

correlation methods:
 Hall-Yarborough (1973)
 Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem (1975)
 Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson (1974)
For Non-HC Adjustment methods

 Wichert-Aziz correction (1972)
 Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows correction (1952)

Summary
 Gas viscosity: is described by the function with

terms of pressures, temperature and components)
 g   p, T , yi 

Summary
 Gas viscosity: there are two popular methods that

used in calculating the gas viscosity
 Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows method (1954)
 Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin method (1966)

Summary
 Gas formation volume factor: measured at reservoir

conditions, to the volume of the gas as measured at
standard conditions
Vres
Bg 
Vsc

Summary
 Gas solubility: the volume gas at standard

conditions that dissolve in crude oil at certain
conditions

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VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP

Lecturer : Nguyen Viet Khoi Nguyen, MSc.

 Reservoir analysis depends on

 Crude oil is a complex mixture consisting

 The physical and chemical properties of

 Crude oil viscosity is an important physical

 Undersaturated-Oil Viscosity dầu 2 pha

 Estimation of the oil viscosity at pressures

 Methods of calculating viscosity of the dead oil

 Beal (1946) developed a graphical correlation for

 1.8 10   360 

 Beggs and Robinson (1975) developed an

 Glaso (1980) proposed a generalized mathematical

od   3.14110  T  460   log API 

with: a  10.313  log T  460   36.447

 Methods of calculating viscosity of the saturated oil

 Chew and Connally (1959) presented a graphical

độ khí hòa tan

with: a  Rs  Rs  2.2 107  7.4 104 

 Beggs and Robinson (1975) proposed an empirical

 Methods of calculating viscosity of the

 Oil viscosity at pressures above the bubble point is

 The viscosity of undersaturated crude oil

with: m  2.6  p1.187 10a

and the viscosity data is shown in slide 20.

 Using all the oil viscosity correlations to calculate μod,

 Isothermal compressibility coefficients are

 The isothermal compressibility of a

 For a crude oil system, the isothermal

 At pressures below the bubble-point

 There are several correlations that are

 Vasquez and Beggs (1980) correlated the

1, 433  5 Rsb  17.2 T  460   1,180g gs  12.61 API

 Petrosky and Farshad (1993) proposed a

 Estimate the undersaturated oil compressibility coefficient

 To estimate the oil compressibility at

 McCain and coauthors (1988) correlated the oil

 7.633  1.497 ln p  1.115ln T  

 McCain and coauthors (1988) improved the

 7.573  1.45ln p  0.383ln pb  

 Analytically, Standing’s correlations for Rs and βo

 The laboratory measured oil PVT data at 1,650 psig are

 Estimate the oil compressibility by using:

 The oil formation volume factor, Bo, is the

Oil formation volume factor vs pressure

 The empirical Bo correlations utilize the

 There are different methods of predicting the

Bo  0.9759  0.000120  Rs    1.25T 

Bo  0.497069  0.862963 103 T  0.182594 102 F 

62.4g o  0.0136 Rsg g

 Calculate the oil formation volume factor at the bubble-

 Ideal gas: the volume of these molecules is

 Ideal gas equation can be used to estimate

 At very low pressure, the ideal gas

Ref: Brown et al., Natural Gasoline

Ref: Density of Natural Gases

 How to determine z-factor from Standing-