Respiratory Infections

Dr Farida
 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

 Lower Respiratory Tract infections

Upper Respiratory Tract
Infections
 Tonsillitis
 Pharyngitis
 Laryngitis
 Sinusitis
 Otitis media
 Common cold.
 Tonsillitis  Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils
(two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the
throat)

 Pharyngitis  Medical term for sore throat. Causes

include viral infections, such as common colds, and
bacterial infections, such as group A Streptococcus.
 Laryngitis  inflammation of your voice box (larynx)
from overuse, irritation or infection.

 Sinusitis  Inflammation of the mucous membranes

that line the sinuses resulting in symptoms that may
include thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and facial
pain

 Otitis Media  group of inflammatory diseases of

the middle ear
Causes
VIRAL BACTERIAL
 Rhinovirus  Group A beta hemolytic
 Coronavirus streptococci
 Adenovirus  Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
 Enterovirus
Signs and Symptoms
 Sore throat
 Fever
 Cough
 Nasal congestion
 Nasal discharge
 Headache
 Pain and tenderness over sinuses
Lower Respiratory Tract
infections
 Inflammation of the air passages within the lungs.
 Trachea(windpipe),and the large & small
bronchi(airways)within the lungs become inflamed
because of the infection.
 It divided into 2 types :
 BRONCHITIS
 PNEMONIA
Bronchitis
 Acute (allergens, pollutants)

 Chronic (prolonged smoking, constant exposure to

pollutants)
Signs and Symptoms
 Cough persisting >5 days to weeks
 Production of clear, white, yellow, grey, or green mucus
(sputum)
 Wheezing
 Fatigue
 Chest pain or discomfort
 Blocked or runny nose
 Coryza, sore throat, malaise, headache
 Dyspnea, cyanosis, or signs of airway obstruction rarely
 Fever rarely >39°C
Treatment
 Ibuprofen
 Antihistamines
 Antitussives
 Antibiotics / Antivirals
Pneumonia
 Inflammation of the lung parenchyma and is
associated with the consolidation of the alveolar
spaces.

 Developed world: Viral infections, Low morbidity and

mortality
 Developing world: Common cause of death
Tuberculosis
 Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious
disease that can affect almost any part of the body
but is mainly an infection of the lungs.
Causative Organism
 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis  Humans

 Mycobacterium Bovis  Animals

Classification
Symptoms
 Persistent cough
 Chest pain
 Night Sweats
 Loss of weight
 Coughing with bloody sputum
 Shortness of breath
 Urine discoloration
 Cloudy & reddish urine
 Fever with chills
 Fatigue
Diagnosis
 Microscopy (Zeihn neelson staining)
 Sputum culture test
 Chest X ray
 Tuberculin skin test
Treatment
 Isoniazid
 Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
 Ethambutol (Myambutol)
 Pyrazinamide

The usual treatment is:

 Take these drugs in combinations for 6 to 9 months

Prevention
 Mask
 BCG vaccine
 Regular medical follow up
 Isolation of Patient
 Ventilation
 Natural sunlight