HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICAL’S

1]Introduction

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) offer many improvements over conventional vehicles in terms
of a variety of societal and environmental benefits as implemented in a variety of demonstration,
concept and production vehicles. Relative to conventional vehicles, these benefits include
reduced vehicle and societal greenhouse gas emissions, reduced vehicle and societal petroleum
consumption, reduced regional criteria emissions, improved national energy security, reduced
vehicle fueling costs, and improved transportation system robustness to fuel price and supply
volatility [1, 2]. In many cases, the benefits of HEVs have been shown to justify the additional
functional, monetary, environmental, and infrastructural costs of their production and use.
Relative to conventional vehicles, these costs may include: reduced vehicle utility and
performance, increased vehicle lifecycle costs, increased regional criteria emissions, an increased
rate consumption of resources for HEV production and fueling, and costs associated with new
infrastructure. The effectiveness with which HEVs can achieve a balance between the benefits
and costs of their implementation is highly dependent on the detailed design, function, and
conditions of use of the individual vehicle. At present, there exists no universally agreed upon or
optimum design for HEVs.

The increasing demand for the implementation of more fuel and energy efficient vehicles has
caused automotive designers to branch out into other areas beyond the Conventional Vehicle
(CV), Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), and HEV platforms. As an extension and subset of HEVs,
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) offer highly improved efficiencies with minimal
increases in system incremental costs. Simplified vehicle architectures of the CV, BEV, HEV,
and PHEV types are shown in Figure 1 with a key of included components provided in Figure 2.
Due to the complex nature of the systems used in creating PHEVs including the architecture, 2
system integration, component selection and controls, highly technical methods must be used to
accurately identify all critical areas and ensure that they are accounted for appropriately. In the
coming years it is likely that a majority of consumers who use motorized transportation will
begin to see the benefits of hybrid and PHEVs.

2]What is an hev
The term "HEV" typically stands for "Hybrid Electric Vehicle." An HEV is a type of vehicle that
combines a traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric propulsion system. The
electric propulsion system is usually powered by a battery pack that stores electrical energy for
use by an electric motor.

HEVs are designed to optimize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions by utilizing the electric
motor to assist the ICE. The electric motor can provide additional power during acceleration or
when driving at low speeds, reducing the workload on the ICE and improving fuel economy. The
battery pack is charged through regenerative braking, where the electric motor acts as a
generator, converting kinetic energy during deceleration into electrical energy that is stored in
the battery.

HEVs come in different configurations, such as series hybrids, parallel hybrids, or series-parallel
hybrids. In series hybrids, the electric motor exclusively powers the vehicle, and the ICE acts as
a generator to recharge the battery. In parallel hybrids, both the electric motor and the ICE can
provide power simultaneously to drive the vehicle. Series-parallel hybrids combine elements of
both series and parallel configurations, allowing the vehicle to operate using either the electric
motor or the ICE, or a combination of both.

HEVs offer benefits such as improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and decreased reliance
on fossil fuels compared to conventional vehicles. They also provide a bridge between traditional
inter
3]History

In the late 19th and very early 20th centuries, back when the idea that cars must run on gasoline
wasn't yet set in stone, inventors tinkered with a number of ways in which automobiles could be
powered — including electricity, fossil fuels, steam and combinations of these things. The
history of hybrid electric vehicles, however, began shortly after the dawn of the 20th century.
Here are some of the highlights of that history:

1900: The Lohner-Porsche Elektromobil makes its debut at the Paris Exposition. Although
initially a purely electric vehicle, designer Ferdinand Porsche added an internal combustion
engine to recharge the batteries, making it the first hybrid electric vehicle.

1916: Woods Motor Vehicle Company introduces the Woods Dual Power, a hybrid electric
vehicle with a 4-cylinder internal combustion engine. The Dual Power had a top speed of around
35 mph (56.3 k/ph). It was not a success.

1968:General Motors develops the GM XP 512, an experimental vehicle that can run on
electricity at low speeds and gasoline at high speeds.

1973:Electrical engineer Victor Wouk builds a prototype HEV based on the 1972 Buick Skylark.
When the United States Environmental Protection Agency decided not to invest in the vehicle's
further development, Wouk ran out of money and abandoned the project.

1989: Audi demonstrates the experimental Audi Duo. It combines a 12-horsepower electric

motor with a 139-horsepower internal combustion engine. Audi develops further generations of
the Duo over much of the following decade.

1997: In response to a challenge from Executive Vice President Akihiro Wadi to develop more
fuel-efficient vehicles, Toyota introduces the Prius and begins marketing it in Japan.

1999: Honda introduces the Insight.

2000: Toyota begins marketing the Prius (as a 2001 model) in the United States.

2002: Hybrids start to become fairly common in the marketplace. Honda introduces the Accord
Hybrid. Many more hybrid cars follow over the next few years.
4]Application

 Eco- friendly:-
One of the most applications of the hybrid vehicle is when the motor runs with the help of
electric power; pollution will not be created released in the atmosphere.

 Financial benefits:-
They are having the lower annual taxes and low amount of fuel cost was used in our vehicles.

 Higher resale value:-
Now a day the gasoline price has increased so the people are turning towards hybrid vehicles. So
we can sell our vehicles at a premium price to buyers looking for it.

 Less dependence on fossil fuels:-

The hybrid vehicle runs with a less amount of fuel because the low emission and less
dependence on fossil flues. It helps to cutthe price of gasoline in market.

 Built from light materials:-

The hybrid vehicles are built with the lighter materials. Its means less energy was required to the
run the engine also in smallsizes and lighter which helps to save much more energy of the
vehicle

5]Objective

 Maximize fuel economy

 Minimize fuel emissions

 Minimize propulsion system cost to keep affordable

 Maintain acceptable performance with a reasonable cost

 Reduce the conventional car weight

6]Advantages of a Hybrid Car
Here are a few of the top advantages of having a hybrid car:-

1. Environmentally Friendly

One of the biggest advantages of a hybrid car over a gasoline-powered car is that it runs cleaner
and has better gas mileage, which makes it environmentally friendly. A hybrid vehicle runs on a
twin-powered engine (gasoline engine and electric motor) that cuts fuel consumption and
conserves energy.

2. Financial Benefits

Hybrid cars are supported by many credits and incentives that help to make them affordable.
Lower annual tax bills and exemption from congestion charges come in the form of a smaller
amount of money spent on fuel.

3. Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels

A Hybrid car is much cleaner and requires less fuel to run, which means fewer emissions and
less dependence on fossil fuels. This, in turn, also helps to reduce the price of gasoline in the
domestic market.

4. Regenerative Braking System

Each time you apply the brake while driving a hybrid vehicle, it helps you recharge your battery
a little. An internal mechanism kicks in that captures the energy released and uses it to charge the
battery, which in turn eliminates the amount of time and need for stopping to recharge the battery
periodically.

5. Built From Light Materials

Hybrid vehicles are made up of lighter materials, which means less energy is required to run
them. The engine is also smaller and lighter, which also saves much energy.

7]Disadvantages of a Hybrid Car

There are disadvantages to owning a hybrid car, but they are probably not what you think.
Contrary to the popular myth, hybrid cars have just as much power as regular cars and have no
issues with mountain driving or towing. The disadvantages will depend on the type of hybrid fuel
that your vehicle uses.
Here are a few of the disadvantages of a hybrid car:-

1. Less Power

Hybrid cars have twin-powered engines. The gasoline engine, which is the primary source of
power, is much smaller as compared to what you get in single-engine powered cars, while the
electric motor is of low power. The combined power of both is often less than that of a gas-
powered engine. It is therefore suited for city driving and not for speed and acceleration.

2. Can be Expensive

The biggest drawback of having a hybrid car is that it can burn a hole in your pocket. Hybrid cars
are comparatively more expensive than regular petrol cars and can cost $5000 to $10000 more
than a standard version. However, that extra amount can be offset with lower running costs and
tax exemptions.

3. Poorer Handling

A hybrid car houses a gasoline-powered engine, a lighter electric engine, and a pack of powerful
batteries. This adds weight and eats up the extra space in the car. Extra weight results in fuel
inefficiency and manufacturers cut down weight, which has resulted in motor and battery
downsizing and less support in the suspension and body.

4. Higher Maintenance Costs

The presence of a dual engine and continuous improvement in technology make it difficult for
mechanics to repair the car, and the cost of maintenance is also much higher. It is also difficult to
find a mechanic with such expertise.

5. Accident from High Voltage in Batteries

In the event of an accident, the high voltage present inside the batteries can prove lethal for you.
There is a high chance of you getting electrocuted in such cases, which can also make the task
difficult for rescuers to get other passengers and the driver out of the car.

8]Hybrid Structure

Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and one or more electric -
charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the
internal combustion engine. The extra power provided by the electric motor can potentially allow
for a smaller engine. The battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when
stopped. Together, these features result in better fuel economy without sacrificing performance.

1. Key Components of a Hybrid Electric Car:-

  Parallel hybrid

Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that can
both individually drive the car or both coupled up jointly giving drive. This is the most common
hybrid system as of 2016.
If they are joined at an axis (in parallel), the speeds at this axis must be identical and the
supplied torques will add together (most electric bicycles are of this type). When only one of the
two sources is in use, the other must be connected via a one-way clutch or freewheel so it can
rotate freely.
With cars the two sources may be applied to the same shaft (for example with the electric motor
connected between the engine and transmission), turning at equal speeds and the torques adding
up with the electric motor adding or subtracting torque to the system as necessary. (The first two
generations of Honda Insight use this system.)
Parallel hybrids can be further categorized by the balance between the different motors are at
providing motive power: the ICE may be dominant (engaging the electric motor only in specific
circumstances) or vice versa; while in others can run on the electric system alone but because
current parallel hybrids are unable to provide electric-only or internal combustion-only modes
they are often categorized as mild hybrids (see below).
Parallel hybrids rely more on regenerative braking and the ICE can also act as a generator for
supplemental recharging. This makes them more efficient in urban 'stop-and-go' conditions. They
use a smaller battery pack than other hybrids. Honda's early Insight, Civic, and Accord hybrids
using IMA are examples of production parallel hybrids.[2] General Motors Parallel Hybrid
Truck (PHT) and BAS Hybrids such as the Saturn Vue and Aura Greenline and Chevrolet
Malibu hybrids also employ a parallel hybrid architecture.

 Series hybrid
Structure of a series-hybrid vehicle. The grey square represents a differential gear. An alternative
arrangement (not shown) is to have electric motors at two or four wheels.
Series hybrids are also referred to as extended-range electric vehicles (EREV)[5] or range-
extended electric vehicles (REEV), or electric vehicle with extended range (EVER). (Series
hybrids with particular characteristics are classified as range-extended battery-electric vehicle
(BEVx) by the California Air Resources Board.[6])
Electric transmission has been available as an alternative to conventional mechanical
transmissions since 1903. Typically mechanical transmissions impose many penalties, including
weight, bulk, noise, cost, complexity and a drain on engine power with every gear-change,
whether accomplished manually or automatically. Unlike ICEs, electric motors do not require a
transmission.
In effect the entire mechanical transmission between the ICE and the wheels is removed and
replaced by an electric generator, some cable and controls, and electric traction motors, with the
benefit that the ICE is no longer directly connected to the demand.
This is a series-hybrid arrangement and is common in diesel–electric locomotives and ships (the
Russian river ship Vandal, launched in 1903, was the world's first diesel-powered and diesel–
electric powered vessel) and Ferdinand Porsche successfully used this arrangement in the early
20th century in racing cars, including the Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid. 

9]Problem Identification

Overview of Common Issues:-

Hybrid car problems can include anything from battery failure to engine problems. The
following are some of the more common hybrid car issues and solutions:

Battery Degradation:-

Battery degradation is one of the most common problems with hybrid cars. This can cause a
decrease in the car’s performance and mileage, as well as an increase in fuel consumption. The
battery may eventually lose its capacity over time, leading to decreased performance and range
from the vehicle.

High Cost of Repairs:-

High repair costs are another issue that may concern you if you own a hybrid car. The parts and
labour required to fix hybrid vehicles can be much higher than those needed for traditional gas-
powered cars.

Researching and comparing repair costs is essential before purchasing a hybrid vehicle.
Extended warranty coverage can be beneficial for covering additional costs that may arise from
unexpected repairs.

Additionally, it’s a good idea to find a qualified technician who specializes in repairing hybrids
when an issue arises, as they are more likely to have access to the right parts and tools to get the
job done correctly, quickly, and at an affordable price.

Complex Electronics:-

Complex electronics could be another hybrid car issue. The complexity of modern vehicles’
electrical systems can lead to various issues, from faulty dashboards to complete power outages.
One solution is regularly updating the car’s software. Ensuring all the components run on the
latest version can prevent or even eliminate many of these problems.

In addition, regular maintenance and inspections by a qualified technician can help detect any
potential issues before they become major problems. Taking proper care of your hybrid car’s
electronics is essential to keep it running smoothly and avoid expensive repairs down the line.

Engine Problems:-

Engine problems are a common issue for all vehicles, including hybrid cars. Common engine
problems include issues with the ignition system, fuel system, or cooling system. Problems with
hybrid vehicles are typically caused by a lack of maintenance or age-related wear and tear on the
battery, electric motor, and other components.

Solutions vary depending on the type of problem. They can range from simple fixes like
replacing a faulty spark plug to more complex repairs such as replacing broken parts or even
rebuilding the entire engine. In some cases, it may be more cost-effective to replace the whole
car rather than attempting to repair it. Regardless of the solution chosen, it is crucial to take care
of any engine problems as soon as they arise to avoid further damage or costly repairs down the
road.

Electric vehicles are an excellent option for those looking for environmentally friendly
transportation. However, like any new technology, hybrids have their own quirks and problems
that need to be considered. Following the tips in this article, you can help keep your hybrid car in
good condition and avoid any significant issues. If you have any questions or suggestions about
hybrid cars, feel free to comment below
10] References
https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/frankfurt-motor-show/brief-history-hybrid-and-
electric-vehicles-picture-special

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain

https://ieahev.org/tasks/48

https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/frankfurt-motor-show/brief-history-hybrid-and-
electric-vehicles-picture-special

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40534-019-0184-3/figures/2

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40534-019-0184-3

https://www.nxp.com/assets/block-diagram/en/
HybridElectricVehicleHEVApplications_HEV-APPLICATIONS.pdf