WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND

MOBILE COMPUTING

Academic Year 2021-22

Chapter -1-
An Overview of Wireless Communication and Mobile
Computing
 Introduction – What is Network?
2  A

12/25/2021
 What is Wireless?
3  Having no wires.
 It is any computer network where there is no physical
wired connection between the sender and receiver, but
rather the network is connected by electromagnetic
waves to maintain communications.
 Wireless networking utilizes specific equipment such
as NICs and Routers in place of wires (copper or
optical fiber).
 The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete
spectrum (or continuum) of all forms of “light”

WCMC Lecture Note, 12/25/2021

 What is Wireless, cont. …?
4  Properties of electromagnetic waves include speed (s),
frequency (f) and wavelength (l). They are related in the
formula:
s=f x l
 All light waves travel at a speed of 3 x 108 m/s in a
vacuum
 All parts of the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the
same speed.
 Therefore, wavelength and frequency have an indirect
relationship, this means that as one characteristic
increases, the other decreases and vice-versa.

WCMC Lecture Note, 12/25/2021

 What is Wireless, cont. …?
5  Electromagnetic wave characteristics:
o A short wavelengths have a high frequency and vice-versa.
 Electromagnetic waves & energy:
o A high frequency waves have high energy and vice-versa.

WCMC Lecture Note, 12/25/2021

 What is Communication?
6  It is a process in which two or more computer or devices
transfer data, information and instructions through air by using
electromagnetic waves like radio-waves, infrared, micro-
waves, etc..

WCMC Lecture Note, 12/25/2021

 What is a Wireless Communication?
7
 It is a communication in which information is transferred
between two or more points without any wire.
 Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraph in 1986
(analog comn.).

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 Mobile vs Computing
8  Mobile is that someone / something can move or be
moved easily and quickly from place to place.
 Computing - is the operations of the computer.

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 Mobile Computing
9
 It is a computing that connects a mobile device to network or
another computing device, anytime, anywhere.
Mobile Computing Functions
 User Mobility – a user should be able to move from one
physical location to another and use the same service.
 Network Mobility – a user should be able move from one
network to another and use the same service.
 Device Mobility – a user should be able to move from one
device to another and use the same service.
 Session Mobility – a user session should be able to move
from one user-agent environment to another.
 Service Mobility – the user should be able to move from one
service to another
 Host Mobility – the user should can be either a client or a
server.

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 Mobile Computing Software
10  Mobile OS – like Android, iOS, Windows, Symbian,
 Mobile Application User Interface –
 Micro-browser – a wireless web-browser designed to operate
with small screens and limited bandwidth and memory
requirements.
 Wireless Application Protocol – is a suite of network
protocols designed to a wireless devices to access a WAP
readable files on an Internet-connected web-server.

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 Mobile Computing – Markup Languages
11  Wireless Markup Language (WML) - is a scripting
language used to create a content in the WAP environment;
 Based on XML, minus unnecessary to increase speed.
 Compact Hypertext Markup languages (cHTML) – is a
scripting language used to create content in i-mode (Internet
Mode).
 Voice XML (VXML) – is an extension of XML used to
accommodate voice.

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 Mobile Computing Services
12  Short Message Service (SMS) – is a service that supports the
sending and receiving of short text messages on mobile
phones.
 Enhanced Message Service (EMS) – is an extension of SMS
that can send simple animation, tiny pictures, sounds, and
formatted texts.
 Multimedia Message Service (MMS) – is the emerging
generation of wireless messaging;
o It is able deliver rich media.
 Micropayments – electronic payments for small purchase
amounts.

WCMC Lecture Note, Year: 2018-19 12/25/2021

 Mobile Computing – Location-Based Services
13  Global Positioning System (GPS) – a worldwide satellite-
based tracking system that enables users to determine their
position anywhere on earth.

Mobile Computing - Voice-Support Services

 Interactive Voice response (IVR) – a voice system that
enables users to request and receive information and to enter
and change data through telephone to a computerized system.
 Voice Portal (VP) – is a website with an audio interface that
can be accessed through a telephone call.

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 Wireless vs Mobile Computing
14 Wireless
 It is a transmission or information transport method that
enables mobile computing.
Mobile Computing
 It is the ability to compute no matter where the user is.
 It focuses on the application side.

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 Wireless Transmission Media
15  It is a methods of carrying data through air or space using
infrared, radio, microwave, or satellite signals.
Satellite

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 Wireless Transmission Media, Cont. …
16  Infrared (IrDA)
o It carries data via light beams.

o Transmitter and receiver must be in line-of-sight.

o An IrDA port is needed to use infrared with a computer.

 Radio
o It carries data via radio frequency signals.
o Radio signals can be long-range (between cities or
regions) or short-range (within a building).
o Radio signals are susceptible to noise and electrical
interference.

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 Wireless Transmission Media, Cont. …
17  Microwaves
o It is a high frequency radio-waves.

o It carries data much of a long-distance.

o It travels in a straight line.

o Microwave relay stations are built about 30 miles apart.

 Satellites
o It a microwave relay stations suspended in a space.

o They are positioned in a geosynchronous orbit.

o It uses a microwave signals to transmit data to and from

earth-based microwave relay stations.

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 1G Technology
18  It refers to First Generation telephone technology, mobile
communication which was first introduced in 1980s and completed
in early 1990s.
 Its speed was up to 2.4kbps.

 It allows the voice calls in 1 country.

 It uses an analog signal.

 AMPS, FDMA, TACS (Total Access Communication System) and

NMT ( are the technology used.
Drawbacks of 1G:
 Poor voice quality

 Poor battery life

 Large phone size

 No security

 Limited capacity

 Poor handoff reliability

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 2G Technology
19
 It refers to the Second Generation.
 It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.

 It uses a digital signal.

 It’s data speed was up to 64kbps.

 The technologies used are GSM, CDMA, and TDMA.

Features:
 It enables services such text messages, pictures messages and
MMS.
 It provides a better quality and capacity.

Drawbacks:
 It requires a strong digital signal to help mobile phone work. If
there no network coverage in a specific area, digital signals
would weak.
 It is unable to handle complex data such as Videos.

WCMC Lecture Note, Year: 2018-19 12/25/2021

 2.5G Technology
20  It is a technology between 2G and 3G of mobile
telephony.
 It uses a technology GPRS and EDGE.

Features:
 Send / receive e-mail messages.

 Web browsing.

 Speed: 64-144 kbps.

 Camera phones.

 Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. mp3

song.

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 3G Technology
21  It refers Third Generation which was introduced in year 2000s.
 Data transmission speed increased from 144kbps – 2Mbps.

 It is called smart phones and features increased its bandwidth and

data transfer rates to accommodate web-based applications and audio
and video files. UMTS(Universal mobile telecommunication system),
and WCDMA(Wideband CDMA)
 It uses a technology.

Features:
 Provide faster communication.

 Send / receive e-mail messages.

 High speed with more security.

 Video conferencing / 3D gaming.

 TV streaming / mobile TV / Phone calls.

 Large capacities and broadband capacities.

 11 sec. – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min mp3 song.

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 3G Technology
22 Drawbacks:
 Expensive fees for 3G License Services.

 It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G.

 High bandwidth requirement.

 Expensive 3G phones.

 Large cell phones.

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 4G Technology (Anytime, Anywhere)
23  It refers to Fourth Generations which was started from
late 2000s.
 Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
 One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC:
 M – Mobile Multimedia;
 A – Anytime Anywhere;
 G – Global Mobility Support;
 I – Integrated Wireless Solution;
 C – Customized Personal Services.
 Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.
 It uses a technology LTE (Long Term Evolution).
 High QoS.
 Provide any kind of service at anytime as per the
requirements, anywhere.

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 4G Technology (Anytime, Anywhere)
24 Features:
 More security
 High speed.

 High capacity.

 Low cost per-bit etc.

Drawbacks:
 Battery use is more.

 Hard to implement.

 Need complicated hardware.

 Expensive equipment required to implement next

generation network.
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 Comparison of 3G vs 4G
25
N Technology 3G 4G
o.
1. Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec. 100 MB/sec.
2. Internet services Broadband Ultra
Broadband.
3. Mobile – TV Low High
Resolution
4. Bandwidth 5 – 10 MHz 100 MHz
5. Frequency 1.6 – 6 GHz 2 – 6 GHz
6. MDownload and

5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps
Upload

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 5G Technology
26  It refers to Fifth Generation which was started from late
2010s.
 Complete wireless communication with almost no limitation.

 It is highly supportable to WWWW (Wireless World Wide

Web).
Benefits of 5G:
 High speed, high capacity.

 It provides a large broadcasting of data in Gbps.

 Multi-media Newspapers, watch TV programs with best

clarity.
 Faster data transmission that of the previous generations.

 Large phone memory, dialing speed, clarity in Audio / Video.

 Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video,

Internet, and others.
 It is more effective and more attractive.

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 Comparison of 4G vs 5G

27 No. Technology 4G 5G
1. Switching Circuit / Packet Circuit /Packet
2. Data Rate Up to 20Mbps Up to 1 Gbps
3. Technology Combination of Combination of
broadband LAN / WAN / broadband PAN /LAN/
PAN WAN
 Evolution of 1G – 5G Technology

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 Types of WC Technology – Bluetooth (1)
28  It transmits data via low-power radio waves.
 It communicates on a frequency of 2.45GHz.
 It doesn’t require line-of-sight between communicating
devices.
 It is built on IEEE 802.15 standard.
 It is a PAN network technology.
 It can connect up to eight devices simultaneously (called
piconet – 1 Master and others slave).

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 Levels of Bluetooth Networking Standard
29 1. Physical Level
 The agreement is provided by using a radio-frequency
standard.
2. Protocol Level
 The agreement is provided based on the products that
have to agree:
 When bits are sent;
 How many bits will sent at a time; and
 How the parties in the conversation can be sure that the
message received is the same as the message sent.

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 Applications of Bluetooth
30  Speakers
 Headphones
 Keyboards
 Printers
 Projectors

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 Types of WC Technology– Wi-Fi (2)
31  Wi-Fi stands for “Wireless Fidelity.”
 It is used to connect computers to each other, to the
Internet, and to the wired network.
 It works on physical and data-link layer.
 The main purpose of Wi-Fi:
 Make access to information easier.
 Ensure compatibility and co-existence of devices.
 Eliminate complex cabling.
 Eliminate switches, adapters, plugs, pins, and
connectors.
 It is built on IEEE 802.11 standards.
 Operates at 2.4GHz radio spectrum.
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 Elements of Wi-Fi Network
32 Access Point (AP)
 It a wireless LAN transceiver or “base station” that can
connect one or many wireless devices simultaneously to
the Internet.
Wi-Fi Cards
 It accepts wireless signal and relay information.
 It can be internal and external. E.g. PCMCIA – card for
laptop and PCI – card for desktop PC.
Safeguards
 Firewalls and anti-virus software protect network from
uninvited users and keep information secure.

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 Types of WC Technology – (3)
33  Li-Fi stands for “Light Fidelity.”
 LED + Wi-Fi = Li-Fi
 It is a light-based Wi-Fi.
 It a transmission of data through illumination by taking
data out from fiber optic by sending data through LED
light bulb.
 It is fast and cheap wireless communication system
which is optical version of Wi-Fi.

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 Application of
34  Vehicles
 Traffic light
 It can communicate to the cars and with each other.
 Airlines
 whenever we travel through airways we face a problem in
communication media, because the whole airways
communication are performed on the bases of radio-waves.
 Li-Fi is introduced to overcome this problem.
 Hospital
 Petroleum and Chemical Industries.
 Street Lambs
 On Ocean Beds
 It works underwater for military / navigation operations.

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 Limitation of
35  Light cannot pass through objects.
 Interferences from external light sources like sun light,
normal bulbs, and opaque materials in the path of
transmission will cause interruption in the
communication.
 High installation cost for VLC system.
 The receiving device will transmit back transmitter.
 It requires a line-of-sight.

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 Types of WC Technology – WiMAX (4)
36  WiMAX stands for “Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access.”
 It is a wireless technology that will connect devices to
Internet and provide a broadband access using a
microwave.
 It is based on IEEE 802.16 standard.
 It is designed for creating wireless MAN technology.
 It works on the data link and physical layer.
 It provides up to 50km of linear service area range and
allows users connectivity without a direct line of sight to
a base station.

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 Architecture of WiMAX (4)
37  A WiMAX system consists of two parts:
1. WiMAX Tower (Transmitter):
 It can provide cover to large area as big as 50km.

2. WiMAX Receiver:
 It is a small box which built in devices like PCMCIA

card.

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 Advantages of WiMAX (4)
38  Single station can serve hundreds of users.
 Much faster deployment of new users comparing to a
wired networks.
 Secure and flexible network.
 Ordinary rates in roaming.
Disadvantages of WiMAX
 Power consuming technology.
 High installation.
 Signal interruption in bad weather.
 High cost.

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 Advantages of Wireless Communication
39  Speed
 Cost
 Durability
 Flexibility
 Place of device
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication
 Power Consumption
 Security Issues
 Compatibility Issues

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 Future Wireless Network
40  5G – WWWW
 IoT

WCMC Lecture Note, Year: 2018-19 12/25/2021