Ejojr`b Clnbney 3 n  Dr`efjot`tlno

  Dr`efjot`tlno ls ` fj`os

(=th Pu`rtjr) nd `sjxu`b rjprnmuktlno

whjrjcy ` sloebj p`rjot
@olf`b `om Yb`ot Sjprnmuktlno 
Sjprnmuktlno  crj`gs lotn p`rts th`t
rjejojr`tj lotn whnbj
Sjprnmuktlno ojw lomlvlmu`bs.
n  @ prnkjss cy whlkh nre`olsfs elvj rlsj   Jx1 fnbms, blkhjos,
tn ynuoe nojs (nddsprloe) slflb`r tn ltsjbd. spnoejs, `om sj` st`rs
n  ]wn ]ypjs1 n  Yb`ot kuttloes / vjejt`tlvj
  @sjxu`b Sjprnmuktlno prnp`e`tlno
  Sjqulrjs noby noj p`rjot   Tjejt`tlvj rjprnmuktlno ls
  Nddsprloe h`vj 099% thj s`fj ` typj nd `sjxu`b
khrnfnsnfjs `s thj p`rjot rjprnmuktlno lo pb`ots th`t
  Fnst uolkjbbub`r nre`olsfs rjbljs no fubtl-kjbbub`r
rjprnmukj thls w`y strukturjs dnrfjm cy thj
  Fltnsls p`rjot pb`ot. Lt h`s bnoe
  Jx`fpbjs1 cjjo jxpbnltjm lo
n  Clo`ry Dlsslno hnrtlkubturj `om
  Clo`ry dlsslno ls ` dnrf nd `erlkubturj, wlth v`rlnus
`sjxu`b rjprnmuktlno fjthnms jfpbnyjm tn
whjrj jvjry nre`ojbbj ls fubtlpby stnkgs nd pb`ots.
knpljm `om thj nre`olsf   Jx1 nolno cubcs, tucjrs nd
mlvlmjs lo twn pnt`tn
  Jx1 C`ktjrl`, Yrntlsts   Jx`fpbjs nd nre`olsfs th`t
n  Cummloe rjprnmukj `sjxu`bby1
  Cummloe ls ` fj`os nd n  Hymr`
`sjxu`b rjprnmuktlno n  [j` [t`r
whjrjcy ` ojw lomlvlmu`b n  [tr`wcjrry
mjvjbnps drnf `o n  @rkh`jc`ktjrl`
nuternwth nd ` p`rjot, n  Juc`ktjrl`
spblts ndd, `om blvjs n  Juebjo`
lomjpjomjotby. n  Y`r`fjkluf
  Jx1 Hymr` n  \j`st
n  [pnrub`tlno   [jxu`b Sjprnmuktlno
 

  rjbj`sjm
@lrcnroj drnf
kjbbsthj
th`t `rj
p`rjot.   Sjqulrjs
sh`rj ¶twn nd
p`rjots
thj th`t j`kh
ejojtlk
]hjy `rj jokbnsjm `om lodnrf`tlno.
mjvjbnpjm whjo thj   Nddsprloe sh`rj thj
jovlrnofjot ls kh`r`ktjrlstlks nd j`kh p`rjot
`pprnprl`tj   Fjlnsls
  Jx1 dnuom lo duoel, `be`j,   ]ypjs1
`om prntnzn` n  @bbne`fy (krnss djrtlblz`tlno
n  Sjejojr`tlno nr krnss pnbblo`tlno)
  Sjejojr`tlno nkkurs n  @utne`fy (sjbd-djrtlblz`tln
(sjbd-d jrtlblz`tlno
o nr
whjo ` cnmy p`rt h`s sjbd-pnbblo`tlno)
crngjo ndd `om thj
nre`olsf ernws ` ojw

noj.
  Jx1 Jkhlonmjrfs ([j`
[t`r), f`oy rjptlbjs `om
`fphlcl`os
 

  @mv`ot`ej Mls`mv`ot`ej   [t`fjo - Uhnrb loojr tn thj pjt`bs7

[t`fjo -
@sjxu`b - @sjxu`b - [`fj MO@ thj f`bj rjprnmuktlvj strukturj nd
Sjprnmuktlno rjprnmuktlno cjloe p`ssjm thj dbnwjr7 cj`rs thj f`bj spnr`oel`
prnmukjs mnwo↓ ON 
ON  (`bsn gonwo `s flkrnspnr`oel`)
fnrj EJOJ]LK   @othjr   - Y`rt nd thj st`fjo th`t
nddsprloe T@SL@]LNO knot`los thj flkrnspnr`oel` th`t
- @sjxu`b LO ]HJ mjvjbnps lotn pnbbjo er`los
rjprnmuktlno NDD[YSLOE
  Dlb`fjot
Dlb`fjot   - Y`rt nd thj st`fjo th`t
t`gjs bjss - Ld p`rjot h`s
sjrvjs `s thj st`bg nd thj `othjr
tlfj ejojtlk
  Ylstlb nr k`rpjbs 
k`rpjbs  - Loojrfnst whnrb
- Noby
p`rjotnoj mlsj`sj
nddsprloe wlbb nd thj dbnwjr7 thj djf`bj
lovnbvjm. On h`vj lt tnn rjprnmuktlvj strukturj nd thj dbnwjr7
sj`rkhloe dnr cj`rs thj djf`bj spnr`oel` (`bsn
f`tjs gonwo `s thj fje`spnr`oel`)
- Sjqulrjs   [tlef`
[tlef` -  - Y`rt nd thj plstlb whjrj thj
bjss jojrey pnbbjo er`lo mjrlvjm drnf thj
[jxu`b - T`rl`tlno lo - Sjqulrjs twn flkrnspnr`oeluf `tt`khjs murloe
Sjprnmuktlno nddsprloe nre`olsfs. pnbblo`tlno
- Nre`olsf ls Fust dlom `   [tybj
[tybj   - Y`rt nd thj plstlb th`t sjrvjs
fnrj f`tj `s thj st`bg nd thj stlef`7 bj`ms tn
prntjktjm - Sjqulrjs
thj nv`ry
cjk`usj nd fnrj kjbbub`r
  Nv`ry
Nv`ry   - Dnuom `t thj c`sj nd thj
ejojtlk jojrey
plstlb7 knot`los noj nr fnrj nvubjs7
v`rl`tlno -
Fnrj tlfj jvjotu`bby cjknfjs thj drult
rjqulrjm dnr
nddsprloe   Nvubj
Nvubj   - Knot`los thj djf`bj
mjvjbnpfjot spnr`oel` nr fje`spnr`oel`7
[jxu`b Sjprnmuktlno (Yb`ot Gloemnf) jvjotu`bby cjknfjs thj sjjm
n  Dbnwjrs `rj thj rjprnmuktlvj nre`os nd [jxu`b Sjprnmuktlno (@olf`b Gloemnf)
pb`ots. n  @bb fjfcjrs nd thj `olf`b gloemnf
n  [nfj dbnwjrs h`vj cnth f`bj `om `om   Dlsh
djf`bj rjprnmuktlvj nre`os
nre `os no thj s`fj   F`ff`bs
dbnwjr.   @fphlcl`os
  Clrms
  Sjptlbjs
  Losjkts

n
  Krust`kj`os
  Jx`fpbjs nd nre`olsfs th`t rjprnmukj
sjxu`bby1
  Khlkgjos
  Leu`o`s
  Bncstjrs
  [h`rgs
  Huf`os
  Cuttjrdbljs
  [uodbnwjrs
  Snsjs
n   Y`rts
n  ]wn-w`ys1
  [jp`bs - ]hj nutjrfnst whnrbs nd `
  Lotjro`bby (loslmj)
dbnwjr7 knbbjktlvjby k`bbjm thj k`byx

  Yjt`bs  - Uhnrb loojr tn thj sjp`bs7
Yjt`bs    ]hj jee ls djrtlblzjm cy spjrf
f`y cj crlehtby knbnrjm lo snfj7 loslmj thj djf`bj.
knbbjktlvjby k`bbjm thj knrnbb`   Jx1 F`ff`bs, clrms, rjptlbjs,


losjkts, splmjrs
 

 Jxtjro`bby (nutslmj)
  ]hj jee ls djrtlblzjm cy spjrf


nutslmj thj djf`bj

  ]hj djf`bj b`ys thj jees `om


thjo thj f`bj djrtlblzjs thjf.

  Ejrf B`yjrs
  Jx1 dlsh `om snfj `fphlcl`os7


pb`ots `om duoel (pnbbjo `om   Jktnmjrf

n  Jplmjrfls nd thj sglo `om lts
spnrjs)
[t`ejs nd @olf`b Mjvjbnpfjot mjrlv`tlvjs
n  Knroj` `om jyj bjos
n  Djrtlblz`tlno
  ls thj prnkjss lo whlkh ` sloebj   Fjsnmjrf


n  Ojrvnus systjf
h`pbnlm spjrf dusjs wlth ` sloebj
n  Mjrfls nd sglo
h`pbnlm jee dusj tn dnrf ` zyentj.
n  [gjbjt`b systjf
n  Kbj`v`ej
n  Fuskub`r systjf, lokbumloe
  @dtjr djrtlblz`tlno
djrtlblz`tl no sukkjssdubby
sukkjssdubb y
`ktlv`tjs thj jee, thj jee cjelos ` thj fuskub`r bloloes nd
sjrljs nd r`plm kjbb mlvlslnos mlejstlvj systjf
n  Klrkub`tnr
Klrkub`tnry y systjf
  Murloe kbj`v`ej, thj kjbbs mlvlmj
n  Sjprnmuktlvj systjf
wlthnut `o lokrj`sj lo slzj7 th`t ls,
noj b`rej sloebj-kjbbjm zyentj   Jomnmjrf


n  Loojr bloloe nd thj mlejstlvj

mlvlmjs lotn fubtlpbj sf`bbjr kjbbs
k`bbjm cb`stnfjrjs. tr`kt
n  Loojr bloloe nd thj rjsplr`tnry
rjsplr`tnr y

  @dtjr thjcb`stnfjrjs,
nvjr 099 kbj`v`ej h`s prnmukjm
thj jfcryn ls tr`kt
n  Blvjr
k`bbjm ` cb`stub`.
n  Y`okrj`s
n  Bloloe nd thj urlo`ry `om
rjprnmuktlvj
rjprnmuktlv j systjf
n  [pjrf`tnenol`, nnenol`
`om e`fjtjs
Huf`o Mjvjbnpfjot
n  Djrtlblz`tlno
  Nkkurs lo thj d`bbnpl`o tucj7 rjsubts
lo ` uolkjbbub`r zyentj
n  Kbj`v`ej
  [ukkjsslvj kbj`v`ej mlvlslnos
rjsubt lo ` snblm c`bb nd kjbbs k`bbjm
fnrub`
n  E`strub`tlno n  Lfpb`ot`tlno
  thj mr`f`tlk rj`rr`oejfjot   @tt`khfjot nd cb`stnkyst tn
(fnvjfjot) nd kjbbs lo thj cb`stub` tn jomnfjtrluf nd utjrus7 st`rt nd
krj`tj thj ejrf b`yjrs. prjeo`oky
  3 ejrf b`yjr1 jktnmjrf `om n  Ejst`tlno
jomnmjrf (Mlpbncb`stlk `olf`b jx.   ]hj tlfj cjtwjjo knokjptlno `om
Kolm`rl`o) clrth, murloe whlkh thj jfcryn nr
  ; ejrf b`yjr1 ]rlpbncb`stlk `olf`b djtus ls mjvjbnploe lo thj utjrus
n  Nre`onejojsls n  ]wlos
  thj prnkjss nd nre`o `om tlssuj   Fnonzyentlk ]wlos
dnrf`tlno vl` kjbb mlvlslno `om 

mlddjrjotl`tlno.   Mjvjbnp drnf ` sloebj djrtlblzjm

jee
  Yrlfltlvj ejrf b`yjrs `rj lomukjm tn
  Noj jfcryn, spblts lotn twn
mlddjrjotl`tj lotn thj mlstlokt nre`os   Lmjotlk`b ]wlos
`om nre`o systjfs nd thj `olf`b
 

 Mlzyentlk ]wlos fje`spnrjs, prnmukloe

  Drnf twn mlddjrjot jees whlkh
 `o jfcryn s`k
`rj djrtlblzjm sjp`r`tjby cut   Ynbblo`tlno
slfubt`ojnusby   Tlt`b
 fjthnm nd sjxu`b
  Ono-lmjot
 Ono-lmjotlk`b
lk`b twlos nr dr`tjro`b rjprnmuktlno lo pb`ots
Yb`ot Sjprnmuktlno `om Mjvjbnpfjot   Jo`cbjs pb`ots tn cj`r drults `om


n  Yb`ot Sjprnmuktlno sjjms

  ]hj bldj kykbj nd ` pb`ot lovnbvjs thj   ]hj prnkjss lovnbvjs tr`osdjr nd


`btjro`tlno nd twn ejojr`tlnos1 pnbbjo (drnf f`bj p`rt nd thj

e`fjtnphytj `om spnrnphytj pb`ot tn thj djf`bj p`rt nd thj
n  E`fjtnphytj (o) pb`ot)
  [t`ej nd thj bldj kykbj nd ` pb`ot th`t   Ynbblo`tlno Yrnkjss


ls h`pbnlm n  0. Ynbbjo er`los b`om no thj

  [t`ej th`t prnmukjs e`fjtjs vl` stlkgy stlef`.
fltnsls n  3. @ pnbbjo tucj ernws mnwo
  ]hjsj e`fjtjs dusj tn dnrf ` thj stybj, dnbbnwjm cy f`bj
zyentj th`t mjvjbnps lotn ` spjrf oukbjl.
spnrnphytj n  ;. ]hj spjrf oukbjl dusj wlth
n  [pnrnphytj
[pnrnphy tj (3o) thj djf`bj nvubjs.
  [t`ej nd thj bldj kykbj nd ` pb`ot th`t n  =. ]hj nvubjs mjvjbnp lotn
ls mlpbnlm sjjm, `om thj nv`ry
  Lt ls thj fnst rjkneolz`cbj strukturj mjvjbnps lotn drult.
lo fnst dbnwjrloe pb`ots
  Lt prnmukjs h`pbnlm spnrjs cy
fjlnsls lo strukturjs k`bbjm
spnr`oel`
n  Yb`ots h`vj 3 khnlkjs dnr rjprnmuktlno1 
rjprnmuktlno1  
  @sjxu`b (Tjejt`tlvj ernwth)
  [jxu`b
n  Yrnkjssjs lovnbvjm lo pb`ot
mjvjbnpfjot  
mjvjbnpfjot
  E`fjtnejojsls
  E`fjtj dnrf`tlno


  Loltl`tjs `dtjr spjkl`blzjm kjbbs lo



thj spnrnphytj uomjren fjlnsls,

thjo fltntlk mlvlslnos yljbm thj
e`fjtnphytlk ph`sj nd pb`ot‘s
bldj kykbj   ]ypjs nd Ynbblo`tlno
  ]ypjs1

n  Clntlk Ynbblo`tlno
n  Flkrn e`fjtnejojsls   rjqulrjs thj hjbp nd nthjr
  nkkurs lo `othjrs th`t blvloe, fnvloe krj`turjs
prnmukjs trlkjbbub`r sukh `s losjkts, clrms,
pnbbjo wlth twn spjrf jtk. tn tr`osdjr pnbbjo
kjbbs wlthlo ` vjejt`tlvj drnf noj pb`ot tn `onthjr
kjbb n  @clntlk Ynbblo`tlno
n  Fje` e`fjtnejojsls   pnbblo`tlno cy wlom
  fje`spnr`oeluf lo thj (`ojfnphlby)
nvubj knot`los   pnbblo`tlno thrnueh w`tjr

fje`spnrnkytjs. Noj fnvjfjot (hymrnphlby)

fje`spnrnkytj wlbb   Mnucbj Djrtlblz`tlno
Djrtlblz`tlno
uomjren fjlnsls tn   @dtjr pnbblo`tlno nd thj k`rpjb,
prnmukj dnur h`pbnlm thjrj ls ejrflo`tlno nd thj pnbbjo
 

er`lo `om ` pnbbjo tucj ernws   [jjm F`tur`tlno

`om tr`vjbs tn thj nv`ry.   @kkufub`tlno nd dnnm rjsjrvjs
  ]hj pnbbjo er`lo `mhjrjs tn thj   H`rmjoloe nd sjjm kn`t `om
stlef`, ` pnbbjo tucj ernws `om `kkufub`tlno nd `otlflkrncl`b
pjojtr`tjs thj nvubj `om thj knfpnuoms
pnbbjo tucj curst lotn thj jfcryn   Fjkh`olsfs nd sjjm mlspjrs`b
s`k.   [yothjsls nd prntjktlvj
  Anloloe nd ` djf`bj e`fjtnphytj knfpnuoms th`t `bbnw thj sjjm
wlth twn f`bj e`fjtjs tn wlthst`om jovlrnofjot`b
  Jfcrynejojsls   knomltlnos
  prnmuktlno nd pb`ot jfcryn drnf
` zyentj @olf`b vs Yb`ot Ernwth `om Mjvjbnpfjot
  djrtlblzjm nvubj uomjrenjs @olf`b Ernwth Yb`ot Ernwth
`syffjtrlk kjbb mlvlslno `om thj 0. Ernwloe pnlots nr 0. Yb`ots pnssjss wjbb
uomlddjrjotl`tjm kjbbs ejts fjrlstjfs `rj mjdlojm ernwloe
`csjot. pnlots nr fjrlstjfs.
mlddjrjotl`tjm lotn tlssujs `om
3. Ernwth ls mlddusjm. 3. Ernwth ls `plk`b,
nre`os
lotjrk`b`ry nr b`tjr`b.
  Knvjrs mjvjbnpfjot drnf thj ;. Ernwth ls mjdloltj ;. Ernwth ls lomjdloltj
tlfj nd djrtlblz`tlno uotlb nr blfltjm. nr uoblfltjm.
uoblfltjm.
mnrf`oky nkkurs =. Ernwth stnps lo =. Yb`ot ernwth
  F`tur`tlno nd Nv`ry `om Nvubj `olf`bs `s snno `s knotloujs thrnuehnut
n  Nv`ry f`turjs lotn drult whlbj thjy f`turj, bnoe thj bldj nd ` pb`ot.
thj nvubj cjknfjs thj sjjm. cjdnrj
`ppj`r`okj thj
nd
]hj sjjm f`y cjknfj
mnrf`ot dnr snfj tlfj. sjojskjokj.
  [jjm Ejrflo`tlno :. @bb nre`os `rj :. Ojw nre`os
  ]r`osdnrf`tlno nd sjjm tn dnrfjm lo thj jfcryn. knotlouj tn cj dnrfjm
B`tjr no, on ojw thrnuehnut thj bldj nd `
sjjmbloe
nre`os `rj `mmjm. pb`ot.
  [jjm uomjrenjs lfclcltlno tn
4. ]hjrj ls on sukh 4. Nbm nre`os `rj
crj`g mnrf`oky outrljots stnrjm rjpb`kjfjot. rjpb`kjm cy ojw
lo thj jomnspjrf nr kntybjmnos nre`os.
`rj mlejstjm `om tr`osdjrrjm tn 5. Lokrj`sjs lo 5. Lokrj`sjs lo kjbb
thj ernwloe rjelnos nd thj oufcjr nd kjbbs. slzj.
jfcryn tn prlf`ry fjrlstjfs 8. Kjbb mlvlslno 8. Kjbb mlvlslno
(prntnmjrf, ernuom fjrlstjf, h`ppjos lo fnst h`ppjos f`loby `t
prnk`fcluf) mjvjbnp tn r`mlkbj tlssujs. fjrlstjfs.
jfjrejs tn pbufubj crj`gs <. Fnst kjbbs bnsj thj <. F`oy kjbbs k`o mn
thrnueh thj snlb surd`kj `clblty tn mlddjrjotl`tj kjbb mlddjrjotl`t
mlddjrjotl`tlno.
lno.
   Mnrf`oky1 pjrlnm lo whlkh thj `t `o j`rby st`ej
jfcryn ls `blvj cut ont ernwloe Huf`o Sjprnmuktlvj [ystjf
n  F`bj Sjprnmuktlvj [ystjf
   D`ktnrs @ddjktloe Ejrflo`tlno
  ]hj nre`o systjf th`t prnmukjs
n  U`tjr- Sjhymr`tlno nd
tlssujs e`fjtjs (spjrfs) wlth p`tjro`b
n  Nxyejo- @jrnclk rjsplr`tlno ejojs.
  Fnstby bnk`tjm nutslmj nd hls cnmy
n  Bleht/m`rg
Bleht/m`rgojss-
ojss- Jozyfj
  Duoktlnos1
knotrnbbjm prnkjssjs1 snfj
sjjms f`y rjqulrj jxpnsurj   ]n prnmukj, f`lot`lo `om
tn bleht nr hleh tjfpjr`turjs tr`ospnrt spjrf (thj f`bj
n  [jjm kn`t rjprnmuktlvj kjbbs) `om prntjktlvj
dbulm (sjfjo)
  ]n mlskh`rej spjrf wlthlo thj


djf`bj rjprnmuktlvj tr`kt

 

  ]n prnmukj `om sjkrjtj f`bj sjx n   Djf`bj Sjprnmuktlvj [ystjf

hnrfnojs   whjrj f`bjs mjpnslt thjlr spjrfs dnr
  Jxtjro`b [trukturjs1 djrtlblz`tlno tn t`gj pb`kj
  Yjols   systjf ls f`loby knfpnsjm nd djf`bj

  [krntuf eno`ms gonwo `s nv`rljs `om utjrus

  ]jstlkbjs   lt ls lfpnrt`ot tn ontlkj th`t, jxkjpt

  Lotjro`b [trukturjs1 dnr thj vubv`, onoj nd thj djf`bj

  Jplmlmyfls rjprnmuktlvj nre`os ls bnk`tjm
  T`s mjdjrjos nutslmj thj cnmy.
  Y`rts1


  Zrjthr`   D`bbnpl`o ]ucjs

  [jflo`b vjslkbjs (@E)
n  ` p`lr nd fuskub`r tucjs th`t
  Yrnst`tj eb`om (@E)
jxtjom drnf thj bjdt `om rleht
  Cubcnurjthr`b eb`oms (@E)
supjrlnr knrojrs nd thj utjrus
n  (@E) ‛ @kkjssnry
(@E) ‛  @kkjssnry Eb`oms
tn thj jmej nd thj nv`rljs
  Hnw mnjs lt duoktlno>
n  jom lo ` duoojb-sh`pjm
  ]hj f`bj rjprnmuktlvj systjf
strukturj k`bbjm thj
knoslsts nd thj tjstjs, eb`oms `om
loduomlcubuf, whlkh ls
mukts. ]hj tjstjs `rj thj
knvjrjm wlth sf`bb dloejrblgj
strukturjs bnk`tjm wlthlo thj
prnajktlnos k`bbjm dlfcrl`j
skrntuf th`t prnmukj spjrf,
  Ztjrus
tjstnstjrnoj `om nthjr
n  ` hnbbnw, fuskub`r,
`omrnejos (f`bj hnrfnojs).
Uhjo spjrf `rj prnmukj lo thj   pj`rsh`pjm
n
nre`o
`bsn gonwo `s thj wnfc, `s lt
sjfloldjrnus tucubjs nd thj
surrnuoms `om suppnrts thj
tjstjs, thjy fler`tj tn thj
mjvjbnploe djtus murloe
jplmlmyfls, ` knff` sh`pjm
prjeo`oky
strukturj bnk`tjm lo thj skrntuf,
n  loojr bloloe nd thj utjrus,
dnr f`tur`tlno `om stnr`ej. Zpno
gonwo `s thj jomnfjtrluf,
ja`kub`tlno, thj spjrf fnvj lotn
prnvlmjs suppnrt tn thj
thj v`s mjdjrjos (muktus
jfcryn murloe j`rby
mjdjrjos) tn thj urjthr`.
mjvjbnpfjot
  ]hj urjthr` p`ssjs lotn thj pjols
  Kjrvlx
`om thj ja`kub`tj thjo p`ssjs tn
n  bnwjr fnst p`rt nd thj utjrus
thj nutslmj wnrbm. @s spjrf ls
`om ls f`mj up nd strnoe
ja`kub`tjm drnf thj jplmlmyfls,
thjrj `rj sjvjr`b eb`oms th`t `mm fuskbjs.
n  `bbnws dbnw nd fjostru`b cbnnm
thjlr sjkrjtlnos tn thj ja`kub`tj
drnf thj utjrus lotn thj
`bnoe wlth thj spjrf tn dnrf
v`elo`, `om mlrjkt thj spjrfs
sjfjo. ]hls `bg`bloj dbulm
lotn thj utjrus murloe
prnvlmjs thj lmj`b jovlrnofjot
lotjrknursj
dnr thj spjrf cy prnvlmloe
n  uomjr thj lodbujokj nd thj
outrljots, bucrlk`tlno, jtk.
cnmy hnrfnojs `om thj
prjssurj drnf thj djt`b hj`m,
thls npjoloe wlmjos tn `cnut
= lokhjs (09 kf.) murloe
b`cnr, tn `bbnw thj clrth nd `
c`cy.

  C`rthnblo“s Eb`om 
n   sjkrjtjs fukus tn prnvlmj
v`elo`b bucrlk`tlno
 

  h`ppjos rjb`tlvjby ` floutj tn

n prnmuktlno t`gjs pb`kj lo ` w`rf
`fnuots nd dbulm whjo ` jovlrnofjot.
wnf`o ls sjxu`bby `rnusjm
n  hnfnbnenus tn cubcnurjthr`b Lffuoj [ystjf
eb`oms lo f`bjs ojtwnrg nd kjbbs, tlssujs `om nre`os th`t
n  thj dbulm f`y sblehtby fnlstjo wnrg tnejthjr tn prntjkt thj cnmy
thj b`cl`b npjoloe nd thj `tt`kgs nre`olsfs `om sucst`okjs th`t
v`elo`, sjrvloe tn f`gj lov`mj cnmy systjfs `om k`usj mlsj`sj
knot`kt wlth thls sjosltlvj thrnueh ` sjrljs nd stjps k`bbjm lffuoj
`rj` fnrj knfdnrt`cbj.
  T`elo`
 rjspnosj
Y`thnejo vs @otlejo 
n  `o jb`stlk, fuskub`r tucj th`t n  Y`thnejo ls `o lodjktlnus `ejot th`t f`y
knoojkts thj kjrvlx nd thj k`usj ` mlsj`sj. Tlrus, c`ktjrl`, duoeus
utjrus tn thj jxtjrlnr nd thj `om nthjr flkrnnre`olsfs `rj ndtjo
cnmy p`thnejolk.
n  duoktlnos `s thj rjkjpt`kbj dnr n  @otlejo ls ` fnbjkubj k`p`cbj nd k`usloe
thj pjols murloe sjxu`b thj lffuoj systjf tn prnmukj
lotjrknursj `om k`rrljs spjrf `otlcnmljs `e`lost lt. @otlejos `rj
tn thj utjrus `om d`bbnpl`o usu`bby pnbys`kkh`rlmjs, blplms nr
tucjs pjptlmjs. @otlejos `rj fnbjkubjs dnuom
n  `bsn sjrvjs `s thj clrth k`o`b no thj surd`kj nd p`thnejos `om `rj
cy strjtkhloe tn `bbnw mjblvjry spjkldlk tn th`t p`thnejo. J.e.
nd thj djtus murloe khlbmclrth
  Tubv`

hjf`eebutlolo (lodbujoz` vlrus)
n  knbbjktlvj o`fj dnr thj
jxtjro`b djf`bj ejolt`bl`
bnk`tjm lo thj puclk rjelno nd
thj cnmy
n  surrnuoms thj jxtjro`b joms
nd thj urjthr`b npjoloe `om
thj v`elo` `om lokbumjs thj
fnos pucls, b`cl` f`anr`,
b`cl` flonr`, `om kbltnrls
n  Mlddjrjokj cjtwjjo F`bj `om Djf`bj
Sjprnmuktlvj [ystjf

  F`bj systjf ls knfpnsjm nd pjols

`om skrntuf wlth tjstjs whlbj djf`bj
systjf knot`los nv`rljs `om utjrus.
  F`bj systjf h`s cjjo mjvjbnpjm tn
losjrt e`fjtjs whlbj djf`bj systjf
h`s cjjo jvnbvjm tn rjkjlvj thj cjst
e`fjtj dnr djrtlblz`tlno.
djrtlblz`tlno.
  F`bj systjf prnmukjs tjstnstjrnoj,
whjrj`s djf`bj systjf prnmukjs
prnejstjrnoj `om jstrnejo.
  F`bj systjf ls fnstby bnk`tjm
nutslmj thj cnmy, cut thj djf`bjs
h`vj lt loslmj thjlr cnmy jxkjpt dnr thj
Nur whltj cbnnm kjbbs `rj stnrjm lo mlddjrjot
pb`kjs lo thj cnmy, whlkh `rj rjdjrrjm tn `s
byfphnlm nre`os. ]hjsj lokbumj thj
dnbbnwloe1
n  ]hyfus ”  ` eb`om cjtwjjo thj buoes
`om aust cjbnw thj ojkg.
n  [pbjjo ” `o nre`o th`t dlbtjrs thj cbnnm.
Lt slts lo thj uppjr bjdt nd thj `cmnfjo.

vubv`. n
  Cnoj f`rrnw ”  dnuom lo thj kjotjr nd
  [pjrf prnmuktlno t`gjs pb`kj lo ` thj cnojs, lt `bsn prnmukjs rjm cbnnm
knbm jovlrnofjot, whjrj`s nvuf kjbbs.
 

n   Byfph onmjs ” sf`bb eb`oms pnsltlnojm ]hls ls snfjtlfjs rjdjrrjm tn `s

thrnuehnut thj cnmy, blogjm cy byfph`tlk lffuonbnelk`b fjfnry cjk`usj nur
vjssjbs. lffuoj systjf rjfjfcjrs prjvlnus
]hj sglo ls thj cnmy“s dlrst bloj nd mjdjosj.
mjdjosj . jojfljs.
Ulthnut thj sglo, p`thnejos wnubm h`vj drjj   usjs spjkldlk `otlejos tn str`tjelk`bby
`kkjss. fnuot `o lffuoj rjspnosj
 @ djvjr ls thj cnmy“s w`y nd dlehtloe lodjktlno 
lodjktlno     ls `ktlv`tjm cy jxpnsurj tn
cy krj`tloe `o lohnsplt`cbj jovlrnofjot dnr p`thnejos, `om usjs `o
lodjktlnus `ejots. lffuonbnelk`b fjfnry tn bj`ro
Hnfjnst`sls ls thj cnmljs `ttjfpt tn `cnut thj thrj`t `om joh`okj thj
f`lot`lo ` knoslstjot lotjro`b jovlrnofjot. lffuoj rjspnosj `kknrmloeby
Lodb`ff`tlno   fukh sbnwjr tn rjspnom tn thrj`ts
n  K`rmlo`b [leos `om lodjktlnos th`o thj loo`tj
  rucnr (rjmojss) lffuoj rjspnosj, whlkh ls prlfjm
  k`bnr (lokrj`sjm hj`t) `om rj`my tn dleht `t `bb tlfjs
  tufnr (swjbbloe)   ]ypjs nd @m`ptlvj Lffuolty1
  mnbnr (p`lo)    Hufnr`b
  duoktln b`js` (bnss nd duoktlno) n  fjml`tjm cy C byfphnkytjs `om
Sjmojss   ls k`usjm cy thj mlb`tlno nd sf`bb
Sjmojss `otlcnmljs (`bsn k`bbjm
cbnnm vjssjbs lo thj `rj` nd loaury. lffuonebncublos, Le) th`t
Hj`t   rjsubts drnf lokrj`sjm cbnnm dbnw
Hj`t prntjkts `e`lost jxtr`kjbbub`r
thrnueh thj `rj` `om ls jxpjrljokjm noby lo flkrncjs `om thjlr tnxlos.
pjrlphjr`b p`rts nd thj cnmy sukh `s thj sglo. n  ‒`otlcnmy’fjml`tjm rjspnosj‖
rjspnosj‖  
Djvjr ls crnueht `cnut cy khjflk`b   Kjbbub`r
fjml`tnrs nd lodb`ff`tlno `om knotrlcutjs tn n  fjml`tjm cy ] byfphnkytjs `om
thj rlsj lo tjfpjr`turj `t thj loaury. ls rjspnoslcbj dnr mjdjosj
[wjbbloe   (`bsn k`bbjm jmjf`) ls k`usjm
[wjbbloe `e`lost lotr`kjbbub`r flkrncjs.
prlf`rlby cy thj `kkufub`tlno nd dbulm nutslmj
thj cbnnm vjssjbs.
Y`lo `ssnkl`tjm
Y`lo  `ssnkl`tjm wlth lodb`ff`tlno rjsubts lo
p`rt drnf thj mlstnrtlno nd tlssujs k`usjm cy
jmjf`, `om lt `bsn ls lomukjm cy kjrt`lo
khjflk`b fjml`tnrs nd lodb`ff`tlno.
Bnss nd duoktlno f`y
duoktlno f`y rjsubt drnf p`lo th`t
lohlclts fnclblty nr drnf sjvjrj swjbbloe th`t

prjvjots
]ypjs ndfnvjfjot
Lffuolty lo thj `rj`.
Lffuolty 
n  Loo`tj Lffuolty
  lokbumjs thj jxtjro`b c`rrljrs nd nur
cnmy ”  thj dlrst bloj nd mjdjosj
`e`lost p`thnejos
  ls `bw`ys ejojr`b, nr onospjkldlk,
fj`oloe `oythloe th`t ls lmjotldljm `s
dnrjleo nr ono-sjbd ls ` t`rejt dnr thj
loo`tj lffuoj rjspnosj. ]hj loo`tj
lffuoj systjf ls `ktlv`tjm cy thj
prjsjokj nd `otlejos `om thjlr
khjflk`b prnpjrtljs.
n
  @m`ptlvj (@kqulrjm) Lffuolty
  @s wj `rj jxpnsjm tn mlsj`sjs nr ejt
v`kklo`tjm, wj culbm up ` blcr`ry nd
`otlcnmljs tn mlddjrjot p`thnejos.
 

  n  T. Dlo`bby, thj sjkrjtjm `otlcnmljs clom

thj `otlejo `om hjbp mjstrny lt.
Yb`sf` Kjbbs 
Kjbbs 
n  `rj `ktlv`tjm C kjbbs th`t sjkrjtj
`otlcnmljs.
Fjfnry Kjbbs 
Kjbbs 
n  Bnoe-blvloe pb`sf` kjbbs
n  rjt`lo ` ‒fjfnry‖ nd ` spjkldlk p`thnejo
bnoe `dtjr `o lodjktlno ls nvjr thus
prnvlmjs lffuolty tn thj p`thnejo.
@otlcnmljs  
@otlcnmljs
n  \-sh`pjm prntjlo `bsn gonw go nw `s
Lffuonebncublo (Le) th`t rjkneolzjs
]ypjs nd Byfphnkytj 
Byfphnkytj  dnrjleo sucst`okj
n  ]r`vjb thrnuehnut thj cnmy lo cbnnm `om
n  Byfphnkytjs cjelo thjlr bldj lo cnoj
f`rrnw. [nfj st`y lo thj f`rrnw `om byfph
n  Duoktlno1
mjvjbnp lotn C byfphnkytjs (C kjbbs),
nthjrs hj`m tn thj thyfus `om cjknfj ]
byfphnkytjs (] kjbbs).
n  C byfphnkytjs ”  thjy prnmukj
`otlcnmljs `om hjbp `bjrt thj ]
byfphnkytjs.
n
  ] byfphnkytjs ”  thjy mjstrny
knfprnflsjm kjbbs lo thj cnmy `om hjbp
`bjrt nthjr bjugnkytjs.
]jrfs  
]jrfs
n  FHK fnbjkubjs- f`anr hlstnknfp`tlclblty
hlstnknfp`tlclb lty
knfpbjx, ernup nd ejojs th`t tr`ospnrt
fnbjkubjs tn thj kjbb, whjrj thjy prjsjot
thj `otlejo tn ] byfphnkytjs.
  Kb`ss L FHK- prjsjot `otlejos tn
kytntnxlk ] kjbbs n   Dlvj Kb`ssjs1
  Kb`ss LL FHK- prjsjot `otlejos tn
hjbpjr ] kjbbs
n  Lotjrbjuglos-
Lotjrbjuglo s- stlfub`tnry fnbjkubjs whlkh
ls sjkrjtjm cy hjbpjr ] kjbbs `dtjr lt w`s
mlvlmjm
]hj rjspnosj dnbbnws thls kh`lo nd
jvjots1  
jvjots1
n  L. F`krnph`ejs t`gj up snfj nd thj
`otlejo `om `tt`kh lt tn kb`ss LL FHK
fnbjkubjs, whlkh thjo prjsjot thj
`otlejo tn ] hjbpjr kjbbs.
n  LL. ]hj ] hjbpjr kjbbs clom thj prjsjotjm
`otlejo, whlkh stlfub`tjs thj ] hjbpjr
kjbbs tn mlvlmj `om sjkrjtj lotjrbjuglos.
n  LLL. ]hj lotjrbjuglos lo turo `ktlv`tj `oy C
byfphnkytjs th`t h`vj `bsn cnuom thj
`otlejo.
n   LT. ]hj `ktlv`tjm C kjbbs thjo mlvlmj `om
sjkrjtj `otlcnmljs.

 
E`s Jxkh`oej
Yb`ots rjprjsjot ` rlkh snurkj nd outrljots dnr
f`oy nre`olsfs lokbumloe c`ktjrl`, duoel,
prntlsts, losjkts, `om vjrtjcr`tjs.
 @bthnueh b`kgloe `o lffuoj systjf
knfp`r`cbj tn `olf`bs, pb`ots h`vj
mjvjbnpjm ` stuooloe `rr`y nd struktur`b,
khjflk`b, `om prntjlo-c`sjm mjdjosjs
mjsleojm tn mjtjkt lov`mloe nre`olsfs `om
stnp thjf cjdnrj thjy `rj `cbj tn k`usj
jxtjoslvj m`f`ej.
Fjkh`olk`b Mjdjosjs
n  ]hj dlrst bloj nd mjdjosj lo pb`ots ls `o
lot`kt `om lfpjojtr`cbj c`rrljr
knfpnsjm nd c`rg `om ` w`xy kutlkbj.
Khjflk`b Mjdjosjs
n  [jknom`ry fjt`cnbltjs `rj knfpnuoms
th`t `rj ont mlrjktby mjrlvjm drnf
phntnsyothjsls `om `rj ont ojkjss`ry dnr
rjsplr`tlno nr pb`ot ernwth `om
mjvjbnpfjot.
n  F`oy fjt`cnbltjs `rj tnxlk `om k`o jvjo
cj bjth`b tn `olf`bs th`t loejst thjf.
E`s Jxkh`oej
n  ls ` prnkjss th`t nkkurs whjo
whjo nxyejo
`om k`rcno mlnxlmj mlddusj `krnss `
surd`kj nr fjfcr`oj lo nppnsltj
mlrjktlnos.
n  ls ojjmjm tn prnvlmj kjbbs wlth jonueh
nxyejo dnr kjbbub`r rjsplr`tlno, `om tn
rjfnvj thj k`rcno mlnxlmj th`t thj kjbbs
prnmukj.
[urd`kj `rj` tn Tnbufj S`tln
n  surd`kj `rj` lomlk`tjs hnw fukh nxyejo
thj nre`olsf k`o `csnrc thrnueh lts
surd`kj
n  vnbufj ls `o lomlk`tlno nd hnw fukh
nxyejo wlbb cj ojjmjm cy thj nre`olsf
E`s Jxkh`oej lo Yb`ots
n  Yb`ots nct`lo thj e`sjs thjy ojjm
thrnueh thjlr bj`vjs.
n  Lo nrmjr tn k`rry no phntnsyothjsls,
erjjo pb`ots ojjm ` suppby nd k`rcno
mlnxlmj `om ` fj`os nd mlspnsloe nd
nxyejo. Lo nrmjr tn k`rry no kjbbub`r
rjsplr`tlno, pb`ot kjbbs ojjm nxyejo `om
` fj`os nd mlspnsloe nd k`rcno mlnxlmj
n  Onrf`bby stnf`t` npjo whjo thj bleht
strlgjs thj bj`d lo thj fnroloe `om kbnsj
murloe thj oleht.
n  ]hj lffjml`tj k`usj ls ` kh`oej lo thj
turenr nd thj eu`rm kjbbs
n  Uhjo thj nsfntlk prjssurj nd thj eu`rm
kjbbs cjk`fj erj`tjr th`o th`t nd thj
surrnuomloe kjbbs, thj stnf`t` npjojm. Lo
thj jvjoloe, whjo thj nsfntlk prjssurj
nd thj eu`rm kjbbs mrnppjm tn oj`rby th`t
nd thj surrnuomloe kjbbs, thj stnf`t`
kbnsjm

  E`s Jxkh`oej lo @olf`bs
n  E`s jxkh`oej murloe rjsplr`tl
rjsplr`tlno
no nkkurs
prlf`rlby thrnueh mldduslno.
n  Nxyejo `om k`rcno mlnxlmj fnvj cy
mldduslno `krnss fnlst fjfcr`ojs
n  Lo slfpbj `olf`bs, thj jxkh`oej nkkurs
mlrjktby wlth thj jovlrnofjot. Cut wlth
knfpbjx `olf`bs, sukh `s f`ff`bs, thj
jxkh`oej nkkurs cjtwjjo thj
jovlrnofjot `om thj cbnnm.
n  J`rthwnrfs jxkh`oej nxyejo `om
k`rcno mlnxlmj mlrjktby thrnueh thjlr sglo.
n  ]hj nxyejo mlddusjs lotn tloy cbnnm
vjssjbs lo thj sglo surd`kj, whjrj lt
knfclojs wlth thj rjm plefjot
hjfnebnclo. Hjfnebnclo cloms bnnsjby tn
nxyejo `om k`rrljs lt thrnueh thj
`olf`b“s cbnnmstrj`f. K`rcno mlnxlmj ls  ls  K`bnrlj
tr`ospnrtjm c`kg tn thj sglo cy thj
hjfnebnclo
n  @ cr`okhjm ojtwnrg nd tucjs (tr`khj`j)
f`gjs up thj e`s jxkh`oej systjf.
n  ]hj npjoloes nd thj tucjs `rj k`bbjm
splr`kbjs `om `lr p`ssjs thrnueh thjf
lotn thj tr`khjnbjs (sf`bb tucjs) th`t jom
`fnoest thj cnmy tlssujs.
n  E`sjs p`ss `krnss thj fnlst bloloe tn thj
cnmy kjbbs `om c`kg wlthnut cbnnm
tr`ospnrt.
n  Cnoy dlsh h`vj spjkl`bby `m`ptjm cnmy
p`rts k`bbjm elbbs whlkh `rj prntjktjm cy `
cnoy knvjrloe k`bbjm `o npjrkubuf.
n  J`kh elbb ls f`mj up nd twn rnws nd
dlb`fjots whlkh `rj f`mj up nd thlo, db`t
pb`tjs k`bbjm b`fjbb`j.
n
  Nxyejo mlddusjsndnut
cbnnm vjssjbs thjnd elbb,
thj w`tjr
whlbj lotn thj
k`rcno
mlnxlmj bj`vjs thj cbnnm vjssjbs `om
jotjrs thj w`tjr p`ssloe cy thj elbbs
n  @fphlcl`os k`o `bsn jxkh`oej e`sjs
thrnueh thjlr sglo.
n  Sjptlbjs h`vj dnbmjm buoes tn prnvlmj
lokrj`sjm surd`kj `rj` dnr e`s
jxkh`oej. Slc fuskbjs `sslst buoe
jxp`oslno `om prntjkt thj buoes drnf
loaury.
n  Clrms h`vj b`rej `lr sp`kjs k`bbjm `lr
s`ks lo thjlr buoes. Uhjo ` clrm loh`bjs,
lts rlc k`ej sprj`ms `p`rt `om ` p`rtl`b
v`kuuf ls krj`tjm lo thj buoes. @lr
rushjs lotn thj buoes `om thjo lotn thj `lr
s`ks, whjrj fnst nd thj e`s jxkh`oej
nkkurs. ]hls systjf ls clrms“
clrms“   `m`pt`tlno
tn thj rlenrs nd dbleht `om thjlr jxtjoslvj
fjt`cnblk mjf`oms
n  ]hj buoes nd f`ff`bs `rj mlvlmjm lotn
flbblnos nd flkrnsknplk `lr s`ks k`bbjm
`bvjnbl (thj sloeub`r ls `bvjnbus). J`kh
`bvjnbus ls surrnuomjm cy ` rlkh ojtwnrg
nd cbnnm vjssjbs dnr tr`ospnrtloe e`sjs.
n  Murloe loh`b`tlno, thj ml`phr`ef
knotr`kts `om db`ttjos tn krj`tj ` p`rtl`b
v`kuuf lo thj buoes. ]hj buoes dlbb wlth
`lr, `om e`s jxkh`oej dnbbnws.
E`s Jxkh`oej lo Huf`os
n  Noby lo thj `bvjnbl mnjs `ktu`b e`s
jxkh`oej t`gjs pb`kj.
Outrljot Yrnkurjfjot `om Yrnkjssloe
n  ls ` uolt nd jojrey th`t lomlk`tjs thj
`fnuot nd jojrey knot`lojm lo dnnm
n  lt spjkldlk`b
spjkldlk`bby
by rjdjrs tn thj `fnuot nd hj`t
jojrey rjqulrjm tn r`lsj thj tjfpjr`turj
nd 0 ge (3.3 bc.) nd w`tjr cy 0nK (0.8nD)
n  thj erj`tjr thj oufcjr nd lo ` qu`otlty nd
nd
dnnm, thj erj`tjr jojrey lt knot`los
(Anhosno `om S`vjo, 0<<4)
Outrltlno`b Sjqulrjfjots
Sjqulrjfjots
n  K`rcnhymr`tjs 
K`rcnhymr`tjs 
  lt ls thj f`anr jojrey
jojrey snurkj nd thj
kjbbs lo thj cnmy `om `bsn lfpnrt`ot
dnr jojrey stnr`ej
  knot`lo = K`bnrljs pjr er`f
n  Yrntjlos 
Yrntjlos 
  prnvlmj struktur`b suppnrt dnr tlssujs,
`kt `s khjflk`b fjssjoejrs, `om
fnvj fuskbjs
 knot`lo = K`bnrljs pjr er`f
n  D`ts 
D`ts 
  `bsn k`bbjm trlebykjrlmjs
trlebykjr lmjs k`o cj snblm
nr blqulm `t rnnf tjfpjr`turj. ]hnsj
th`t `rj snblm `rj kb`ssldljm `s d`ts,
whlbj thnsj th`t `rj blqulm `rj gonwo
`s nlbs.
  usjm tn culbm kjbb fjfcr`ojs, stjrnlm
hnrfnojs, `om nthjr kjbbub`r
strukturjs
  knot`lo < K`bnrljs pjr er`f
n  Jssjotl`b Outrljots 
Outrljots  
  outrljot rjqulrjm dnr onrf`b `olf`b
cnmy duoktlnoloe th`t k`oont cj
syothjslzjm cy thj cnmy

  ]ypjs
 Jssjotl`b @flon @klms
n  ojjmjm dnr syothjsls nd prntjlos
`om jozyfjs7 `fnoe thj 39
`flon `klms, jleht knubm ont cj
syothjslzjm cy huf`os1 bysloj,
tryptnph`o, thrjnoloj,
fjthlnoloj, phjoyb`b`oloj,
bjukloj, lsnbjukloj `om v`bloj
 Jssjotl`b D`tty @klms
n  usjm dnr f`gloe spjkl`b
fjfcr`oj blplms `om thj prnpjr
mjvjbnpfjot nd cr`lo. J.e.
Blonbjlk `klm
 Tlt`flos
n  nre`olk fnbjkubjs rjqulrjm
n  lo sf`bb `fnuots dnr onrf`b
fjt`cnblsf
 Flojr`bs
n  lonre`olk outrljots ojjmjm cy
thj cnmy lo floutj `fnuots7
thjsj dnrf p`rt nd jozyfjs,
cnmy tlssujs, `om cnmy dbulms.
Dnnm Zpt`gj lo Kjbbs
n  Jomnkytnsls
  thj prnkjss nd k`pturloe ` sucst`okj
nr p`rtlkbj drnf nutslmj thj kjbb cy
joeubdloe lt wlth thj kjbb fjfcr`oj,
`om crloeloe lt lotn thj kjbb.
  ]ypjs1
  Yh`enkytnsls
 n  @. Loejstlno ‛
n  loejstlno nd b`rej p`rtlkbjs sukh
`s kjbb mjcrls `om whnbj
flkrnnre`olsfs cy fj`os nd
b`rej vjslkbjs

  Ylonkytnsls
n  lotjro`blz`tl
lotjro`blz`tlno
no nd jxtr`kjbbub`r
dbulm `om sf`bb f`krnfnbjkubjs
cy fj`os nd sf`bb vjslkbjs
  Sjkjptnr-fjml`tjm
 cnoms thrnueh thj `mmltlno nd w`tjr, l.j.,
n  whjo thj upt`gj nd sucst`okjs
cy thj kjbb ls t`rejtjm tn ` sloebj
sloeb j
typj nd sucst`okj th`t cloms tn
thj rjkjptnr no thj jxtjro`b
surd`kj nd thj kjbb fjfcr`oj
Djjmloe Fjkh`olsfs
n  [uspjoslno / Dlbtjr Djjmloe
  @olf`bs whlkh mr`w lo w`tjr `om
str`lo sf`bb nre`olsfs `om dnnm
p`rtlkbjs prjsjot lo thj fjmluf
n  Dbulm Djjmloe
  nre`olsfs sukg outrljot-rlkh
outrljot-rlkh dbulm
drnf ` blvloe hnst
n  [ucstr`tj Djjmloe
  `olf`bs blvj lo nr no thjlr dnnm snurkj
n  Cubg Djjmloe
  @olf`bs j`t rjb`tlvjby b`rej pljkjs nd
dnnm
Mlejstlno
n  crj`gmnwo nd b`rej, knfpbjx
fnbjkubjs/strukturjs lotn sf`bbjr,
slfpbjr nojs
n  k`o cj fjkh`olk`b nr khjflk`b
n  nkkurs lo spjkl`blzjm knfp`rtfjots
F`lo [t`ejs nd Dnnm Yrnkjssloe
Loejstlno ‛ thj
 thj `kt nd j`tloe nr djjmloe7
thls ls knupbjm wlth thj fjkh`olk`b
crj`gmnwo nd dnnm lotn sf`bbjr pljkjs
`bbnwloe dnr ` erj`tjr surd`kj `rj` dnr
khjflk`b mlejstlno.
n
  C. Mlejstlno  ‛
 ‛   crj`gmnwo nd dnnm lotn
p`rtlkbjs, thjo lotn outrljot fnbjkubjs
sf`bb jonueh tn cj khjflk`b mlejstlno cy
jozyfjs lovnbvjs crj`gloe nd khjflk`b
jozyf`tlk hymrnbysls.
n  K. @csnrptlno  ‛  ‛   p`ss`ej nd mlejstjm
outrljots `om dbulm `krnss thj tucj w`bb
`om lotn thj cnmy dbulms7 thj kjbbs t`gj up
(`csnrc) sf`bb fnbjkubjs sukh `s `flon
`klms `om slfpbj sue`rs.
n  M. Jblflo`tlno  ‛
 ‛jxpubslno
jxpubslno nd uomlejstjm
`om uo`csnrcjm f`tjrl`bs drnf thj jom
nd thj eut.
Nre`os nd thj Mlejstlvj [ystjf
n  L. Nr`b K`vlty ‛
K`vlty ‛ lt
 lt ls whjrj dnnm ls loltl`bby
khjwjm lotn shrjms cy thj tjjth, `om

flxjm wlth s`blv` cy thj tnoeuj. [`blv` ls
sjkrjtjm lotn thj fnuth cy thrjj p`lrs nd
s`blv`ry eb`oms bnk`tjm `cnvj thj uppjr
 a`w `om cjbnw
cjbnw thj bnwjr
bnwjr a`w.
n  LL. Yh`ryox
Yh`ryox ‛  ‛thj
thj rjelno lo thj c`kg nd thj
thrn`t th`t sjrvjs `s thj jotr`okj tn thj
jsnph`eus th`t knoojkts tn thj stnf`kh
`om tr`khj` (wlomplpj) th`t sjrvjs `s
`lrw`y tn thj buoes. ]n cbnkg crj`thloe `s
dnnm bj`vjs thj ph`ryox, ` db`p-blgj v`bvj
(thj jplebnttls) `om thj vnk`b knrms kbnsj
ndd thj tr`khj`.
n  LLL. Jsnph`eus  ‛   ‛  knoojkts thj ph`ryox
wlth thj stnf`kh. On mlejstlno t`gjs
pb`kj wlthlo thj jsnph`eus cut thj
knotr`ktlnos wlthlo lts fuskub`r w`bb
prnpjb thj dnnm p`st ` sphloktjr, lotn thj
stnf`kh. ]hj rhythflk w`vjs nd
knotr`ktlno nd thj sfnnth fuskbj w`bb nd
thj jsnph`eus `rj k`bbjm pjrlst`btlk
knotr`ktlnos nr pjrlst`bsls. ]hj
jsnph`eus ls `cnut 3: kf (09 lo.) bnoe.
n  LT. [tnf`kh
  Lt ls ` fuskub`r, strjtkh`cbj s`k
bnk`tjm aust cjbnw thj ml`phr`ef.
  ; lfpnrt`ot duoktlnos1
   0. lt flxjs `om stnrjs loejstjm dnnm
   3. lt sjkrjtjs e`strlk aulkj th`t hjbps
mlssnbvj `om mjer`mj thj dnnm,
p`rtlkub`rby prntjlos.
  ;. lt rjeub`tjs thj p`ss`ej nd dnnm
lotn thj sf`bb lotjstloj.
  ]hj e`strlk aulkj ls ` knfclo`tlno nd
HKb `om `klm st`cbj prntj`sjs.
  ]hj khuroloe `ktlno nd thj stnf`kh
tnejthjr wlth thj pntjot `klmlty nd thj
e`strlk aulkj knovjrt dnnm lotn ` thlkg,
blqulm flxturj k`bbjm khyfj.
n  T. [f`bb Lotjstloj
  ls `pprnxlf`tjby 4 fjtjrs bnoe `om ls
knfpnsjm nd thrjj rjelnos1 thj
munmjouf, ajauouf, `om lbjuf.
  Lt ls whjrj fnst jozyf`tlk hymrnbysls
nd thj f`krnfnbjkubjs drnf dnnm
nkkurs. ]hj knfpbjtj mlejstlno nd
k`rcnhymr`tjs, d`ts, `om prntjlos
nkkurs lo thj munmjouf, `cnut thj
dlrst 3: kf. nd thj sf`bb lotjstloj. ]hj
rjst nd thj sf`bb lotjstloj ls mjvntjm
tn `csnrcloe w`tjr `om thj prnmukts
nd mlejstlno lotn thj cbnnmstrj`f.
 @csnrptlno nd thj jom prnmukts nd
mlejstlno t`gjs pb`kj lo thj lbjuf, thj
surd`kj `rj` nd whlkh ls lokrj`sjm cy
vlbbl `om flkrnvlbbl.
n  TL. B`rej Lotjstloj
  ls fukh shnrtjr th`o thj sf`bb
lotjstloj, `cnut 0 fjtjr. Lt
knokjotr`tjs `om stnrjs uomlejstjm
f`ttjr cy `csnrcloe flojr`b lnos `om
w`tjr. @ sf`bb `fnuot nd dbulm,
snmluf, `om vlt`flo G `rj `csnrcjm
thrnueh lts w`bbs.
  Zoblgj thj sf`bb lotjstloj, lt mnjs ont
knlb up `om mnjs ont h`vj vlbbl `om h`s
noby noj- thlrtljth nd thj `csnrptlvj
surd`kj `rj` nd thj sf`bb lotjstloj.
F`oy c`ktjrl` blvj `om thrlvj wlthlo
thj b`rej lotjstloj whjrj thjy hjbp
prnkjss uomlejstjm f`tjrl`b lotn thj
dlo`b jxkrjtnry prnmukt, djkjs
n  TLL. Sjktuf `om @ous
  ]hj rjktuf ls ` shnrt jxtjoslno nd thj
b`rej lotjstloj `om ls thj dlo`b
sjefjot nd thj mlejstlvj tr`kt. Lt ls
whjrj thj knfp`ktjm uomlejstjm
dnnm drnf thj knbno `rj pushjm vl`
pjrlst`btlk knotr`ktlnos. ]hj
mlstjoslno nd thj rjktuf trleejrs
jxpubslno nd djkjs.
  ]hj `ous ls thj tjrflo`b npjoloe nd
thj mlejstlvj systjf thrnueh whlkh
djkjs `rj jxpjbbjm.
n  TLLL. @kkjssnry Mlejstlvj Nre`os
  Blvjr  ‛  ‛   sjkrjtjs clbj dnr jfubsldyloe
d`ts
  E`bbcb`mmjr ‛
E`bbcb`mmjr ‛ stnrjs
 stnrjs clbj prnmukjm cy
 
thj blvjr  ‛
Y`okrj`s  ‛   sjkrjtjs jozyfjs th`t
crj`g mnwo `bb f`anr dnnm fnbjkubjs7
sjkrjtjs cuddjrs `e`lost HKb drnf thj
stnf`kh7 sjkrjtjs thj hnrfnoj
losublo dnr knotrnb nd ebuknsj
fjt`cnblsf
Fjkh`olsfs nd Mlejstlno `om
@csnrptlno1
n  @. K`rcnhymr`tj mlejstlno cjelos lo thj
fnuth cut knubm ont knotlouj lo thj
stnf`kh muj tn thj `klmlk pH th`t
mjstrnys thj `fyb`sj. Lt rjsufjs lo thj
sf`bb lotjstloj whjrj thj rjsubtloe
fnons`kkh`rlmjs `rj `csnrcjm.
n  C. Yrntjlos `rj
`rj mlejstjm lo thj stnf`kh
`om sf`bb lotjstloj. Sjsubtloe `flon

`klms `rj `csnrcjm lo thj sf`bb lotjstloj
whjrj thjy bj`vj thj lotjstlo`b kjbb `om
jotjr thj cbnnm thrnueh ` d`klblt`tjm
mldduslno k`rrljr lo thj pb`sf`
fjfcr`ojs no thj nppnsltj slmj.
n  K. D`t mlejstlno nkkurs jotlrjby lo thj
sf`bb lotjstloj. @bthnueh d`tty `klms `om
fnonebykjrlmjs jotjr jplthjbl`b kjbbs
drnf thj lotjstlo`b bufjo, lt ls
trlebykjrlmjs th`t `rj rjbj`sjm no thj
nthjr slmj nd thj kjbb `om k`rrljm cy cbnnm
k`plbb`rljs tn cj tr`ospnrtjm thrnuehnut
thj cnmy.
n  M. Fnst w`tjr-snbucbj vlt`flos `rj
`csnrcjm cy mldduslno nr `ktlvj tr`ospnrt.
D`t-snbucbj vlt`flos dnbbnw thj p`thw`y
dnr d`t `csnrptlno.
Yb`ot Outrltlno
n  [tumy nd khjflk`b jbjfjots `om
knfpnuoms ojkjss`ry dnr pb`ot ernwth,
pb`ot fjt`cnblsf `om jxtjro`b suppby.
Outrljot
n  @ sucst`okj th`t prnvlmjs onurlshfjot
jssjotl`b dnr ernwth `om thj f`lotjo`okj
nd bldj.
n  @ khjflk`b nr dnnm th`t prnvlmjs wh`t ls
ojjmjm dnr pb`ots nr `olf`bs tn blvj `om
ernw
3 ]ypjs nd Nre`olsfs (C`sjm no Fnmj nd
Outrltlno)
n  @utntrnph
  `o nre`olsf th`t prnmukjs knfpbjx
nre`olk knfpnuoms drnf slfpbj
lonre`olk fnbjkubjs, usloe jojrey
drnf bleht nr lonre`olk khjflk`b
n
rj`ktlnos
  Hjtjrntrnph
  `o nre`olsf th`t nct`los jojrey cy
crj`gloe mnwo nre`olk fnbjkubjs7
k`oont mjrlvj jojrey drnf
phntnsyothjsls nr lonre`olk
khjflk`bs
3 U`ys nd @kqulrloe Outrljots
n  Yhntnsyothjsls (thrnueh thj bj`vjs)
  prnkjss cy whlkh pb`ots f`oud`kturj
k`rcnhymr`tjs drnf r`w f`tjrl`bs
usloe jojrey drnf bleht
  ]`gjs K`rcno thrnueh stnf`t`
(Kjbbub`r Sjsplr`tlno)
Sjsplr`tlno)
n  Drnf thj snlb (thrnueh thj rnnts)
  [nlb ls knfpnsjm nd flojr`bs, nre`olk
f`ttjr, w`tjr, `lr, `om nre`olsfs
  [nlb ls dubb nd flkrnnre`olsfs
flkrnnre`olsfs th`t
th`t
crj`g mnwo `om rjkykbj nre`olk
mjcrls
Outrltlno`b Sjqulrjfjot
Sjqulrjfjot nd Yb`ots
n  F`krnoutrljots-
F`krnoutrljot s- usjm cy pb`ots lo b`rej
qu`otltljs
  F`krnoutrljots
F`krnoutrljots (mjrlvjm drnf `lr)
  K`rcno (K)- dnrfs thj c`kgcnoj
nd fnst pb`ot clnfnbjkubjs,
lokbumloe prntjlos, st`rkhjs `om
kjbbubnsj
  Hymrnejo (H)- ojkjss`ry dnr
culbmloe sue`rs `om culbmloe thj
pb`ot.
  Nxyejo (N)- `jrnclk kjbbub`r
rjsplr`tlno `om crj`g mnwo thls
ebuknsj tn prnmukj @]Y.
  F`krnoutrljots
F`krnoutrljots (prlf`ry)
  Oltrnejo (O)
n
  ojjmjm dnr vjejt`tlvj ernwth
`om m`rg erjjo knbnr
n  ojkjss`ry dnr dnrf`tlno nd
`flon `klms, thj culbmloe
cbnkgs nd prntjlo (lo thj dnrf
nd @ffnol` `om Oltr`tj)
n  Mjdlkljoky sleos- rjmukjm
ernwth & yjbbnwloe (khbnrnsls)
nd bnwjr bj`vjs.
  Yhnsphnrus (Y)
n  Lovnbvjm lo sue`r fjt`cnblsf,
knfpnojot nd oukbjlk `klms,
phnsphnblplms, knjozyfjs
  Yrnfntjs j`rby rnnt dnrf`tlno
n
`om ernwth
n  Lfprnvjs qu`blty nd drults,
vjejt`cbjs, `om er`los
n  Tlt`b tn sjjm dnrf`tlno
n  Mjdlkljoky sleos- rjmukjm
ernwth, pnnr rnnt systjfs,
rjmukjm dbnwjrloe. @bsn thlo
stjfs `om crnwoloe nr
purpbloe nd dnbl`ej.
  Ynt`ssluf (G)
n  Jozyfj `ktlv`tnr, lovnbvjm lo
st`rkh dnrf`tlno
n  Sjeub`tjs nsfntlk c`b`okj
`om fnvjfjot nd eu`rm kjbbs
n  Lfprnvjs qu`blty nd sjjms `om
drult
 

  Lokrj`sjs mlsj`sj rjslst`okj

n

n  Mjdlkljoky sleos- rjmukjm

ernwth, shnrtjojm lotjronmjs
`om snfj curo, sknrkhjm
f`rgs (crnwo bj`vjs). ]nn
Fukh (G ) k`o k`usj oltrnejo
mjdlkljoky
  F`krnoutrljots (sjknom`ry)
  K`bkluf (K`)


n  f`anr knfpnojot nd kjbb w`bb

n  lovnbvjm lo oltrnejo
fjt`cnblsf
n  rjmukjs pb`ot rjsplr`tlno
rjsplr`tl no
n  `lms tr`osbnk`tlno
tr`osbnk`tl no nd
phntnsyothjsls drnf bj`vjs tn
drultloe nre`os (3om
fjssjoejr)
  F`eojsluf (Fe)

Outrltlno`b @m`pt`tlno cy Yb`ots
n  Oltrnejo Dlx`tlno1 Snnt @om C`ktjrl`
n  Gjy jbjfjot nd nd khbnrnphybb
prnmuktlno Lotjr`ktlnos
n  Lfprnvjs utlblz`tlno `om   [nlb c`ktjrl`, knbbjktlvjby k`bbjm

fnclblty nd phnsphnrus rhlzncl`, syfclntlk`bby lotjr`kt

n
wlth bjeufj rnnts tn dnrf
  @ktlv`tnr
f`oy pb`ot`om knfpnojot nd
jozyfjs spjkl`blzjm strukturjs k`bbjm
n  Mlrjktby rjb`tjm tn er`ss onmubjs, lo whlkh oltrnejo
tjt`oy dlx`tlno t`gjs pb`kj
  rhlzncl` rjqulrj ` pb`ot hnst `s
  [ubdur ([)


n  Lotjer`b p`rt nd `flon `klms thjy k`oont dlx oltrnejo

n  Hjbps mjvjbnp jozyfjs `om lomjpjomjotby
n  Fyknrrhlz`j1 ]hj [yfclntlk
vlt`flos
n  Yrnfntjs onmubj dnrf`tlno Sjb`tlnoshlp Cjtwjjo Duoel @om
no bjeufjs Snnts
  ]hrnueh fyknrrhlz`tlno,
fyknrrhlz`t lno, thj pb`ot
n  @lms lo sjjm prnmuktlno
n  Flkrnoutrljots-
Flkrnoutrl jots- usjm cy pb`ots lo tr`kj nct`los f`loby phnsph`tj `om
`fnuots nthjr flojr`bs, sukh `s zlok `om
knppjr, drnf thj snlb
Jbjfjot Duoktlno   Fyknrrhlz`j duoktlnos `s `
Lrno (Dj) Jssjotl`b tn khbnrnphybb prnmuktlno. @bsn physlk`b c`rrljr tn p`thnejos.
knotrlcutjs tn thj dnrf`tlno nd snfj
  Lt `bsn prnvlmjs `o lomuktlno nd
jozyfjs `om `flon `klms.
Cnrno (C) Jssjotl`b tn nvjr`bb pb`ot hj`bth `om ejojr`blzjm hnst mjdjosj
tlssuj ernwth. Yrnfntjs thj dnrf`tlno nd fjkh`olsfs, `om snfjtlfjs
drult `om thj `csnrptlno nd w`tjr. lovnbvjs prnmuktlno nd `otlclntlk
F`oe`ojsj (Fo) @ktlv`tnr nd jozyfjs7 lovnbvjm lo knfpnuoms cy thj duoel.
jbjktrno tr`osdjr, khbnrnphybb syothjsls, n  Yb`ot Y`r`sltjs
`om thj phntnsyothjtlk jvnbutlno nd N3
  @ p`r`sltlk pb`ot mjpjoms no lts
Fnbycmjouf (Fn) Lovnbvjm lo oltrnejo rjmuktlno
Khbnrloj (Kb) [tlfub`tjs phntnsyothjsls.
hnst dnr survlv`b. [nfj p`r`sltlk
Knppjr (Ku) @ktlv`tjs v`rlnus jozyfjs. @bsn pb`ys ` pb`ots h`vj on bj`vjs.
rnbj lo khbnrnphybb prnmuktlno.   Hjflp`r`sltj-
Hjflp`r`slt j- `rj dubby

Qlok (Qo) @ktlv`tjs

dnrf`tlno f`oy jozyfjs7 lovnbvjm lo thj
nd pnbbjo. phntnsyothjtlk `omflojr`bs.
hnst dnr w`tjr `om noby usj thj
  Hnbnp`r`sltj- ls knfpbjtjby
mjpjomjot no lts hnst
 

 Ncble`tj p`r`sltj ‛
p`r`sltj ‛ `
 ` p`r`sltj th`t Klrkub`tlno
k`oont knfpbjtj lts bldj kykbj n  ls thj prnkjss cy whlkh dnnm `om nxyejo
wlthnut ` hnst. `rj k`rrljm tn thj tlssujs `om w`stjs `rj
  D`kubt`tlvj p`r`sltj  ‛ 
 ‛  ` p`r`sltj k`rrljm `w`y.
th`t k`o knfpbjtj lts bldj kykbj n  ; F`lo Dj`turjs1
lomjpjomjot nd ` hnst.   Dbulm (cbnnm nr hjfnbyfph) th`t
n  [`prnphytjs tr`ospnrts f`tjrl`bs (cnth w`stjs &
  pb`ots th`t mn ont h`vj outrljots).
khbnrnphybb `om ejt thjlr dnnm   [ystjf nd cbnnm vjssjbs
drnf mj`m f`ttjr, slflb`r tn   @ hj`rt tn pufp thj dbulm thrnueh thj
c`ktjrl` `om duoel vjssjbs
n  [yfclnots
  ` pb`ot lo ` syfclntlk rjb`tlnoshlp,
rjb`tlnoshl p,
wlth spjkl`b `m`pt`tlnos sukh `s
fyknrrhlz`j nr onmubj dnrf`tlno.
Duoel `bsn dnrf syfclntlk
`ssnkl`tlnos wlth ky`onc`ktjrl`
`om erjjo `be`j (k`bbjm blkhjos).
n  Jplphytjs
  @o jplphytj ls ` pb`ot th`t ernws
no nthjr pb`ots, cut ls ont
mjpjomjot upno thj nthjr pb`ot

  dnr outrltlno.h`vj twn typjs nd

Jplphytjs
rnnts1 kbloeloe `jrl`b rnnts, whlkh
`csnrc outrljots drnf hufus th`t
`kkufub`tjs lo thj krjvlkjs nd
trjjs7 `om `jrl`b rnnts, whlkh
`csnrc fnlsturj drnf thj
`tfnsphjrj.
n  Losjktlvnrnus Yb`ots
  @o losjktlvnrnus pb`ot h`s
spjkl`blzjm bj`vjs tn `ttr`kt `om
mlejst losjkts. ]hj Tjous dbytr`p
ls pnpub`rby gonwo dnr lts
n  kbnsjm klrkub`tnry systjf- dnuom lo `bb
vjrtjcr`tjs `om snfj lovjrtjcr`tjs,
klrkub`tjs cbnnm uolmlrjktlno`bby drnf thj
hj`rt, `rnuom thj cnmy, `om c`kg tn thj
hj`rt.
n  npjo klrkub`tnry systjf- dnuom lo
`rthrnpnms, pufps cbnnm lotn ` k`vlty
k`bbjm ` hjfnknjb whjrj lt surrnuoms thj
nre`os `om thjo rjturos tn thj hj`rt(s)
thrnueh nstl` (npjoloes).
n  ]hj cbnnm dnuom lo `rthrnpnms, ` flx nd nd

losjktlvnrnus fnmj nd outrltlno, cbnnm `om lotjrstltl`b dbulm, ls k`bbjm

`om h`s bj`vjs th`t wnrg `s tr`ps hjfnbyfph.

]r`ospnrt `om Klrkub`tlno

Yb`ot ]r`ospnrt
n  Xybjf fnvjs w`tjr `om snbutjs drnf thj
rnnts tn thj bj`vjs
n  Yhbnjf fnvjs dnnm sucst`okjs drnf
bj`vjs tn thj rjst nd thj pb`ot
n  ]r`osbnk`tlno ls thj fnvjfjot nd
f`tjrl`bs drnf bj`vjs tn nthjr tlssujs
thrnuehnut thj pb`ot. Yhbnjf tr`ospnrts
sukrnsj `om `flon `klms up `om mnwo
thj pb`ot.
n  ]r`osplr`tlno
]r`osplr`t lno ls thj fnvjfjot nd w`tjr
drnf thj snlb tn thj bj`vjs nkkurs lo
xybjf vjssjbs
 

  ]ypjs nd Klrkub`tlno Kbnsjm Klrkub`tnry [ystjf

n  Yubfno`ry klrkub`tlno ls thj klrkult cy n  3 kh`fcjrjm hj`rt- sloebj `trluf
whlkh cbnnm dbnws drnf thj hj`rt tn thj rjkjlvjs cbnnm drnf thj cnmy kjbbs. @
buoes, thjo c`kg tn thj hj`rt. vjotrlkbj sjoms cbnnm tn thj elbbs tn knbbjkt
n  [ystjflk klrkub`tlno ls thj klrkult cy nxyejo
whlkh cbnnm bj`vjs thj bjdt vjotrlkbj (BT) n  ; kh`fcjrjm hj`rt- [jp`r`tjm `trl`
nd thj hj`rt vl` thj `nrt`, p`ssjs thrnueh `bbnw snfj sjp`r`tlno nd nxyejo`tjm
thj nre`os `om tlssujs nd thj cnmy thjo `om mjnxyejo`tjm cbnnm
rjturos tn thj hj`rt n  = kh`fcjrjm hj`rt- `bbnws knfpbjtj
Knfpnojots nd thj Klrkub`tnry [ystjf sjp`r`tlno nd nxyejo`tjm `om
n  Cbnnm ls thj dbulm th`t fnvjs thrnueh thj mjnxyejo`tjm cbnnm
cbnnm systjf.
  Yb`sf`- knoslstloe f`loby nd w`tjr
knot`loloe snbutjs sukh `s
jbjktrnbytjs, pb`sf` prntjlos `om
hnrfnojs.
  Sjm Cbnnm Kjbbs - rjspnoslcbj dnr
tr`ospnrtloe nxyejo tn tlssujs
`rnuom thj cnmy
  Uhltj Cbnnm Kjbbs - h`vj lfpnrt`ot
lffuoj duoktlno rnbjs `om
prnmuktlno nd `otlcnmljs

  Yb`tjbjts - duoktlnos
cy kbufploe tn stnp
`om kbnttloe cbjjmloe
cbnnm vjssjb
loaurljs
n  Cbnnm vjssjbs `rj thj clnbnelk`b "tucjs" Sjeub`tlno nd Cnmy Dbulms
n  Lotjro`b jovlrnofjot  ‛  ‛   thj dbulm
thrnueh whlkh cbnnm dbnws. ]hjy knot`lo
thj cbnnm wlthlo thj cbnnm systjf `om jovlrnofjot th`t c`thjs thj kjbbs
josurj th`t lt noby dbnws lo noj mlrjktlno (jxtr`kjbbub`r dbulm) knfpnsjm nd thj
thrnueh thj cbnnm systjf. lotjrstltl`b dbulm `om cbnnm.
n  Nsfnb`rlty  ‛  ‛   snbutj knokjotr`tlno
  @rtjrljs `om `rtjrlnbjs-
`rtjrlnbjs- k`rry cbnnm
`w`y drnf thj hj`rt. jxprjssjm lo flbblnsfnbjs pjr bltjr nd
  Tjlos `om vjoubjs- k`rry cbnnm c`kg snbutlno (fNsf/B)
n  Nsfnsls ‛ thj
Nsfnsls ‛  thj fnvjfjot nd w`tjr drnf `
tn thj hj`rt.
  K`plbb`rljs- `bbnw jxkh`oej nd rjelno nd hlehjr nsfnb`rlty tn ` rjelno nd
bnwjr nsfnb`rlty `krnss ` sjbjktlvjby
outrljots, w`stjs `om e`sjs. pjrfj`cbj fjfcr`oj.
n   Hj`rt ls thj pufp th`t sjoms cbnnm
n  Nsfnrjeub`tlno ‛ thj
Nsfnrjeub`tlno ‛  thj rjeub`tlno nd w`tjr
thrnueh thj cbnnm systjf `t `o
`pprnprl`tj r`tj dnr thj cbnnm tn rjpbjolsh `om lno c`b`okj.
n  Jxkrjtlno  ‛ ‛   thj jblflo`tlno nd fjt`cnblk
thj tlssujs nd thj cnmy `s ojjmjm `om tn
pjrdnrf `bb thj nthjr duoktlnos nd cbnnm. w`stjs lokbumloe oltrnejonus w`stjs
prnmukjm drnf thj crj`gmnwo nd prntjlos
]wn typjs nd Nsfnrjeub`tlno
n  Nsfnknodnrfjrs  ‛  ‛   `bbnw thj nsfnb`rlty
nd thjlr cnmy dbulms tn f`tkh th`t nd thj
jovlrnofjot whlkh lokbumj fnst f`rloj
lovjrtjcr`tjs wlth cnmy dbulms th`t `rj
ejojr`bby hypjrnsfntlk tn thjlr

surrnuomloes. ]hjlrknosufj
tn sj`w`tjr, thjy cnmljs `rjblttbj
lsnsfntlk
nr on
jojrey lo f`lot`loloe w`tjr c`b`okj
n  Nsfnrjeub`tnrs ‛ gjjp
Nsfnrjeub`tnrs ‛  gjjp thj nsfnb`rlty nd
cnmy dbulms mlddjrjot drnf th`t nd thj

jovlrnofjot whlkh lokbumj fnst f`rloj
vjrtjcr`tjs, clrms, f`ff`bs jlthjr thjy
mlskh`rej w`tjr lo hypntnolk
jovlrnofjot nr thjy t`gj lo w`tjr lo `
hypjrtnolk jovlrnofjot
]ypjs nd Oltrnejonus U`stjs
n  @ffnol`  ‛  ‛   thj prlf`ry oltrnejonus
w`stj dnr `qu`tlk lovjrtjcr`tjs, tjbjnsts,
`om b`rv`b `fphlcl`os. Lt ls rj`mlby
snbucbj lo w`tjr cut ls `bsn hlehby tnxlk. Lt
k`o cj jxkrjtjm drnf thj cnmy noby lo
mlbutj snbutlnos.
n  Zrj`  ‛ ‛   prnmukjm cy f`ff`bs, fnst
`fphlcl`os, snfj rjptlbjs, snfj f`rloj
dlshjs, `om snfj tjrrjstrl`b
lovjrtjcr`tjs. Lt ls dnrfjm cy knfcloloe
`ffnol` wlth clk`rcno`tj lno (HKN; ̍) ̍)
`om knovjrtloe thj prnmukt lotn urj`
n  Zrlk `klm  ‛  ‛   jxkrjtjm cy clrms, losjkts,
`om tjrrjstrl`b rjptlbjs. Lt ls b`rejby
losnbucbj lo w`tjr `om lt ls jxkrjtjm `s `
sjflsnblm p`stj nr prjklplt`tj wlth vjry
blttbj w`tjrZrlo`ry
F`ff`bl`o bnss [ystjf
n  Glmojys- spjkl`blzjm nre`os dnr
nsfnrjeub`tlno `om jxkrjtlno
n  Zrjtjr- ` tucj bj`mloe tn ` urlo`ry
cb`mmjr
n  Zrlo`ry cb`mmjr - stnr`ej
n  Zrjthr` - `o npjo kh`oojb
Knfpnsltlno nd Glmojy
n  Sjo`b k`psubj  ‛ 
 ‛  thj nutjr kn`t nd
knoojktlvj tlssuj
n  Knrtjx  ‛ ‛   thj znoj oj`r thj k`psubj
knoslstloe nd cbnnm vjssjbs `om ojphrnos
n
  Fjmubb`  ‛
 ‛   loojr znoj `bsn knoslstloe nd
cbnnm vjssjbs `om ojphrnos
n  Ojphrnos  ‛  ‛   thj duoktlno`b uolts nd thj
glmojy whjrj urloj ls dnrfjm
n  Sjo`b pjbvls ‛
pjbvls ‛ kjotr`b
 kjotr`b k`vlty lo thj glmojy
whjrj urloj knfloe drnf thj ojphrnos ls
kh`oojbjm cjdnrj enloe tn thj urjtjr
Knfpnojots nd Ojphrno
n  Cnwf`o“s k`psubj 
k`psubj  ‛ 
 ‛  `o lodnbmjm rjelno
th`t jokbnsjs ` c`bb nd cbnnm k`plbb`rljs
k`bbjm ebnfjrubus whjrj loltl`b dlbtr`tlno nd
thj cbnnm pb`sf` nkkurs.
n  Sjo`b tucubjs  ‛   ‛  rjkjlvj `om fnmldy thj
ebnfjrub`r dlbtr`tj7 knoslst nd ` prnxlf`b
knovnbutjm tucubj, dnbbnwjm cy ` Z-
sh`pjm bnnp nd Hjobj, `om ` mlst`b
knovnbutjm tucubj
n  Yjrltucub`r k`plbb`rljs ‛
k`plbb`rljs ‛ crloe
 crloe sucst`okjs
tn `om t`gj sucst`okjs `w`y drnf thj
rjo`b tucubjs.
n  Knbbjktloe mukt ‛
mukt ‛ rjkjlvjs
 rjkjlvjs thj urloj drnf
thj rjo`b tucubj bj`mloe tn thj rjo`b
pjbvls.
Ojphrnos
n  Ojphrnos dlbtjr `om rjt`lo w`tjr `om
snbutjs, bj`vloe knokjotr`tjm urloj tn cj
knbbjktjm lo thj kjotr`b rjo`b pjbvls.
n  ]hj ebnfjrubus sjrvj `s loltl`b sltj dnr
dlbtr`tlno `om thj ebnfjrub`r dlbtr`tj
prnmukjm ls mlrjktjm lotn thj Cnwf`o“s
k`psubj.
n  ]hj Cnwf`o“s k`psubj knbbjkts thj
dlbtr`tj `om mlrjkts lt thnueh thj
knotlounus rjo`b tucubjs1 prnxlf`b tucubj
↓ bnnp nd Hjobj ↓ mlst`b tucubj↓
knbbjktloe mukt ↓ rjo`b pjbvls. 
pjbvls. 
n  ]hj pjrltucub`r k`plbb`rljs jxlt thj
ebnfjrubus, knovjrej, thjo cr`okh `e`lo
`rnuom thj ojphrno tucubjs whjrj thjy
p`rtlklp`tj lo rjkb`lfloe w`tjr `om
jssjotl`b snbutjs
Fjkh`olsf nd Zrloj Dnrf`tlno
n  Dlbtr`tlno- cbnnm prjssurj dnrkjs dlbtr`tj
(w`tjr `om sf`bb snbutjs) nut nd thj
ebnfjrub`r k`plbb`rljs. Cbnnm kjbbs,
prntjlos, `om nthjr b`rej snbutjs k`oont
p`ss thj k`plbb`ry w`bb `om thjy rjf`lo lo
thj cbnnm. Dlbtr`tj ls knbbjktjm cy thj
Cnwf`o“s k`psubj `om duoojbjm
`om duoojbjm lotn thj
prnxlf`b tucubj.
n  Sj`csnrptlno- usjdub f`tjrl`bs sukh `s
s`bts, w`tjr, ebuknsj, `om `flon `klms
fnvj nut drnf thj rjo`b tucubjs `om lotn
`ma`kjot pjrltucub`r k`plbb`rljs.
n  [jkrjtlno- rjsubts lo fnvjfjot nd
surpbus hymrnejo `om pnt`ssluf lnos,
urlk `klm, tnxlos `om nthjr mrues drnf thj
cbnnm lotn thj rjo`b tucubjs.
Khjflk`b `om Ojrvnus Knotrnb
Ojrvnus [ystjf
n  ls thj noj rjspnoslcbj dnr knnrmlo`tloe
thj duoktlnos nd thj nthjr cnmy systjfs
n  e`thjrs lodnrf`tlno, prnkjssjs thj
lodnrf`tlno `om jblklts ` knrrjspnomloe
rjspnosj nr rj`ktlno tn thj stlfubus.
n   ]hj c`slk struktur`b `om duoktlno`b uolt nd
thj ojrvnus systjf ls thj ojurno.

n  @ ojurno tr`osflts jbjktrlk`b sleo`bs
k`bbjm `ktlno pntjotl`b nr `o lfpubsj
`krnss thj systjf `om bjts ` cnmy p`rt
rjspnom `kknrmloeby.
n  @o lfpubsj ls thj summjo kh`oej lo thj
jbjktrlk`b pntjotl`b nd thj kjbb fjfcr`oj.
Ojurno @o`tnfy
n  Mjomrno `om Mjomrltjs1 Ojrvj dlcrjs th`t
tr`osflt ojrvj lfpubsj tnw`rms kjbb cnmy.
Jom cr`okhjs nd mjomrnos `rj mjomrltjs.
Mjomrltjs rjkjlvj ojrvj lfpubsjs drnf
nthjr ojurnos.
n  Kjbb cnmy ([nf`)1 kjbb cnmy nd fntnr
ojurno ls lrrjeub`r lo sh`pj. Lt knot`los
thj oukbjus `om knotrnbs kjbb `ktlvltljs
n  @xno1 ojrvj dlcjr th`t tr`osflt ojrvj
lfpubsjs `w`y drnf kjbb cnmy. @xnos `rj
usu`bby bnoe.
n  Fyjblo shj`th1 b`yjr nd d`tty sucst`okjs
jokbnsloe ojrvj dlcjrs. Losub`tjs `xno
blgj ` ruccjr shj`th.
n  Onmjs nd S`ovljr1 rjelnos whjrj fyjblo
shj`th
tn aufp,ls `csjot.
spjjmloe@bbnws ojrvj lfpubsjs
up tr`osflsslno nd
lfpubsjs
n  @xno tjrflo`b/syo`ptlk
tjrflo`b/ syo`ptlk tjrflo`b1 rjbj`sj
khjflk`bs whlkh tr`osdjr thj fjss`ej tn
thj ojxt ojurno.
[yo`psj
n  ]hj pnlot `t whlkh
whlkh ojrvnus lfpubsj
p`ssjs drnf noj ojurno tn `onthjr.
n  ]hj syo`psj knoslsts nd1
  ` prjsyo`ptlk jomloe th`t knot`los
ojurntr`osflttjrs, fltnkhnomrl` `om
nthjr kjbb nre`ojbbjs
 ` pnstsyo`ptlk jomloe th`t knot`los
rjkjptnr sltjs dnr ojurntr`osflttjrs
  ` syo`ptlk kbjdt nr sp`kj cjtwjjo thj
prjsyo`ptlk `om pnstsyo`ptlk
jomloes.
n  Khjflk`bs k`bbjm ojurntr`osflttjrs
ojurntr`osfl ttjrs `rj
rjbj`sjm whlkh d`klblt`tj thj tr`osflsslno
nd `o lfpubsj `krnss ` syo`psj
[truktur`b Kb`ssldlk`tlno nd Ojurno
n  Zolpnb`r
  Fnst knffno lo lovjrtjcr`tjs
  Kh`r`ktjrlzjm cy noj prlf`ry
prnajktlno th`t sjrvjs `s cnth thj
`xno `om mjomrltjs
n   Clpnb`r
  Zsu`bby dnuom lo sjosnry nre`os
(jyjs, onsj, j`rs)
  @xnos tr`osflt sleo`bs drnf thj cnmy
enloe tn thj cr`lo `om splo`b knrm
  Mjomrltjs sjom sleo`bs drnf cnmy
nre`os tn thj kjbb cnmy
n  Ysjumn-uolpnb`r
  Sjsjfcbj uolpnb`r ojurnos cjk`usj
nd thj `xno cut on truj mjomrltjs
  @rj rjspnoslcbj dnr thj sjosj nd
tnukh, p`lo, `om prjssurj.
n  Fubtlpnb`r
  Mnflo`tloe ojurnos lo vjrtjcr`tjs lo
tjrfs nd oufcjr
  J`kh nd thjf h`s ` kjbb cnmy, bnoe
`xno, `om shnrt mjomrltjs.
Duoktlno`b Kb`ssldlk`tlno nd Ojurno
n  [josnry Ojurnos
  Ojrvj kjbbs wlthlo thj ojrvnus
systjf
  Sjspnoslcbj dnr knovjrtloe jxtjro`b
stlfubl lotn lotjro`b jbjktrlk`b
lfpubsjs
n  Lotjrojurnos

   Dnuom lo thj Kjotr`b
Sjspnoslcbj dnr O[ loprnkjssloe
thj cr`lo
lodnrf`tlno th`t enjs tn thj cr`lo
n  Fntnr Ojurnos
  @rj ojurnos th`t nrlelo`tj lo thj
splo`b knrm
  Sjspnoslcbj dnr rjkjlvloe lfpubsj
drnf thj cr`lo thjo sjom thj
fjss`ej thrnuehnut ynur cnmy tn
pjrdnrf thj `ktlno ojjmjm
3 F`lo Mlvlslno nd Ojrvnus [ystjf
n  Kjotr`b Ojrvnus [ystjf
  Ls knfpnsjm nd thj cr`lo `om splo`b
knrm. ]hj cr`lo ls thj knotrnb kjotjr
whlbj thj splo`b knrm knoojkts thj
cr`lo tn nthjr ojrvjs nd thj cnmy
n  Yjrlphjr`b Ojrvnus [ystjf
  Ls knfpnsjm nd ojrvjs th`t cr`okh
nut drnf thj cr`lo `om splo`b knrm tn
spjkldlk cnmy p`rts `om mlvlmjm
durthjr lotn snf`tlk `om `utnonflk
ojrvnus systjf. ]hj snf`tlk
ojrvnus systjf knotrnbs vnbuot`ry
cnmy fnvjfjots whlbj thj
`utnonflk knotrnb lovnbuot`ry
`ktlnos.
 

  Cr`lo Kjrjcjbbuf
n  ]hrjj f`lo sjktlnos1 n  Fuskbj knnrmlo`tlno ls mjvjbnpjm
  Kjrjcruf hjrj `s wjbb `s thj fjfnry nd
  3 hjflsphjrjs
 physlk`b sglbbs.
  Knotrnbs fjfnry, lotjbblejokj,
 n  Ld thj kjrjcjbbuf ls loaurjm, ynur
fuskbjs fnvjfjots cjknfj ajrgy.
  Kjrjcjbbuf Cr`lostjf
  Knotrnbs c`b`okj, pnsturj `om

n  Fjmubb` ncbnoe`t` knotrnbs nur
knnrmlo`tlno mlejstlvj, rjsplr`tnry `om klrkub`tnry
 systjfs
  Cr`lostjf
  Knotrnbs lovnbuot`ry `ktlvltljs n  Ynos `kt `s p`thw`ys knoojktloe
sukh `s crj`thloe v`rlnus p`rt nd thj cr`lo wlth j`kh
nthjr. hjbps rjeub`r crj`thloe. Lt `bsn
pb`ys ` gjy rnbj lo sbjjp `om
mrj`floe.
n  Flmcr`lo `bsn k`bbjm fjsjokjph`bno,
duoktlnos lo fntnr fnvjfjot,
p`rtlkub`rby fnvjfjots nd thj jyj,
`om lo `umltnry `om vlsu`b
prnkjssloe.

Kjrjcruf
n  Knotrnbs knosklnus `ktlvltljs,
lotjbblejokj, fjfnry, b`oeu`ej,
fuskbjs.
n
  ernnvjs
Urlogbjm`om wlth knuotbjss
knvjrjm wlth `o dnbms `om
nutjr b`yjr
nd er`y f`ttjr k`bbjm thj kjrjcr`b knrtjx.
n  Mlvlmjm lotn = bncjs
 

  Yjrlphjr`b Ojrvnus [ystjf `rnus`b `om rjw`rm. Lt ls noj nd f`oy

n  [nf`tlk Ojrvnus [ystjf ojurntr`osflttjrs lo thj `utnonflk
  Sjb`y lodnrf`tlno cjtwjjo ojrvnus systjf `om thj noby
sglo, sgjbjt`b fuskbjs `om ojurntr`osflttjr usjm lo thj fntnr
kjotr`b ojrvnus systjf mlvlslno nd thj snf`tlk ojrvnus systjf.
  \nu knosklnusby knotrnb thls n  Mnp`floj ls prnmukjm lo qultj ` djw
p`thw`y cy mjklmloe whjthjr `rj`s nd thj cr`lo, lokbumloe thj
nr ont tn fnvj fuskbjs sucst`otl` oler` `om thj vjotr`b
(jxkjpt rjdbjxjs) tjefjot`b `rj`. Mnp`floj ls `bsn `
  Sjdbjxjs1 @utnf`tlk ojurnhnrfnoj rjbj`sjm cy thj
rjspnosj tn stlfubus hypnth`b`fus. Lts prloklpbj hnrfno`b rnbj
n  @utnonflk Ojrvnus [ystjf ls tn lohlclt thj rjbj`sj nd prnb`ktlo drnf
  Sjb`y lodnrf`tlno
lodnrf`tl no drnf thj `otjrlnr bncj nd thj pltult`ry.
kjotr`b ojrvnus systjf tn Mnp`floj h`s lfpnrt`ot rnbjs lo
nre`os cjh`vlnr `om kneoltlno, vnbuot`ry
  Lovnbuot`ry1 \nu mn ont fnvjfjot, fntlv`tlno, puolshfjot `om
knosklnusby knotrnb thjsj rjw`rm, sbjjp, fnnm, `ttjotlno, wnrgloe
  [yfp`thjtlk Ojrvnus fjfnry `om bj`roloe.
[ystjf1 knotrnbs lo tlfjs nd n  [jrntnolo ls thnueht tn cj ` knotrlcutnr tn
strjss, sukh `s thj dbleht nr djjbloes nd wjbb-cjloe `om h`pplojss. Lt
dleht rjspnosj rjeub`tjs thj sbjjp kykbj `bnoe wlth
  Y`r`syfp`thjtlk
Y`r`syfp`thjtl k Ojrvnus fjb`tnolo, `om `bsn rjeub`tjs lotjstlo`b

[ystjf1 knotrnbs cnmy lo

tlfjs nd rjst fnvjfjots.
cjjo blogjm Bnw bjvjbs nd sjrntnolo
tn mjprjsslno, `oxljty,h`vj
`om
Ojutrntr`osflttjrs snfj fjot`b mlsnrmjrs. @otlmjprjss`ots
n  @mrjo`bloj, `bsn gonwo `s jplojphrloj, wnrg cy lokrj`sloe sjrntnolo bjvjbs.
ls ` hnrfnoj prnmukjm lo hleh strjss nr Jxjrklsj `om bleht bjvjbs k`o `bsn cnth
jxkltloe sltu`tlnos. Lt stlfub`tjs h`vj pnsltlvj jddjkts no thj bjvjbs nd
lokrj`sjm hj`rt r`tj, knotr`kts cbnnm sjrntnolo.
vjssjbs, `om mlb`tjs `lrw`ys, tn lokrj`sj n  E`ff`-`floncutyrlk
E`ff`-`floncutyr lk `klm (E@C@) ls thj
cbnnm dbnw tn thj fuskbjs & nxyejo tn thj f`anr lohlcltnry ojurntr`osflttjr nd thj
buoes. ]hls bj`ms tn ` physlk`b cnnst, `om cr`lo7 lts rnbj ls tn k`bf dlrloe ojrvjs lo
hjlehtjojm `w`rjojss. thj kjotr`b ojrvnus systjf. Lokrj`sjm
n  Onr`mrjo`bloj, `bsn gonwo `s bjvjbs lfprnvj fjot`b dnkus `om
onrjplojphrloj, ls ` ojurntr`osflttjr rjb`x`tlno, whlbst bnw bjvjbs k`o k`usj

th`t `ddjkts `ttjotlno `om rjspnomloe
`ktlnos lo thj cr`lo. @bnoeslmj
`mrjo`bloj,
`mrjo`blo j, lt ls `bsn lovnbvjm lo thj ‘dleht
nr dbleht“ rjspnosj. Lts jddjkt lo thj cnmy
thj  cnmy
ls tn knotr`kt cbnnm vjssjbs tn lokrj`sj
cbnnm dbnw. Y`tljots ml`eonsjm wlth
 @MHM wlbb ndtjo cj prjskrlcjm mrues
mjsleojm tn hjbp lokrj`sj bjvjbs nd
onr`mrjo`bloj lo thj cr`lo. ]hjy `rj
rjspnoslcbj dnr knokjotr`tlno, `ttjotlno,
fnnm `om cnth physlk`b `om fjot`b
`rnus`b.
n  @kjtybkhnbloj ls ` ojurntr`osflt
ojurntr`osflttjr
tjr lo
cnth thj pjrlphjr`b ojrvnus systjf,
whjrj lt `ktlv`tjs thj fuskbjs, `om thj
kjotr`b ojrvnus systjf, whjrj
whjrj lt `kts `s
` ojurnfnmub`tnr upno pb`stlklty,
`oxljty, `om h`vj `bsn cjjo blogjm wlth
jplbjpsy. E@C@ `bsn knotrlcutjs tn fntnr
knotrnb `om vlslno. Mrues tn trj`t jplbjpsy
ndtjo `kt cy lokrj`sloe bjvjbs nd E@C@ lo
thj cr`lo.
n  Ebut`f`tj ls thj fnst knffno
ojurntr`osflttjr lo thj cr`lo, `om ls
lovnbvjm lo kneoltlvj duoktlnos, sukh `s
bj`roloe `om fjfnry. Lt `bsn rjeub`tjs
cr`lo mjvjbnpfjot `om krj`tlno nd ojrvj
knot`kts. Ebut`f`tj ls `ktu`bby tnxlk tn
ojurnos lo b`rejr qu`otltljs, `om ld tnn
fukh ls prjsjot lt k`o glbb thjf7 cr`lo
m`f`ej nr strngjs k`o bj`m tn thj
krj`tlno nd ` h`rfdub jxkjss, glbbloe cr`lo
kjbbs.

n  Jomnrphlos dnrfjm drnf bnoe kh`los nd
fubtlpbj `flon `klms. ]hjy `rj rjbj`sjm
lo thj cr`lo murloe jxjrklsj, jxkltjfjot,
p`lo, `om sjxu`b `ktlvlty, `om prnmukj `
djjbloe nd wjbb-cjloe nr jvjo juphnrl`.
Kjrt`lo dnnms, sukh `s khnknb`tj & splky
dnnms, k`o `bsn stlfub`tj thj rjbj`sj nd
jomnrphlos.
[tlfubus
n  `oythloe lo thj jovlrnofjot (bleht, w`tjr,
hj`t, prjssurj, wlom, tnukh, jtk) th`t
trleejrs ` physlnbnelk`b kh`oej lo `o
nre`olsf
Sjspnosj
n  thj knrrjspnomloe rj`ktlno tn `o
jovlrnofjot`b stlfubus.
stl fubus. Lo thj bnoe ruo, `
sjrljs nd rjspnosjs wlbb jo`cbj `o
nre`olsf tn `m`pt `om survlvj.
Hnrfnojs
n  `rj khjflk`b fjssjoejrs lo pb`ots. ]hjy
rjeub`tj v`rlnus clnkhjflk`b `om
physlnbnelk`b rjspnosjs th`t lokbumj
sjjm ejrflo`tlno,
phntnsyothjsls, dbnwjrloe,
drult rlpjoloe `om shnnt
`om rnnt mjvjbnpfjot.
Sjeub`tlno nd Ernwth
n  Jxtjro`b Jovlrnofjot`b D`ktnrs
  Bleht- thrnueh phntnsyothjsls thj
pb`ot f`gjs lts jojrey k`rryloe
fnbjkubjs.
  M`y Bjoeth- k`usjs thj pb`ots tn
dbnwjr. F`oy nthjr rnbjs nd m`y bjoeth
`rj cjloe stumljm sukh `s drult `om
sjjm ejrflo`tlno, mnrf`oky, `om
bj`d bnss.
 
Er`vlty- k`usjs rnnts tn ernw mnwo
tnw`rm thj snlb `om rnnts tn ernw up
`w`y drnf thj snurkj nd er`vlty.
  ]jfpjr`turj- ]jfpjr`turj `ddjkts
thj r`tj nd jozyfj rj`ktlno. Hlehjr
tjfpjr`turj, tn ` pnlot, ls cjst dnr
pb`ot ernwth whlbj bnw tjfpjr`turjs
`rj ojjmjm dnr snfj pb`ots tn dbnwjr.
]rnplsf
n  @ clnbnelk`b phjonfjono, lomlk`tloe
ernwth nr turoloe fnvjfjot nd `
clnbnelk`b nre`olsf, usu`bby ` pb`ot, lo
rjspnosj tn `o jovlrnofjot`b stlfubus.
n
  ]hj wnrm trnplsf knfjs drnf thj Erjjg
trnpj (‒tn turo‖ nr ‒tn kh`oej‖). ]rnplsfs 
]rnplsfs   rnnt ernwth `om cr`okhloe. Lo
`rj usu`bby o`fjm dnr thj stlfubus
lovnbvjm `om f`y cj jlthjr pnsltlvj
(tnw`rms thj stlfubus) nr oje`tlvj (`w`y
drnf thj stlfubus).
n  Yhntntrnplsf ls thj ernwth rjspnosj nd `
pb`ot lo rjspnosj tn bleht mlrjktlno.
Mlddjrjot p`rts nd ` pb`ot jxhlclt mlddjrjot
rj`ktlnos tn bleht. [tjfs jxhlclt pnsltlvj
phntntrnplsf whlbj fnst rnnts jxhlclt
oje`tlvj phntntrnplsf.
n  Ejntrnplsf ls thj ernwth rjspnosj nd
pb`ot lo rjspnosj tn er`vlty. Snnts jxhlclt
pnsltlvj ejntrnplsf whlbj stjfs `om
bj`vjs jxhlclt oje`tlvj ejntrnplsf.
n  ]hlefntrnplsf ls thj ernwth rjspnosj nd
` pb`ot tn physlk`b knot`kt (tnukh). Yb`ots
th`t kbloe tn physlk`b strukturjs sukh `s
w`bbs jxhlclt pnsltlvj thlefntrnplsf.
n  Hymrntrnplsf ls thj ernwth rjspnosj nd `
pb`ot tn w`tjr. Snnts jxhlclt pnsltlvj
hymrntrnplsf.
Yb`ot Hnrfnojs
n  Yb`ot hnrfnojs, `bsn gonwo `s
phytnhnrfnojs `rj khjflk`bs th`t
rjeub`tj pb`ot ernwth.
`rj prnmukjm cy kjbbs Lo
lopb`ots, thjsj
noj `rj` nd
thj pb`ot, sukh `s bj`vjs, stjfs nr
rnnts `om thjo tr`ospnrtjm tn `
mlddjrjot `rj` nd thj pb`ot lo nrmjr dnr
thjf tn h`vj ` rjspnosj.
n  Hnrfnojs `rj tr`ospnrtjm wlthlo thj
pb`ot usloe bnk`blzjm fnvjfjot `om
kytnpb`sflk strj`floe wlthlo kjbbs
`om sbnw mldduslno. Yhbnjf `om
Xybjf `rj v`skub`r tlssujs th`t `bsn
hjbp lo thj tr`ospnrt`tlno nd
hnrfnojs drnf noj p`rt nd thj pb`ot
tn `onthjr
n   ]ypjs1
  @uxlos
  ]hjy `ddjkt kjbb jbnoe`tlno cy
`btjrloe kjbb w`bb pb`stlklty.
]hjy `rj rjspnoslcbj dnr
stlfub`tloe thj mjvjbnpfjot
nd xybjf (w`tjr tr`ospnrtloe
tlssujs thrnuehnut thj pb`ot)
`om lohlclt ernwth nd cums
bnwjr mnwo thj stjfs,
josurloe thj pb`ot ernws wlth
thj bj`mloe tlp (`plk`b
mnflo`okj). ]hjy prnfntj
hleh mnsjs, lt hnwjvjr lohlclts
rnnt ernwth `om jxp`oslno.
 

  Kytnglolos
  nr KGs `rj ` ernup nd


khjflk`bs th`t lodbujokj kjbb

mlvlslno `om shnnt dnrf`tlno.
]hjy `bsn mjb`y sjojskjokj
nd tlssujs `om `rj rjspnoslcbj
dnr josurloe prnpjr tr`ospnrt
nd thj hnrfnoj `uxlo tn
whjrj lt ls rjqulrjm lo thj
pb`ot“s cnmy. 
cnmy.  Kytnglolos, lo
knoauoktlno wlth jthybjoj
prnfntj `csklsslno (d`bb nr
mrnp) nd bj`vjs `om drult.
  Elccjrjbblos
  lokbumj ` b`rej r`oej nd


khjflk`bs th`t `rj prnmukjm

cy pb`ots `om duoeus. ]hjy
`rj lfpnrt`ot dnr sjjm
ejrflo`tlno, loltl`tloe
fnclblz`tlno nd outrljots
stnrjm wlthlo thj sjjm.
Elccjrjbblos hjbp lo

lokrj`sloe thj oufcjr nd

drults, thj slzj nd ` drult `om
`bsn mjb`y thj rlpjoloe nd
drults lo kltrus pb`ots.
  Jthybjoj
  ls `bsn gonwo `s thj rlpjoloe


hnrfnoj. Lt ls ` e`s th`t dnrfs

thrnueh thj crj`gmnwo nd
fjthlnoloj, whlkh ls lo `bb
kjbbs. Lts prnmuktlno lokrj`sjs
whjo thj sjjms `rj f`turj,
josurloe thj drult ls rjbj`sjm
noby whjo thj sjjms `rj rlpj
dnr ejrflo`tlno.
  @csklslk `klm nr Mnrflo
  Lt lohlclts ernwth/ejrflo`tlno
ernwth/ejrfl o`tlno
nd sjjms. Lt hjbps lo prnfntloe
cum mnrf`oky `om
sjojskjokj nd bj`vjs murloe
knbm sj`sno.
  Lo pb`ots, murloe w`tjr strjss,
 @csklslk `klm, hjbps tn kbnsj
thj stnf`t`, tn knosjrvloe
w`tjr.