(5) > VOutput result will vary considerably, when the body is modeled with fine mesh when

compared to body modeled with course mesh.

60
In finite difference method, the governing diferential equation of the phenomenon
| = 6.66 must be known whercas finite element method does not require to express fuly.

(4) ’ = 0 f.26. APPLICATIONS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIs

The finite element can be used to analyse both structural and non-structural problems.

-3.05 In structural problerns, displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By using these
displacement solutions, stress and strain in each element can be caculated.
Result: =-3.05
Typical structural probems include:
X, = 6.66
= -2.77
1. Stress analysis including truss and frame analysis.
Checklng: Substituting x, X, and x, values in equation (1) or (2) or (3), 2. Stress concentratioa problems typically associated with holes, fillets or other
changes in geometry in a body.
2x, +4x, +2xy = IS
3. Buckling analysis: Example: Connecting rod subjected to axial compression.
’ 2(-3.05) + 4(6.66) + 2(-2.77) = 15
4. Vibration analysis: Example: A beam subjected to different ypes of loading.
So, our answer is correct.
In non-structural problems, temperature or fluid pressure at each nodal point is obtained.
1.24. ADVANTAGES OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD By using these values, properties suchas heat flow, fluid flow, etc., for esch element can be
calculated.
I. One of the major advantages of FEM over other approximate methods is the fact that
FEM can handle iregular geometry in aconvenient manner. Non-structural problems include:
2. It handles general load conditions without difficulty. 1. Heat transfer analysis.
3. Non-homogeneous materials can be handled easily.
4. Allthe various types of boundary conditions are handled. Example: Steady state thermal analysis on composite cylinder.
5. Dynamic effects are included. 2. Fluid flow analyss.
6. Vary tho size of the elements to make it possible for using small elements where Example: Fluid flow through pipes.
necessary. 3. Distribution of electric or magnetic potential.
7. Higher order elements may be implemented.
8. Altering the element model with different loads, boundary conditions and other Bxample: Modeling of electromagnetic field of motor.
changes in the model can be done easity and cheaply. Recently finite clement analysis is used in some biomechanical engineering problems
(which may include stress analysis) typicaly include analysis of human spine, skul, hip
joints, heart, eye, elc,
1,25. DISADVANTAGES OF FEM
V It requires a digital computer and fairly extensive software.
trequires longer execution time comparedwith finite difference method.
L.144 Flnite Element Analysis Introduction
L43
8. State the three phases offnlte element mehod
1.27. TWO MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. State the methods ofEngineering analysis. The three phases are: I. Preprocessing
There are three methods of Engineering analysis. They are: 2. Analysis.
J. Experimental methods. 3. Postprocessing.
2. Analytical methods. 9. What is structwral and non-structural problems?
3. Numerical methods or approximate methods. Structural problems: In structural problems, displacement at cach nodal point is
obtained. By using these displacement solutions, stress and strain in each element can be
2. What is meant byfinte element?
calculated.
Asmall unit having definite shape of geometry and nodes is called finite element.
Non-strmctural problens: In non-structhural problems, temperatures or fluid pressure at
3. What is neant by finte element analysis? cach nodal point is obtained. By using these values, propertics such as heat flow, fuid
Finite element method is a numerical method for solving problems of Engineering and flow, etc., for each element can be caBculated.
Mathematical physics. 10. What are the methods are generaly associated with the finite element anatysis?
In the finite element method, instead of solving the problem for the entire body in one
The following two methods are generally associated with the finite element analysis.
operation, we formulate the equations for each finite elemeat and combine them to
obtain the solution of the whole body. They are:
4. Give examples for the fnite element. () Force method.
1. One dinensional elements: (a) Truss elements. (if) Displacement or stiffoess method.
(5) Bar, Beam elements. l1. Explainforce method and sifness imethodt
2. Two limensional elements: (a) Triangular elements. In force method, internal forces are considered as the unknowns of the problem. In
(b) Rectangular clements. displacement or stiffness method, displacerments of the nodes are considered as the
unknowns of the problem. Among them two approaches, displacement method is
3. Three dimensional elements: (a) Tetrahedral elements. desirable.
(6) Hexahedral elenents. 12. Why polynomial ype of interpolation functions are mostly used in FEM?
5. What is meant by node or joint? The polynomial type of interpolation functions are mostty used due to the following
Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is interconnected with the reasons:

adjacent elements by nodal points or nodes. AI the nodes, degrees of freedom are 1. t is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
located. The forces will act only at nodes and not at any other place in the clement. 2. Ir is easy to perform differentiation or integration.
6. What is the basis offinite element method? 3. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the
Discretization is the basis of finite element method. The art of subdividing a structure polynomial.
13. Name the variational methods.
into aconvenient number of smaller components is known as discretization.
1. Ritz method.
7. What are the types of boundary conditions?
2. Rayleigh-Ritz method.
There are two types of boundary conditions. They are: 14. Name the welghted residual methods.
1. Primary boundary condition. 1. Point collocation method.
2. Secondary boundary condition. 2. Subdomain collocation method.
 Finile Element Analysis
J46| 23. What are 'h'and p' versions of finite element method
[M.E. Ana university, Dec. 2003)
3. Least squares method.
4. Galerkin's method. 'h' versions and 'p versions are used to improve the accuracy of the finite element
15. What is meant by post processing?
[M.U,, April 2001]
method.
post processing. Post
Analysis and evalation of the solution results is referred to as by
resuts displaying them in In 'h' versions, the order of polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant
processor computer programs belp the user to interpret the and the number of elements are increased.
graphical form.
In p' version, the number of elements are maintained constant and the order of
I6 What is Rayleigh-Riz method? polynomial approximation of element is increased.
Rayleigh-Ritz method is a integral approach method which is useful for solving complex nentlon the places where t is necesary lo place a node?
possible only 24. During scretiation,
structural problems, encountered in finite element analysis. This method is
ifa suitable functional is available. M.U., April 2000|
17. What is meant by discrettation and assemblage? The following places are necessary to place a node during discretization process.
is
The art of subdividing a structure into a convenient umber of smaller components (9 Concentrated load acting point.
known as discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of
(Úi) Cross-section changing point.
uniting the various elements together is called assemblage.
18. What s meant by degrees offreedom? (H) Different material interjunction point.
When the force or reaction act at nodal point, node is subjected to deformation. The (iv) Sudden change in load point.
defomation includes displacement, rotations, and/or strains. These are collectively 25. What is the diference betweem siatie and dynamic analysis? [M.U, April 2000
known as degrees offreedom.
Static anatysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as siatic
19. What is "Aspect ratio"? analysis.
Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the clement to the smallest Example: Stress analysis on a beam.
dimension. In many cases, as the aspect ratio increases, the inaccuracy of the solution
increases. The conclusion of many researches is that the aspeot ratio should be close to Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic
unity as possible. analysis.
20. What Ls truss element? (M.U, Oct. 99) Exaple: Vibration analysis problems.
The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joints, which 26. Name any four FEA softwares. [M.U., Aprit 98|
transmit only axial force to the element. I. ANSYS. 2. NASTRAN.
21. List the two advantages of post-processtng. 3. COSMOS. 4. NISA.
1. Required result can be obtained in graphical form. 27. Differentiate between global and local ares.
2. Contour diagrams can be used to understand the solution easity and quickly. Local axes are established in an element. Since it is in the element level, they change
22. Ifa displacement field in xdirection sgiven by =2*2 +4y? +6x, Determine the with the change in orientation of the elernent. The direction differs from element to
strain in x drection. element.
Ans. 2x2+4y? + 6xy Global axes are defined for the entire system. They are same in direction for all the
Strain, e 4x+6y elements even though the elements are diferently oriented.
LI43 Finite Element Anatysis Introduction
LI49
7. A cantilever beam is shown in Fig, It is subjected to an uniformBy dstributed load w,
28. Distinguish between potential energyfunction and potential energy functional. concentrated load W and momeat Mo at the free end as shown.
If a system has finite number of degrees of freedom (g 9, and ga), then the potential
energy is expressed as,
* = fg 92 and g,)
It is known as function.
Ifa system has infinite degrees of freedom, then the potential energy is expressed as, Solve the problem by using Rayeigh-Ritz method.
8. A bar fixed at one end and free at the othe end is loaded as shown in Fig. Calculate the
displacement and stresses using Reyleigh-Ritz procedure.
t is known as functional.
29. What do you mean by constiuttve law? (Dec 2007, Ana Unversity B.E (Mech)]
For a finite element, the stress-strain relations are expressed as follows:
(o} (D]{e} ...(1)
where (o} Stress
Compare the solution with exact results using one, twO and three terrns in the poly
{e} = Strain nomials.
.D) = Stress-Strain relationship matrix or
Constitutive matrix. 9. Solve the following equation using atwo parameter trial solution by:
This equation is known as constitutive law.
(a) Point collocation method.
(6) Galerkin's method.
1.28. REVIEW QUESTIONS +y = 0, 0sx sl, y(0) =)
I. List and briefly describe the general steps of the finite element method. Compare the two solutions with the cxact solution.
2. Explain the following: () Natural discretization. 10. Determine a two parameter solution of the following using the Galerkin's method and
() Artificial discretization. compare it with the exact solution.
3. Explain the discretization prOcess.
dx?
4. Explain the following: () Variational approach.
(i) Weighted residual methods. u(0) 0, u(1) = 0 DD

5. List the advantages, disadvantages and applications of FEM.

6. Use the Rayleigh-Ritz method to find the displacement of the midpoint of the rod shown
in Fig

per unil vollume, pg=1

Booy force
A1
 Expanding the determinant and simplifying gives, 3. Define Traction force (T).
Traction force is defined as a distributed force acting on the surface of the body.
m
Unit: Force per unit area.
Which will be treated as a cubic equation in the unkaown ². Setting u² the Examples: Frictional resistance, viscous drag, surface shear etc.
frequency equation becomes, 4. What is Point Load (P).
a3-6.5 2+751-1)( m -0 ...(5) Point load is a force acting at a particular point which causes displacement.
which has the roots, we get, 5. What are the basic steps involved in the finite element modeling.
A, =0.1532, y= 1.2912, , =S.055 Finite element modelling consists of thefollowing:
The comesponding natural frequencies are, () Discretization of structure.

m
rad/s (i) Numbering of nodes.
6 What is iscretization?
0 = 1.1363 rad/s The art of subdividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller components is
Vm
known as discretization.
O 2.246 / m rad/s
7. What are the classification ofco-ordinaes?
Result: Natural frequencies for 3degree of freedom is, The co-ordinates are generally classified as foilows:
0, = 0.3914 m rad/s () Global co-ordinates.
(ii) Local co-ordinates.
rad/s (IH) Natural co-ordinates.
8. What is Global co-ordinates? (Ana University, Jme 2005)
rad/s The points in the entire structure are defined using co-ordinate systen is known as
global co-ordinate system.
Exanple:
2.40. TWO MARK QUESTIONS &ANSWERS Eement
i. What are the types ofloading acting on the structure?
There are thrce types of loading acting on the body. They are:
() Body force ). Node 1 5 6

() Traction force (T). Fig. One dimensional bar

(üi) Point load (P).
9. What is natural co ondinates? [Anna Universitry, Jan 2005)
2 Define body force ().
Anatural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
Abody force is a distributed forcc acting on every elemental volume of the body. dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is very
Unit: Force per unit volume. usefut in assembling of stiffness matrices.
Example: Self-weight due to gravity.
 (Ana Unhversity, Dec 2007] where, A ’ Area of the bar clement.
10. Define shape function.
E ’ Young's modulus of the bar element.
In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by
I’Length of the bar element.
the following approximate relation:
16 State the properties ofa sifhess matrix. [Anna Unversity, Jan 2006)
The properties of astiffhess matrix (K] are:
where , , and are the values ofthefield variable at the nodes and N,,N, and Ng 1. his symmetric matrix.
are the interpolation functions. 2. The sum of clenents in any column must be equal to zero.
N,, N, and N are also called shape functions because they are used to express the 3. It is an unstable element. So, the determinant is equal to zero.
geometry or shape of the element. 17. Wrte down the general flnte element equation
I. What are the characieristics of shape function? General finite element equation is,
The characteristics of shape function are as follows: (F) (K]{M)
1. The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero vahue at other nodal where, ( F) ’ Force vector [Column matrixj.
points. [K] ’ stiffness matrix [Row matrix].
2. The sum of shape function is equal to one. (u) ’ Degres of freedom (Cohumn matrix].
18 Write down thefinite element equationfor one dimensional two noded bar element.
12. Why polynomials are generally used as shapefunction? The finite element equation for one dimensional two noded bar element is,
Polynomials are generally used as shape function due to the following reasons.
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
2. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the 19. Whd is truss?
polynomial.
Atruss is defined as astructure, made up of several bars, riveted or wekded together.
3. h is easy to formlate and computerize the finite element equations. 20. Siatethe assunptlons are madeihile finding the forces in atruss.
13. How do you calewlate the size of the global stifhess matrix? The following assumptions are made while finding the forces in a truss.
of freedom () All the members are pin jointed.
Global stiffness matrix size Number of podes xDegrees
per node () The tuss is loaded only at the joints.
4. Give the general eypression for element stifiness matric. (ti) The self-weight of the members are neglected unless stated.
21. Write down the expression ofsifaess matrbxfor a trus element.
-2 -bn
Stiffness matrix, [ K] = fBT (DJ[B]d" - Lm
Súffhess matrix, [K] = -p -ln Im
where, [B) ’ Strain displacement matrix (Row matrix].
-Im - Im m
(D]’ Stress, strain relationship matrix [Row matrix]. where, A ’ Area
15. Write doven the expression ofsatfness matrix for one dimensional bar elensent E ’ Young's modulus
[Anna Untversity, Jan 2000) i, ’Length of the element
Sithes marix (K] I,m ’ Direction cosines
 2.314 Fintte Element Analysis One-Dimensional Problems
2.315
22, Write down the expression of shape functiom N and displacement u for one Example: A bar is subjected to axial load as shown in Fig.
imensional bar element. (Anna Untversity, Jan 2005)
For one dimensional bar element,
Displacement function, u N, +N
du
where, Shapefunction, N, = EAP
de

Shape functiön, N, $
23. Define total potential energy.
The total potential energy z of an clastic body, is defined as the sum of total strain
Ih this problem, Displacement at node ]=0, th¡t is primary boundary condition.
energy Uand the potential energy of the cxternal forces, (W). EA dx P, that is secondary boundary condition.
Total potential ener9, * = Strain energY (0)]the S Potential energy of 28. What are the differences between boundary value problem and initial value problem
external forces (W)J (Anna University, Jhne 2005]
24. State the principle of minimum potental energy. (Ana Untversity. Dec 2007] The solution of differential cquation is obtained for physical problems which satisfies
The principle of minimum potential energy states: Among all the displacement equations some specified conditions known as boundary conditions.
that satisfy intermal compatibility and the boundary conditions, those that also satisfy the The differential cquation together with these boundary conditions, subjected to a
equations of equilibrium make the potential energy a minimum in a stable system. boundary vaBue problem.
25. What is the stationary property of total potential energy. The differential equation together with initial conditions subjected to an initiaB value
problem.
Ifa body is in equilibrium, its total potential energy is stationary.
Examples: Boundary value problem.
For stable equilibrium, 8x >0,otherwise n is minimun for stable equilibriun. 3-al) dy - b(r)y - c(r) 0
dx
For neutral equilibrium, 82x =0. In this case x is unchanging
With boundary conditions, y(m) - a and
For unstabie equilibrium, 82x <0, otherwise x is maximum.
26. Stale the principles of virtual work. Ama University, Dec 2006] Initial value problem, ax2+ br+c = 0
A body is in equilibrium if the internal virtual work equals the extermal virtual work for Boundary conditions: x(0) = 0
every kinenatical ly admissible displacement fickd. r(0) = 7
27. Distinguish between essential boundary conditions and natural boundary conditions. 29. Define heat transfer. (Anna University, Jhune 2005)
Heat transfer can be defined as the tramsmission of energy from one region to another
[Ama Untversity, Dec 2006] region due to temperature difference.
There are two types of boundary conditions. They are: 30. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for one dimensional heat conduction
1. Primary boundary condition (or) Essential boundary condition: element.

The boundary condition which in terms of field variable is known as primary boundary Sifhes matrix (K) T
condition.,

2. Secondary boundary condition or Natural boundary condition: where, A ’ Area of the element, m
The boundary conditions which are in the differential form of field variables is known as k ’ Thermal conductivity of the clement, Wimk
secondary boundary condition. I’ Length of the element, m
31. Write down the epresion of shape function N and temperaturefunction, Tfor one 37. Define magnlflcation factor.
dimensional heat conduction element.
For one dimensional heat conduction element, The ratio of the maximum displacement of the forced vibration (o) to the statie
deflection under dhe static force (X) is known as magnification factor.
Temperaure function, T N,T, +N, T,
38. Write down the epression oflomgindinal vilbration ofbar element.
where, Shape function, N, Free vibration cquation for axial vibration of bar efement is,
Shape function, N, (K] (u) a?(m}(u)
32. Wrte down the finite element equation for one dinensional heat conducton with free Where, w - displacenent
end convection.
[K] = stiffness matrix
Finite element equation for one dimensionat heat conduction with free end comvection i
given by,

@- Natural frequency
where, A - Area of the element, m [m} - Mass Matrix
k - Thermal conductivity of the element, W/mK 07
I- Length of the element, m i. Lumped[m)
h - Heat transfer coefficient, Wm'K
T, - Fluid temperature, K Consistent [m}
T - Surface temperature, K
33. Defnefrequency of vibration. 39. Write down the expresion efgoverning equation for free axial vibration of rod.
The goverming equation for free axial vibration of arod is given by,
It is the nunber ofcycles described in one second. Unit is Hz
34. Define Damping ratio. AE pA a?
It is defined the ratio of actual damping coefficient (C) to the critical danping Where, E - Young's modulus,
coefficient (C). A - CrosS-Sectional area

. Damping ratio [ = p- Density

40. Wrte down the expression of governing equation for transverse vibration of beamm
35. What is meant by longitudinal vibrations? Tbe goverming equation for free transverse vibration of a beam is,
When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the shaft, then the - 0
vibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations.
36 What is meanu by transverse vibrations? Where, E - Young's modulus
When the particles of the shaft or disc move approximately perpendicular to the axis of I- Moment of inertia
the shaft, then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations. p- Density
A - Cross-sectional area.
2.318 Finite Element Anabsis One-Dimensional Problems
2319
41. Wriie downthe expression oftranSverse vibration of beam element. 46 What are methods ased for solving transientvibration problems?
Free vibration equation for transverse vibration of beam element is, There are two methods for solving transient vibration problems. They are:
Mode superposition method
[K] (u) [m}(u}
Where, .[K) Stiffness matrix for beam element Y Direct integration method.
2 6L -12 6L"
6L 4L 6L 2 L2 241. PROBLEMS FOR PRACTIEE
L: -12 6L 12 6L 1. For the vertical bar shown in Fig(), find the deflection at Aand the stress distribution.
6L 2L 6L 4 L2J Use E= 150 MPa and weight per unit vohme 0.05 Nem.
[m) = Mass matrix, Ame 2000 cm
156 22L 54 -13 L
pAL 22 L 4L? 13L 3L2
420 54 13 L 156 -22 L |for consistent mass matrix.
L-i3L -3L2 -22 L 4L2J N 1000om

000 0
(m] 2 for lumped mass matrix.
LO 0 0 0 Flg.()
2. Consider the bar in Fig. (ü). Calculate the nodal displacements, element stresses, and
42. What are the ypes ofEigen valne problems? support reactions.
There are essentially three groups of method of sohution,
1. Determinant based methods
2. Transformation based methods 400 KN
3. Vector iteration methods

43. Stae the principle ofsuperposkion

L200 mm 200 mm 300 mmL 300 mm
k states that for linear systems, the individual responses to several disturbances or
driving functions can be superposed on each other to obtain the total response of the Fig (i)
systom.
Take A, 300 mm, A,= 500 mm, E=2x 10 Nmm².
4. Defe resonance
3. Consider the plane truss shown in Fig(i). Determino the nodal displacements, forces
When the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency of a vibrating and support reactions. Take E- 2 x 10 Nmm²; A 1500 mm.
body, the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known
s resonance.

45. Define Dynamie Analsi.

When tbe inertia cffect due to the masS of the components is also considered in addition
to the extemally applied load, then the analysis is called dynamic analysis.
 Partae rroolems

:. Substitute C value in equation (3.154), 3.165

N 4L L]
Shape functions are, N, = L(2 Li- 1)
Ng - z(2 L,- 1)
N, = L(2 L,-1)
N 4L Lg
Ng = 4LL
N 4L L Fg (). Linesr strain triangular element
4. What is 0ST element?
322TWOARKQUESTIONSANSWERS
I. How do you defne two Ten noded triangular eement is known as Quadratic Strain Triangle (QS) which is
dimensional elements? shown in Fig.(iüi). It is also caled cubic displacement triangle.
Two dimensional elenents are defined by three or more nodes in a two
dimensional
plane (.e., *, y plane). The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the
triangular element.
2 What is CST element?
Dec. 2007, Anna University)
Three noded triangular element is known Constant Strain Triangle (CST), which
shown in Fig.(i), It has six unknown displacement degrees of freedom (u V, Wy ,is 10
U Vy). The elenent is caled CST because it has a constant strain throughout it.
2

Fig. (i). Quadratie strain triangle element

S. Wha is meant by plane stress analysis?
Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stress (o) and shear
stress (t) directed perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.
Fi. 4 Consiant strain trlangular element 6 Define plane strain analysis.
Merit: Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal to the xy plane
I. Calculation of stiffess matrix is casier. and the shear strains are assumed to be zero.
Demerlt:
The strain variation within the elenent is considered as constant. So, the results 7. Write a displacement functionequationfor CST element. lAnna Untversty, Dec. 2005]
will be poor.
3. What s LST element? Anna Universty, Dec. 2007]
Six noded triangular element is known as Linear Strain Triangle (LST), which is shown Displacement function u N, 0 N, 0 NgJ
in Fig(i). h has twelve unknown displacemeat degrees of freedom. The displacement
functions for the element are quadratic instead of linear as in the CST.
where, N,, N, N, are shape functions.
 Onal Scalar Variable Problems
& Write a straln-displacenent matrix for CST
element. (Anna University, Dec. 2006]
Strain-Displacement matrix for CST element is, 2A
Cg 0 g2 0 g1 07
where, P, -%h
[B] 5A0 0 0

where, A Area of the clement

92 -;

9. Write down the stress-strain relationship matrix for 13. State the assumeptions ln the theory of pure torsion.
plane stress condition. 1. The material of the shaft is homogeneous, perfecty elastic and obeys
For plane stress problems, stress-strain relationship matrix is, Hooke's law.
2. Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft.
3. The stress does not excoed the limit of proportionality.
(D]
4. Strain and defomation are small.
where, E Young's modulus 14. Write down the finite eletnent equation for lorsional bar element.
y = Poisson's ratio
10. Write down the stress-strain relationship matrix for plane strain
condition.
For plane strain problems, Stress-strain relationship matrix is,
where, M= Torsional moment
G= Modulus of rigidity
(1-v)
(D) (1+v)(-29) 0 I-2
J Polar moment of inertia
2 I Length of the bar
lI. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional CST element
= Angle of twist
Stiffness matrix, ( K] = (B)T (DJ(B) AI
where, (B) ’ Strain-displacement matrix 15. Write down thefinite elenment equation for torsional triangular element.
(D) ’ Stress-strain matrix Ans. Finite clement equation for torsional triangular element is given by
A ’Area of the element
I ’Thickness of theelement
12. Write down the expression for the shape funci.. *s for a constant strain triangula
element.
where,F} is the force vector =
For CST element,
PIt91*t {0} = Angle of twist
Shape function, N. 2A [K] = Siffness matrix = (B (B] A

2A Where, [B] Strain-Displacement matrix

 DunenSIOnot Calar ariaote rrootems
3.169
16. Deflne Heat transfer.
Where, a, '-4}»
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one
region to another
region due to temperature difference.
17. Write down the stiffess matri eguation for one C
elenet,
dimensional heat conduction
22. Wrie down the expression for stifness matrix in two-dimenstonal heat conduction
Stiffness matrix, (K] = and covection.
Stiffness matrix for conduction,
where, A = Area of the element, m²
K Thermal conductivity, Wmk
I Length of the element, m [Kç] * 4A
18. Write down the epression of shape function, Nand
imensional heat conduction element. temperature function, Tfor one
For one imensional heat Stiffness matrix for convection,
conduction clement,
Temperature function, T = N,TtN,T T2 01
[K,}= 6
where, N, L0 I 2J Li0 2J
23. Define path line.
19. Write down the finte element equatlo for one imensional heat Apath line is defined as locs of points through which a fluid particle of fixed idertity
end comvection. conduction with free passes as it moves in space.
Finite element eqwation for one dimensional heat conduction with free end 24. Define streamline.
convection is
given by, Astreamline is an imaginary line that connects a series of points in space at a givea
instant in such a manner that all particles faling on the line at that instant have velocities
whose vectors are tangent to the line.

20. Write down the governing equation for hvo-dinensional heat conductlon. 3.23. PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Governing equation for two-dimensional heat conduction,
1. Evaluate the stiffness matrix for the CST element shown in Fig(), Assume plane stress
21. 4)+)+0-0
Write down the shape function for hro-dimensional heat
transfer.
condition. Take, =20mm, E 2 x 105 Nmm² and v =0.25.

For two-dimensional heat transfer element, (200, 300)

T= N,T, +N,T,+NT;
where, N, = 2A
2
(100, 100) (300, 100)
2A

N, = 2A Fig-()
The co-ordinates are given in units of millimeters.
 PMue Lement Analyss Tleo Dimensional Veclor Varioble Problens 4.93
We know that,
where, (K,] -f(B(D(B], d
ON, IK,] -$[B) (D), (B), du
au If Nmerical procedure will be used to evaluate the stiffness matrix. A 2x2 Gaus
ôn ôn ON, quadrature can be used to evahuate the integral of[K], and one point Gauss quadrature may
Ou Gw be used to integrate ( K}, to avoid shear locking effect.

ON, 414. TWO MARK QUESTIONS &ANSWERS

1. What is axisymmetric element? [Dec. 2007, Anna Universityl
...(4.163) Many three dimensional problems in engineering exhibit symmetry about an axis of
leJ. rotation. Such types of problems are solved by a special two dimensional element called
N as axisymmetric element.
(B] Matrix 2 What ate the conditionsfor a problem to be axisymnetric?
Take, strain-displacement matrix ((B). 1. The problem domain must be symmetric about the axis of revolution.
2. Al boundary oonditions must be symmetric about the axis of revolution.
ON, ON,
3. All loading conditions must be sym1netric about the axis of revolution.
4
(B) = ON 3. Wrhe down the displacement equation for an axisymmetrie triangular elemment.

N
N 0 N, 0 Ng 01
ON, Displacement function, u(r. z) =

x(a, ,] ...(4.I64)
4. Wrie down the shapefunctions for an acisymunetric triangular element.
Shape function, N
4.13. ELEMENT STIFFNES8S MATRIX FOR SHELL ELEMENT
General equation for the stiffness matrix, 2A

(K] $(B) (D) (B) du ...(4.165)

2A
(or) lt is convenient to divide the elemental stiffnesS matrix into two parts: (i) beading and
membrane effect and (i) transverse shear effects. This will facilitate the use of appropriate where, a ny-y2
order of numerical integration of each part.
(K] [K,]+[K,) ...(4.166)
 4.94|
Finite Element Analysis Two Dimensional Vector Varable Problems
5. Glve the 4.95
element.
Strain-Displacement matri equatlon for an axisymmetric triangular 9. Calculate the Jacobian of the transformation J for the triangular element showm in
Strain-Displacement matrix, Fig(y).
B B
1 (3. 6)
(B]=
0 0

8,
where, Co-ordinate, r -
(23) (3.3)

Co-ordinate, z =
Fig. (he)
where, a|, az a3, P, Bz. BY, Y) and y, - Refer Question no. 4 Solution: Co-ordinates: 2;
6 Wrte down the Stress-Strain relatlonship matrix for an axisymmetric trlangular
element.
r-S;

]-v
Sures-Strain elationship matrix,(D]"+v(-2v 1-y 0 J 3 +6 = 9 units
10. What are the assunpllons sed in tlhin plate element?
" The line normal to the neutral axis before bending remains straight after bending.
where, E ’ Young's modulus " The transverse shearing strains are assumed to be zero. Le., shear strains y,,, and Y..
V ’Poisson's ratio will be zero.
7. Give the stiffness matrix equation for am
axisynonetric
trianglar elemen. l1. What are the assmptions used in thick plate elenment?
Stiffness matrix, (KJ 2RrA (BÊ (D) (B)
The deflections of the plate are small.
where, co-ordinate ** Stresses normal to the mid-surface are negligible.
A ’ Area of the triangular element matrix " Nornal to the plate mid-surface before defomation remains straight but is not
(B) &(D] ’ Refer Question no. 29 &31 necessarily normal to it after deformation.
& What are the wgys ln which a
three dimensional problem can be reduced to a wo I2 What are the advantages ofshell elements?
dimensional approach?
1. Plane stress: One dimension is too small " Higher load carrying capacity.
when compared to other two dimensions.
Example: Gear- Thickness is small. " Lesser thickness and hence leser dead load.
2. Plane strain: One dimension is too large
when compared to other two imensions. " Lesser support requirement.
Example: Long pipe (Length is long compared to diameter) " Larger useful space.
3. Axisynmnetric: Geometry is symmetric about the axis.
Example: Cooling tower " Higher sesthetic value.

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4.96
Finite Element Analysis Two DBmensional Vector Variable ProblemS
13. What are the typs ofshell element? 497
" Flat shcll element 3. Calculate the element stresses for the axisymmetric element shown in Fig.(i). The nodal
Solid shell element displacemnents are:
W,0.06 mm:
"
Curved sheli element w=0.04 mm
9 Degenerated shell element =0.02 mm; W0.03 mm
14. Defne shell element. Uy 0.01 mm; W0.0l mn

A shell element is a curved surface, which by virtue of their shape can

membrane and bending forces. A shell structure can take higher withstand both
loads, membrane
stresses and predominant, which is primarily caused due to in-plane forces. 3 (0, 60)
15. What are the assunptions for thin shell theory?
" The transverse normal stress is neglected. Thus,
above assumptions reduce the three
dimensional problems in two dimensions.
As the shell deforms, the nornal to the undeforned middle surface 2
remains straight
and normal to the deformed middle surface undergo no (0, 0) (60,0)
extension.
components the direction of the nomal to the middle surface is zero.
in
Le., all strain
16. Define plate element. Fig. (b)
Take E= 200 GPa and y=0.25.
A plate is a planar structure wih a very smalt thickness in
comparison to the planar
dimensions. The forces applied on a plate are perpendicular to the plane of the plate. 4. Evaluate the temperature force vector for the axisymmetric triangular element shown in
Fig.(x). Tbe element experiences a 15°C increase in tenperature.
4.15. PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
1. The nodal co-ordinates for an axisymmetric triangular
clement are given below: (18, 18)
r,15 mm, z, 15 mm; = 25 mm, z, =15 mm; r,35 mm, z, 50 mm. 3
Determine [B] matrix for that element.
2. Determine the stiffness matrix for the element shown in
Fig(vii)

(18, 16)
3 (60, 60)

The co-ordinates are in milimeters.

Take a- 10 x 104PC, E-2x 10S Nnn; v=0.25.
(0,0) (40, 0)

Fig. (ti)
The co-ordinates shown in Fig.(vin) are in millimeters. Take E2 x 10 Nmm²
 2. Digiling lnput 6.17.2. FEA Software Packages
Many users may have scaled drawings ofa model.
3. Patern generation The rapid advances made in computer hardware and software led to significant
Entire model can be generated by simply repeating a portion of the model. developments in finite element analysis software. inite element technology including
foundations of mechanics, and numerical analysis on the one hand and the computational
4. Duplication skills in areas of software tochnology including programming echniques, data structures,
Portions of an existing model or the entire model can be translaled, rotated, mirored or database management and computer graphics on the other hand.
scaled to gencrate an other portion of the model. In the FEA for different types of problems - static, dynamic, material and goometric non
S. Reglon generatlon linear, coupled situations, heat transfer, interaction problerns, ete., and pro- and post
processing features.
This model generation technique generates nodes and elements within a region
bounded They aro following finite element analysis packages onty the names of some of the
by previously defined lines. popular packages are given below.
6. Dragging generation ABAQUS, ADINA, ANSYS, SAP, NISA, ASKA, COSMOS, GT-STRUDL, PAFEC,
Mesh generation technique is used to extrude a fixed section of elements. Dragging a line SESAM-80.
creates 2D or shell elements. In order to give the roaders an overview of the capabilities that are offered in a
commercial software package, the major features are listed below.
6.17. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSS SOFTWARE I. Element library
In the field of Engineering analysis FEA programs occupy a major 2. Analysis capabilities and range of applications.
computational activity. 3. Types of loading
A large oumber of general purpose program packages developed for stress analyss of
complex shape, material properties and boundary conditions in several arcas of engineering 4. Boundary conditions and models
design such as machine components, pressure vessel, boilers, nuclear and off-shore structure, 5. Material properties
elc.
6. Pre and post-processing
6.17.1. Structural Analysis Program 7, Interfaces with CAD/CAM systems

In general purpose, FEA program for static and dynamic analysis of linear structura! 8. Design optimization
system, the program was coded in standard FORTRAN V for operation on CDC 6400, 6600
and 7600 computers. SAP IV is anon-proprietory medium sized package and bence is widely 6.18. TWO MARK QUESTIONS &ANSWERS
used in academic and practical applications. . What bs the purpose of Lsoparametric elements. Jan 2006, Anna University]
The program SAP has nine element types and the structural systems to be It is difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edges finite elements. Alarge
analysed may
be composed of combination of these elements. The capacity of the program depends mainly number of finite elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between
on the total number of nodal points in the system, the number of cigen values neoded in the original body and the assemblage. In order to overcome this drawback, isoparametric
dynamic analysis and the main memory allocation of a master array. clements are used L.e., for probkms involving curved boundaries, a family of elements
The static analysis is continued by solving the equations of cquilibrium known as isoparametric elements" aro used.
followed by the
computation of stresses. For the dynamic analysis, the following options are available. 2. Write down the shape functions for 4 noded reciangular element sing natural co
1. Frequency calculation only. ordinate system.
2. Prequency calculations followed by response history analysis. Shapefuncsions: N(1-)(|-)
3. Frequency calculations followwed by response spectrum analysis.
4. Response history analysis by direct integration. M-}*0-)
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5.96
N, -0+)(1 *)
N, -s) (0 +n)
where, 8 and n are natural co-ordinates.
3. Wrie down the Jacobian matrix for four noded quadrilateral element.
Jacobian matrix, (J) -
where, Ji --0-n) +(0-) +(l+n)xy-(l +n)x]
Jp -|-n)y +{i -n)+(l+n)y-(l +n)yd
Jai
-0-)x,-(1 +e) x, +(1+e),+(0-e)z)
-0-c)y -(1+e)n+(l +:)y+l-)y]
where, n and [ are local co-ordinales.
X1, Xy I4,Y,oy and y, are cartesian co-ordinates.
4. Write down the stiffress matrix equatlon for four noded isoparametric quadrilateral
element.
suffhess matris, (K] = f[BPIB]x|J|x0e x&
-}-1
where, Thickness of the element
|J| = Delerminant of the Jacobian
E,n = Natural co-ordinates
(B) = Strain-Displacement,matrix
(D) - Stress-Strain relationship matrix
5. Write down the element force vector equation for fou noded quadrilateral element.
Foroe vector, {F),
where, N is the shape function.
F, is a load or force on x direction.
F, isa force on ydirection.
Finite Element Anaysis Isoparametric Formulation 57
6. Write down the Gaussian quadratuwe expresslonfor numerical integratlon.
Gaussian quadrature expression,
where, w, -’ Weight function
) ’ Values of the function at pre-determined sampling poiots.
7. Define superparametric element. [Dec. 2006, Anna Uhiversity]
If the namber of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than number of nodes
used for defining the displacements, then, it is known as superparametric element.
8. What is meant by subparametric element? [Dec. 2006, Anna University]
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than number of nodes used
for defining the displacements, then, it is known s subparametric element.
9. What is meant by Isoparametric element?
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used
for defining the displacements, then, it is known as isoparametric element.
10. Is beam element an soparametric element?
Beam element is not an isoparametric element since the geometry and displacements are
defined by different order interpolation functions.
11. What is the difference between natural co-ordinale and simple natural co-ordinate?
A natural co-ordinate is one whose value lies between zero and one.
Examples:
Area co-ordinates: L
Asimple natural co-ordinate is one whose value fies between-] and +1.
12. Give examples for essential forced or geometric) and non-essentia! (natural)
boundary conditions.
The geometric boundary conditions are displacement, slope, elc. The natural boundary
conditions are bending moment, shear force, etc.
3. What are the types of non-lineariy? [Dec. 2007, Anna University]
Types of non-linearity:
(a) Non-linearity in material behaviour from point to point.
(6) Non-linearity in loading-defornation relation.
(c) Geometric non-linearity.
(d)Change in boundary condition for ditferent loading.