Chapter (1) Nature of Light (summary)

1) Newton’s theory
• Light is consisting of very small particles called corpuscles which emitted from light source
• Different colors of light due to different size of corpuscles
 Success : this theory explains the phenomenon of (reflection – refraction – transmission)
 But cannot explain ( interference – diffraction – polarization – photoelectric effect )
2) Huygens’ wave theory
• Light is a form of longitudinal wave and different of color due to different wavelength (𝛌)
 Success : this theory explains the phenomenon of (reflection – refraction – transmission –
interference – diffraction – polarization )
 But cannot explain ( photoelectric effect )
Types of wave front :

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3) Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave theory
• light waves are electromagnetic waves which require no material medium for their
propagation. ( Light can travel through vacuum )
• ⃗E(z, t) = Eo × cos ( kz − wt )
• B
⃗ (z, t) = Bo × cos ( kz − wt )
o Eo orBo → amplitude
2π
o K → called angular wave number (K = )
λ
2π
o W→ called angular frequency (w = )
t
⃗E(z,t) Eo Erms
o C = ⃗⃗ = =
B(z,t) Bo Brms
1 1
• velocity of electromagnetic waves in any medium → v = =
√ε×μ √(ε0 εr )×(μ0 μr )
1
• velocity of electromagnetic waves in vacuum → C =
√ε0 ×μ0

o ε ∶ absolute permittivity in medium

o εo ∶ absolute permittivity in free space
ε
o εr = k ∶ relative permittivity in free space =
εo

o μ: absolute permeabilityin medium

• root mean square (RMS)
Eo
o Erms = (V/m)
√2
Bo
o Brms = (Tesla)
√2

• Light pressure
A. For black surface (total absorption)
𝐈
𝐏=
𝐂
B. For Mirror surface (total reflection)
𝟐×𝐈
𝐏=
𝐂
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𝐈 → average values of intensity (w/m2 )

The average values of intensity in light waves(𝐈) (Proof)

⃗E×B
⃗⃗
• for poynting vector → I =
μ0

E .B
∴I= → Because E And B perpendicular
μ0

𝐄 E2
∴𝐁= →I=
𝐂 C μ0

Eo 2 × (cos ( kz − wt ))2
∴ ⃗E(z, t) = Eo × cos ( kz − wt ) → ∴ I =
C μ0

Eo 2 Erms 2
✓ I= =
2 C μ0 C μ0

Second law of refraction (Snell's law ) (Proof)

𝐀𝐃
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (∅𝐢 ) 𝐁𝐃 𝐀𝐃
∴ = =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (∅𝐫 ) 𝐁𝐂 𝐁𝐂
𝐁𝐃
𝐀𝐃
∴ 𝐕𝟏 = → AD = V1 t
𝐭
𝐜
𝐀𝐃 V1 t V1 𝐧𝟏
∴ = = = 𝐜
𝐁𝐂 V2 t V2
𝐧𝟐
𝐀𝐃 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (∅𝐢 )
∴ = =
𝐁𝐂 𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (∅𝐫 )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (∅𝐢 ) 𝐧𝟐
∴ =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (∅𝐫 ) 𝐧𝟏
✓ 𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (∅𝐢 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (∅𝐫 )
c λ0 f λ0
• n= = =
v λf λ
• frequency is constant is space and in medium
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 important problems

1) The wavelength of yellow sodium light in air is 𝟓𝟖𝟗 𝐧𝐦. What is its wavelength in a
glass whose index of refraction is 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐? Find light speed in this glass.

Solution
λ0 589
a) n = → 1.52 = → λ = 387.5 ≈ 388 (nm)
λ λ
𝐜 𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖
b) 𝐧 = → 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 = → 𝐯 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 (𝐦/𝐬)
𝐯 𝐯

2) An observer at 𝟏.𝟖 𝐦 from a point light source whose power output 𝐏 is 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐖.
Calculate the rms values of the electric and magnetic fields at the position of the observer.
Assume the source radiates uniformly in all directions.
Solution
• Point source → spherical wave front (Radius =1.8m)
• μ0 → constant equal 4π × 10−7

Erms 2
I= = (w/m2 )
C μ0
Power 100
I= →I= → I = 2.456 (w/m2 )
A 4π (1.8)2
Erms 2 Erms 2
I= → 2.456 = → Erms = 30.429(V/m)
C μ0 (3 × 108 ) × (4π × 10−7 )
Erms 30.429
c= → (3 × 108 ) = → Brms = 1.014 × 10 −7 Tesla
Brms Brms

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 3) A glass has an index of refraction 𝐧 = 𝟑/𝟐. Calculate its dielectric constant (k = ε ⁄ ε0 ) .
Assume (μglass = μ0 ).

Solution

• ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12
• μ0 = 4π × 10−7

1
c √ ε0 × μ 0 εglass × μglass εglass
n= = =√ =√ = √k
v 1 ε0 × μ 0 ε0
√εglass × μglass

n = √k → k = 2.25

4) High-power lasers are used to compress gas plasmas by radiation pressure. The reflection of
a plasma is unity if its electron density is high enough. A laser generating pulses of radiation
of peak power 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐆𝐖 is focused onto 𝟏 mm2 of high-electron-density plasma. Find the
pressure exerted on the plasma.

Solution

𝟐×𝐈
𝐏=
𝐂
power 1. 5 × 109
I= = −6
= 1.5 × 1015 (w/m2 )
area (1 × 10 )

𝟐 × 𝐈 𝟐 × 𝟏. 5 × 1015
𝐏= = 𝟖
= 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 (𝐍/m2 )
𝐂 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎

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5) Radiation from the sun striking the earth has an intensity 𝟏. 𝟒 𝐤𝐖/𝐦𝟐 . Assuming that the
earth behaves like a flat disk at right angles to the sun's rays and that all the incident energy
is absorbed, calculate the force on the earth due to radiation pressure. Earth radius is 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟎
𝐤𝐦.

Solution

I 1.4 × 103 F
P= = 8
= 3 2
→ F = 5.94 × 108 (N)
C 3 × 10 π (6370 × 10 )

Chapter (2) Interference of Light (summary)

• Interference of Light → due to (combination) superposition of two or more coherent waves

to form composite wave
• Interference devices divided into two categories :
 Due to division of wave front (example → Young double slit )
 Due to division of amplitude (example →Newton's ring - Michelson interferometer)
• Conditions for interference :
 The two sources of light should be coherent :
▪ waves of equal wavelength λ
▪ same frequency
▪ same amplitude
▪ same phase (δ∅ = 0 ) or constant phase differences (δ∅ = constant ).
 The sources must be monochromatic
• Types of interference of light :
 Constructive interference
▪ The light waves are (in phase) that is (crest to crest) and (trough to trough) Due

to this will appears to be (bright)

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 ▪ condition for bright fringes (regions) , or constructive interference, the path

difference between light rays should be → ∆Z = mλ → where, m = 0, 1, 2, ..

 Destructive interference
▪ The light waves are (out of phase) that is (crest to trough) and (trough to crest)
Due to this will appears to be (dark)
▪ condition for dark fringes (regions) , or Destructive interference, the path
1
difference between light rays should be → ∆Z = ( + m) λ → where, m =
2

0, 1, 2, ..

Relation between phase difference (δ∅) and path difference (∆Z) of two coherent waves (Proof)

o ⃗⃗⃗
Y1 (z, t) = Ym × cos ( kz1 − wt )
▪ cos ( kz1 − wt ) = ∅1
o ⃗⃗⃗
Y2 (z, t) = Ym × cos ( kz2 − wt )
▪ cos ( kz2 − wt ) = ∅2
• δ∅ = ∅2 − ∅1 = ( kz2 − wt )-( kz1 − wt ) = k(z2 − z1 )

2π
δ∅ = K ∆Z = ∆Z
λ

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 Young’s double-slit experiment

Y
∆Z = d × sin θ = d × tan θ = d × ( )
D

 For bright fringes

Y
o ∆Z = d × sin θ = d × tan θ = d × ( ) = mλ → where, m = 0, 1, 2, ..
D

mλD
o Yb =
d

 For dark fringes

Y 1
o ∆Z = d × sin θ = d × tan θ = d × ( ) = (m + )λ → where, m = 0, 1, 2, ..
D 2

1
(m+ ) λD
o Yd = 2
d

 β→ distance between two adjacent maxima or minima called fringe separation

λD
o β = Ym+1 -Ym =
d

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 important problems

6) In Young’s double slit experiment, the separation of the slits is 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦𝐦 and the fringes are
observed on a screen 𝟖𝟎 𝐜𝐦 away. It is found that with a certain monochromatic source of
light, the 𝟒 𝐭𝐡 bright fringe is situated at a distance 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖 𝐦𝐦 from the central fringe.
Calculate the wavelength of the light.

Solution

mλD (4) × λ × (80 × 10-2 )

Yb = → (10.8 × 10-3 ) = -3
→ λ = 6.075 × 10-7 m = 607.5nm
d (0.18 × 10 )

7) Monochromatic green light of wavelength 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝐧𝐦 illuminates two parallel narrow slits
𝟕. 𝟕 µ𝐦 apart. Calculate the angular deviation of the 3rd order bright fringe: (i) in
radians, & (ii) in degrees.

Solution

d × sin θ 3rd = mλ → (7.7 × 10-6 ) × sin(θ° 3rd ) = 3 × (550 × 10-9 ) → θ° 3rd = 12.37 °

8) Young's experiment is performed with blue-green light of wavelength 𝟓𝟎𝟗 𝐧𝐦. The slits
are𝟏.𝟐 𝐦𝐦 apart and the screen is 𝟓. 𝟔 𝐦 from the slits. How far apart are the bright
fringes?

Solution

λD (509 × 10-9 ) × (5.6)

β= = -3
= 2.375 × 10-3 m
d (1.2 × 10 )

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9) A double slit arrangement produces interference fringes for cadmium blue line (𝛌 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎
𝐧𝐦) that are 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎° apart. What is the angular fringe separation if the entire arrangement is
immersed in water (𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑).

Solution
β
θ(angular fringe separation ) =
D

C βair θair
n= = =
V βmedium θmedium

θair 0.20°
n= → 1.33 =
θmedium θmedium

θmedium = 0.15°

Interference in Thin Films

‫• نعلم سابقا عند سقوط شعاع علي الحد الفاصل بين وسطين فان جزء من هذا الشعاع ينعكس وجزء اخر ينكسر ودائما‬
‫( اما بالنسبه للشعاع المنعكس لو جي من معامل انكسار‬in phase) ‫الشعاع الساقط والشعاع المنكسر نفس الطور يعني‬
‫( والكن لو جي من وسط بمعامل انكسار صغير لو وسط ذو‬in phase) ‫كبير لمعامل انكسار صغير برضو هيكون‬
(out of phase) ‫ درجه‬180 ‫معامل انكسار كبير عندها الشعاع المنعكس والساقط يحدث بينهم زاوية طور‬

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 Case (A)

path differnece = 2 × nf × d × cos(θr )

d → film thickness
λ
 for constructive interference → 2 × nf × d × cos(θr ) =
2

 for distructive interference → 2 × nf × d × cos(θr ) = λ

Case (B)

path differnece = 2 × nf × d × cos(θr )

d → film thickness

 for constructive interference → 2 × nf × d × cos(θr ) = λ

λ
 for distructive interference → 2 × nf × d × cos(θr ) =
2

case (A) ‫ وال ترتيبهم متلغبط تبقي‬case (B) ‫ هل ترتبهم من صغير الي كبير تبقي‬n ‫ عشان نفرق بين الحالتين السابقتين بص علي ترتيب‬
θr = 0 ‫ معناها‬normal incident ‫لو قال‬ 

important problems

10) A parallel beam of light (λ = 589.3 nm) is incident on a thin glass plate (n = 1.5) at an
angle of incidence 60 º. Calculate the smallest thickness of the glass plate, which will appear
dark in reflected light

Solution

n1 sin (∅i ) = n2 sin (∅r )

1 × sin(60) = 1.5 × sin(∅r ) → ∅r = 35.26°

for dark → 2 × nf × d × cos(θr ) = λ → 2 × 1.5 × d × cos(35.26) = 589.3 × 10-9

d = 240.5 × 10-9 m

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11) A lens is coated with a thin transparent film to minimize reflection of the red component
of white light at λ = 680 nm. The index of refraction of the film is 1.3 and that of the lens is
1.65 What minimum thickness of film is needed? Consider the case of normal incidence.

Solution

λ 680 × 10−9
for dark → 2 × nf × d × cos(θr ) = → 2 × 1.3 × d × cos(0) =
2 2
d = 130.76 nm

12) A thin coating of refractive index 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 is applied to a glass camera lens (𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟓) to

minimize the reflection of the blue light with λ = 480 nm at 30° incidence. What is the
minimum thickness of coating needed?

Solution

n1 sin (∅i ) = n2 sin (∅r )

1 × sin(30) = 1.25 × sin(∅r ) → ∅r = 23.57°

λ 480 × 10-9
for dark → 2 × nf × d × cos(θr ) = → 2 × 1.25 × d × cos(23.57) =
2 2
d = 104.73 nm

13) in costume jewelry, rhinestones made of glass with (𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟓) are often coated with
silicon monoxide (𝐧 = 𝟐) to make them more reflective. How thick should the coating be to
achieve strong reflection for 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝐧𝐦 light incident normally?

Solution

λ 560 × 10-9
for bright → 2 × nf × d × cos(θr ) = → 2 × 2 × d × cos(0) =
2 2
d = 70 × 10-9 m
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 Newton’s Rings

‫• عند وضع عدسه سطحها العلوي مستوي وسطحها‬

‫ علي سطح‬plane – convex ‫السفلي محدب‬
‫ سوف‬plane – glass plate ‫مرأة مستوية‬
‫ينحصر غشاء رقيق من الهواء بين العدسة والمرأة‬
‫( والكن غير‬d) ‫ يكون‬air film ‫• سمك هذا العشاء‬
‫ثابت والكن يبدا بأقل قيمة من نقطة التالمس يكون‬
‫السمك صفر ثم يزداد تدريجيا للخارج حتي‬
d ‫الوصول الي‬

• condition of dark ring

rm 2
o 2nf d = nf ( ) = m λ → where, m = 1, 2, ..
R

•
• condition of bright ring
rm 2 1
o 2nf d = nf ( ) = (m- ) λ → where, m = 1, 2, ..
R 2

• m → It is the arrangement of the bright or dark ring

• r → radius of ring
• R → The radius of curvature of the lens
• d → film thickness

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 important problems

14) In Newton's ring experiment a plano-convex lens is used on an optically flat glass plate
and is illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength 589.3 nm if the diameter of the
3rd dark ring is 3.2 mm find the radius of curvature of the lens.

Solution

• condition of dark ring

rm 2 (1.6×10−3 )2
o nf (
R
)=mλ→1×( R
) = (3) × (589.3 × 10−9 )

R = 1.448 m

15) In Newton's ring experiment the diameter of the 10th dark ring changed from 1.4 cm to
1.27 cm when a liquid was introduced between the lens and the plate. Calculate the
refractive index of the liquid

Solution

• condition of dark ring

rm 2
o nf ( )=mλ
R

m λR m λR
rair 2 = =
nair 1

m λR
rliq 2 =
nliq

rair 2 1.42
= nliq → nliq = = 1.215
rliq 2 1.272

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 ‫‪Michelson Interferometer‬‬

‫• مقياس ميكلسون للتداخل فكرة العمل‪ (--‬يتم ارسال شعاع ضوء "احادي الطول الموجي " (‪ )A‬الي مجزء االشعة (‪) )C‬‬
‫• يخرج شعاعين من مجزء االشعة وينتقلو اتجاه المرايا ‪M1 , M2‬‬
‫• الشعاع االول ينعكس من المرأه ‪ M1‬الي مجزء االشعة ثم ينعكس مرة اخري الي النقطة )‪ (D‬وكذلك الشعاع التاني‬
‫ينعكس من المرأه ‪ M2‬ثم الي مجزء االشعة ثم ينعكس مرة اخري الي النقطة )‪(D‬‬
‫• في النهاية يتحد الشعاعين (يتدخال) وتظهر شكل التداخل علي شكل حلقات‬
‫‪ ‬هناك نوعان من المسائل ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬بداللة المسافة التي تنتقلها المرأه المتحركه‬

‫‪2d = mλ‬‬

‫‪d → distance travelled by the movable mirror M2‬‬

‫‪m → the variation of bright or dark frings‬‬

‫‪λ → wave length of the ligth used‬‬

‫‪ .2‬يحدث اختالف في فرق المسار بين الشعاعين في صوره تغير في االطوال الموجية وذلك بسبب اختالف الطول‬
‫‪λair‬‬
‫= ‪)n‬‬ ‫الموجي للضوء عندما ينتقل في وسط ما عن عندما ينتقل في الهواء (‬
‫‪λmedium‬‬

‫‪2 × L × (n − 1) = mλ‬‬

‫‪L → is the thickness of transparent film‬‬

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