UTILIZATION OF THE MANGROVE BARK (Rhizophora Mucronata)

AS SOURCE OF INK

Triz Aivy Gem M. Laurora

Leica E. Riteral
Mariah Kate A. Caliwanagan
Jenie May G. Ibardeloza
Kale Hedi Roldan

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Research Ⅱ

Alabat Island National High School

Barangay Camagong Alabat,Quezon

June,2022

John Michael R. Ramos

Research Adviser
 Abstract

Ink is a liquid that contains a chemical composition of pigments or dyes used to transfer an
image, text or design onto a suitable surface. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, a
metal nib, a brush or a quill. Thicker inks, often in paste form, are used in letterpress and
lithographic mechanical printing, ink is also very useful for students and workers that always
use printer, pen, stamps, etc. Since we are going to use dye from the mangrove bark as the
main ingredients to make an ink, this research will determine whether mangrove bark
(Rhizophora mucronata) can be a source of ink or can turn into ink. We have one formulated
treatment for this study; 200g of water, 200g of mangrove bark, 0.20 ml of glycerine\
glycerol, 216 ml Benzalkonium chloride, 3g or 3000mg of ferrous sulfate. We will going to
test the mangrove ink by making question scale, and the respondents of the study is 30
students and will be choose over the use of random sampling, the respondents will rate the
mangrove and commercial ink by their colour , thickness, odor, cost production and
absorption. For the respondents in order to rate the ink, the scale 1-5 will be used, which 5 is
the highest rate and 1 will be the lowest rate, in this way we can determine the characteristics
and quality of the mangrove ink.

Introduction

Background of the Study

Every day there are people who use an ink as part of their life especially to students,
workers and authors. Ink is a liquid material that everyone uses for every day purpose like
writing, drawing, printing etc. it also provides different color of ink that can be used for
printing and have many uses in different way and culture around the world. Ink is also use
infountain pen ink to write a letter in the year 1890, since now that technology is advance and
can make or send a letter via messages, videos and email, the way writing letters for our love
ones is often to use here in the present. Ink is also used for tattoo, today that many people are
likely to get a tattoo especially to those who are there in early 30’s or 20’s. Ink contains
solution such as dye or pigment to color an image, text or design. Ink has its origins around
4500 years ago, and was invented by both the Egyptians and Chinese around the same time
(noissues, 2022). The ink from early were made from the blood of an animal, sap and other
different substances.But then have you ever heard or already used an ink that is made from
the extract or dye of a mangrove bark? In this study instead of using chemical pigments we
are going to use a natural dye from the extract of a mangrove bark (Rhizophora mucronata).

Ink is very important to everyone since many people use ink for different purposes,
and when you always use it there’s a possibility to quickly run out of ink and can’t find a near
store that is selling some ink. The main purpose of this study is to make an ink from the
extract or natural dye from the mangrove bark (Rhizophora mucronata) and can be an
alternative source of ink, we are going to use a mangrove bark (Rhizophora mucronata) since
our island is surrounded by the different spices of mangrove, we are going to use rhizophora
mucronota since this is the spices that are the most abundant to our locality, and we can also
Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to produce ink with Mangrove as its main ingredient. Specifically, this study aimed
to answer the following:

How can the experimental ink be described of:

1.1 Color

1.2 Thickness

Is there a significant difference between experimental ink and commercial ink in terms of:

2.1 Color 2.3 Odor

2.2 Thickness 2.4 Cost Productions

What are the implications of the study:

3.1 To the users

3.2 To the manufacturers

Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference between Mangrove bark ink and commercial ink in terms of
color.

2. There is no significant difference between Mangrove bark ink and commercial ink in terms of
texture.

3. There is no significant difference between Mangrove bark ink and commercial ink in terms of odor.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to further determine the effectiveness of Mangrove Tree as ink and its contribution
to the society as an eco-friendly ink.

This may contribute the future researchers about more information regarding Mangrove Tree, its
benefits and also for the production of inks.

Having the knowledge of the potential of It as a ink, which is useful at this time. And has a wide range
and abundant source of mangrove in the country as an archipelago. Considering that the ink that will
be produce is natural and eco-friendly.

Scope and Delimitation The study focused on the production of paper from Banana pe

Scope and Delimitation

The study focused on the production of ink from Mangrove bark. The study was conducted in
Alabat Island National High School. The researchers observed the similarities and differences
between the commercial ink and the experimental ink.

There were two set-ups. The researchers presented the two set-ups and were rated by thirty
respondents.

This study limited to describe the experimental ink in terms of its color, texture and odor, but
does not cover the evaluation of the absorption of the ink that will be produced.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined to help for a better understanding of this study.

Mangrove Bark. The skin of a mangrove. The raw materials was used to produce the
experimental ink.

Boiling. The application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas. The process to which
the bark of the Mangrove will soften and show its natural color in the water.

Grinding. To crush or break (something) into a very small pieces by rubbing it a rough surface or
using a special machine. To process to which the Mangrove bark was turn into small pieces.

Ink.  A solution that contains colorant, such as a dye or pigment. It was used as a point of comparison
to test the effectiveness of experimental ink.

Effective. Refers to how the Mangrove ink passes the standard of a commercially made ink

Benzalkonium Chloride. A non-toxic substance used to control pests. In the study, it is an additive
that prevents the Mangrove bark ink from solidifying.

Ferrous Sulfate. It is the compound responsible for the black coloration of the ink and is a
disinfectant.

Glycerin/Glycerol. Refers to the ingredient responsible for the increase in rate of extraction of
the tanning in the pigment.

CHAPTER 2

The chapter presented the researchers’ readings on literature and studies that have been
conducted in abroad which were significantly related to the study that explicated further
understanding.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Ink is usually made from natural product such as berries, barks, leaves and flowers extract, and is
used to create different colors, tea leaves is also can be an ingredients to make an ink because of
its different colors, such as yellow, green, brown or black ink.

Plants that is containing a high tannin content can be a good for making an ink. Ink has its origins
around 4500 years ago and was invented by the Egyptians and Chinese. The pigments is the dye
itself, and is what is delivered by the vessel to the paper or printing medium. Ink is typically
colored, but the very first inks used charcoal or soot from the fire as the main pigment, hence why
most of the early written works found were written in black ink. Charcoal was also a relatively
inexpensive and easy to find pigment, whereas pigments for other colors were quite rare. The
carrier (or vessel) is what the pigment is blended with in order to transfer it to the medium. While
this solution has to be some sort of liquid, oil based vessels work better for binding the pigment
to the medium. Today this is usually some sort of vegetable based oil, but in the initial days of ink
creation, the vessel was often some sort of animal fat.

There are different types of inks such as pen ink, printer ink, edible ink, tattoo ink, erasable
ink etc.

Mangroves can produced a natural dye that at can turn into an ink. Rhizophora mucronata is one
of the potential mangrove species to be used in the production of natural dye. Other than being an
important speices for the mangrove restoration project in Mangunhardjo village, surrounding
community. Yet, parts of mangrove have been known to be used as natural dye in several other
areas in Indonesia such as Papua and Takisung. Mentioned that R. mucronata is a natural tanning
agent commonly used in textile industry and can produced color variation depending on the
mordant used. A number of studies also indicate the potency of R. mucronata as dye material.
Pigments of R. mucronata is a unique potential of this species of mangrove. The pigment content

can become as asset through effective and efficient utilization, which can provide economic value
value to the community around mangrove ecosystem. dyes in Indonesian market is produced
within the country. R. mucronata with its application potential as a material for natural dye can be
found all over Indonesia(Pringgenies, D. ,Ridlo, A. ,Dewi, L. F. and Djunaedi A. 2021).We find
out that mangrove bark can produce a natural dye but not ink,but dye can turn into ink which is
dye-based ink.The dye-based inks are made from water soluble dyes, originated either from plant
extracts, or for the most important part, from the synthetic chemistry. Dye Based ink is mostly
used in inkjet printers.Dye-based inks are the standard ink type used in inkjet printers (and the
toner vs ink debate is an entirely different conversation). They consist of colorant that is fully
dissolved and suspended in liquid(by Adorama). Based on researches Dye-based inks can be also
used in pen,especially to fountain pen inks. Dye-Based ink is more affordable than other inks.
Mangroves bark can be a scource of dye,but can't be source of ink

The mangroves resources in Indonesia involve the flora, fauna, and land resources which are
needed for supporting many kinds of human needs, especially for local community living in
surrounding mangroves. For centuries, the Indonesian people have traditionally utilized
mangroves. The most significant value of mangrove utilization is the gathering of forest products,
classified into timber and non-timber products. The timber refers to poles and firewood, charcoal,
and construction materials (e.g. housing material and fishing gears); the latter include tannin,
medicines, dye, nypa thatch and shingles, nypa sap for vinegar and winemaking, and food drinks.
In general, the results of extraction from leaves, bark, and propagules show brown color with
different color density variations (Figure 4). The brown color indicates the presence of tannin
[11]. Previous studies have found that high levels of tannin produce a dense color on tea leaves
[44]. Several factors such as the extraction temperature below 100°C, the type of solvent (polar)
used for extraction, particle size, and extraction time are things that need to be taken into account
The mangroves resources in Indonesia involve the flora, fauna, and land resources which are
needed for supporting many kinds of human needs, especially for local community living in
surrounding mangroves. For centuries, the Indonesian people have traditionally utilized
mangroves. The most significant value of mangrove utilization is the gathering of forest products,
classified into timber and non-timber products. The timber refers to poles and firewood, charcoal,
and construction materials (e.g. housing material and fishing gears); the latter include tannin,
medicines, dye, nypa thatch and shingles, nypa sap for vinegar and winemaking, and food drinks.
In general, the results of extraction from leaves, bark, and propagules show brown color with
different color density variations (Figure 4). The brown color indicates the presence of tannin
[11]. Previous studies have found that high levels of tannin produce a dense color on tea leaves
[44]. Several factors such as the extraction temperature below 100°C, the type of solvent (polar)
used for extraction, particle size, and extraction time are things that need to be taken into account
in producing quality tannins [45]. Tannins are found in the bark, fruit (propagules), and leaves of
R. mucronata [46]. A natural dye extracted from mangrove bark has been applied to silk fabric
through exhaust dyeing. For the range of conditions used in the experiments, the optimum dyeing
effect was achieved at a temperature of 90 °C, 60 min dyeing time and pH of 3.

Related studies:

A,Foreign

Robbins (2010) described marker pens as pens which havetheir personal ink source and usually
has a tip made of absorbent andpressed fiber materials which first created by Sidney Rosenthal
in1952. This marker pen had been one of the commonly used writinginstruments for a round five
decades Ink, according toEncyclopedia.com (2011), is a combination of a coloring agent,pigment
and a liquid containing oils, resins and chemical solvents. Inthe past, ink was fashioned from
natural ingredients such as differentcolored juices, plant and animal extracts. But today,
syntheticmaterials are used in addition to these natural ingredients to improvethe quality of ink
making especially in its ability to absorb and stickconsistency; however, ink must have two basic
components: thepigment coloring and the vehicle, a liquid which allow the ink to bedisburse. In

addition, according to the article found in the Student’sEncyclopedia, “The ink should make a
clear permanent mark that

when dry does not fade from exposure to light or run from exposureto moisture. It should flow
freely and dry quickly when written in asurface and it must contain nothing that might damage
either the penor the paper.

Neumann’s and Schluttig’s definition of ink as cited in

Lindquist, clearly stated the properties of ink that would be helpful in having a good quality ink.
The ink must be clear, filterable solutionbut not a suspension, should flow easily from the pen
and should notspread on paper. Since the ink is natural, no mold must be seen onthe solution and
has no pronounced unpleasant odor. Likewise, itmust have an intense color which does not
become paler nor bleachout entirely as it is used in writing. Furthermore, Lindquist added
thatevery good ink, whether writing, or combined writing and copying,should have qualities that
give writing that, after drying for eightdays, is not removed by water or alcohol -- even by
treatment fordays -- to such an extent that it becomes illegible. (Lindquist,
Evan.Old Ink.n.d.<http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>.)

Conceptual Framework

The study focused on using Mangrove bark in making ink. The Mangrove bark were collected
and grind into pieces. The Mangrove bark were boiled with water to soften and show its natural
color. Strained the Mangrove bark from the boiled water. The boiled water from the mangrove
bark will be mixed with chemicals. The researchers placed thee experimental ink in a container
and can be tested after 24 hours.

The commercial ink and the experimental ink were compared in terms of color, texture
(thickness) and odor. The thirty grade-9 students from Alabat National High School were selected
and answered the given questionnairees.

Preperation of raw materials

Gathering of Mangrove Bark Selection of Commercial ink

Production of Experimental Ink Purchase of Commercial Ink

Mangrove Bark Ink Decorative ink

Comparison of Commercial and

Experimental Ink
CHAPTER 3

This chapter presented the research design, different methods and procedures that were involved
used in the study. The materials that were needed to conduct the study were also included.

Research Design

Experimental and descriptive type of research to ensure accuracy and efficiency of Mangrove.
The study determined the effectiveness of the Mangrove as experimental ink. This study also
aimed to describe the experimental ink in terms of color, thickness and odor.

The experimental design was used to test the feasibility of Mangrove in the production of ink.

The descriptive design was used to describe the color, thickness and odor of the ink made from
Mangrove by selected respondents.

The gathered data was compared statistically to determine whether there was a significant
difference existed between the commercial ink and the experimental ink.

Method of Research

The researchers prepared the ink made from Mangrove bark. The researchers selected grade-9
students from Alabat Island National High School to determine the effectiveness of the
experimental ink (Mangrove Tree). The type of sampling design that was used was random
sampling.

Sensory Evaluation

The color, texture(thickness) and odor of the ink made from Mangrove bark were described by
using sensory evaluation. These were assessed using incidental sampling procedure. The
researchers selected thirty grade-9 students from Alabat Island Naational High School depending
on their availability at the time of the trials of the products. The respondents were given a sample
of the commercial ink and experimental ink (Mangrove barkl). They were also given a
questionnaire to evaluate the color, texture(thickness) and odor.

Instruments

The instruments that were used in collecting data were the questionnaires. This method for
collecting data was used because they were the most direct way of gathering results from the
respondents. A questionnaire that consisted of a table of ratings in terms of color, texture and
odor was used for the comparison between the commercial ink and experimental ink.

Materials and Equipments

Materials and Equipments The stove and the medium pots with water were used for boiling grind
mangrove bark. A strainer was used to separate the grind mangrove bark from the boiled water

Tools

Cooking pots
Stove

Strainer

Ingredients

Mangrove bark

Water

Glycerol

Benzalkonium chloride

Ferrous sulfate

Procedure

I. Get 200 grams of mangrove bark, we can get it from grown mangrove or already destroyed
mangrove, and we can get bark with sharp materials

II.Grind the mangrove bark that we collected into pieces.

III. Boiled it with the 100ml water until it shows the natural color and turn into a dye.

IV. Strained the mangrove bark from the boiled water

V. The other substance also known as additives such, 50-100ml Benzalkonium chloride, about
10-30ml of glycerol or glycerin, 3g or 3000mg of ferrous sulfate were added to themangrove
extract. The Benzalkonium chlorides prevents the ink from drying or harden, this also allows to
soak more quickly into papers, and this also helps to stop the molds from growing into the ink.
The glycerol was also used because of its sticky or thick consistency, and it also increase the
tannin of the pigment, and the ferrous sulfate is used also to prevent the microorganisms from
growing into the ink, and responsible to the color from the mangrove bark.

VI. After mixing all the ingredients the experimental ink will be placed into a container and can
be tested after 24 hours. For testing we can put it in the syringe to transfer it to a pen container.

Statistical Treatment

t- test Independent will be employed in this study. t- test is use to compare and to know the
differences between the experimental and control group in terms of appearance, odor and texture.
Assumptions for the Independent t- test: a.) Independence: Observations within each sample must
be independent (they do not influence each other), b.) Normal Distribution: The scores in each
population must be normally distributed, c.) Homogeneity of Variance: The two populations must
have equal variances (the degree to which the distributions are spread out is approximately
equal).
The formula for t- test Independent is:

Where: 𝐗̅𝟏 is the mean for Group 1. 𝐗̅𝟐 is the mean for Group 2. 𝐧𝟏 is the number of

𝐗̅𝟐 is the mean for Group 2.

𝐧𝟏 is the number of people in Group 1.

𝐧𝟐 is the number of people in Group 2.

𝐬 𝟐𝟏 is the variance for Group 1.

𝐬 𝟐𝟐 is the variance for Group 2.

Reference

Noissue, (2022) History of Ink, (https://noissue.co.nz/blog/the-history-of-ink-beyond-the-box/)

Dewi L. F., Djunaedi A., Pringgenies D., Ridlo A. ,(2021) The Commercial Value of Mangrove-
Based Pigments as Natural Dye for Batik Textiles (February 4, 2021)
(https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75083)

Industrial Crops and Products, (2013) Silk fabric dyeing with natural dye from mangrove bark
(Rhizophora apiculata Blume) extract (August 2013)
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669013002148 )

Colini, C. (2021), Traces of ink (February 16, 2021)

(https://brill.com/view/book/9789004444805/BP000016.xml)

Cero, M.,(2017) Nara Bark Extract as Alternative Source of ink

(https://www.academia.edu/38585349/Sample_Research_Paper_Chapter )