CARPENTRY AND MASONRY

Competencies:
1. Apply the theories related to construction materials.
2. Explain the basics of wood technology and masonry.
3. Construct the different kinds of wood joints.
4. Explain the principles of mensuration and lay-out.
5. Apply the correct technique in using tools for both technologies and projects.
6. Determine the proper mixing on masonry.
7. Follow proper procedure in constructing woodwork and masonry.

I. QUICK TICKLERS

 Philippine Lumber Groups

 First Group – hard with fine grain; for furniture and cabinet making, woodcarving, musical
instruments, interior finishing, and other woodworks.
 Second Group – moderately hard and heavy with fine grain; for building construction, furniture
making, shipbuilding, and others.
 Third Group – for house construction floorings, furniture making, and some are for charcoal
making.
 Fourth Group – for cheap furniture, cabinet making, interior finishing and others.
 Dado Joint is commonly used for making cabinetwork.
 Mortise and Tenon is commonly used for tables and chairs.
 Procedure in laying out the foundations and post of a building:
1. Establish the orientation line.
2. Stake out the corners temporarily.
3. Set up a batter or reference boards.
4. Lay the sides of the building on the batter boards.
5. Square the layout lines.
6. Locate the areas for the foundations.
7. Mark the areas for excavations needed for the foundations.
 Foundation posts are anchored with iron straps and bolts in alternate directions so that the strong side
of one post will support the weakness of the other.
 Spade or Square-pointed shovel is a mixing tool used in masonry that facilitates the mixing of
aggregate at the bottom of the mixing platform.
 Crotch is a figure that develops when a tree knits a trunk to a branch or two branches together. Often
referred to as a plume or a feather.
 Bond is the term used with respect to the arrangement of bricks.
 Stretcher is the term used when the bricks are laid with its longer side exposed to view.
 Header is the term used when the bricks are laid with its end exposed.
 Mortar Types
 Type N – most often used by homeowners and is the BEST choice for general application.
 Type O – ideal for repointing and similar repair work on existing structures, due to its
consistency and ease of application.
 Type S – common choice for many below-grade applications, such as masonry foundations,
manholes, retaining walls, and sewers, as well as at-grade projects like brick patios and
walkways.
 Type M – has the highest amount of Portland cement and is recommended for heavy loads
and below-grade applications, including foundations, retaining walls, and driveways.
  Type K – rarely used for new construction but may be specified for restoration or other
specialty application.
 Concrete gradually attains its strength, and it needs water for proper hardening. The curing time is
3 to 14 days after it had been poured.

II. CARPENTRY

 Carpentry is the term commonly referring to technology and science of cutting, fitting, assembling
related materials in the construction of boats, bridges, and piers, or any other structure made from
construction materials.
 Woods are by-product of trees which are used for carpentry projects.
Types of Woods:
1. Lumber – woods that came from trees, either softwood or hardwood.
2. Yard Lumber – prepared lumber for variety of uses, either select and common grade.
3. Softwood – it comes from the evergreen or needle bearing trees. These are called
conifers because many of them bear cones.
4. Hardwood – it comes from broad leaves (deciduous) trees that shed their leaves at
the end of the season.
5. Select Grade – is lumber of good appearance that can take different finishes such as
stain, paint, and enamel.
6. Common Grade – it is suitable for rough carpentry. It is not of finishing quality (e.g.,
Coco Lumber).

Parts of a Wood:
1. Sapwood – the part the wood that is close to the bark.
2. Heartwood – the inner part of the wood which is made up of accumulated dead cells.
3. Cambium Layer – a thin layer that divides the inner part of the wood and the bark.

 Typically, lumber has defects.

Lumber Defects:
1. Split or Check – is a length separation of the wood along the grain like small crack or
split.
2. Knot – is a branch or limb of a tree that has been exposed when the log is cut.
3. Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains resinous materials (usually attracts ants).
4. Stain – discoloration of the wood surface.
5. Shake – separation between the annual growth rings.

 Unit of Measurement of Wood is the Board Feet.

IxW x L
12

I x W x L'} over {144 ¿

Example: How many board feet are there in 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ lumber?
Answer: 56 bd. Ft.

How much will Mr. Smith pay if he purchases 14 pieces of 2” x 2” x 10’ of lumber and the price per
board is Php 12.50?
 ' I x W x L'
Board Feet =
12
2 x 2 x 10 '
Board Feet =
12
Board Feet = 3. 33 bd. Ft.

 Seasoning is the process of drying the wood in preparation for use.

 Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in open air.
 Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven to dry wood.
 Treated – use of chemical compound before seasoning.
 The approximate moisture content of drying hardwood form home furniture are: 20% for
softwood, and 6-12% for hardwood.
 Finishing Applications
 Scraper – is tool made of steel. It is used to produce a very smooth surface.
 Wood Fillers (Masilya) – this is used to eliminate deep cuts and holes in your finished
project, so that surface can be made even and smooth.
 Stain – is a wood finishing material; derived from different color of woods such as walnut,
mahogany, and natural color.
 Shellac – a finishing material that came from gums substance of insects.
 Varnish – a finishing material when applied produces high glossy finish to a project. It
comes in different forms, from gum, linseed oil, resin, turpentine, and/or chemical drier.
 Wood Joints
 Joinery is the process of putting the work together
 Different wood joints:
1. Butt Joint – the end of one piece is fastened to the surface or edge of other piece.
2. Miter Joint – the corners are usually cut at 45 degrees and joined forming right angle.
3. Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and chairs. Also known as kaltas
4. Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest joint for quality chairs, tables, and
benches. Also known as force fitting.
5. Dado – is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or edge of the second
board. Also known as TnG or Tongue and Groove.
6. Rabbet – is a wood joint commonly used for making frames to hold glass in
constructing drawers and other cabinetwork.
 Tools Used in Carpentry
 Common Tools
 Push-Pull Steel Tape Rule – steel tape is assembled in a fixed casing and
retracts automatically by spring.
 Try Square – is used for testing the squareness of two surfaces.
 Marking Gauge – it is used in laying out and marking the thickness and width at
stock.
 Sliding T-Bevel – this tool can be set to lay out any angle.
 Knife – is used when you know that the marks will disappear.
 Scratch Awl – is used to lay out positions for drilling and boring holes.
 Dividers – are used for dividing space equally, transferring measurements and
scribing arcs and circles.
 Holding Tools
 Vise – is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to be performed in it
 Clamp – is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for clamping
parts together when assembling projects.
  Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener bits, and other tools with
rectangular shape shanks.
 Cutting Tools
 Long Crosscut Saw – it is used in cutting large and round timber.
 Rip Saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain.
 Crosscut Saw – it is designed in cutting across the grain. The shape of the teeth
is similar to knife blades.
 Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the bench and the
vise.
 Hacksaw – it is used to cut metal.
 Coping Saw – used in cutting irregular shapes.
 Keyhole Saw – used in cutting circle shape of the wood.
 Smoothening Tools
 Plane – it is used in reducing the thickness or width of a piece of wood and for
smoothing surfaces.
 Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and concave edges.
 Chisels and Gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of woods.
 Boring Tools
 Auger Bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods.
 Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with rectangular shape in
shanks.
 Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood.
 Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It is used in boring
holes with small diameter.
 Driving Tools
 Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used un driving chisels with wooden handles.
 Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails.
 Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer. It is used in
metal work.

III. MASONRY

 Masonry is the art of building with stone, bricks, concrete blocks or similar materials. It is the
building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar.
 Basics in Masonry
a. Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of mixing sand, cement, gravel and water.
b. Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water used for building stones, bricks, etc. or for
plastering.
c. Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and hardened to produce smooth surface.
d. Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone-like substance.
Types of Cement:
d.1. Portland Cement – approximately 24 hours curing period.
d.2. Pozzoland Cement – approximately 72 hours curing period.
 Tools used in Masonry
 Plumb Bob – is used in guiding the vertical position in laying bricks.
 Water and Tube Level – is used in establishing level marks in laying out masonry works.
 Crandall – tool with pointed steel pikes used for dressing concrete.
 Bolster – tool similar with chisel including its services.
 Spade – basic construction tool used in mixing concrete.
 Float – tool with handle at the back usually made of wood.
  Trowel – flat to use for applying, spreading and shaping plaster or mortar to produce
smooth finish.
 Common Materials Used in Masonry
 CHB – is the most widely used masonry material for construction works.
 Bricks – are manufactured from clay and other materials processed into workable
consistency and molded to standard sizes.
 Ashlars – carefully worked and joined stone blocks laid in parallel horizontal courses.
 Rubble Stone – irregular stones with good face for wall surface.
 Aggregates – the materials that is bound together into a conglomerated mass by cement
and water to form concrete, mortar, or plaster.
 Fine aggregates – sand
 Coarse aggregated – crush rocks, gravel
 Mixing Proportion
Class Cement Sand Gravel For Handmixing

1
AA 1 3
2
1
A 1 2 4 kg of water + 1 kg of cement + 2 kg of sand +2.5 kg of gravel
2
1
B 2 5
2
C 3 6

 Strength of Concrete
 Correct proportion of the ingredients
 Quality of the materials
 Proper methods of mixing
 Proper placement or depositing of the concrete inside the form
 Adequate protection during the period of curing
 Finding the quantity of cement, sand and gravel
 It will depend on the kind of mixture (AA, A, B, C)
 Find the volume
 One cubic feet of gravel is equal to 95% of the volume of concrete.
cubic feet of gravel
 Cement is equal to
quantity of gravel∈the proportion

cubic feet of gravel

 Sand is equal to
2

 Volume = T” x L’ x W’

Example: How many bags of cement, sand, and gravel are needed for the construction of a
concrete flooring with 5 inches thick and dimensions of 10 x 20 feet of Class B mixture?
1. Class B is 2 ½:5
2. Solve for the volume
5
x 10 x 20 = 83.33 cu. ft
12
 3. 83.33 x 95% = 79.16 cu. Ft. of gravel
79.16
4. =15.83 bags of cement
5
79.16
5. =39.58 bags of sand
2

 CHB Quantity
 Area is determined first. The basis of the constant (12.5) is the given number of Hollow
Blocks per square meter with 1/2” thick mortar.
No. of Concrete Hollow Blocks to be put = Area (in m2) x 12.5
Example:
How many CHBs are needed for the construction of 8 meters high and 8 meters long
fence?
8m x 8m = Area (in m2)
64m2 = Area (in m2)
64m x 12.5 = 800 Hollow Blocks
2

ADDITIONAL REVIEW NOTES FOR CARPENTRY AND MASONRY

I. Structural Forms
 Post and lintel – horizontal beams are made of cut stone or marble are put across the space
between two supporting posts.
 Arch and vaults – originated in Mesopotamia/Iraq. Each wedge-shaped masonry block will not fail
inward without pushing out the other block and the whole arch remains stable as long as the force
is applied at the base to keep it from spreading.
 Trusses – “If a single triangle is rigid, combination of triangles are also rigid.”
 Cantilever – element projected outward from a fixed support. This was made possible after the
introduction of structural steel and reinforced concrete.

II. Classification of Tools

 FOR CARPENTRY
 Guiding and Testing Tools
 Straight Edge – a tool used to guide pencil or scriber in marking straight line.
 Square – is a 90º straight right angle tool used for making and testing work.
 Try or Trying Square – is a square with blades ranging from 6 to 12 inches.
 Miter Square – is a square with blades permanently set at 45 degrees.
 Combined Try and Miter Square – is a combination of 45 and 90 degrees in one
setting.
 Level – is used for both guiding and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal
position
 Sliding T-Bevel – is like a try square with sliding and adjustable blade that could
be set to any angle other 90 degrees.
 Marking Tools
 Chalk line and reel – used for marking very rough work.
 Lead Pencil – used for marking rough work.
 Scratch Awl – used in marking a semi-rough work.
 Scriber – used in marking fine work.
 Compass – used to describe an arc or circle.
 Divider – used in dividing distances into equal parts from an arc, circumference including straight
lines.
 Measuring Tools
 Two-foot four folding rule – made of four-fold blade connected by three hingers spaced at 6 inches
(15cm) apart generally used for measuring short distances.
 Extension Rule – is used to measure inside distances like doors, windows, inside cabinets, etc.
 Zigzag Rule – is available in 4 feet and 6 feet rule long commonly used by carpenters on rough
layout.
 Push-Pull Tape Rule – used to measure longer distances available from one meter to 50 meters
long.
 Slide Caliper Rule – is a special tool used to measure outside diameter of cylindrical objects.
 Marking Gauge – is a tool most appropriate in marking lines parallel with the edges of the wood.
 Holding Tools
 For Supporting – used as support to working operations such as sawing, chiseling, planing.
 Horse or Trestle
 For Retaining
 Clamp – is effective in tightly pressing pieces of wood or metal together in making tenon,
mortise and other joints.
 Vise – is a table tool designed to hold a piece of material rigidly secured in place to absorb
severe blows.
 Toothed-Cutting Tools
 Saw
 Crosscut Saw – designed for cutting across the grain of the wood.
 Ripsaw – designed to cut along the direction of the wood grain.
 Combination Rip and Crosscut Blade – was designed to cut across the grain, along the
grain, and diagonal to the grain.
 Carbide Tipped Blade – was made for both cross cutting and ripping.
 Safe Edge Blade – is a controlled cut saw blade with fewer number of tooth and requires
less power to run.
 Molding Head and Cutters – has replaceable blade of various type of molding heads that
could be assembled or disassembled quickly.
 Dado Blade Set – is used to cut grooves (dado and rabbets) from 3 mm to 25 mm width
regardless of the grain directions.
 Files – are metal tools of different shape and size used for abrading, reducing, smoothening and
cutting metal, wood and other materials.
 Sandpaper
 Sharp-Edge Cutting Tools
 Chisel – is an indispensable tool in carpentry works considered as the most abused tool.
 Draw Knife – is a tool consisting of a large sharp edge blade having at each end a handle at right
angles to the blade. It is used in trimming wood by drawing toward the user.
 Rough Facing Tools
 Hatchel – is generally a utility tool used for sharpening stakes and cutting down timber to rough
sizes.
 Axe – is a tool used for splitting wood hewing timber.
 Adze – is a hatchel with the blade direction at right angle with the handle.
 Smooth Facing Tools
 Plane – this is actually a chisel with frame to guide and limit the cut in making smooth surface.
 Spoke Shave – is used on small curve surface where plane could not accomplish.
 Boring Tools
 Brad Awl – is a small tool used for punching or piercing small holes.
 Gimlets – is a tool used for boring holes by hand pressure.
  Auger – used for boring holes with a diameter ranging from ½ to 2 inches. An auger that is provided
with a shank is called bits.
 Twist Drill – designed for drilling small holes.
 Hollow Auger – intended for external boring or turning.
 Spoke Pointer – cuts a conical hole.
 Counter Sunk – used to enlarge a conical hole at the surface of wood.
 Reamers – chiefly a machinist tool used in enlarging metal holes.
 Fastening Tools
 Claw Hammer – is a hand tool made of steel carefully forged, hardened, and tempered.
 Wrench – is a tool with handle and a jaw which may be fitted to the head of a nut used to tighten or
loosen bolts.
 Screw Driver – is a hand tool with a head and shrank used for turning screw.
 Sharpening Tools
 Grind Stone – is a flat disc solid stone made of sandstone mounted on a shaft used for sharpening,
shaping or polishing metal by turning.
 Oil Stone – is used after the grinding operation to achieve a smooth keen edge of the tool. Oil is
used as a lubricating medium in grinding.
 Working Bench – is also an indispensable tool in carpentry operation classified as a shop tool.
 Circular Saw – is a steel disc provided with teeth designed to revolve on a shaft at a high rate of speed.

 FOR MASONRY

 Roughing Up Tools
 Masons Axe or Hammer – also known as Axe Hammer, the axe is used as a chisel and the hammer
is used for driving nails and other rough work in masonry.
 Brick Hammer – is another type of combination hammer used for dressing and cutting bricks,
stones, or concrete blocks plus other driving operations.
 Patent Hammer – is a hammer wherein the head is composed of group of thin chisels used in
dressing stone or concrete.
 Crandall – is a tool with sharp pointed steel pikes also used in dressing concrete.
 Cross Peen Hammer – is a crosshead hammer with one side formed like a wedge intended for
various striking need in masonry work.
 Cold Chisel – is a common tool for carpentry and masonry work used for dressing or cutting stone,
concrete, metal and other materials with the aid of hammer.
 Star Drill – is used for boring or drilling holes on hard surfaces such as rock, stone or concrete.
 Bolster – is a tool similar in appearance with the cold chisel including its services but has a wide
blade edge. It is also known as blocking chisel.
 Wrecking Bar – is a very useful tool made of steel bar used in demolition of work and pulling off
large nails.
 Surface Finishing Tools
 Float – are flat tools with handle at the back usually made of wood.
 Common Float – used to smooth or make textured surface on cement or plaster.
 Bull Float – used to smooth freshly placed concrete.
 Devil or Nail Float – used to roughen the surface of plaster coat to provide key for the next
coat.
 Carpet Float – is used in plastering to produce a fine-grained texture in sand finishes.
 Angle Float – is used for finishing corners and other intricate plastering work.
 Trowel – are flat hand tools used for applying, spreading, and shaping plaster/mortar to produce a
relatively smooth finish on concrete surface in the final stages of plastering.
 Ordinary trowel – is similar in appearance as the ordinary float but with a steel blade.
  Pointing Trowel – is a kind of trowel used in pointing or removing and laying mortar in
masonry joints.
 Brick Trowel – is a trowel with an offset blade used to pick up or spread mortar.
 Buffering Trowel – is a small trowel used to spread mortar on bricks and tiles before it is
laid.
 Edger – is a finishing trowel used on the edges of fresh concrete or plaster to form a
round corner.
 Margin Trowel – is a trowel where its sides has a box-like appearance especially used for
working corner angles.
 Miscellaneous Masonry Tools
 Spade – is a basic construction tool used in many of the dirty work of concrete mixing and
plastering.
 Pail – in the absence of buggy or in a narrow-crowded space where buggy or wheelbarrow could
not effectively in delivering fresh concrete, pail will do.
 Mixing Board – mixing mortar for block laying, plastering, and other small mixing operations were
done by hand on a mixing board. A mason doing the plastering work needs a small mixing board
for his mortar mixing ready accessible to the work.
 Rubber or Plastic Foam – is a very useful tool by mason to obtain a fine texture concrete plaster. It
is also useful in various tile work operations and cleaning.
 Painter’s Brush – is another tool used by mason similar in function as the rubber foam for finishing
touches.
 Plastic or Nylon Cord – is used for guiding, and marking vertical and horizontal lines. Cord is very
useful in laying out building lines on the ground, bricks, CHB and tile laying.
 Aligning Stick – a wooden stick with straight edge used by mason to check the horizontal and
vertical alignment of concrete and plaster.

III. Project Documents

 THE DOCUMENTS ARE PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR, WHICH IS THE MANAGER OF THE
PROJECT.
 Bid Documents – the documents issued by the owner to the contractor/s which describe the scope of work
and terms of contract. This includes: drawings, specifications, contract quantities and costs, general
conditions, and other pertinent information of the contract.
 Change Order – a supplementary agreement between contractor and owner which represents an addition,
deletion, or revision to the project scope.
 Certificate of Final Acceptance – a written document issued to a contractor confirming that the work under
its contract is satisfactorily completed and accepted.
 Construction Schedule – a representation of the construction activities and duration of activities in
sequential order.
 Guaranteed Maximum Quantity – an amount of quantified material agreed by the contractor and owner in
completing the work regardless of either excessive or inadequate estimate.
 Liquidated Damages – an amount of money charged to the contractor on a per-day basis, for the completion
of work.
 Master Schedule – a summary schedule of the major work components of a project, indicating their
sequences and durations.
 Milestone Schedule – a work schedule highlighting major events along path to project completion.
 Notice to Proceed – a written order to a contractor to commence the work under its contract.
 Non-conformance Report – a written report issued to the contractor for the failure to comply with the quality
requirement on a certain work activity.
 Owner-supplied Material (OSM) – the owner’s owned-material supplied to the contractor as part of the
contractor’s agreement.
  Progress Meeting – a meeting concerning the progress of the project operation during construction phrase.
 Progress Payment – periodic payment of the work progress paid to the contractor for the portions of the
work completed and finally accepted by the owner.
 Punch List – a summary list of unfinished work items prepared near the project completion in order to
determine the entire remaining work that are needed to be finished in due time.
 Recovery Schedule or Catch-Up Schedule – an all-out effort schedule prepared by a contractor to recover
lost time in the original schedule.
 Request for Inspection – a written request from the contractor requesting for site inspection on a certain
activity.
 Request for Approval – a written request from the contractor requesting for approval on specific item prior to
final action.
 Request for Final Turn-over – a written request from the contractor requesting for final turnover of completed
work finally inspected and accepted.
 Shop Drawings – drawing prepared by the contractor in sufficient detail which shows relation of intent to
perform the work based on the original design.
 Site Instruction – a written order to a contractor to execute a work which is not part of the contract or
requiring action in accordance with the project requirement/s.
 Substantial Completion – the date that a contractor has reached certain stage of completion and the owner
accepts use of completed portion for its intended progress.
 Work Request/Permit – a written request from the contractor to commence the work.
 Work Stoppage/Suspension – a written order to the conductor to halt the work for a certain infraction
committed or incurred in the execution of the work.
 Work Slippage – a positive or negative difference in work progress evaluation expressed in percentage.

IV. Building Construction Equipment

Upon deployment to the job, you must also familiarize the different equipment for building
construction. On large building project, here are the basic construction activities requiring equipment starting
at footing excavation up to root construction.
 Footing Excavation. If the soil is hard and manual excavation is impossible, the backhoe with concrete
breaker is necessary. The backhoe has dual operation- breaking and excavating. It has two detachable
mechanical devices- the breaker-point and clamp shell. During the disposal of the excavated material, the
dump trucks are usually utilized for the disposal.
 RSB (Rigid Steel Bar) Fabrication. When fabricating RSB with bar sizes; 20 mm and above, this requires
bar-bending machine and bar-cutting machine. The bar-cutting machine is necessary to facilitate or speed-
up the bar fabrication. When lifting big bundle of RSB; the mobile crane or tower crane could be utilized. Do
not use a backhoe or pay-loader for lifting if no other means do not lift beyond its load capacity. This usually
starts at the beginning of the construction activities.
 Concreting. During massive concreting, the equipment to be utilized are transit mixers and pump-crete or
tower crane. The pump-crete is classified into two types- the mobile and stationary. The mobile pump-crete
is only limited up to a certain floor lever while the stationary pump-crete can be extended up to upper floor
level because of its conveyor pipes. The tower-crane-and-bucket is to be utilized where minimal concreting
or if pump-crete is unavailable.
 CHB (Concrete Hollow Block) Wall Construction. The CHB wall construction requires equipment operation.
When mixing the cement mortar and cement plaster, this utilizes the “cone-bagger” or “two-bagger” concrete
mixer. This is a machine-operated concrete mixer and usually used in massive wall construction.
 Backfilling and Compaction. When backfilling the footing foundation, this requires backhoe for the backfilling
and spreading work. After the backfilling, the compaction work should follow and this requires roller machine
or plate compactor. The backfill on footing area, the most appropriate compacting machine is tamping jack.
The plate compactor could be an alternate when tamping jack is not available. On large ground slab
compaction, the heavy-duty roller compactor is the proper machine to be utilized.
  Floor Slab Concreting. When a massive floor slab concreting requires smooth finish, this utilizes motorize-
operated equipment called floor finisher. This is the proper equipment when smoothening large floor
surface.
 Steel Trusses Installation. The installation work requires tower crane.
 Steel Forms. These forms are utilized for flooring and side forming. These are fixed to joint by joint pins.
 Base Jack. The base jack is inserted at the bottom of steel post or H-frame and it can be adjusted to desired
but limited height.
 Steel Post. A vertical support holding the channel and U-support. This is usually used to augment the H-
frames especially on uneven base not fit for the H-frames.
 U-support. A form accessory holding the girt (channel). This is inserted into the tube of the steel post and H-
frame.
 H-frame. The H-frame has several usages. This is also used as platform and ladder support especially on
high level work activities.
 Cross Brace. A cross brace is used to connect H-frames.
 Joint Pin. A form’s accessory used to fix steel forms connection.
 Channel. A form’s accessory used as girt or floor frames to support steel forms.
 Corner Form. A form’s accessory used to connect horizontal and vertical steel forms. This is usually used at
the corner edge of slab and beam.
 Tubular Pipe. Tubular pipes are used as lateral, cross and diagonal bracings clamped to H-frames and steel
posts. The pipes are fixed by tubular clamps; however, at the present building constructions, these are
some alterations and innovation to the forming system that some of the form products are still new and
unfamiliar to other building contractors.

V. Masonry Materials
 Admixture – materials added to cement, aggregate and water such as water-repellents, air-
entraining or plasticizing aids, pigments or aids to retard or speed up setting.
 Aggregate – inert particles such as sand, gravel and rock, which, when bound together with
Portland cement and water, form mortar, grout and concrete.
 Cement
 Portland Cement – primary bonding agent used to bind together the grains of sand and
pea gravel used in mortar and grout.
 Plastic Cement – generally used for small masonry projects and the “do it yourself” home
masonry market.
 Mortar – is a basic component of reinforced and unreinforced masonry.
 Types of Mortar
 Type N – most often used by homeowners and is the best choice for general
application.
 Type O – used primarily for primarily interior, above-grade, non-load-bearing
walls. This type is ideal for repointing and similar repair work on existing
structures.
 Type S – used for many below-grade applications, such as masonry foundations,
manholes, retaining walls, and sewers, as well as at-grade projects like brick
patios and walkways.
 Type M – has the highest amount of Portland cement and is recommended for
heavy loads and below-grade applications, including foundations, retaining walls,
and driveways.
 Type K – rarely used for new construction but may be specified for restoration or
other specialty applications.
 Grout – also known as plaster.