Pure Bending

Steven Vukazich
San Jose State University
 Consider an Elastic Beam Subjected
to Pure Bending
y
y
z x
𝐶 𝐷
z
𝑃 𝑄 x
𝐴 𝐵 Beam Cross
𝑙"
Section
L
M M
𝐶′ 𝐷′

𝑃′ 𝑄′ L
𝐴′ 𝐵′

Neutral axis
of the beam
 y
y Notes
z x
𝐶 𝐷
z
𝑃 𝑄 x
𝐴 𝐵 Beam Cross
𝑙"
Section
L
M M
𝐶′ 𝐷′

𝑃′ 𝑄′ L
𝐴′ 𝐵′

1. Beam is prismatic and symmetric about the y axis:

2. Material is linear elastic;
3. The x axis is attached to the neutral axis of the beam;
4. Pure bending (no internal shear) –the beam deforms in a circular arc.
 Study the Geometry of the Deformed
Shape of a Small Slice of the Beam
𝑂
Center of curvature
𝜃
𝜌 Radius of curvature
𝐶′ 𝐷′𝐷
𝐶
Neutral axis
l
𝑃′ y 𝑄′
𝑃 𝑙" 𝑄
Note:
• 𝐴, 𝑃, 𝐶 , and 𝐵 , 𝑄 , 𝐷 , are straight lines whose
𝐴′ 𝐵′ intersection define the center of curvature, O ;
𝐴 𝐵
• 𝐶 , 𝐷 , < 𝐶𝐷
• 𝐴, 𝐵 , > 𝐴𝐵;
𝑙" • 𝑃, 𝑄 , = 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑙" ;
• 𝑙" = 𝜌𝜃;
• 𝑙 = 𝜌−𝑦 𝜃
 Bending Strain of the
Horizontal Fibers of the Beam
𝑂
Radius of curvature
𝜃
𝜌 Neutral axis
𝐶′ 𝐷′𝐷
𝐶 Original length of all fibers, lO
l
𝑃′ y 𝑙" = 𝜌𝜃
𝑄′
𝑃 𝑙" 𝑄
Length of fiber, l, after deformation
𝐴′ 𝐵′
𝐴 𝐵 𝑙 = 𝜌−𝑦 𝜃

𝑙" ∆𝑙 𝑙 − 𝑙" 𝜌 − 𝑦 𝜃 − 𝜌𝜃 𝑦
𝜖= = = =−
𝑙" 𝑙" 𝜌𝜃 𝜌
 Equilibrium of the Small Segment of Beam
𝑂
Beam cross sectional area = A
𝜃
𝜌 y
𝐶′ 𝐷′𝐷
𝐶
𝑀 l 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
𝑃′ 𝑄′ y z x
𝑃 𝑙"
𝑄 x
𝐴′ 𝐵′
𝐴 𝐵
+
Q 𝐹R = 0 N 𝑑𝐹 = 0 N 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝑙" O O

+ Q 𝑀U = 0 − N 𝑦𝑑𝐹 − 𝑀 = 0 − N 𝑦𝜎𝑑𝐴 − 𝑀 = 0
O O
 Constitutive Law for Beam Material

Beam is made of linear elastic material

𝜎 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
E = Modulus of Elasticity
1

𝜖
 Review Relationships from Geometry of
Deformation, Equilibrium, and Constitutive Law
𝑦
1. 𝜖=−
𝜌

2. N 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 0 − N 𝑦𝜎𝑑𝐴 − 𝑀 = 0
O O

3. 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖

Substituting equation 1 into equation 3

𝑦
𝜎 = −𝐸
𝜌
 Force Equilibrium in x Direction

N 𝜎𝑑𝐴 = 0 Beam cross sectional area = A

O y
𝑦
𝜎 = −𝐸
𝜌 𝑑𝐴
z
𝑦
N −𝐸 𝑑𝐴 = 0
O 𝜌
𝐸
− N 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 0 Can only be satisfied
𝜌 O
if the neutral axis is
at the centroid of the
N 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 0 beam cross section
O
 Moment Equilibrium
y
− N 𝑦𝜎𝑑𝐴 − 𝑀 = 0
O
𝑑𝐴
𝑦
𝜎 = −𝐸 z
𝜌
𝑦
− N −𝑦𝐸 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑀 = 0
O 𝜌 Moment of Inertia about the
centroid of the beam cross section
𝐸
N 𝑦 Y 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑀 = 0
𝜌 O 𝐼 = N 𝑦 Y 𝑑𝐴
𝐸 𝐸𝐼 O
𝑀 = N 𝑦 Y 𝑑𝐴 𝑀=
𝜌 O 𝜌
 Moment-Curvature Relationship
𝑂 y
𝐸𝐼
𝜃 𝑀=
𝜌 𝜌 𝑑𝐴
𝐶′ 𝐷′𝐷
𝐶
Define:
l 𝜅 = Curvature of the beam
𝑃′ y 𝑄′
𝑃 𝑙" 𝑄 1
𝜅=
𝜌
Moment of Inertia about the
𝐴′ 𝐵′ centroid of the beam cross section
𝐴 𝐵
𝑀
𝜅= 𝐼 = N 𝑦 Y 𝑑𝐴
𝑙" 𝐸𝐼
O
The moment-curvature relationship is the
basis of bending deformation theory
 Bending Stress Distribution
𝑀𝑐_ y
𝜎max = −
𝑀 𝐼
y Neutral axis
c1
𝑦max = 𝑐
x z
c2
𝑀𝑐Y
𝜎max =
𝐼

𝐸𝐼 𝑦
𝑀= 𝜎 = −𝐸
𝜌 𝜌
1 𝑀 1 𝑀
= 𝜎 = −𝐸𝑦 = −𝐸𝑦
𝜌 𝐸𝐼 𝜌 𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝑦
𝜎=−
𝐼
 Summary for Pure Bending of an Elastic Beam
Moment-Curvature relationship
y
𝑀 Neutral axis
𝜅= c1
𝐸𝐼
Bending stress distribution z
c2
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑐
𝜎=− 𝜎max =
𝐼 𝐼

1. Neutral axis (σ = 0) is located at the centroid of the beam

cross section;
2. Moment-Curvature relationship is basis of bending
deformation theory;
3. Bending stress varies linearly over beam cross section and
is maximum at the extreme fibers of the beam;