Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

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Engineering Fracture Mechanics

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A variable parameters damage model for concrete

T
Huijun Qia, Tongchun Lib, , Xiaoqing Liub, Lanhao Zhaob, Chaoning Linb, Shujie Fanc
⁎

a
College of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
b
College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
c
College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University Nanjing, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: A novel four-parameters damage constitutive model for concrete in strain space is proposed in
Variable parameters this paper. It is based on the Heish-Ting-Chen constitutive model and is derived in the framework
Damage model of the thermodynamics of irreversible process. Because tension damage is a major fracture mode
Concrete in concrete used for hydraulic structures, an equivalent strain is introduced that converts the
Fracture
multi-axial strain state into the equivalent tension strain to determine the tension damage.
Considering the change in the equations' parameters during progressive failure, a variable
parameters constitutive model is established. The parameters of the damage constitutive model
are obtained by the increasing section and the decreasing section of stress-strain curve and it is
demonstrated that the proposed model performs better than the regular constitutive model in the
decreasing section. The numerical implementations provide a good description of the failure
process as well as an accurate prediction of the behaviour of concrete.

1. Introduction

Composed of cement mortar and coarse aggregate mixed non-homogeneous material, concrete is a complex material with initial
micro-crack. In the curing process, different sizes of micro-cracks or even macroscopic cracks may form inside the concrete and these
have a significant impact on the strength and deformation properties of concrete [1]. From the phenomenological perspective, the
loading process of concrete can be divided into several stages according to the expansion process of micro-cracks, including the crack
formation stage, the crack expansion stage, and the failure stage. From the perspective of concrete macroscopical performance, a
variety of concrete constitutive models have been proposed. According to the description of mechanical properties, they can be
classified into: elastic theory model [2–4], plastic theory model [5–7], fracture mechanics model [8–17], damage mechanics model
[18–26], internal theory model [27] and combination model of multiple theories. Compared with the linear elastic model, the
nonlinear elastic model [2–4] can consider the nonlinear characteristics of concrete materials, but it is difficult to reflect the irre-
versible deformation generated under the loading process, loading and unloading cycles and dynamic conditions. Plasticity theory
has now developed into a rigorous theoretical system, which can not only describe the mechanical properties of ductile materials such
as metals. After the introduction of strain softening, the mechanical behavior of quasi-brittle materials such as concrete and rock can
also be better described. Introducing appropriate softening equations and combining elastic-plastic models to describe the mechanical
behavior of concrete materials is also the research direction of many scholars. Internal time theory is a theory proposed by Valanis in
1971 to describe the mechanical properties of metals. This theory uses intrinsic time instead of time in the viscoplastic constitutive
equation to measure the history of irreversible deformation of materials. Bažant [27] applied it to concrete and established a

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ltchhu@163.com (T. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.106898
Received 14 September 2019; Received in revised form 24 December 2019; Accepted 18 January 2020
Available online 24 January 2020
0013-7944/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

Nomenclature 1 first principal strain

List of symbols
ratio of stress to peak stress
stress tensor
strain tensor
equivalent stress of concrete
equivalent strain of concrete
0 peak strain of uniaxial tension curve
A , B , C , D the parameters of constitutive model
d damage variable
fc uniaxial compression strength of concrete
ft uniaxial tension strength of concrete
Gf fracture energy of concrete
I1 first invariant of strain tensor
J2 second invariant of strain invariant
J3 third invariant of strain invariant
lch characteristic length of concrete

constitutive model of internal time theory. However, the application of this model is more difficult, and the current application range
is relatively small.
The damage mechanics model provides a good description of the performance of concrete materials under different loading
conditions. Since the 1980s, many researchers have conducted research on the damage model of concrete materials and have
proposed a variety of concrete damage constitutive models (i.e. Loland [28], Mazars [29], Krajcinovic [30]). These constitutive
models describe the damage process of concrete in terms of the macroscopic mechanical properties, micro-material change,
energy and geometric damage. There is a general agreement that initial damage exists in concrete and that damage develops
continuously developing in the loading process. In engineering application, the constitutive law can be simplified, such as the
assumptions by Mazars [31] that the initial damage remains unchanged before the peak load is applied, that the damage is
isotropic, and that it can be divided into tension or compression damage. Feng Xiqiao [32] proposes a micro-mechanical model
based on microscope damage mechanics and fracture mechanics, which provides a way to solve the transition from meso-damage
evolution of materials to macro-constitutive relations under complex loading paths. Krajcinovic [33] proposes a statistical da-
mage model by applying statistical theory to explain the randomness and nonlinearity of concrete materials from a meso per-
spective.
Most of these models use parameters that remain the same from the beginning to the end to describe the process of changes in
the concrete. Since concrete has initial damage and the parameters in constitutive models are different for different strengths, it
is unreasonable to use the same parameters for preloading and after a certain load has been applied when the concrete has
developed damage. The existence of initial cracks means that cracks in any damage state can be regarded as initial cracks, and
the concrete with the certain damage state can be further regarded as a new material with different characteristics. Therefore,
the constitutive model parameters of concrete also change with the expansion of cracks. In the loading process, when the micro-
cracks extends, the damage of current concrete specimen is different from the damage of the initial concrete specimen. If dif-
ferent types of damage occur, the concrete can be regarded as a new concrete specimen of different strength. The traditional
concrete failure criterion is described by a the spatial surface which is a range of envelopes with ultimate bearing capacity. Since
the constitutive relation of the material describes the progressive procedure of the material's intrinsic properties that change
with the external environment, the material's bearing capacity and the constitutive equations or the parameters of the equations
should also change.
On the other hand, the concrete is in a multi-axial stress state in mass concrete structures, such as dams and fortifications. To
describe the multi-axial mechanical behaviour of concrete accurately, it is necessary to establish a reasonable multi-axial constitutive
model. A wide range of experimental research has been carried out but to date no uniform test standards have been developed due to
the complex behaviour of concrete. In theoretical research, the multi-axial constitutive relation of concrete has been mostly in-
vestigated using a macroscopic phenomenological constitutive model based on the statistics obtained from experimental data but
there is a lack of discussion on the mesoscopic damage mechanism and the macroscopic mechanical behaviour. The recent research
trend in the study of concrete damage is the transformation of the complex multi-axial stress-strain relationship into a uni-axial stress-
strain relationship using the equivalent stress or strain. Since Darwin and Pecknold [2] in 1977 proposed the incremental equivalent
uni-axial strain method, Loland, Mazars and other researchers also proposed concrete damage constitutive model with equivalent
stress (strain).
By assuming that the damage of concrete is caused by tension stress, the four-parameters model proposed in this study uses a
equivalent strain that maps the multi-axis strain state to the strain state of single-axis tension to reflects the development state of
damage under multi-axis stress. And a variable parameters damage model is further established in which the parameters vary with
the loading and damage state.

2. Theory

2.1. Four-parameters damage constitutive model

The Hsieh-Ting-Chen [34] criterion was proposed in 1979, it is a simplification and revision of Ottosen criterion and is a linear
combination of three failure criteria(von Mises, Drucker-Prager, Rankin). Based on the Hsieh-Ting-Chen criterion, a failure criterion
in strain space was proposed by Wei and Li [35]:

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H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

J 2
F (I 1, J 2 , 0) =A +B J 2 + C 1 + DI1 0 =0
0 (1)

where
ft
0 =
E

I1 = ii (i = 1, 2, 3)

eij eij
J2 = (i, j = 1, 2, 3)
2

2 2 1
1 = J 2 sin + + I1
3 3 3

1 3 3J 3
= arcsin , | | 60°
3 2 J3 3

J3 = eij ejk eki (i , j, k = 1, 2, 3)

The four parameters A, B, C, and D can be obtained by solving the equations of test data of uni-axial stretching, uni-axial
compression, bi-axial isobaric compression and triaxial compression. The failure criterion can be expressed by the variable on the
plane.

f ( , r , ) = ar 2 + ( cos + ) r + C 1=0 (2)

It contains three variables on the plane ( , r , ) . In order to compare the data with the experimental data, the material constants
A, B, C, and D were evaluated based on four basic conditions: uni-axial tension, uni-axial compression, bi-axial compression, and
confined triaxial compression. The failure criteria in plane can be represented as a triangle, as Guo [4] described. The four
parameters yield criterion is determined by mapping the different stress yield surfaces to the uni-axial tension state using a four-
parameters equation. Thus, the yield criterion of a complex stress state can be described simplified. Wei has proved that the failure
criterion was consistent with other failure rules.
It can be proved that under different stress states, J2, I1 are related to 1
2
1 1
A + (B + C + D ) 1=0
0 0 (3)

On the failure surface, 1

= k (k varies in different experiment) can satisfy Eq. (3). If 0 is treated as a variable, there is always a 0
0
that satisfies 1
= k in different load state. Therefor, we use 0 as the equivalent strain to characterize the strain state. Then we
0
obtain:

J 2 J 2 1 I 1
A +B +C +D 1=0
2 (4)

The equivalent strain can be obtained by solving the equation. Because the left side of the equation is a quadratic function, it
should have two roots. In practice, we choose the positive root because the uni-axial tension strain is always positive and there is no
physical meaning for a negative root, in addiction, 1 and are linearly related. The purpose of the equation is to map the different
stress states into a uni-axial tension state. Let = , then represents the current loading state. If 0 < < 1, the current loading state
0
is in the increasing section in the stress-strain curve and if 1, it is in the descending section.
Similarly, the equivalent stress can be derived from Eq. (5).

J2 J2 1 I1
A +B +C +D 1=0
2 (5)

According to the current loading state, the tangent modulus and damage value of the current loading step can be obtained by
using the equivalent uni-axial stress-strain curve.
The four-parameters strength criterion can be expressed as a function of the equivalent strain and damage variables:
f ( , d) = (d ) (6)

where (d ) is hardening function associated with damage variable. According to the least energy consumption principle, the damage
flow law can be obtained by applying lagrangian multiplier method:

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H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

f
d=
Y (7)

where is lagrangian multiplier, Y is energy dissipation rate.

Analogy to plastic mechanics, introducing damage consistency conditions:

f f
f ( , d) = Y + d=0
Y d (8)

Substitute equivalent strain, damage flow method can be expressed as:

d
d=
2 (9)

There is always d = 0 for < 0. Assuming that d is a function related only to , integrating the above formula gives:

0 < 0
d=
f( ) 0 (10)

The elastic modulus of isotropic elasticity derived from the Helmholtz free energy has the following form [36]:

E¯d = (1 d )2E (11)

where E is the elastic modulus, and d is the damage variable.

By combining Eqs. (4), (5), (10) and (11), the four-parameters equivalent strain constitutive model is obtained.

J2 J2 1 I1
A 2 +B +C +D 1=0
J2 J2 1 I1
A 2 +B +C +D 1=0
=f( )
d=1
= (1 d )2E : (12)

The four-parameters constitutive mechanism is very convenient for engineering applications. It can be calculated directly using
the results of a uni-axial test and it is in good agreement with different experimental results.

2.2. Variable parameters damage model

As mentioned above, micro-cracks continue to expand as the concrete is damaged and the elastic modulus, strength and other
parameters are also changing. Assuming that the concrete specimen in a certain damage state has a new strength value, a new set of
parameters can be obtained using the new strength value and a new failure criterion can be established.
Assuming that the strength parameter varies with the equivalent strain, a variable parameters damage model can be obtained:

J 2 J 2 1 I 1
F (I 1, J 2 , ) = A( ) + B( ) + C( ) + D( ) 1=0
2 (13)

where is the new tension peak strength when the damage variable changed.
The new strength criterion is no longer a fixed surface but a changeable surface that adjusts after damage occurs. With the new
criterion, the strength of concrete can be adjusted according to the loading state and the entire strain curve of concrete can be well
fitted. Correspondingly, there is an equivalent stress in a certain loading state as shown in Eq. (14).

J2 J2 1 I1
F (I1, J2, )=A ( ) +B ( ) +C ( ) +D ( ) 1=0
2 (14)

If we use the corresponding strain and stress of different percentage of peak stress in the stress-strain curve, the parameters ( A ,
B , C , D ) of the equivalent stress equation will not change with the equivalent strain.
Similarly, using the strength criterion, a variable parameters of concrete damage constitutive model can be derived:

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H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

J2 J2 1 I1
A( ) 2 + B( ) + C( ) + D( ) 1=0
J2 J2 1 I1
A 2 +B +C +D 1=0
=f( )
d=1
= (1 d )2E : (15)

This is not a simple quadratic equation but rather a variable parameters non-linear equation. One has to solve by iterative
solution and use in the incremental or full elastic-plastic solution to obtain the corresponding equivalent stress.

3. Discussion

3.1. Variable parameters' fitting

The parameter curves obtained from different experimental results are also different, as is the fitting function. The different test
curves are quite different, but the purpose of this paper is to put forward the equivalent idea, which has no effect on the curve that is
actually selected. For the sake of simplicity, we use the uni-axial curve proposed by Guo and Concrete Structure Design Code [37]
instead of the test, which the uni-axial curves are defined as:

1.2x 0.6x 6 x 1
y= x
x 1, x= , y= , t = 0.312ft2
t (x 1)1.7 + x p ft (16)

2.2x 1.4x 2 + 0.2x 3 x 1

y= x
x 1, x= , y=
0.4(x 2 1) + x p fc (17)

where Eq. (16) is uni-axial tension curve, and Eq. (17) is uni-axial compression curve.
The bi-axial isobaric curve is similar to the uni-axial compression curve, and the peak stress is fbc = 1.28fc Guo [38]. Therefore we
multiply the uni-axial compression curve by 1.28 to obtain the bi-axial isobaric curve. The triaxial compression of concrete is
complicated and the stress-strain curves obtained from different pressure states are different. For simplicity, based on the uni-axial
compression, the triaxial curve can be obtained by multiplying the peak strain and peak strength by a factor. Based on the research by
Guo, we use the corresponding strength value ( 0 = oct f
= 4, 0 = octf
= 2.7, = 60° ) of the compression meridian.
c c
According to the Guo's curve, it can be concluded that the parameter range of the stress-strain curve is very small before the peak
point, and the parameter changes greatly after the peak point. It can be found that there is a boundary between the increasing and
decreasing segments in the stress-strain curve. Therefore, a sub-fitting method is used with a sigmoid function to obtain the following
form:

ax 2 + bx + c fx 2 + gx + h
f (x ) = +
1 + e d (x e ) 1 + e i (x e ) (18)

The curve functions of the four parameters are obtained by dividing the four stress-strain curve into several sections based on
different percentages of the peak stress. The curve parameters that were obtained by fitting are shown in the Table 1. The curves of
four parameters are shown in the Fig. 1. The values of the parameters A , B , C , D of the equivalent stress are 0.01976, 0.20079,
0.83529, 0.04220.

Table 1
Function parameters obtained form Guo's Curve.
A B C D

a 0 0.03807 0.000633 0
b 0.006108 0.3897 0.001867 0.001483
c 0.001508 0.8321 0.7486 0.4705
d 5.777 0.1172 5.498 0.04837
e 0.7766 1.006 0.9 0.8
f 0.0002651 0.04302 0.02661 0
g 0.001892 0.1154 0.1146 0.005424
h 0.03202 0.2172 0.5743 0.01563
i 0.5209 5.142 5.518 4.154

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H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

Fig. 1. Function parameters’ curve obtained by Guo's Curve.

3.2. Advantage of the variable parameters model

The stress-strain curves obtained by the variable parameters model are shown in Fig. 2. In the uni-axial stress state, the fixed
parameters equivalent strain model used in this study is in good agreement with the Guo's curve, which proves the correctness of the
proposed equivalent strain model. However, the difference between the uni-axial and bi-axial conditions is large, the difference even
larger in triaxial case and it appears to be a numerical drift.
The variable parameters model results are in good agreement with the Guo's curve, in the increasing or decreasing section, and
there is a good fit with the Guo's curve. For the uni-axial compression and bi-axial compression conditions, the results show great
improvement over the fixed parameters model.
Numerical drift is also observed in the triaxial case, but it is smaller than for the fixed parameters model.

3.3. Reference curve

Many methods exist to select the reference value for the equivalent strain or stress in the failure criterion and constitutive model
of concrete, and most have used the compression strength as the reference value (Ottosen [3], Hsieh-Ting-Chen, etc.) or the ratio of
compressive strength. Some studies have used a combination of the compression and tension strength as a reference value in con-
stitutive models (Kupfer [39], Nelissen [40], Marzars, Darwin-Pecknold, etc.).
The following figure shows the stress-strain curves obtained with different reference values. It is observed in Fig. 3 that for the
uni-axial tension, the curve obtained by using the tension strength as the reference value is very close to the theoretical curve
(Fig. 3a), and the curve obtained by using the compression strength as the reference value is larger than the theoretical curve
(Fig. 3b). The stored strain energy is more, the corresponding energy dissipation is less, and the damage value will be correspondingly
small. For the case of the uni-axial compression, the curve obtained by using the tension strength as the reference value is thinner
than the theoretical curve, and the curve obtained by using the compression strength as the reference value is in good agreement with
the theoretical curve in the descending section. In engineering applications, it is suggested that the tension strength should be used as

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H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

Fig. 2. Comparison of fixed and variable parameters fixed: the result obtained by fixed parameters model. Guo's: the curve value obtiand by Guo's
theoretic curve. variable: the result obtained by variable parameters model.

Fig. 3. Comparison of tension and compression curves.

the reference value of the equivalent strain because the uni-axial tension is in good agreement with the theoretical value. In the case
of the uni-axial compression, the results are relatively conservative, which is suitable for engineering safety reasons. It is not required
to determine the tension and compression state and the calculations are simple.

4. Example

4.1. Toumi test

Toumi [41] proposed a three-point-bending test for a beam in 2002. The size of the beam was 320 mm × 80 mm × 50 mm as

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H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

Fig. 4. Toumi Model (unit: mm).

Fig. 5. Toumi result.

shown in Fig. 4. The material properties of the beam was: E = 21.6 GPa , = 0.2, ft = 5.2 MPa . Because the uni-axial test data were
not provided in the study, the curve described by Guo (Eqs. (16) and (17)) was used. The fracture energy per unit surface Gf of this
Guo's curve can be defined by:
b
Gf = lch gt = lch d = (a t + 0.5) lch ft 0 (19)
0

a , b are the undetermined parameters related to and lch is the characteristic length of the element of the volume representing the
material's average behaviour.
Because the integrals of Eq. (19) in the [0, inf ) does not converge, we select a certain range (e.g. 10 0 ) or different for integral
calculation. Here we select different = 0.02 , = 0.01 and = 0.005, and the corresponding t is 0.3, 0.4 , 0.5.
Displacement control was used in the calculation. A is the loading point, and B-C is the preset crack. The element size near the
crack is 0.5 mm and 4200 planar quadrilateral elements are used in the model. The result is shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the
finite element calculation results are in good agreement with the test results.
Tension damage occurred mainly at the notch and developed toward the top of the beam with increasing loading displacement,
eventually forming a through-damage zone. The use of different values of t obtained by the difference integration of the Eq. (19) had
a significant effect on the force-displacement curve. When t was 0.3, the force-displacement curve values were lower, indicating less
energy. When t is 0.5, the curve values were higher, indicating greater energy. However, the total change did not differ much from
the test results, and the values fluctuated within the test range; the damage of the overall structure is irreversible and increased or
remained unchanged as the deformation increased.

4.2. Nooru-Mohamed test

Nooru-Mohamed [42] tested a bilateral notched mortar block using several loading paths. The tests included concrete tensile
(type I) and shear (type II) load tests, which are commonly used as benchmarks for concrete with mixed fracture patterns or other
quasi-brittle materials. The sample size is shown in Fig. 6. L and R is applied horizontal load, and B is the vertical direction of the
constraints. T is the upward vertical displacement load. In this study, only a 10 kN horizontal load and 0.1 mm vertical displacement
is simulated (Load Path 4b in the Nooru test).
The results are shown in Figs. 7–9. Fig. 7 shows the of load path 4a and 4b which indicates the damage begins to develop.
Figs. 8 and 9 shows that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results. As can be seen from the figure the
cracks started from the tip of the notch in different loading paths and gradually expand to the inside. The crack propagation trend was

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H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

Fig. 6. Nooru Model.

consistent with that of the experimental results. The crack propagation type was also similar to the numerical simulation results
obtained by Xu [43] and Meschke [44] using the extended finite element method, as shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The force-displacement
curve is plotted according to the load P and the corresponding displacement. The different simulation modes show some differences,
but the force-displacement curves are similar.

Fig. 7. Nooru load path 4a and 4b's (only display the post-peak strain).

Fig. 8. Nooru 4a Damage phenomenon and force and displacement curve.

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H. Qi, et al. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 228 (2020) 106898

Fig. 9. Nooru 4b Damage phenomenon and force and displacement curve.

5. Conclusion

Based on the result of this study, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. The proposed variable parameters constitutive model can be applied to complex conditions of concrete such as uni-axial and
multi-axial loads. The state of the tension and compression do not have to be determined, which simplifies the assessment of the
concrete loading state in non-linear analysis.
2. The variable parameters of the damage criteria provide a good representation of the softening stage of the concrete and the
changes in the strength.

The variable parameters constitutive model combined with the damage constitutive model can be used to determine the material's
damage under uni-axial and multi-axial load conditions and to describe the non-linear behaviour of the material after the damage has
occurred. According to the first conclusion, a uni-axial model can be used reflect the response of the structure in a complex loading
state, which is very helpful for the rapid simulation and analysis in large hydraulic structure. At the same time, according to the
second conclusion, the description of the softening stage of the variable parameters model also proves that the use of this model is
reasonable. A verification using two examples indicates that the proposed constitutive model and the numerical algorithm are
effective.

Declaration of Competing Interest

We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately
influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company
that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled, “A variable parameters
damage model for concrete”.

Acknowledgements

This author would like to acknowledge the research funds provided by National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0407102)
and Outsourced Scientific and Technological Topics of China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute (DJ-ZDXM-2018-02).

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.106898.

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