LABORATORY TEST

GROUP 1

COMPRESSION STRENGTH AND REBOUND HAMMER TEST

COURSE CODE BFC 20601

COURSE NAME MATERIALS AND FLUID LABORATORY

1. KHALED HAMOUD MOHAMMED AL-SEAGHI
(AF210002)
2. MARWAN NASRALDEEN ABUBAKR ADAM
(AF200213)
STUDENT NAME 3. SAW THONG POH (AF190223)
4. NIK AMIRULL AIMAN BIN LUDDIN
(DF210099)
5. AMIR AKMAL BIN JASME (DF210015)

SECTION 8

GROUP 1

LECTURE NAME DR. NOOR AZLINA BINTI ABDUL HAMID

DATE OF SUBMISION 10 June 2023

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare
not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this
affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : AMIR AKMAL BIN JASME

MATRIC NO : DF210015
DATE : 8/6/2023
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is widely used in construction due to its strength and durability. However, it
is crucial to guarantee the concrete's quality and structural integrity. The process of
selecting the right concrete components and calculating their proportions to produce
concrete with the required strength, durability, and workability as efficiently as
possible is known as concrete mix design. A concrete mix design consists of three
main components: aggregates, Portland cement, and water. The combinations are
commonly used to reinforce concrete, utilise less water during mixing, and make
concrete easier to work with. When selecting concrete proportions, it is vital to strike
a balance between pricing and the criteria for strength, durability, density, and beauty.

The compression strength test and the rebound hammer test are two common non-
destructive testing methods used to evaluate the properties of concrete. Compressive
strength, which is widely used as a proxy for other qualities of hardened concrete, is
influenced by a number of elements, including the type and quantity of cement, water,
and aggregates, as well as their quality and quantity, mixing, placement, and
compaction. Meanwhile, the rebound hammer test uses the rebound principle to assess
compressive strength by measuring the rebound velocity of an impact hammer
striking the concrete surface.

1.1 Objective
 To learn as much as possible about the materials and ingredients utilised in
concrete mix design, as well as the implications for concrete workability and
strength.
 To test the workability and cube strength of the mix design by mixing, curing,
and compressing the cube.
 To determine the concrete mix design and produce fresh concrete.
1.2 Laboratory Scope

i. Material and equipment, which consists of a cement, aggregate, water,

rebound hammer and compressor, should be available in the lab.
ii. The laboratory should be equipped with the tools and supplies .

1.3 Significance of Laboratory Testing

Testing of concrete is performed both on the job site and in the laboratory. A variety
of tests on concrete is performed to verify their suitability for use in construction.
Cement are one of the oldest and most significant building materials due to their
longevity, dependability, strength, and low cost. The tests include compressive
strength test and rebound hammer test. These tests help to ensure that the concrete are
of good quality and can withstand the stresses of construction.
The rebound hammer is used to detect faults and defects in concrete. By
analyzing the rebound values acquired from various points on the concrete cube, it is
possible to identify variations in concrete quality, such as honeycombing, voids, or
inadequate compaction. This information is essential for determining the structural
stability of concrete components and identifying areas that could need more study or
corrections.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATUR REVIEW

The slump test is the most often used method for measuring the flow characteristics of
new concrete. The slump test device was developed in the United States in the first
decade of the twentieth century, and Chapman is considered to have been the first to
utilise it. The slump test is extensively employed on construction sites to assess the
acceptability and workability of concrete. Slumps are classified into three types: true
slumps, collapses, and shear slumps, which occur when one half of a cone rips off
along an inclined plane shown at figure 1. The test is only valid, according to the
Standard, if it generates a true slump in which the concrete remains substantially
intact and symmetrical, and if the specimen shears or collapses, another sample must
be taken and the test repeated.

Figure 1 Slumps
Compressive strength refers to a material's or structure's ability to withstand forces on
the surface without cracking or deflection. Compression compacts material, whereas
stress elongates it. Concrete compressive strength is officially defined as the
characteristic strength of 150mm cubes of concrete after 28 days ( concrete reaches its
maximum pressure). To ensure the safety of final designs, exact concrete strength
values must be obtained. The compressive strength of the concrete will be determined
using concrete from the slump test after curing.
The rebound hammer test is one non-destructive method of assessing
concrete that provides an immediate and straightforward answer for compressive
strength. The rebound hammer is typically used to assess the durability of in-situ
concrete structures. The rebound hammer is based on the rebound technique, which
gauges how far an elastic mass will bounce after being hurled against a material
depending on its surface hardness.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Procedure in producing Concrete Phase (Slump).

i. The weight and weight for each ingredient had been calculated based on the
ratio provided concrete (cement = 2.38 kg, water = 1.2 kg, fine aggregate =
4.9 kg). The aggregate must dry and clean of dirt.
ii. The volume and measures of water then calculate. Next, mixing
all the ingredient into the pan including cement, aggregate and
sand.
iii. Pour the water accordingly until the it well mixed.
iv. Firmly, hold the slump cone using two foots hold on the steel baseplate 2’ x
2’ (50.8cm x 50.8cm)
v. Concrete is poured into the mold of three layers where each layer is
compacted 25 times with a steel rod rounded at one end. Fill
one third (1/3) of the slump cone with the concrete mixture.
Repeat compaction until full.
vi. Excess concrete removed from the opening of the slump
cone. Remove the cone by lifting it vertically, within over a
period from 5 -10 seconds.
vii. After the concrete stabilizes, the slump height of the slumped cone concrete
is measured using a ruler.
viii. The reduction slump is measured to get the difference height between the
reference point and the highest of the concrete to get the slump height.
ix. The concrete is then poured into four cubes that already have
an oil film on them.
x. The mixture then cure in curing tank for 24 hours.
3.2 Procedure (Rebound Hammer & Compressive Strength )
1. Smooth, clean and dry surface is to be selected.
2. The point of impact should be at least 20 mm away from any
edge or shape discontinuity.
3. The rebound hammer should be held at right angles to the
surface of the concrete member.
4. Pushed towards the test surface until the hammer impact.
5. After impact, the pressure is maintained on the instrument.
6. The rebound number is read on the scale to the nearest
whole number and recorded.
7. Repeat the procedure with different point of impact.
8. Another big size concrete cube was placed to be tested at
the center plate of the compression machine. Both plates
were in contact with the lower surface of the concrete plate,
and it was ensured by them. The load value was released to
raise up the bottom plate until the cube touches the above
plate. The maximum load that would crush the tested cube
was recorded.

3.3 Equipment
The equipment needed are , Compressive testing machine, rebound hammer, Steel
ruler, Electronic weighing balance, slump cone, base plate, steel tamping rod, scoop,
brick towel, hand float, bucket and curing tank.

3.4 Material
The material needed are sand, aggregate, cement and water.
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Compressive strength

Sample Weight Load Compressive Strength

(kg) (kN) (N/mm2)
1 2.4 87.7 8.77
2 2.4 84.3 8.43
3 2.4 61.9 6.19
Average = 7.80

4.2 Rebound Hammer

4.3 Slump Test

The slump is 46 mm, indicating that the shape of the slump after compaction is real
slump.
4.4 Discussion
Concrete is created by thoroughly combining aggregates, asphalt, sand, water, and
various additional admixtures. Even with correct mixing, concrete may fail due to
microcracks generated by differences in the thermal and mechanical properties of
coarse particles and the cement matrix. Because aggregate size is the most important
factor influencing compressive strength, concrete technologists have developed
scientific hypotheses to explain it. As a result, compressive power increases as the
overall size increases. After a study demonstrated that increasing aggregate size
initially increased intensity but eventually caused it to fall off exponentially, this
notion was abandoned. Only a reduced surface area available for bonding between the
cement matrix and aggregates and a weaker transition region contributed to the drop
in strength.
The rebound hammer is a non-destructive testing tool that measures the
rebound of a spring-driven mass after it strikes a concrete surface. The rebound
hammer's output is the rebound number, which correlates to the surface hardness of
concrete. The Schmidt hammer is a simple and economical tool to assess surface
hardness when measuring the mechanical properties of rock material. The rebound
hammer test is based on the notion that the amount of energy an elastic mass returns
to the environment is proportional to the hardness of the surface of the rock it strikes.
Concrete's strength cannot be determined until it has settled. Concrete reaches its
maximum strength after 28 days. Because there is a substantial financial risk involved,
the concrete strength can be tested after seven days to forecast the desired level of
construction activity.
We learned from this experiment that our mean slump value is 46 mm,
indicating that the shape of the slump after compaction is real slump. The density of
the concrete has no effect on its compressive strength. According to the data, the
average compressive strength of the concrete cubes by applying load from the
compression strength test machine is 7.80 N/mm2, which is less than the standard
compressive strength of the concrete for 7 days, which is 19.5 N/mm2. There are
some precautions or errors made during the compression of the concrete in the
concrete cube mould. There are some air gaps inside the concrete cubes if the
compaction is not done properly.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

As a result of this experiment, we now have a better understanding of the actual

circumstances surrounding the preparation and testing of fresh and hardened concrete.
We can also discover the best techniques for assessing concrete strength and the
compressive strength of hardened concrete seven days after casting. The test consists
of striking the concrete surface with a rebound hammer and measuring the rebound
velocity, which is then connected to the compressive strength of the concrete. When
access to concrete samples is limited, such as in existing structures or when
destructive testing is not possible, the rebound hammer test comes in handy. It enables
rapid evaluation of concrete strength in various areas and serves as a valuable
indicator of potential strength differences inside a structure.

While both tests assess concrete strength, there are some significant variances
between them. The compression strength test evaluates the maximum load capacity
directly and provides a more exact assessment. However, it necessitates sample
extraction and laboratory testing, which can be time-consuming and, in some cases,
impossible. The rebound hammer test, on the other hand, provides a quick and on-site
assessment of concrete strength, but it is an indirect measure with limitations in terms
of accuracy and usefulness in specific settings. The concrete slump test determines the
fluidity of new concrete before it hardens. It is done to see if freshly poured concrete
is workable and, as a result, how smoothly it flows. At 7 days, the average
compressive strength for the three cubes of concrete is 7.80 N/mm2. The average
value of the compressive rebound hammer test for the concrete after 7 days is 11.19
N/mm2. As a result, the goals are not met.
REFERENCES

i. Sadanandam,(2016)Type of test on brick for building construction work.

Retrieved from https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-tests-on-
bricks/12701/2
ii. Tattersall, G. H. (2011). Workability and quality control of concrete. Taylor &
Francis Group.
iii. Abdul Rahim, M., Shahidan, S., Onn, L. C., Saiful Bahari, N. A., Abd Rahman,
N., & Ayob, A. (2020). The behavior of non-destructive test for different grade of
concrete. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 12(9).
iv. Magic, C. (2021, May 14). Compressive Strength Test of concrete [cube test]:
Lab procedure, apparatus, calculations and results. Civil Engineering Magic.
https://civilengineeringmagic.com/compressive-strength-test-of-concrete/