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Chi Square Test - Definition, Chi Square Distribution, Types and Applications (Short Notes)
Chi Square Test - Definition, Chi Square Distribution, Types and Applications (Short Notes)
Chi Square Test - Definition, Chi Square Distribution, Types and Applications (Short Notes)
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Table of Content
Ø Definition: Chi-square test is used to describe the discrepancies between the ‘OBSERVED’ (actual) and ‘EXPECTED’ (theoretical) values.
Ø Example: A geneticist performing a hybridization experiment, where is crossed a homozygous tall pea plant with a homozygous dwarf pea plant.
He assumes that the tall and dwarf characters are controlled by two alleles of a single gene and he expects the 3 : 1 ratio (monohybrid ratio) in the F2
progenies. i.e, if he gets 100 progenies in the F2, 75 will be tall and 25 will be dwarf. However, in the actual experiment the geneticist got 100
progenies and out of which 80 were tall and 20 were dwarf. Here there is a discrepancy between the observed (80 tall and 20 dwarf) and expected (75
tall and 25 dwarf) values. In such cases, the geneticist can use Chi-square test to check whether the discrepancy between observed and expected is
significant or not. If the test results indicate that the discrepancy is not significant, it can be concluded that the segregation is still according to the
monohybrid ratio Similarly if the test results indicate that the discrepancy is significant it can be concluded that the segregation is not according to
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8/2/22, 12:21 PM Chi Square Test: Definition, Chi Square Distribution, Types and Applications (Short Notes)
monohybrid ratio. Similarly, if the test results indicate that the discrepancy is significant, it can be concluded that the segregation is not according to
the 3 : 1 ratio.
Ø The Chi-square test measure how closely the observed value fits to the theoretical value.
Ø The calculated value of χ2 is a ‘STATISTIC’ (since it is derived from sample).
Ø χ2 is best applied to binned data (data arranged as classes – rows and columns)
Characteristics of χ2 Test
Ø If the differences between observed (O) and expected (E) values are greater, the χ2 will be greater, and vice versa.
Ø Chi square distribution is one of the most popularly used probability distributions in inferential statistics.
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8/2/22, 12:21 PM Chi Square Test: Definition, Chi Square Distribution, Types and Applications (Short Notes)
Ø The degree of freedom is calculated as (r – 1) x (c – 1), where r is the number of rows and c is the number of columns when the data is presented
as a table.
Ø The alpha level indicates the confidence level. The commonly used alpha levels are 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 for 99%, 95% and 90% confidence
respectively.
Ø In the image given below, you can find the table value of Chi square with degrees of freedom on the left side and alpha levels along the top side.
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8/2/22, 12:21 PM Chi Square Test: Definition, Chi Square Distribution, Types and Applications (Short Notes)
Types of χ2 Tests
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8/2/22, 12:21 PM Chi Square Test: Definition, Chi Square Distribution, Types and Applications (Short Notes)
Types of χ2 Tests
Ø Three types of Chi-square tests are there
(1). Goodness of Fit
Ø Used to test whether the actual (observed) number of frequencies are similar or in ‘Good Agreement’ with the expected (theoretical) frequency.
Ø Calculated as:
O: Observed Frequency
E: Expected Frequency
Ø Used to test the association between attributes when the sample data is presented as a contingency (dependency) table with any number of rows and
columns.
Ø It can be used to compare one set of observations taken under a particular condition to those of a similar nature taken under different conditions.
(Example: Rate of photosynthesis in open sunlight and under a shade).
Ø In the above case, there are no definite expected values, the question is, whether the results are dependent (contingent upon) or independent of the
condition under which they are observed.
Ø This is why the test is called the test of independence or Contingency Test.
Ø Example: This test can be used to examine whether the height and weight of a person are independent or associated
Ø The homogeneity of the sample should be calculated to decide whether the separate samples are sufficiently uniform to be added together.
Ø With Goodness of fit, the probabilities of association between two attributes are measured.
Ø In this test, attributes are classified into a two-way table or contingency table.
Ø This test reveals whether there is any association or relationship between two or more variables in the contingent table
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8/2/22, 12:21 PM Chi Square Test: Definition, Chi Square Distribution, Types and Applications (Short Notes)
Ø This test may be used to test the homogeneity of the attributes in respect of particular characteristics
Ø Can test the homogeneity of two samples from the same population
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