Winter Term, 2018

Name:

WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY

Waterloo, Ontario
Mathematics 350A – Real Analysis

Midterm Test 2 – March 21, 2018

Instructor:
Dr. Yuming Chen

Time Allowed: 50 minutes

Total Value: 50 marks
Number of Pages: 4 plus cover page

Instructions:
Non-programmable, non-graphing calculators are permitted. No other aids are
allowed.
Check that your test paper has no missing, blank, or illegible pages.
Answer in the spaces provided. Please note that questions are printed on
both sides of the test pages.
Show all your work. Insufficient justification will result in a loss of marks.

Write your student number in the space provided on the next page.

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 MA350 – Midterm Test 2 Page 1 of 4

Student Number:

1. Circle the correct answer for each of the following problems. No justification is
required.
[2 marks] (a) It is possible to define a metric on every non-empty set.
A. True
B. False

[2 marks] (b) Let (X, d1 ) and (X, d2 ) be metric spaces. Define d : X × X → R by d(x, y) =
d1 (x, y)d2 (x, y) for (x, y) ∈ X × X . Then d is a metric on X .
A. True
B. False

[2 marks] (c) Every sequence in a bounded metric space is convergent.

A. True
B. False

[2 marks] (d) In a metric space (X, d), X is the only set that is both open and closed.
A. True
B. False

[2 marks] (e) Let S = (0, 1] ⊂ R endowed with the standard metric. Then ( 12 , 1] is an open subset
of S .
A. True
B. False

[2 marks] (f) Let X and Y be metric spaces and f : X → Y is continuous. If {xn } → x in X then
{f (xn )} → f (x) in Y .
A. True
B. False

[2 marks] (g) Let X and Y be metric spaces. If f : X → Y is continuous at x ∈ X and U ⊂ Y is

an open set containing f (x), then f −1 (U ) is open in X .
A. True
B. False

[2 marks] (h) {(x, y)|x2 − y 2 = 1} is a compact subset of R2 .

A. True
B. False

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 MA350 – Midterm Test 2 Page 2 of 4

[6 marks] 2. Consider `1 equipped with the usual metric. Prove or disapprove that the sequence {x(k) } in
(k)
`1 is convergent, where x(k) = {xn } is defined by
(
1
(k) n if n ≤ k,
xn =
0 if n > k.

Solution. The sequence {x(k) } is divergent in `1 . By contradiction, suppose that {x(k) } converges
(k) (k) 1
to x = {xn } ∈ `1 . Then, for any n ∈ N, we have lim xn = xn . Noting xn = n
for k ≥ n, we
k→∞
have xn = n1 . Then x = { n1 }. However, { n1 } 6∈ `1 . Thus we have arrived at a contradiction with
x ∈ `1 and hence {x(k) } is divergent in `1 .

3. Let M be a metric space.

[2 marks] (a) Let X ⊂ M . Use open ball (including its definition also) to give the precise definition
of X being open.
Solution. X is open if for every x ∈ X, there exists an open ball Bε (x) = {y ∈ M :
d(x, y) < ε} such that Bε (x) ⊂ X.

[3 marks] (b) Let O1 and O2 be open subsets of M . Use part (a) to show that O1 ∩ O2 is also an open
subset of M .
Proof. Let x ∈ O1 ∩ O2 . Then there exist ε1 > 0 and ε2 > 0 such that Bε1 (x) ⊂ O1 and
Bε2 (x) ⊂ O2 . Let ε = min{ε1 , ε2 }. Then Bε (x) ⊂ O1 ∩ O2 . By definition, O1 ∩ O2 is open.

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 MA350 – Midterm Test 2 Page 3 of 4

[4 marks] 4. Let M be a nonempty metric space and X ⊂ M . Prove that X is closed if x ∈ X whenever
x is a point of M such that Bε (x) ∩ X 6= ∅ for every ε > 0.
Proof. Let x ∈ X. Then there exists a sequence {xn } in X such that xn → x as n → ∞. It
follows that, for any ε > 0, we have Bε (x) ∩ X 6= ∅ and hence x ∈ X. This shows that X is
closed.

[9 marks] 5. Let (M1 , d1 ) and (M2 , d2 ) be metric spaces. Then d : (M1 × M2 ) × (M1 × M2 ) → R
defined by

d((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) = d1 (x1 , x2 ) + d2 (y1 , y2 ) for (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) ∈ M1 × M2

is a metric on M1 × M2 (Please do not prove this). If both (M1 , d1 ) and (M2 , d2 ) are
compact, show that M1 × M2 is compact.
Proof. Let (xn , yn ) be a sequence in M1 × M2 . Since M1 is compact, by the Bolzano-Weierstrass
Characterization, there exists a convergent subsequence {xnk } of {xn }, say, lim xnk = x. Now,
k→∞
since M2 is compact, by the Bolzano-Weierstrass Characterization again, there exists a conver-
gent subsequence {ynkl } of {ynk }, say lim ynkl = y. Obviously, lim xnkl = x. We claim that
l→∞ l→∞
ε
lim (xnkl , ynkl ) = (x, y). In fact, for ε > 0, there exists an L1 ∈ N such that d1 (xnkl , x) < 2
for
l→∞
ε
l ≥ L1 and there exists an L2 ∈ N such that d2 (ynkl , y) < 2
for l ≥ L2 . Let L = max{L1 , L2 }.
Then, for l ≥ L, we have
ε ε
d((xnkl , ynkl ), (x, y)) = d1 (xnkl , x) + d2 (ynkl , y) < + = ε.
2 2
By definition, lim (xnkl , ynkl ) = (x, y). By the Bolzano-Weierstrass Characterization again,
l→∞
M1 × M2 is compact.

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 MA350 – Midterm Test 2 Page 4 of 4

[10 marks] 6. Suppose that {xn } and {yn } are Cauchy sequences in a metric space (X, d). Prove that
{d(xn , yn )} is a convergent sequence of real numbers.
Proof. We only need to show that {d(xn , yn )} is a Cauchy sequence in R. In fact, for n, m ∈ N,
applying the triangle inequality twice gives

d(xn , yn ) ≤ d(xn , xm ) + d(xm , yn ) ≤ d(xn , xm ) + d(xm , ym ) + d(yn , ym )

or d(xn , yn )−d(xm , ym ) ≤ d(xn , xm )+d(yn , ym ); and similarly, d(xm , ym )−d(xn , yn ) ≤ d(xn , xm )+

d(yn + ym ). Therefore,

|d(xn , yn ) − d(xm , ym )| ≤ d(xn , xm ) + d(yn , ym ) for n, m ∈ N.

Now, let ε > 0. Since {xn } is Cauchy there exists N1 ∈ N such that
ε
d(xn , xm ) < for n, m ≥ N1
2
ε
while there also exists N2 ∈ N such that d(yn , ym ) < 2
for n, m ≥ N2 . Let N = max{N1 , N2 }.
Then, for n, m ≥ N , we have
ε ε
|d(xn , yn ) − d(xm , ym )| ≤ d(xn , xm ) + d(yn + ym ) < + = ε.
2 2
This proves that {d(xn , yn )} is cauchy in R and hence the proof is complete.

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