Intern Report1

INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT
1) Declaration of student and approval by mentor and supervisor

.
We are a fourth year construction technology and management student. Currently working in the internship
program in a construction company called Sunshine Construction P.L.C. work place at Estifanos where
specific project site location. The project we working on have three ongoing construction block with their
own functional purpose and three already finished and transferred to use for main office of sunshine
construction P.L.C and hotel which called marriott hotel except the former Embassy of Japan now called
Japan Embassy building is on work of maintenance has one of project.
 We declare that this report is my own property and it is not copied from anywhere else.
Mentor Name - YIBELU F.
Signature
HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 1

2) Acknowledgement
 First and for most we would like to express my deepest gratitude to the university industry linkage
(UIL) for organizing such a program for us students. The program helps us see what the construction
sector really looks like and helps us get experience which is very vital in our profession.
 Sunshine Construction P.L.C. and HRM worker who accepted our desire to work our internship
program in their company.
 Project Manager of the company AtoAbiy W/Semayatwho guided us through our internship
program and who gave us different tasks to perform which helps us increases our knowledge.
 Our mentor AtoYIBELU F. who helped us with our report writing skill and who gave us constructive
criticism on how to make our internship period better.
 And last but not least, we would like to thank all the workers on site especially the
foremanBehayiluAdemasu and site engineer Metagesworku who helped us made our internship
program a success.

3) Executive summary
Everybody knows education is the most important thing. But, we believe experience is equally
important. We don’t know about other professions but when it comes to the construction sector experience is
very important. It helps us compare what we have learned theoretically in class and what is really out there
in the real world.
The internship program helps us students grasp knowledge we cannot get from anywhere, even from
class. We might learn about a certain topic in class and think we know everything there is to know about the
subject. But In reality, unless we get experience, we can’t be certain we have enough knowledge to know
about the subject. Even most experienced professionals don’t know everything about a certain construction
subject.
When we start class in the next semester, we don’t think it will be the same as before. We now know
something about the construction industry so, we have no doubt it will help us when we start class by
making it easier.
The company has owner of this site to construct their own three buildings side by side. The first one
is block 4 at 4th level stage of construction for commercial building. The second is called block 5 now the
stage of construction is at 8th floor for commercial purpose also and the last one of block 6 is construct for
spa usage called world spa the stage of construction is now have already finished the semi basement level
and progress to ground floor.

4) Background History of Sunshine Construction

4.1) Brief history of company
Establishment: Sunshine construction come in to being in April 1984 and eventually evolved in to
a private limited company in September 1993. Since its inception the company has set, as its
primary target, scaling the heights in the construction sector and attain front position while at the
sometime spreading its area of undertakings in to various business activities. Sunshine has exerted
towards filling the gap in the construction sector by fine – tuning its activities in line with the
countries policy initiatives to satisfy the growing demand in the sector.
 The architect, the initiator and the proprietor of sunshine is Ato Samuel Tafesse
 The company’s paid up capital in Ethiopian Birr 500,000,000 five hundred millions equally shared
between Mr. Samuel Tafesse and Mrs. FetleworkElala.
Managing Director Mr. Samuel Tafesse leads the company’s overall activities while the
Managing Director Mrs. FetleworkElalapreside over the activities of the affiliate businesses-
sunshine Beauty salon and Laundry.
Vision:
Become an internationally competent contractor and also an active and leading actor in the
Ethiopian economic land scope.
Mission:
Sunshine construction PLC’s mission is to:
1. Play significant role in the construction sector.
2. Strengthen its organizational strength by recruiting professionals who will have at their disposal
advanced state of the art machineries.
3. Take an active part in the nation’s real estate development thus ensuring maximum customer
satisfaction.
4. Contribute major role in the hospitality industry of the country.
Main objectives:

 Play active developmental role in the construction sector

 Undertaking grave land asphalt road projector by maximizing its capacity.
 Construction of multi –purpose apartment buildings and residential houses.
 Construction of rail –ways
 Real – estate development so as to meet the growing housing demand of people across social and
economic land scopes.
 Construction of hotel buildings and becoming direct stake holder in the hospitality industry.
 Establishing joint- venture investment projects with various international companies with emphasis
on construction related areas.
 Investing in various business activities – service trade. Rental buildings, rental helicopters
services...etc.
 Attaining high levels of professional and technical efficiency while keeping pace with the ever-
evolving technological advances. In the industry.
Address
Address: Africa Avenue, Sunshine Building Ethiopia
Phone: +251 115 513289
Fax: +251 115 512444
P.O.Box: 107, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Email:info@sunshineinvestmentgroup.net

4.2 )Products and Services

Sunshine has a solid reputation for completing projects on time, within
budget and with a high standard quality. It has attracted the attention of so
many governmental institutions and private companies for its high quality
construction work and performance both in road and building construction Sunshine Head Office
line. It is currently executing major infrastructure projects at various parts

of the country. From the companies profile, which is stated on the
companies official website I have tried to discuss some of them below.
Building Construction
Sunshine Building Complex
 Sunshine Building Complex

 Ethiopian Leather and Leather products Training Institute
 Civil Service College Dormitory
 Ethiopian Management Institute
 Ethiopian Pilots' Association New Club
Marriot-Sunshine Executive
 Sunshine Terminal Complex Apartment
 Kirkos Market Center Opposite Estifanos Church
 Ministry of Defense Officers' Apartments

 Sululta Depot
Road Construction
Ethiopian Management Institute
 Yabello-Teltele-99.50 km
 Bambasi-Tongo-70 km
 Alewuha-Diko-36.10 km
 Diko-Chifra-33 km
 Hormat engineering access asphalt road project -17 km
 Fincha-Lemlem Bereha-50 km
Figure 1.1 Building construction carried out by the
Ministry of Defense Officers'
 Mukaturi-Alemketema contract one- 57 km company Apartments
 Ziway-Butajira Road Project-50kms asphalt Road
 Buttajira-Gubre Road Project-82kms asphalt Road

SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION P.L.C
Main entrance to site Block 1 and 2 building
Block 3(Marriott Hotel) Block 4(G+12 with 2 basement)

Block 5 beside block 4(G+ with 2 Basement) Block 6(World spa)
4.3) Organization and Work flow

Organization & Human Resource
Sunshine is a well-structured and adequately staffed organization capable of handling a number of
projects at a time. The company uses the combined knowledge and experience of personnel, from
directors to skilled workers, for consistent quality project delivery. The qualified, well-trained and
committed workforce also enables it to uphold project schedules, even under adverse circumstances.
All the achievements of the company have been made possible by the dedicated efforts of executives
and qualified personnel.
Employees at Sunshine are working towards continuing success with the help of a committed
leadership and highly motivated workforce by enduring close relationships with clients and alliance
partners. The Company is highly increasing its manpower in all levels of responsibility and
professional practice pertaining to construction work. This has created a relaxed and easy handling of
a number of significant projects at a time.
4.4)Organizational values
1. The Company’s senior management and the employees have solidified close working and
social relationships allowing for a working environment of mutual respect, dedication, and
above all the commitment to make a difference.
2. Employees are liable for various performance-based benefits; It has already been witnessed
that star workers could get prizes to the extent of a residential house.
EMPLOYEE OF THE YEAR OF THE COMPANY FOR

1998E.C 1999E.C
3. The Company has won the hearts and minds of the public and government through its
unwavering desire to bring the County ahead in all aspects of development and loyalty to
professional efficiency that comes second to none.
4. Twenty-four hour seven-day dynamism ensures the Company’s high caliber performance
as it has proven in its more than two decades of existence.

4.5) Capacity and Ownership
Next to the human factor, the most important element for any
construction firm is to carry out its work efficiently is the availability of
construction machineries, equipment and vehicles compatible to the
magnitude of projects at hand. In this regards, Sunshine Construction
Plc., has given due attention to the subject and acquired sufficient
number of equipment’s and vehicles to be readily deployed to its
construction and real estate projects. The Company currently owns the
following buildings, construction plants, compounds, and construction
machineries, big & small vehicles.
Table 4 .1 Quantity of equipment and machineries
Type of Equipment & Qty.

Machineries
Dozers 20
Loaders 21
Excavators 13
Wagon Drill 2
Graders 14
Compactors(Rollers) 21
Aggregate Spreader 1
Mobile Crane 4
Tower Crane 1
Trucks 87
Water, Fuel, Mixer Trucks 25
Mini & Long bus 20
Truck Crane 2
Asphalt Distributor 1
Trailer 13
Single &Double Cabin Pick-Up 50
Figure1. 2 some of the vehicles under the Motor Cycle 1
disposal of sunshine construction Agricultural Tractor 1
Station Wagon & Sudan Automobile 30
Crusher 10
Mixer 30
Tamper 10 Ton 12
Water Pump 22
Vibrator 46

Pocker 127
Grinder 35
Generator Set 26
Jack Hammer 4
Drill & Cutter 32
Shop Equipment 79
Tool Set 48
Dumper 9
Cement Production Machinery 14
Forklift 4
Scaffolding & Formwork Set 4+750m2
Wood Machine 1
Lab Equipment 3
Surveying Equipment 20
Total Amount of equipment & 458,450,267.70
Machineries
Buildings & Workshop Compounds
 Sunshine eight story rental office building-, laundry and beauty

Br. 55,100,000.00
salon
 Sunshine five storey Company headquarter Br. 50,700,000.00
 Marriot-Sunshine Executive Apartment Br.216,000,000.00
 Sunshine Terminal near Dukem Town The terminal houses; Br. 52,610,470.00
Fully Equipped garage
Computerized spare parts store
Metal workshop
Wood workshop
Machine shop
Warehouse
A helicopter landing, hangar and maintenance facility
 Sunshine Material Production Center Br. 70,835,420
2
100,000m ) in Dukem where the following units are found:
Terrazzo Tile production plant
Hollow-Block production plant
Crusher production plant

Storage for raw inputs of construction

 “Kality” compound 4,000m2.(ready for the construction of
Birr 18,120,630
Aluminum and Plastic Factory)
 Total Fixed Investment Br. 921,816,787.70
Summary of Current Status of the Company

A. Project on Hand Building Project -Final Stage Br. 601,735,908.35
-Primary Stage Br. 661,308,522.80
Road Project Br. 1,217,967,168.00
Total Project on Hand Br. 2,481,011,599.15
B.Fixed Asset Building & Workshop Compounds Br. 463,366,520.00

Construction Machineries, Vehicles and Br. 458,450,267.70
Construction Equipment
Total Fixed Asset Br. 921,616,787.70
Table4. 1 Summary of the current status of the company

4.6) Work flow and Organization

MANAGING DIRECTOR
Deputy MD affiliate Businesses Laundries

Marketing Real-estate
Development
Business Beauty center
Administration Development
Audit service Legal service
Deputy G.M Supplies Deputy G/M Engineering Deputy G/M Administration & finance
and Equipment’s
MIS
Technical administrator
Eng. Material Road Building Personal GS & Finance

Services Prod. constr. constr. services insurance Dept.
Services Services Services Services
Supplies Dept. Equipment adm.&
Maintenance Dept.

Inventory control
Equipment Maintenance Cement Metal & Quarry & Cost & General
Stores Div.
adm. Div. Div. Production wood work crushing Budget Div. Accts. Div.
. shop plant
Purchasing Div.
Transport service Project

manager
Chart 1.1 Sunshine company organization& work flow chart

5) Overall internship experience

5.1)How we get into the company
After the U.I.L office told us to find a construction company that was willing to host us in the
internship program, We immediately lipped into action by contacting one of the project engineers at the
company and the company accepted our request with open arms. We didn’t have to look for other
construction companies because we knew the company had on-going projects which were exiting and also
challenging.
5.2) Sections we have been working
Upon my arrival at the site I was assigned to do some office works and site observations and we spent most
of our time in observation. After this we started to compare and contrast the different drawings, structural
and architectural drawings. There was some challenges and we asked our site Eng. to help us on the
difficulties. The second section I have been working on was quantity survey. In this section we worked on
take-off sheet preparation for earth work, concrete work, form work and reinforcement bars in addition we
also work on break dawn. Break dawn of three work items (formwork, reinforcement and concrete) with
their respective costs (material cost, labor cost and equipment cost) taking their price and rental cost from
latest newspaper and of course asking Eng. Abiy. We asked for help to our site engineer and the workers
where those equipment’s are used and their types (names). For example mixer (equipment) used in concrete
work for mixing, bar bender (labor type) who bends the bars and cement, reinforcement bars ,sand and
aggregate etc….(Material types). The next section I have been involved was in designing a stair (i.e.
structurally and architecturally) and designing of beam, then final section I have been working on was MS
project About MS Project and its uses 1) scheduling and planning for any type of work or project. 2)
Managing and keeping up with work. 3) Time/money saving. And visited sites like BOLE Marriott Hotel,
ASB hotel properties and CMC real estate projects etc…
5.3 .Project organization and work flow

Any project no matter how big or small the scale requires a well put together organization and work
flow that is suitable to nature of the project. This may depend on:
 The time required to finish the project
 The number employees involved
 The scale of project
 The type of the project
 The location of the project site
 External factors
 The different staff present
COMPANY NAME: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 15

The project is very large and requires a number of years to complete if not a decade
and for this reason it needs an effective organization and workflow. Like any big project
the Estifanos project has its own structure that is believed to facilitate the progress of the project smoothly
and ensure a clear and direct line of communication among the different employees. The figure below
shows the organization and work flow that is present on the project.
Form the figure it is clear that the project manager has the responsibility of being the conductor on how
things should shape up. And each division has its own responsibilities and has to constantly report to the
manager on each step. Next to the project manager the administration has the responsibility of maintaining a
relatively flawless working environment.
5.4.Tasks
5.4.1. Quantity Work
5.4.1.1. Preparation of takeoff sheet for reinforcement bars
The main task we were handed was something totally new for us. It is clear that the reinforcement bar is
one of the essential units of a certain structural element and for these reason it is important to determine the
type and amount of steel required for a certain project.
We were first shown how to prepare a takeoff sheet for bar reinforcement required to erect a particular
component of a building. First one should know to prepare the takeoff sheet for the reinforcement bars there
are two formats in use, the first one results in the mass of a particular type (i.e. in terms of bar diameter) of
bar in kilograms. And the second format results in the number of berga (i.e. equal to 12 meter in length). I
have tried to show both of these formats below courtesy of sunshine construction company.
Table 5.1 The format for takeoff sheet for reinforcement bars
TOTAL
BAR NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF
LOCATION TYPE SHAPE Ø LENGTH BARS MEMBER BAR Ø6 Ø8 Ø10 Ø12 Ø14 Ø16 Ø20 Ø24
1st and 2nd flight 0.00 - - - - - - - -
1 12 7.40 13 1 2 26.00 - - - 192.40 - - - -
2 14 3.00 13 1 2 26.00 - - - - 78.00 - - -
3 12 1.50 11 1 2 22.00 - - - 33.00 - - - -
4 12 7.00 13 1 2 26.00 - - - 182.00 - - - -
5 14 3.00 13 1 2 26.00 - - - - 78.00 - - -
6 14 2.70 13 1 2 26.00 - - - - 70.20 - - -
7 14 2.00 13 1 2 26.00 - - - - 52.00 - - -
8 12 1.50 11 1 2 22.00 - - - 33.00 - - - -
Total length (m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 440.40 278.20 0 0 0
weight (kg/m) 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.209 1.579 2.467 3.552
Total weight (kg) 0.00 0.00 0.00 391.08 336.34 0 0 0
In order to fill out the above table properly the following steps should be taken.
 Identify the type bar present

 Then calculate the number of bars present based on the spacing and the length
on which these bars are placed
 Calculate on how many members these bars are present on a single floor system
 Then calculate the total length by multiplying the total number of bars with the length of single
bar
 Now based on predetermined conversion factor we can calculate the total mass of bar in
kilograms.
The second table format is shown below. The only difference between the first format and this one is this
result in the number of berga required to complete a certain structural unit. Personally I prefer the later one,
since the local market provides re-bars in number of bergas demanded by the customer.
5.4.1.2.Preparation of cost breakdown
Preparation of break down used to determine the rate of price to do a certain unit amount of work. The work may
be concrete, re-bar or any other work. It takes the price of the material, the hourly cost of manpower involved,
the hourly rental cost of equipment’s used, the predicted time taken to finish a unit amount of work, the actual
time taken and so on. It is a very important work for the cost of the construction is determined from these rates.
ANALYSIS SHEET FOR DIRECT UNIT COST
2
PROJECT CONCRET WORK LABOUR HOURLY OUT PUT 2.50 m /hr
WORK ITEM
5cm thick lean concrete inunder
( C-5 footing
) 0.05 m2 EQUIPMENT
TOTAL QTY OF WORK ITEM 1 m3 OVERHEAD & PROFIT 30%
Material cost(1.01) Labour cost(1..02) Eqipment cost(1.03)
Type of Cost per Labour by **Indexed Hourly Type of Hourly Hourly

material Unit Qty *Rate Unit trade No. UF Hourly Cost Equipment No rental rate Cost
Cement Qtl 1.800 320 576 Forman 1.00 0.50 62.50 31.25 hand tools 3.00 0.50 1.50
Sand m3 0.500 560 280.00 DL 6.00 1.00 10.00 60.00 concrete mixer 1.00 120.00 120.00
Aggregate m3 0.875 261 228.25 Mason L 1.00 1 24.38 24.38
water m3 0.06 10 0.60
(Total 1.01) 1084.85 Total (1.02) 115.63 121.50

A =Material unit cost B =Manpower unit cost C = Equipment unit cost
Total (1.01) 54.24 Total of (1.02) 115.63 Total of (1.03)
46.25 48.60
Hourly out put Hourly out put 2.50 Hourly out put
Direct cost A +B +C 149.09
Add overhead & profit 44.73
Total Birr = 193.82
Take birr 193.82 birr /m2
Table 5.2 Preparation of cost breakdown
5.4.1.3.Preparation of the amount of concrete and formwork required
Then we come to the takeoff sheet for the amount concrete required and the formwork necessary to carry
out the construction effectively.
Formwork is a temporary structure that is required to support and form concrete members
Scaffolds are structures build to give access to different parts of a building, mainly to external
walls

This task was relatively easy to carry out since it’s just calculating the surface area for
the form work and calculating the volume for determining the amount of concrete
needed, Of course the calculation may get tedious when the structure has an irregular shape and the volume
and surface area are not easy to determine
No L*W*H Quantity DESCRIPTION No L*W*H Quantity DESCRIPTION

1.5 MAT FORMWORK
Mat 1
1 45.3 4 1.80
0.9 3.93 C -8 On Axis 1- B',2-B',1-C,2-C
40.77 Side form work of mat slab 28.30
1 83.40 4 1.40
0.95 3.93 C - 9 On axis 4 - A,5- A,4-F-G,5-F-G
79.23 mat beam of side form work 22.01
Mat 2 328.83
1 58.50 D) CONCRETE WORK
0.65 mat slab form work 1) 5cm thick lean concrete C-5 isolated
38.03 A )Under isolated footing pad
1 147.32 4 4.60
1.00 4.60 F-1
147.32 mat beam form work 84.64 m2
1 4.00 F-2
1.6 COLUMN FORMWORK 4.00
4 3.40 16.00 m2
3.93 3 3.10 F-3
53.45 C-1 on axis 5-D,6-D,8-D,9-D 3.10
3 3.00 28.83 m2
3.93 C-2 on axis 3-D,4-D,7-D 2 2.70 F-4
35.37 2.70
4 3.20 14.58 m2
3.93 C-3 On Axis 8-A,9-A,8-F,9-F 2 2.10 F-5
50.30 2.10
3 2.83 8.82 m2
3.93 C-4 On axis 8-B,9-B,8-G 1 1.80 F-6
33.32 1.80
2 2.20 3.24 m2
3.93 c-5 on axis 6-E',6-B B Under Combined footing
17.28 4 4.80 CF-1
1 2.20 4.00
3.93 C-5' On axis 6-F 76.80 m2
C Under Retaining footing
8.64 2 5.00 RF-1
7 2.40 3.00
3.93 C-6 ON Axis 4-F, 5-F,4-B,5-B,E-6-5,7-A,7-H 30.00 m2
66.02 1 11.55 m2 RF-2'
2 1.80 1
3.93 C-7 ON Axis 1-E,2-E 11.55 m2
14.15
. Table 5.3 Preparation of the amount of concrete and formwork required

5.4.1.4.Bill of quantity
It is called bill of quantity. It includes the type of quantity, the amount of the quantity, the rate and the cost. The
rate is the price for a unit amount of quantity which was handed to me by the company. The rate is the result of the
breakdown. The bill of quantity is preferably divided in two main parts, substructure and superstructure. The
substructure part includes three main parts the first one is Excavation and earth work this involves from clearance
of top soil to the 250mm thick hardcore blinded with crushed stone. All quantity is measured in m3 except when
the thickness is known and then it is measured in m2. The next one is concrete work and the last one is masonry
work.
The superstructure portion involves different type and amount of work; these are concrete work, block work,
roofing, carpentry and joinery, metal work, plastering and pointing, finishing, glazing, painting, sanitary and
electrical installation
MS-project
MS-project is a project management software program developed and sold by Microsoft, which is designed to
assist a project manager in developing a plan, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing the
budget, and analyzing workloads. MS Project has many benefits from those;
1) Scheduling and planning for any type of work or project.
2) Managing and keeping up with work.
3) Time/money saving etc…
We used MS project to prepare a plan for block 6 first floor slabs to be finished within two month. This MS
project made us to know how many resources we need in order to finish our project in our schedule.
6) Site visit at the CMC real estate, Bole Marriot hotel
The following are things that I know because of visiting the CMC real estate, Bole Marriot hotel project
couple of times in my internship time.
6.1.Batching plant ..(site visit at CMC)
During my last month on the site I was able to observe the batching plant while it was operating. We
were told by our escort, that there are a few number of this kind batching plants in Addis. The machine
operates with >300volt, around 350 to be specific.
Storage units: It has four main separate storage compartments. The first one which is also the largest is
used to store aggregate of different size and sand. This storage unit can host four different types of
aggregates at the same time and prepare them for batching. But it is not necessary to do so for it can be
filled with three, two or even one kind of aggregate which is practical for most of the mix designs.
The second storage unit is for the cement. It is filled up by when it is required and pumped to the mixer
separately. The third storage unit or container is used to store water. And the last one is used to store
admixtures; these are used to prevent quick setting of the concrete. But the last one is not in use any
more due to lack of sufficient supply.

Operation: The batching plant can operate in two manners. The first one is manually
which is the person operating the plant determines the amount of each ingredient every
time the batching plants operates. The second and convenient method is the automatic one. In this case
the amount of ingredients is registered in the machine for each type of mix design to result in m 3 of
quantity. The last one is preferable for it can result in consistent batching and can be used over and over
again. The manual operation is prone to human errors.
Figure 3.6 Control center for the batching plant
Table 6.1 Mix design used in the batching plant
Description Cement Sand Aggregate00 Aggregate01 Aggregate02 Water

(kg) (kg) (kg)(fino) (kg)size (kg) (lit)
20mm
Concrete 500 270 540 540 500 230
(C40)
Concrete 450 230 450 - 1110 220
(C30)
Concrete 360 630 - - 1192 200
(C25)
Concrete 300 630 - - 1200 200
(C20)
Concrete (C5) 100 800 - - 1200 200
Mortar 358 1700 - - 410
Screed 400 1000 - 500 - 220

Mixing: The batching plant is only responsible for delivering the required amount of
ingredients required to the mixer truck. The mixer truck has the capacity to carry 10m3 of concrete but it
is usually filled up with only with 6m3 to reduce load on the truck especially when the construction site
is far. The batching plant delivers water, aggregate and cement separately to the mixer and the mixer
will mix the ingredients at 70 to 100 revolutions per minute. It is important to mention that first the
plant delivers aggregate and cement first to ensure the dry ingredients will mix well and then water is
added to the mixer and all the ingredients are mixed.
Figure 3.7 the mixer truck being filled
6.2Marriot Hotel.. (Site visit at Bole)

Bole Marriot executive apartment project is the project is G+12 building with three basements, constructed
by sunshine and designed and consulted by Marriot/American/ professionals. There is a beam with a depth
of 3.9m. According to the site engineer this unusual depth is a result of the following situation. Most of the
time meeting /weeding / halls constructed at the last story of the building but in this case the hall which is
592m2 found on third floor. Since halls need wide free spaces so in order to minimize the number of the
columns the beam should have a depth enough to resist the load comes to it. It is like a wall. Inside the beam
there is a column which consists 40 dia 32 bars. The whole floor needs 800m3 concrete and using the crane
tower it takes 8 days to cast but if we use concrete pump it reduced to 1.4 days. 800m3/70m3/hr.

7) Concrete work
Concrete is stone like material obtained by hardening of the mixture of cement, inert aggregate material
(fine and course) and water in predetermined ratio or proportion. In addition to the basic components other
chemical admixtures are added to modify its fresh and hardened properties. But for this particular site the
application of these admixtures is no longer exercised due to lack of sufficient supply.
Concrete work for substructure involves:

7.1.Lean concrete on which the footing pad, grade (ground) beam and the masonry are placed. It
is applied for many reasons the main ones being:
 It acts like a hard stratum.
 It protects all sub structural elements from extra moisture.
 It prevents the soil particles under substructures from any relative movement
7.2.Reinforced concrete with a grade of C30 is used to cast the foundation footing and column,
grade beam and the ground floor slab. For each case the specified reinforcement were used in
correspondence with the design.

7.3.Cyclopean Concrete
Discription
Cyclopean concrete shall be constructed with a mixture of a 60% plain concrete and 40% large stones (variable size
between 10 and 25 centimeters). Concrete shall be proportioned tp 200 kg cement per 1 m3. The plain concrete to be
used in this job shall have a minimum resistence of 180 kg/cm2 on the 28th day the materials should be saturated
before creating the mixture. Stony materials will comply with the ASTM standard and dosage will be according to
concrete design.
In the first step, the contractor shall apply a plain concrete layer of 15 centimeter depth and subsequently a layer of
stone shall be placed manually on top. The spaces between the stones will not be less than 5 centimeters in any of the
rows and from structure adges. The next step is to place another layer of plain concrete and the same procedure is
followed until the desired height is reached.
7.4. UNDERSTANDING CONCRETE MIX RATIO
Based on strength, concrete is classified into different grades like C5, C7.5, C10, C15 etc., C stands for Mix
and number stands for characteristic compressive strength of the concrete in 28 days in direct compressive
test. If the ratio for C20 concrete is 1:1.5:3 then 1 part cement, 1.5 part sand and 3 part aggregate (crushed
stone) in
Volume is batched for mixing.
GRADE MIX RATIO
C5 1 : 5 : 10
C7.5 1:4:8
C10 1:3:6
C15 1:2:4
C20 1 : 1.5 : 3
Table 7.1 grade mix ratio
Ordinary concrete up to C20 grade can be designed by nominal mix concrete procedure. Standard and High
Strength concrete should be designed by standardized prescribed mix design procedure.
In most cases, ratio of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate is 1:2, but based on the size difference it shall be
Between 1:1.5 to 1:2.5.
NOMINAL MIX CONCRETE DESIGN FOR ONE METRE CUBE OF M20 CONCRETE
It takes 1.5 cubic meter of total material to prepare one cubic of concrete, because cement and sand fills
the gaps between the aggregate (crushed stone).
Let’s design C20 grade concrete.
Ratio for C20 concrete is 1:1.5:3
1 Volume of cement needed =
=0.273m3

2 Volume of sand needed =
=0.409m3
1 Volume of aggregate needed =
=0.818m3
CALCULATION FOR REALWORLD APPLICATION

Cement is often bought in 50kg bags and aggregate is bought in Units. So, convert the calculated quantity to
bags
and units.
Weight of cement needed = Volume of cement *Density of cement
= 0.273 cu.m * 1440 kg/cu.m
= 393.12 (approximately 390 kg)
No of bags = 390 / 50 = 7.8 bags
Hence it takes nearly 8 bags of cement to prepare one cubic meter of M20 grade concrete
An Unit is 100cft (cubic feet) of material. 1 cu.m = 35.32 cu.ft.
Unit of sand needed = Volume of sand * 35.32 / 100
= 0.409 * 35.32 /100
= 0.145 unit or 14.5 cft
Hence it takes 14.5 cft of sand to prepare one cubic meter of M20 grade concrete
Unit of aggregate needed = Volume of aggregate* 35.32 /100
= 0.29 unit or 29cft
Hence it takes 29 cft of aggregate to prepare one cubic meter of M20 grade concrete
8) Soil excavation
Soil excavation is one activity done on this site during first week for the rest part of structure
With related to the previous structure done. Excavation part is done manual and by machinery on some part of area.
Placement of rebar for combined footing on excavated area was started at the same time the rest of excavation is on
progress.

EXCAVATION BY MAN POWER
EXCAVATION BY MACHINERY
9) Reinforcement Bars:
The reinforcement bars are placed to compensate the week tensile property of concrete. The reinforcement
bars used on the site are steel with grade of 300Mpa ranging from8mm to 20mm, for the beam and
slabs.
9.1. The slab
has both positive and negative reinforcement bars. The positive reinforcement was placed on bottom
stretching throughout the whole span of the slab. The negative bars are placed on top and at the
supporting beams; they are of short length and placed with the specified spacing along the whole
distance of the beam.
Figure 4.1 properly placed reinforcement bar for typical floor slab and beam
Another important thing is when the positive bars are being placed the spacers are tied at random and
strategic positions. They are of the same thickness as the concrete 15mm.
In addition to these structurally significant bars there are also bars placed to help the slab meet its purpose.
These bars are not necessarily present on the structural drawing but are actually placed on the slab. These
bars may have one of the following purposes.
1. When bars are bent up and sideways there are special bars that are placed to keep the bent portion
from coming back down (sagging).And they are usually of diameter 8 or 10. These bars are locally
termed as “Kebeleto”.
Figure 4.2 Kebeleto

2. When bars are unable to form mesh especially bent up bars, bars of small diameter (usually 8mm
diameter size) of a certain length are placed to maintain the spacing between bars.
9.2. The Beam:
Reinforcement is needed in the tension zone of beams due to weakness of concrete in tension. The concrete
at the tension zone is only used to make the reinforcement as integral part of the structure. Most of the
beams are double reinforced and the site engineer told me that double reinforcement is done when the
section have no sufficient compressive area of concrete to resist the moment induced in it. The information
like size, length, number and the location of the bars are from the structural drawing as designed. Then the
metal worker prepares the bars according to the schedule. They use a table like wooden material having
three bars welded on it to bend the bars. After preparing they put the bars at the right position.
The reinforcement on the beam are classified in to three based on their place of use. They are
i) Positive bars – These kinds of bars are mainly used to resist the positive moment. This moment is mostly
developed at the mid span on the beams and these positive bars are placed at the mid span
ii) Negative bars – these are bars used to resist negative moment. Most of the time they are found at the
support of the beams. They are placed at one third of the span length
iii) Stirrups – They are placed to provide diagonal shear resistance.
9.3.Shear wall reinforcement

It is shear structure that resist shear not the bending moment. These structures have well designed just
like of column but it is with the large length by one side or we can call a combination of more column. The
reinforcement placement is done according to specification.

10) Placing the concrete mix compacting and curing:
I. Placing: In order to have a monolithic floor slab the concrete is placed at the same time for any
typical floor slab, beam, staircase including the stair beam, and the staircase column (up to the
same level of the upper surface of that slab). During construction of structural element the
concrete mix is placed most of the time in a mold or formwork prepared and then vibrated with
a special hose. This placing activities needs care. Placing must be in appropriate manner.
II. Compaction: They use vibrator for compaction around steel which helps to avoid any
segregation of concrete. If the mix is large amount it is difficult to compact and if it is small
amount there may be segregation during compaction.
III. Curing: After casting structural element cure is necessary. The curing time depend on concrete
type, the type of structural element and the environment of working condition.

Figure 4.3 casting process of a typical floor slab
10.1,Column
Are vertical reinforced concrete members used to transfer loads from beams and slabs to footings. Usually
columns are rectangular, square and circular. Main bars in columns are meant for bending moment and
sometimes for taking the axial compressive stress they are subjected to. As in beams, stirrups are provided
to take the shear stress developed.
 Minimum dimension of columns is 20cm
 The minimum diameter of main bars is 12mm
 Minimum number of bars is equal to the number of corners, but for circular columns it is 6
 Chair bars are usually provided to hold the main bars in position with a support from stirrups.
Stirrups are provided to take the shear stress developed.
 The diameter of stirrups range from 6mm to 12mm

 Deformed bars are preferable
 Maximum spacing between stirrups is 25mm
 Since shear stresses decrease as from supports to span, the spacing between bars can be made wider
at spans as compared to supports.
Types of column on our site:
Circular column: the resistance to bending or deflection of a circular cross section is higher than a
rectangular cross section with the same area. In addition, the load required to buckle a column with a

circular cross section is the same around its perimeter. But a beam with a rectangular
cross section may bend first in either of two axes.
Rectangular column: are very common, easy for construction and for masonry work.
Figure 4.4 Process of formwork alignment for a column
The quality of concrete is also another thing that I have to control. This quality is basically affected
by the mix ratio of the concrete. Since the proper mix ratio will give us strong and durable concrete mix. To
make a concrete there are four basic materials you need. This are, cement (OPC and PPC), aggregate
(gravel), sand and water. The ratio of aggregate to sand to cement is important factor in determining the
compressive strength of concrete mixture. A concrete mix ratio of 1 part of cement, 2 part of sand, and
three part of aggregate will produce a concrete mix of approximately 25mpa or c-25 concrete. Mixing of
water with cement, sand, and aggregate will produce or form a paste that will bind the material together
until the mix hardens. The strength property of a concrete is inversely proportional to water to cement ratio.
Basically this means the more water you use to mix the concrete (very fluid) the weaker the concrete
mix and the less water you use to mix the concrete (somewhat dry but workable) is the stronger the concrete
mix.
Quantity takeoff sheet is another thing we do with my supervisors. When the estimated work sheet is
completed, it shows the various individual activities for the project with the listing of the required material
and material schedule for several activities. The work sheet should also contain an activity description, an
item number, the material description,and the cost, the unit of issues, the waste factors, the total quantity and
the remarks.

Finally we also got the chance to perform different kind of tests. These tastes are
mostly the silt or the jar test and the slump test. The jar test is very important to
determine the amount of silt content in sand.
11) The modification I have seen on site

First of all at the first time we start our work by looking of the both Architectural and
Structural design of each block of Buildings, which is block 4, 5 and 6, for three days with comparing of the
actual built.at this time we have seen a lot of modification of Architectural and Structural is done specially
at block 4 related to the functional use of room. But from this we have gain the knowledge of ready at any
time to be responsive for any change happen on site and find the solution for change happen on structural
design. Just like that of block 4 also some structural part which is stair location is changed to other place
that case for the modification of other structural member at block 6.
12) How good we have been in performing our work tasks

We can really say that we are in a good position in performing the given tasks wewas given
responsibility to perform. This is due to the help of courses that we took in the previous semesters. We have
gained much theoretical knowledge that helps me to execute the tasks given to me. If someone who was not
given the proper theoretical knowledge was given the same task, it would be difficult to execute the work.
This is due to the fact that all the practical activity depend s on the theoretical knowledge. For instance the
activities on site like site clearance, soil exploration, excavation, foundation construction, column beam and
slab construction, masonry works, plastering works, etc. are briefly explained in previously taken courses
like:
 Specification and quantity

 Foundation

 Reinforced concrete design
 Building construction I and II
 Construction material I and II etc.
13) Challenges we have been facing during performing our work tasks
 Transport problems:-it was a little hard for some of us to arrive at the company's work time. This
affects our punctuality.
 Lack of office materials and full of drawing, Because of scarcity of these materials, we couldn’t
execute office works like quantity surveying, payment preparation and data collecting easily.
 Lack of construction safety wears i.e. safety shoes, helmet, glove etc…. Because of this we couldn’t
reach in risky areas of the site.
13.1.Measures I have taken to overcome these challenges.

 For transport related problems, we tried arriving to the work site as early as possible.
 Shortage of office space and office materials was the main challenges to work. We tried to use our
own materials and equipment’s like calculator, paper and pen etc….
 For problems related to construction safety wears we take many measures like wearing my own hard
shoes not entering to risky areas of the site and walking carefully so that we don’t step on nails and
other harmful materials.
14) Overall benefits we gained from the internship

During our stay at the construction site we have gained many benefits and we had upgraded our
knowledge and experienced things about the real construction sector that we couldn’t get from anywhere
else.
14.1.What we gained in terms of improving our practical skills

As it’s commonly practiced, most of the courses we took in class dealt with the theoretical
side of engineering. Some lecturers took the initiative and tried to illustrate the practical part
of this field by displaying different graphic images in their lecture or suggested materials that
were more or less illustrative or even took us to the site to show what the actual engineering
looked like. But these trials were futile and failed to give us the clear picture. Although this
visits helped us get a little more acquainted with the tangible part, they were simply not
enough.

This internship program was exactly what we needed to nurture the lack
of practical skills we had. While I was on the job I had the chance to see
most construction procedures. Since all foundation related works like excavation, earth work
and construction of footings for the buildings were already completed by the time I got there,
all the attention went to the super-structural elements.
When we come to our site, where the building project is on progress. The slab is two way concrete
slabs. The casting of the concrete is probably the most challenging part of constructing a high rise building.
You have to coordinate every crew member from one that has a few to play to the one that has a high role to
play.
When casting the concrete for slab it a considerable amount of human labor. Also when casting the
concrete for the slab an electrician and a plumber must be present on site at all times to maintain damaged
conduits and PVC pipes respectively
While casting, to avoid segregation of concrete, I have also seen how a vibrator is put to use in certain
intervals. Furthermore when casting is done, since the procedure usually takes more than a day, a mixture of
water and cement called Boyacá is poured on the already filled slab to strengthen the bonding process.
Terms that are used in the site:-
Sponda………………………………………….side form work(beam)
Fondo…………………………………………...bottom form work(beam)
Soleta……………………………………………slab

Tumbi…………………………………………...plumb bob
Ferecas………………………………………….mortar
Tederabi………………………………………...negative bar(slab)
Stafa…………………………………………….stirrup
Yejiwehalek…………………………………….water sprint
Gomawehalek………………………………….water hose
Sibago…………………………………………...string
Gerila………………........................................footing bar pad
Kebeleto………………………………………...bar spacer
Modini……………………………………………batten
Riga……………………………………………...float
Kerebat………………………………………….holding of column
Squadra………………………………………….right angle
14.2.What gained in terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge

Many of the work progress in the construction site is a new thing for us and by the help of our supervisor we
combined the work with what we learned in school theoretically. This internship program provided us with
the opportunity to expand our horizon, broadening our intellectual knowledge and practical skills. The work
we did was mostly related to course of structural design we took (specifically reinforced concrete or RC I
and RC At this time we think we can lead small projects with the knowledge we have got theoretically and
in the internship program. On the other hand we will not be confused (challenged) as we was taking only
theoretical courses.
14.3.What we gained in terms of improving our interpersonal

communication skills
By the time we started working in the company already there was lot of students from other
university started working. Later at the beginning of this program there wasn’t much we understood or knew

about the work procedures and this situation forced us to ask different people a lot of
questions and get several responses from each of them. Since we had to ask almost
everything we became used to it and suddenly we were no longer not comfortable asking employees’
questions. In addition to this since there were students from other universities we had to communicate and
work with them which, to a very little extent, helped in improving our communication skills.
The other important thing we gained from this good communication skills we developed is that we
gained self-confidence and we started believing in myself and also trusting other people around me. For
effective communication to occur between two parties there must be a general level of trust between them.
Generally having a good interpersonal communication is very important at any construction site because
without it no real progress can be achieved.
14.4.What we gained in terms of improving our team playing skills
Construction is the task of each member of the team. Every member is expected to fulfill his/her
responsibility for the construction project to be a success.Most of the tasks we completed were assigned as
group duty. So most of the time we had to work independently but at the same time together. While we were
doing this different ideas rose and there were arguments but at the end we agreed on acceptable terms which
I believe helped us share things we didn’t know and helped us develop our team playing skills to some
extent.
From this team playing skill, some of the benefits we got were:-
 encourage open communication

 building credibility
 set specific goals
 measure progress
 collaboration with team members a must
 delegate responsibility to the team
14.5.What we gained in terms of improving our leadership skills

. If I cannot communicate effectively, then no other leadership skills will compensate for this lack.
First and for most I must be able to exchange information effectively and accurate for good leadership to
occur.
. When we came to this site we was be put in to a group where we didn’t know anyone. Sound a little
bit scary. There is a reason for it. Every one carries with them a little bit of history. Everyone has the same

advantage and opportunity to be the best person they can be. There is no precondition or
limitation on what we can accomplish. So, wewas able to learn about everyone else’s
need, their character, what make them angry, we learn what excites people, what motivates them. We learn
about how a group comes together and commit to achieve their goal.
Finally, what we also got from leadership is knowing and understanding group resources, controlling
the group, counseling, setting examples, planning, and evaluation. Specially controlling is the most often an
overt behavior of leadership. There is also specific action that we take to exert influence over the team.
14.6. What we gained in terms of understanding about work ethics related

issues
There are a lot of work ethics in construction site. Our supervisor even told us we must respect the
work ethics while working on site. Among them:-
 Punctuality- in construction industry time is very valuable. If you enter late for work you are
cheating on valuable resources. So the construction industry doesn’t attract such kind of
person and you will not attract a construction company because their profit is related to time.
To achieve your goal you must be punctual on work time.
 Develop team work skill-in construction site every work is done by team so you have to be
cooperative with laborers and every worker in the site because when problem happen you
will solve by discussing together with everyone on the site.
 Cooperation with colleagues-in construction industry helping each other is very essential
because to the success of a construction company every worker should work cooperatively
unless by the failure of one person the whole company will be criticize.
 Being sociable-in site there are a lot of ceremony beside the work starting from drinking
coffee. As a member of the site you have to participate in such ceremony.
14.7.What we gained in terms of entrepreneurship skills

There are number of qualities and skills we need to have, including personal attributes, business
skills and management capability, while we may not have all of them right now but there are some skills
that we were able to develop while we were at intern. These are self-motivations skills, time management
skills and administrative skills.

A) Self-motivation skills: to succeed in my work, we must be self-starterwith
cleared desired goals in our mind. We must have confidence in our self and in our idea.
More importantly we must be willing to focus on our energy and work hard toward work success.
B) Time management skills: our ability to plan our day and manage time is particularly important
for our job.
C) Administration skills
The most importantthing that we benefited from this entrepreneurship skill is the change in our
personal and career attitudes. These includes, self-worth, ability to control one’s life, self-awareness, self-
management/personality responsibility, transfer of learning, motivation, team work, interpersonal
communication, problem solving and creativity are some of the important attribute that we get.
15) Conclusion and recommendations

Finally, we worked in Sunshine Construction plc for about more than three months on one of the
construction sites located at estifanos as a practicing undergraduate construction technology and
management Student (Intern). At this time on the site we have got the chance to look, learn and engage in
almost all of our future’s profession practical things as far as our knowledge permits.
Since one of the main aims of the internship program is to make the interns adapt with the external
work environment, we could grasp lots of practical experiences from the company we were worked in.
Also as on Construction of semi- basement floor level we have the chance to look side view of excavated
soil part which do not have provided the shoring wall to increase the stability of soil and the adjacent
structure as the site is bounded by adjacent building and road. Due to the absence of shoring wall one
labourer is dead and one is injured by collapses of not supported soil. Therefore should be taken care as my
recommendation rather than make a mistake
As COTM student, We learn one thing from this site about the labourers management system they use.as
the site is contain three different project at different level of construction the way of thelabourers is very
important to me personally. Because allocation way of labour is should be done carefully. What they do is
not hear required number of worker for each of block instead of using them at each of block when the other
block work is finished for certain time or up-to the next step is starting and require less number of labourers.
There was cooperative process. For instance, if one group was bending and arranging reinforcement bars,
the other group was preparing form works.

Use driller to Peirce the ply wood during retaining wall form work preparation instead
of mero to minimize time, human labor and cost.
As we saw the diagonal intermediate ply wood used to pour concrete in to retaining wall and shear wall was
exposed to wastage of concrete so to minimize the wastage it needs to work on the connection between the
formwork and the diagonal plywood.
Fig wastage of concrete from retaining wall concrete casting removed by daily labors
16) REFERENCES
1. CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL A BOOK
2. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BOOK BY DR. ABEBEDINKU
3. www.sunshineconstruction.org
4. SITE OBSERVATION
5. PROJECT DRAWINGS
6. ACADEMICALS KNOWLEDGE
7. LECTURES BY THE PROJECT MANAGER (PM)




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INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT

1) Declaration of student and approval by mentor and supervisor

Mentor Name - YIBELU F.

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 1

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 2

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 3

4) Background History of Sunshine Construction

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 4

 Play active developmental role in the construction sector

Fax: +251 115 512444

P.O.Box: 107, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 5

4.2 )Products and Services

line. It is currently executing major infrastructure projects at various parts

 Sunshine Building Complex

 Ministry of Defense Officers' Apartments

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 6

SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION P.L.C

Main entrance to site Block 1 and 2 building

Block 3(Marriott Hotel) Block 4(G+12 with 2 basement)

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 7

Block 5 beside block 4(G+ with 2 Basement) Block 6(World spa)

4.3) Organization and Work flow

EMPLOYEE OF THE YEAR OF THE COMPANY FOR

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 8

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 9

4.5) Capacity and Ownership

Table 4 .1 Quantity of equipment and machineries

Type of Equipment & Qty.

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 10

Buildings & Workshop Compounds

 Sunshine eight story rental office building-, laundry and beauty

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 11

Storage for raw inputs of construction

Summary of Current Status of the Company

-Primary Stage Br. 661,308,522.80

Road Project Br. 1,217,967,168.00

Total Project on Hand Br. 2,481,011,599.15

B.Fixed Asset Building & Workshop Compounds Br. 463,366,520.00

Total Fixed Asset Br. 921,616,787.70

Table4. 1 Summary of the current status of the company

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 12

4.6) Work flow and Organization

Deputy MD affiliate Businesses Laundries

Audit service Legal service

Eng. Material Road Building Personal GS & Finance

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 13

Transport service Project

Chart 1.1 Sunshine company organization& work flow chart

HOSTING COMPANY: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 14

5) Overall internship experience

5.2) Sections we have been working

5.3 .Project organization and work flow

COMPANY NAME: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 15

COMPANY NAME: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 16

5.4.1.2.Preparation of cost breakdown

Type of Cost per Labour by **Indexed Hourly Type of Hourly Hourly

(Total 1.01) 1084.85 Total (1.02) 115.63 121.50

COMPANY NAME: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 17

No L*W*H Quantity DESCRIPTION No L*W*H Quantity DESCRIPTION

. Table 5.3 Preparation of the amount of concrete and formwork required

COMPANY NAME: SUNSHINE CONSTRUCTION PLC Page 18

No LWH Quantity DESCRIPTION No LWH Quantity DESCRIPTION