Kaleab Final

FINAL INTERN REPORT 02/10/2019
Declaration
I, kaleab worku 4th year Construction technology & management student in Addis
Ababa University EiABC campus declare that this report describe my four month
staying period from October 15/2018 to February 08/2019 in Bamacon
Construction nile source project found at bole japan & all writings in this
document contains things done by myself effort & I approve this by my signature.
Name of the intern: ____________________________
Signature: _________________
Date:_____________________
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Acknowledgment
First of I would like to thank God and his mother Virgin Merry for giving me the
opportunity to exercise. And the EiABC for providing this university industrial
linkage program in order to let us know what the real work environment would
like. During my two months I have been provided with the opportunity to ask
questions and materials and files we would like to refer.
I would like to thank the site engineers and general Forman for their
precious time and their willingness to let us know what we would like to
understand in detail. Moreover I would like to thank the PM Eng. gebre for giving
us his precious time to give us lectures on what we should know and understand
how the office work looks like and what we should do in site inspection as a
CoTM professional.
I will also want to thank my mentor MR Yihenew for giving me this chance,
General Worker ato alemu for answering my questions and brief explanation of
activities on site. And the office engineers Eng. Meron & hiwot for helping us in
questions we had and giving us any supporting files to refer to.
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TITTLE PAGE
1 company profile 8
1.1Introduction 8
1.2 brief history 8
1.3 mission statement 8-9
1.4 services 9
1.5 organizational structure and work flow 9-10
1.6 duties of some staff members 10-12
1.7 past and present performance 12-13
1.8 major items of machinery 13-16
1.9 some projects in hand and completed 17
2 overall internship experience 18
2.1 how I got in to the company 18
2.2 project information 18-19
2.3 the workflow in the site 20
2.4 the section of the company that I have been working 20
2.5 work tasks that I had been performing and its procedures 21
2.5.1 office works 21-24
2.5.2 site works 24
2.5.2.1 earth works 24-27
2.5.2.2 formwork for grade beam 27
2.5.2.3 hard core filling 28
2.5.2.4 floor drain pipe installation 28-29
2.5.2.5 lean concrete work above hard core 30
2.5.2.6water proofing 30-32
2.5.2.7water proofing above DPM of the slab 33
2.5.2.8 reinforcement for grad beams 33
2.5.2.9slab reinforcement placing 33-37
2.5.2.10concrete pouring steps 38-39
2.5.2.11 ditch construction 40
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2.5.2.12 work methodology of concrete column 40-41

2.5.2.13 retaining wall 42
2.5.2.14 staircase construction 42-44
2.5.2.15lift construction 45-46
2.5.2.16 work methodology for ramp 46-47
2.5.2.17 flat slab construction 47-49
2.5.3 visits to other sites 49
2.5.3.1 mat foundation 49-50
2.5.3.2 shoring of piles 50-52
2.5.4 visit to concrete batching plant 52-55
2.6 challenges I faced when I perform my task 56
2.7 measures I have taken to overcome my challenges 56
2.8 problems in our site 56
2.8.1 organizational problems 56-57
2.8.2 safety problems 57
2.8.3 structural problems 57-58
2.8.4 work methodology problems 58
3 benefits I gained from the internship 59
3.1 what I gained in terms of improving my practical skill 59-60
3.2 what I gained in terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge 60
3.3 what I gained in terms of improving my interpersonal 60-61
communication skill
3.4 what I gained in terms of improving my team playing skill 61
3.5 what I gained in terms of improving my leadership skill 61-62
3.6What I gained in terms of understanding about work ethics 62
related issues
3.7 What I gained in terms of improving my entrepreneurship skill 62-63
4 conclusion and recommendation 64
4.1 conclusion 64
4.2 recommendation 64-65
5 references 66
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of figures
TITTLE PAGE
Fig 1 finished and ongoing projects 17
Fig 2 earth work equipment’s 25
Fig 3 compaction machines and tests 26
Fig 4 block formwork 27
Fig 5 hardcore construction 28
Fig 6 pipe elbows 29
Fig 7 pipe installation 29
Fig 8 lean concrete above hardcore 30
Fig 9 DPM work for beams 32
Fig 10 lean concrete above the DPM and grade beam reinforcement 33
Fig 11 slab reinforcement 34
Fig 12 cube test 36
Fig 13 slump test 37
Fig 14 concrete batching machine and shooter 38
Fig 15 distributing the concrete 39
Fig 16 slab finishing machine 39
Fig 17 starter bars 39
Fig 18 ditch construction 40
Fig 19 column construction 41
Fig 20 stair construction 44
Fig 21 lift formwork 46
Fig 22 ramp construction 47
Fig 23 slab reinforcement 49
Fig 24 perforated pipe laying 50
Fig 25 mat foundation 50
Fig 26 drilling a pile 51
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Fig 27 tensioning the shoring piles 52

Fig 28 laboratory test for mix design 53
Fig 29 concrete batching plant 55
List of tables
TITTLE PAGE
Table 1 past and present performance 12-13
Table 2 major items of machinery and equipment’s 13-16
Table 3 contracting parties 19
Table 4 format for takeoff shit 21
Table 5 format for bar schedule 22
Table 6 format for cost breakdown 23
Table 7 format for bill of quantity 23
Table 8 format for payment certificate 24
Table 9 %strength of concrete in different days 35
Table 10 compressive strength of concrete at 7th and 28 days 35-36
Table 11 recommended value of slump for different works 37
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1, COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
 BAMACON Engineering PLC is a share, privately owned construction firm with a reliable
record of accomplishments and a bright prospect that matches its high aspiration. The
following volume is an attempt to profile that track record, the prospect and the aspiration
from its effective operating system springs.
This profile includes:-
 Mission statement and brief history of BamaCon Engineering PLC
 Its legal status
 Its organizational structure and operating systems
 Its existing capacity and experience
The inclusion of these elements in the profile, we presume, will give the concerned reader an
insight on the substance of BamaCon Engineering PLC.
1.2 Brief History
Established as a grade VII construction firm in 2005 using the name of the owner and
general manager as Girma Gelaw Building Contractor, BamaCon Engineering registered
with the ministry of infrastructure, has grown to be a very competitive Grade I Building
Contractor with favorable prospects for a role of excellence in the construction industry.
In the twelve years of its growth, the firm has always believed that capacity depends more on
organizational and human resource development than on equipment and finance.
In this belief, the firm has invested a significant portion of its time and money on:
▪ Retaining and developing a highly professional management team.
▪ Training and motivating its technical staff, from the craftsmen to the senior engineers, to
achieve and maintain high standards.
▪ Devising and practicing a modern and effective organizational structure.
▪ Solicit counseling and conduct selected research to assist in strategic planning.
▪ Devising and continuously improving on a system of operation that is guided by written
head office and project guide lines, both of which were the result of the combined efforts
of professionals of high standards.
▪ And the result has been a firm with a work force that can take on any challenge in the
form of a construction job.
With respect to capacity in terms of equipment, while acquisition of major machinery has
been dictated by the need to satisfy the regulatory body’s (ministry of infrastructure’s)
capacity requirements, special emphasis on equipment that are specifically appropriate to
BamaCon Engineering’s own method of construction were also sought and acquired.
Hitherto, financial capacity has always been commensurate to the cash flow requirements of
the projects.
This has been partly due to the firm’s good credit record with clients, insurance companies,
banks and construction material suppliers perhaps the most important creditors to any
construction firm.
Looking back, the path BamaCon Engineering PLC traveled over the last years seems to be a
path of initiation for the competitive challenges of the third millennium.
1.3 Mission statement
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 we the leaders and followers of this business entity as a team shall:-

▪ Ever survive as a business entity that is committed to the creation of excellent values that
always strives to balance the utility needs of customers, employees, managers and
shareholders.
▪ Create and sustain a combination of individual excellence (manifested in purposeful,
visionary and exemplary leadership of our management) and communal values (expressed
as the creative, harmonious, and motivated team spirit of our employees) that will ensure
the vitality, strength and propagation of our business entity.
▪ Uphold the maxim that (“All things are changing and we are changing with them”) since
change is a universal and continuous phenomenon that positively affects our customers,
employees, managers and shareholders, so as to always prepare and provide for change,
however violent.
1.4 Services
 BamaCon Engineering PLC, through years of vast experience dealing with project
management and contract administration issues in different construction projects, has
specialized in construction of:-
 Residential Houses
 Office Building Complexes
 Hospitals
 Hotels
 Factories and multi-purpose buildings
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1.5 Organizational structure and work flow
On site organizational structure
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1.6 Duties of some staff members

 General Manager
The General Manager is the one who has a chief power through the whole project. He
controls all activities in the company and makes decisions in consultant with management
and technical advisors.
He divides the site into manageable units or sections by assigning engineers or foreman’s in
charge of each depending on type of work and work volume, and then allocates the
resources according to the needs.
He makes payment to sub contract workers.
He gives special attention to avoid wastage of materials while allocating resources.
 Project manager
The project managers the most important person for the failure and success of the project.
The project manager is responsible for planning, organizing and controlling the project.
In turn, the project manager receives authority from the management of the organizational to
mobilize the necessary resources to complete the project. The project manager must be able
to exert interpersonal influence in order to lead the project team.
He must possess leadership quality and the ability to handle intricate interpersonal
relationships effective with in an organization.
 Site engineer
The site engineer controls all construction activities on the site starting from the very
beginning. Generally, the site engineer;
-Set out the site.

-Check the excavation and earthworks according to specifications and drawings.
Strictly follows the given time schedules in order to avoid any delaying on the project
completion time.
 Office Engineer
The main responsibility of the office engineers are:-
 Prepare material lists for the project and ensuring deployment.
 Preparing payment certificates for sub contract works based on actual quantity
executed and Keep records of payments certificates related to the sub contract works.
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 Documentation: -keeping contract documents and drawing.

-keeping proper documents of corresponding variables order.
 Construction engineer
Construction engineers that works together with the site engineers to supervise the
construction work.
The construction engineers give solutions to practical problems that might occur during the
process of the work.
 Forman
The Forman coordinates the workmen according to their particular activity like masons,
carpenters, bar benders, electricians, plumbers, labor and operators on the site order and
control them.
In general the foreman:-

- Keeps the work moving ahead daily as the project engineer has planned it.
- Studies the working drawings in detail before starting the work.
- Checks that the various construction works goes parallel.
- Checks whether skilled or unskilled labor, materials, is sufficient or not for the given work
schedule
 Quantity Surveyor
He is a Surveyor the quantity of materials and prepares a bill of payment for each work item
Executed which is to be checked by the Office engineer and approved by the Project manager
 Surveyor
He plays a significant for construction to proceed.
He/she has the responsibility to setting out and the elevation points according to design.
 Data Collector
He is responsible to follow up and prepare a report on daily site work items execution.
Report daily data’s to the site engineer
Manage the complains from the site
Prepare monthly report
1.7 Past and Present Performance
The following table summarizes major construction jobs BamaCon Engineering PLC
took over the past four to five years which are relevant to the current job at hand
Table 1
Period % of work Prime

No Project Type Employer
Of Completed Contractor
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(P)
Contract
MIXED-USE BUILDING S
1. Mixed-Use-A.A Ato Alemayehu Tameru 540 days 100 P
2. Mixed-Use –A.A Ato Mesfin Mengesha 730 days 100 P
3. Mixed-Use –A.A OMEDAD PLC 1,095 days 100 P
4. Mixed-Use –A.A NEHCO Trading PLC 720 days 100 P
5. Mixed-Use –A.A Ato Jonny Seifu 730 days 100 P
6. Mixed-Use-A.A Afework Int. Group 540 days 100 P
7. Mixed-Use-A.A Atkilt Tera Mar. Center 1,080 days 89 P
8. Mixed-Use-A.A Dagi PLC 450 days 100 P
9. Mixed-Use-A.A Military Tera Merchants 420 days 100 P
S.Co.
10. Mixed-Use -AA Admas Zemenawi 610 days 93 P
11. Mixed-Use -AA Ato Bahiru Abraham 540 days 100 P
Ethiopian Evangelical 365 days 100 P
12. Mixed-Use -AA Church Mekane
Yesus
13. Mixed-Use -AA Adika tour & Travel 365 days 100 p
14. Mixed-Use -AA Enat Real Estate 730 days 100 p
16. Mixed-Use -AA Emiru & Elizabeth 320 days 100 p
Business
HOTEL BUILDINGS
1. Saromaria Hotel Ato Alemayehu Nigussie 720 days 100 P
3. Hotel –A.A. Ato Habtamu Desta 545 days 100 P
4. Hotel –A.A. Alemgenet Trade & 730 days 57 P
Industry
5. Hotel –A.A. Ato Ayele G/medhin 140 days 100 P
APARTMENT BUILDIN GS
1. Apartment-A.A Ene Tsehaye Zemui 300 days 100 P
2. Apartment -AA AL SAM PLC 570 days 43 P
3. Apartment-AA SACUUR Real Estate 450 days 38 P
PLC
HOSPITAL BUILDING S
1. Hospital-A.A Ato Berhane Dagnew 240 days 100 P
FACTORY BUILDINGS
1. Factory- B IHRAK Int. PLC 240 days 100 P
2. Factory -B STEELY RMI 365 days 100 P
3. Factory -B Kanoria Textile 600 days 100 P
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OFFICE BUILDINGS
1. G+3 Office Rwanda Embassy 365 days 100 P
SUBSTATION PROJEC TS
1. Shegole Ethiopian Electric Power 180 days 47 SC
Substation Project -CONCO
2. Bako Substation Ethiopian Electric Power 300 days 10 SC
Project – POWER CHINA
1.8 Major Items of Machinery and Equipment
Table 2
Ite Year of
Qt Owner
m Equipment Type Brand Manuf’re Capacity
y ship
No.
A. Vehicles
Toyota, Japan 2008 10 qtl 9 Owned
Toyota, Japan 1986 10 qtl 3 Owned
1. Pickup
Mitsubishi, 2008 10 qtl 3 Owned
Japan
Nissan UD, 2006 14 m3 4 Owned
Japan
Mitsubishi, 2006 14 m3 4 Owned
Japan
IVECO 330-36, 2012 18 m3 3 Owned
2. Dump truck (Double Axle) Italy
IVECO 2012 18 m3 2 Owned
ASTRA, Italy
EURO 2012 18 m3 2 Owned
TRAKKER
Fiat, Italy 1987 10 m3 4 Owned
3. Truck SCANIA 2012 2 Owned
Power, Europe
4. Truck and Trailer (High 2012 4 Owned
Bed)
5. Truck and Trailer (Low VOLVO 2010 2 Owned
Bed)
ISUZU, Japan 2008 30 qtl 2 Owned
6. Medium Truck
ISUZU, Japan 2010 30 qtl 3 Owned
7. Automobile Toyota, Japan 2005 - 5 Owned
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B. Machineries
1. Tower Crane Simma GT183 , 2002 50m 2 Owned
Italy arm& 6
T
KATO , Japan 1995 10 Ton 3 Owned
2. Mobile Crane
XCMG,China 2008 25 Ton 2 Owned
3. Manitou 2012 2 Owned
4. Dump Truck with Crane 2010 15 Ton 3 Owned
5. Fixed construction Service Ethiopia 2012 1 Ton 35 Owned
lift
5’. Dozer CAT 2008 1 Owned
CAT-DL320 1991 104 Hp 1 Owned
Chain Excavator
6. CAT-DL320 2008 140HP 4 Owned
Bin Ford 1989 5 Ton 1 Owned
CATERPILLA 2013 14 Ton 2 Owned
R
Roller BITELLI DTV 2012 2 Owned
7.
85
2006 10 Ton 1 Owned
BOMAG
2012 14 Ton 2 Owned
Heavenly ZL 2002 5 m3 1 Owned
8. Loader 15C
XGMA 2012 3 m3 2 Owned
Casagrande 2008 2 Owned
9. Hydraulic Crawler Drill B180HD
Bauer C-130 2013 2 Owned
10. Tieback/Micro pile Machine Casagrande C6 2008 4 Owned
OCMER 48 2008 2 Owned
11. Shotcrete Machine MEDIA
2012 2 Owned
12. Grouting Machine 2008 High 3 Owned
Pres.
13. Finisher Power BITELLI BB50 2012 4 Owned
Ite Year of
Qt Owners
m Equipment Type Brand Manuf’r Capacity
y hip
No. e
B. Machineries
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CC 2000 T 2013 1 Owned

CC 1000 2013 1 Owned
Light Cement Cellular
14. LCA
Machinery
CLC PLANT, 2013 1 Owned
PCA-M12
15. Heater Sprayer TERMICA 2013 1 Owned
16. Mobile Mixer CIFA 2010 4 Owned
17. Mobile Mixer with CIFA 2010 2 Owned
Concrete Pump
18. Mobile Concrete Pump CIFA 2012 5 Owned
19 Mobile Track Pump CIFA 2012 130m /Hr 2
3
Owned
20 Concrete Mixer Lombardini, 2008 750 lit 48 Owned
Italy
21 Mobile Concrete Mixer FIORI- 2008 2.5 m3 4 Owned
DB180, Italy
C. Equipment
1 Concrete Vibrator Robin, Japan 78 Owned
2 Stone Crusher 2008 48 Hp 3 Owned
3 Pile Drilling and Italy 2008 Full Range Owned
Anchoring Tools
4 Site Workshop Tools Italy 2008 Owned
5 Stress Jack 2008 6 Owned
6 Plate Compactor 2006 18 Owned
7 Tamper Honda, 2006 7 Owned
Japan
Electrical 1 inch 9 Owned
8 Water Pump
Robin, Japan 3 inch 7 Owned
D . Surveying
Instrum ent
1. Theodolite Sokkia 5 Owned
2. Level Sokkia 2012 8 Owned
3. Total Station Sokkia 2012 6 Owned
E. Miscel laneous Items (For mwork, etc)
Steel 6,500m2 - Owned
1. Formwork ( Steel)
Plywood 20,000m2 - Owned
2. Props 4,500pcs - Owned
3. Tubular Prop (External 2500pcs - Owned
Scaffolding)
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16,500m2
4. Slab Scaffolding Coverage - Owned
Area
Wood 800pcs - Owned
5. I-Beam for Formwork
Aluminum 600pcs - Owned
1000m2
Scaffolding for
6. Steel Coverage - Owned
Plastering
Area
China 2007 15Kva 15 Owned
7. Generator
China 2007 75Kva 1 Owned
Reinforcement bar
8. China 2006 12-24 2 Owned
bending machine,
9. Mechanical HCB China 2007 1000pc/day 2 Owned
making machine,
8000 lit 2 Owned
10. Water tanker 5000 lit 4 Owned
1000 lit 4 Owned
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1.9 SOME PROJECTS IN HAND AND COMPLITED
Project: - AL-SAM PLC Hotel Building

Location: - Mexico, Behind Chelelke Building. Client: - AL-
SAM PLC.
Project: - Four point by Sheraton, 2B+G+23 Hotel building

Location: - bole, flamingo
project status: - 57%complited.
Project: - OMEDAD mixed use building Fig 1 Finished and ongoing projects
Location: - bole, olompia
project status: - 100%complited.
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2. Over all internship experience

2.1 How I got in to the company
In June 20010 E.C UIL gave us a letter with subject that requests to host qualified interns
from Addis Ababa University (EiABC). We were also given a detailed orientation by UIL
staff members about how the coming internship program was planned to be and what
possible challenges and problems we could face.
The orientation was focused on how we should behave in a work place, what to expect and
how to relate with colleagues.
As soon as we were given the letters, me with my friends came search for the beast
construction companies currently, and we figured out about for construction companies and
we give them the request pepper and other academic evaluations like grade report, one of this
companies was BAMACON PLC, when they called us I chosen bamacon plc.
because of the following reasons:-
 From our past exposure during our three academic years, we had a significant number of
site visit and exposure to different building site at different stage of construction, but this
exposures were specific target based, so we have a big passion to participate in
integrated site, so we have gotten Bmacon plc. As a match to our need.
 As we heard from our lectures we have known that Bamacon engineering is one of the
big contractor in our city (having around 60 sites) including mega projects, with well-
organized staffs and facilities.
 The other reason is as I am living in dormitory at that time, I have to choose the
company which have good sites near our campus.
Because of the above reasons we had chosen to join Bamacon engineering plc.
The next task I had done was, I have choosed the site, to report to our campus.
Our goal in the internship period is to gain the basic managerial activities in continuous
manner in a building construction site from the beginning of the project.
In order to do that we started to look for construction site which are at beginning, in doing
so we had chosen Bole Japan was better.
Then we have accepted by the company by October 08/10/2018 and we had completed the
agreement among Bamacon head office around wello sefer, EIABC and Nile source site.
2.2 Project information
Project name:-Nile source mixed used building
Location:-Addis Ababa, Bole Japan
Client:-Nile source- PLC.
Contractor:-Bamacon engineering PLC.
Consultant:-Zeleke Belay Architect PLC.
Building type:-3B+G+10-Mixed used building built up area -2000m2
Contracting cost:- For only workmanship 27,000000 ETB
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How bamacon gets this project

 The contractor is provided with this project throw selective bidding approach the client
chooses a few construction companies which he is confident with the performance for this
project then select the one who come up with least cost.
 Then after the client on his behave nominate the architect as a Consultant (with full
responsibility in architectural as well as structural design) so the three parties are agreed.
Nile Source PLC. Zeleke Belay Architect Bamacon Engineering

PLC.
Ato Mekete Bale Ato Zeleke Belay Ato Girma Gelaw
w/o Frehiwot Adugna
Ato Berhan Leulseged
Project Status before October Table 3

Executed Activities
 Referring types of project plans based on Phase of Construction Project
i. Inception stage:-Project feasibility plan
 The Client gets the idea and decides to build the head office, then the team examines the
needs and finally defines the scope of the work and assesses the time and cost.
 Which we believe this is the basic reason for the stake holders to be where they are right
at this moment.
ii. Engineering Stage:-Project preliminary plan
 Prepared completion time, project design and drawings, breakdown of the project in to
contract, tender preparation, tender finalization period, and the contracted works
commencement and completion dates….
iii. Implementation Stage: Project construction plan
 This stage needs planning the time, resource and the controlling activity.
 This is what is being done by the contractor and what we were trying to investigate.
Tasks accomplished before we join the project at implementation stage
 Excavation works
 Temporary retaining structures (shoring)
 Footing pad works
2.3 The work flow in the site

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The company is a well-organized one with a lot of educated as well as skilled manpower.
Site man power organization
2.4 section of the company that I had been working.

Coming to the section of the company that I had been working in for four months was, I was
working with the following staff members
Project manager
Site engineer
Office engineer
Intern student
Foremen
Data collector
Consultants
Daily laborers
2.5 Work tasks that I had been performing and procedures followed
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2.5.1 Office works

 Before taking any up work for it execution the owner or builder should have a thorough
knowledge about the volume of work that can be complete within the limits of funds or the
probable cost that may be required to complete the contemplated work.
 Thus an estimate (quantity estimate) or quantity survey for any construction work defined as
the process of calculating the quantities and cost of the various items required in connection
with the work. It is prepared by calculating the quantities from the dimensions of the
drawing.
Purpose of quantity serving
 To ascertain the necessary amount required by the owner to complete the proposed
work for his decision and arranging fund for the same.
 To ascertain the quantity of materials required for the programming timely
procurement.
 To know the number of different workers that are to be employed to complete the work
within the schedule time of complete the work.
 To draw up construction schedule and program and also to arrange fun required
according to the program.
 To invite tender and preparation of bills for payment.
Office tasks we had been working in our intern periods includes:-
 Takeoff sheet preparation
 cost Break down
 Bill of quantity
 Payment
1. Takeoff sheet preparation
▪ Take off sheet preparation is process of measuring quantities from detailed construction
drawing.
▪ It includes preparation of bar schedules.
▪ We had been doing takeoff sheet for almost all of the sub structure works:-
• Open ditch concrete quantity and reinforcement.
• Block formwork for beams and reinforcement for beams.
• Hardcore for 3rd basement.
• Reinforcement for the three basements.
• Reinforcement for all ramp and stairs and its concrete quantities.
• Formwork for all ramp and stairs.
▪ The measures are recorded on paper known as dimension paper or take of sheet which is
different for reinforcement bars and other quantities as shown below.
Format for takeoff sheet for concrete and formwork Table 4
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How to do bar schedule

The procedure I followed to prepare bar schedule take off sheet
1. I counted No. of structures which are identical.
2. I determined No. of bar per member.
3. I determined individual length in meter by considering overlap length with a minimum
overlap of 40φ.
4. I multiplied the length by No. of bar.
5. I multiplied again No. of member.
6. At the end, I changed length into Kg by multiplying given in the bottom raw or
calculated with a formula given bellow;-
diameter squered
Factor =
162
Example a diameter 24,

24 2 576
Factor = = =3.5555 ≈ 3.56
162 162
Format for bar schedule Table 5
2. Cost breakdown
▪ Cost breakdown is a process of finding the resources needed to accomplish a certain
task, then to get the total cost of the activity per specified unit.
▪ It includes:-
• Manpower for a specified task
• Material “
• Equipment “
• And other indirect costs
▪ Cost is calculated by taking equipment’s as rental, and 30% overhead costs.
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▪ The amount of cost for skilled laborers, materials and equipment’s will be added and is
called direct cost. 30% of direct cost is taken to be overhead cost to account employees
at head office and other engineers.
▪ Finally direct cost and overhead cost are summed to give total cost.
▪ The profit is calculated by subtracting total cost from income. The aim of the breakdown
is to know the loss and profit of the company.
Table 6
3. Bill of quantity
▪ It is called bill of quantity. It includes the type of quality, the amount of the quantity, the
rate and the cost.
▪ The rate is the price for a unit amount of quantity which was handed.
▪ The rate is the result of the breakdown, since I did breakdown so I had been taking the
rate from the table of break down that I have been calculated earlier.
Format for bill of quantity Table 7
4. Payment certificate
▪ Payment certificate is a certificate describing the previous payments that the contractor
receives, penalties and the current payment requiests.it includes:-
Retention:-from each cumulative work executed the client take 5% to make the
contractor to repair defects.
 50%of the 5% released @ provisional acceptance period.
 The remaining 50% is released @ final acceptance period.
Previous payment: - the summation of previously paid amounts.
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Rebate: - the amount that the contractor discount from each activities.
Advance payment: -amount paid for the contractor for unexecuted works it can be
for starting or if the contractor face financial problem.
Advance repayments: - the contractor will pay the division of advance payment at
each payments.
Materials on sites:-the materials stored in site that the contractor purchased but not
used, if the contractor wants to facilitate the construction he can pay for that.
Liquidated damages :-the amount that the contractor penalized,
 Due to delay the penalty is 0.1% of the contract amount per day.
 If the liquidated damage reaches 10% the client may terminate the
contractor. Table 8
2.5.2 Site works

During my internship period I have been participating in the supervision and inspection of
the following site tasks.
2.5.2.1, Earth works
▪ Earthworks operation is one of the most important construction procedures. Earth work
requires the greatest amount of engineering effort from the stand point of personnel and
equipment. Therefore, the planning, scheduling and supervision of earth work operations are
important in obtaining the efficiently operated construction project.
▪ The earth works includes; Site clearing, Cutting (balk and pit excavation), cart away and
back (selected) filling.
▪ after we join our site we have seen the following earth work activities
I. Cart away
II. Selected filling
III. compaction
KALEAB WORKU 25
1. Cart away: - Cart away is the disposal of unsuitable or surplus excavation material to an
appropriate site.
 It includes stockpiling, loading, transporting, dumping and wheel spreading. At our site,
cart away material not only included excavated soil but also selected material that was
rendered useless due to perched water that was close to the surface, and made the selected
material muddy. This made may cause crack in the grade beam so, they are agreed to
dispose the top filled layer and fill with another selected material.
Problems
 When we enter the site at the first time the workers are busy by transporting cart away.
The cart away was transported manually by the daily laborer with the smaller lifts which
is very low productivity.
Recommendations from us:-
1. Why didn’t uses movable crane to transport/remove the cart away from the site?
 Their response is there is an obstacle municipal Electric line due to this reason we choose
the manual transportation.
 We asked that why they don’t install the electric line underground unless it causes other
problems.
2. The second way is giving the cart away for a group of works other than daily laborers
of the site as a contract by fixing time of completion so it worked it facilitate other works
to be done.
2. Selected excavated fill - Suitable non expansive material approved by the Engineer
for excavation and capable of being compacted to form a stable filling having side slopes as
indicated on drawings or directed by the Engineer.
 The selected fill is filled up to 60 cm bellow the floor finish level because, the depth from
the lean concrete to the floor finish level is 60 cm.
Fig 2 Backhoe loader cart away material dump truck dumping selected
material
4. Compaction: - compaction is the process of compressing the filled material to avoid its air
space inside and to increase its resistance to loads.
KALEAB WORKU 26
Compaction test
It is also called filed density tests, the objective of test to determine the dry density, wet
density, and OMC of compacted soil on site and to determine the percent of compaction.
In my site we used the Sand cone which is the best one for quality control and acceptance
testing for construction. During this test the soil was excavated through the center hole of the
plate until 15cm depth. Then the sand was replaced in place of the excavated soil. The
excavated soil was burned to know its moisture content. After the test is finished, the tests
give value of;
A. Degree of compaction is determined
B. Moisture content
C. Dry density
Soil test for moisture content test of selecting material procedure:-
1) Digging a hole to the depth to be tested

2) measuring the volume of excavation using standard sand
3) Measuring the weight of excavated sand dividing to the volume to get the density.
4) taking a sample measuring the weight, burning the soil with kerosene,
5) weighting again, obtaining the difference in weight which is the weight of lost
water,
6) Putting it in percentage relative to the bulk weight gives us moisture content.
In our site we have used two types of compaction machines:-

1) Rammer: - For first phase compaction of the expanded soil because it has high vibration
capacity.
2) Vibratory plate:- This is the second and finishing compaction .used for giving flat
compacted surface, it is more flatter than the former
Fig 3 Rammer vibratory plate soil tests for moisture

content
Lean for the grade beam concreting
KALEAB WORKU 27
 Lean concrete is used for protecting the reinforcement of the beam from direct contact with
the soil, which helps it from being rusted and also for giving a flatbed for the beam and block
formwork.
 In our site one of the new thing is that the form work for the beam is HCB block. Therefore
the lean concrete is wide because it is used as a bed for the block.
 After the compaction is finished then we have placed 5cm thick and c-15 lean concrete
with a width of 68cm.this is because the width of the beam is 28cm wide and the total
width of the two side blocks is 20+20cm=40cm,therefore the lean concrete width will be
40cm+28cm=68cm.
2.5.2.2, Formwork for the grade beam

 Our site is different from other one is by beam form work.
 First the design is to cast solid/ flat slab and to cast slab and beam ones to prevent uplift
water and because there is a DPM below the grade beam.
 Therefore we should have to use non removable form work.
▪ Available materials:-ply wood, panel, rock stone, and block
Ply wood and panels:-gives required shape sharpness and are not time taking in construction but
not economical.
Rock stone:-economical than the ply wood & panels but less productive and not give sharp &
flat face.
Block:-it is economical and gives the required face i.e. sharp, flat and appropriate to install DPM
without any damage. “Block” is better than “rock stone” and the best from ply wood & panel
then we choose block as form work by the negotiation of professionals.
Construction methodology
 Step 1:-After the lean concrete is placed following the axis of the grade beam,
 Step 2:-Then place 2.5 cm mortar for joining, by offsetting 14 cm from the central axis with
a width of 20 cm (width of block) on both sides.
 Step 3:-Then after place the 20*20*40 block, then above it place 20*10*40 cm block with
2.5cm mortar bed.
Therefore the total depth of the formwork will be 20cm +10 cm+2*2.5cm (mortar) =35cm
deep. With 28 cm effective beam width.
KALEAB WORKU 28
Fig 4 Center of the beam axis lean concrete for the block formwork block
formwork
2.5.2.3, Hardcore construction
 Hardcore is filled after the beam form work is constructed it is used selected stone from the
quarry site up to 30cm thick. But not use the stone gained from the site when they are
digging because of this stone is not strong and suitable since it gets from consolidation of
the soil & it loses their strength.
Its purpose;-
As it is filled in random manner no stone will be vertical up so the ground water flow
down by the sloped placed stone.
To fill the beam area up to slab to avoid direct contact slab and soil.
To support the ground slab.
 First fill the larger size of stone and then the top of the stone greater than 30cm was crasher
by using hammer and fill large holes to level & save the concrete usage.
Fig 5 filling of hardcore

2.5.2.4, Floor drain pipe installation
▪ During installation of floor drain pipes for capture moistures and drains from the floor of the
3rd basement and store in 1.5m deep drainage manhole.
During installation
▪ Step 1:-We have used Ø110mm U PVC first we had made the slope of the pipe which is
specified in the drawing is 5% slope, so the Forman ticked the top level of the pipe on the
column reinforcement bar then he changed the 5% slope in to easy & applicable way of
installation which is 1m horizontal & 5cm deep by this calculation they start to make slope
by using sand bed then we get 5% slope.
▪ Step 2:- install the pipe on the sand one piece of pipe cover 6m and connect the no_ of pipes
using elbows, T, 180° and 270°.
o T:-used when there is need of connecting two pipes and there is a vertical flow floor
drainage pipe to catch the water from the floor to the horizontal pipes.
o 180°:-used to connect two series pipes
KALEAB WORKU 29
o 270°:-used to bend the pipes to other directions

o Y-branch:-used to collect water drainage from two directions
Fig 6 Different types of elbows T-Pipe conection

 Pipe elbow joint methods
 There are key things we have to consider the pipe should have thin rubber called “Gomini”
they sometimes use grease to make the joint workable.
 Rubbing the pipes to sharpen its edge of connection when we connect pipes the acceptor
should be the outer of the former pipe to avoid the linkage, finally to avoid the filling of
construction materials in the vertical drain pipes we should cover it with empty cement bags
to check the slope and linkage test by adding water to the pipe.
Using grece to join pipe and elbows hammering process
KALEAB WORKU 30
Fig 7 Using fire to melt the pipe closing the pipe process
2.5.2.5 Lean concrete work above hardcore
The hard core size is 30cm so it drops 5cm from height of the block formwork so we fill the
5cm c-15 lean concrete which is not structural used to strengthen the hardcore and to give
flat surface to install DPM and slab.
 The lean concrete work is done by using a wooden purlin 5*3 cm “riga”
Fig 8 Leveling the lean concrete manually
2.5.2.6, WATER PROOFING

 Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure water-resistant so that it
remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified
conditions.
Purpose
A. Waterproofing is usually required by building codes for structures that are built at or
below ground level.
B. Waterproofing and drainage considerations are especially important in cases where
ground water is likely to build up in the soil or where there is a high water table.
KALEAB WORKU 31
C. Water in the soil causes hydrostatic pressure to be exerted underneath basement floors
and walls. This hydrostatic pressure can force water in through cracks, which can cause
major structural damage as well as mold, decay, and other moisture-related problems
o In our site there are 3 membranes.
1, DPM for both beam and shear wall

2, DPM for slab (sand DPM) 3, protection boards
1, DPM for both beam and shear wall
 Is 4mm thick bituminized membrane.
 Size 1m * 10m very elastic.
 Used For water proofing, it needs protection boards.
2, DPM for slab (sand DPM)

 Differ from the above by, it doesn’t need protection board because its outer surface is hard
enough.
3, protection boards
 It is differ by, it is harder and used for protecting the inner DPM.
Construction mechanisms of DPM
There are two types of water proofing
A, positive side water proofing.
B, negative side water proofing
A, positive side water proofing.
 Is a water proofing system that the DPM is plated on the side that the water comes before
passing the structure.
B, negative side water proofing

 It is protecting the moisture after passing the structure, most of the time used for repair,
mostly done by DPC (paint) because it will react with the structure so protect dampness
greater than DPM.
Construction methodology of water proofing in our site

o Step 1:-First we paint primer on the structure, to avoid dusts and to make the structure open
to be plated.
o Step 2:-Then the membrane is burned by 6000c acetylene flame.
o Step 3:-Plate on the structure, And for slab DPM there is 10cm overlapping length on the
sand side.
Our questions and responses.
KALEAB WORKU 32
When we are at school, we learnt that when we bend a DPM it should not be 90 0 to protect
the DPM from cut so we should use 450cant strip (wooden or other materials).But in our site
there is 900 bending of a membrane for beams why this happens?
The response is;-
▪ The DPM in our site is the new one, which have f.f properties;-
 200gm of pollster (mesh) exists in between layers which gives elastic properties not to be
cut, although it is bended, but the older one is only bituminized.
How to check proper exclusion of DPM work

I. Hammer the plated membrane by our hand and if it have a sound that means thir is an air
space inside so it was not properly work.
II. Watching the face of the membrane if it became melt or thinner then it means it is over
flamed.
III. Cylinder inspection
 In standard 12kg cylinder acetylene should be used for only 7 members.
 So by calculation we can know whether the DPM IS;-
Over flamed: - makes the membrane thinner.

Under flamed: - creates sudden detach of the membrane form the structure.
DPM AND PROTECTION BOARD 12 kg cylinder of acetylene
KALEAB WORKU 33
painting the primer DPM work for sher wall
Fig 9 DPM work for beam DPM work for

slabs
2.5.2.7, Lean concrete above the DPM of slab.
Lean concrete is used for protecting the DPM from slab reinforcement.
In our site C-15 lean concrete is used above the DPM.
But spacers are enough for this purpose .SO THIS MECHNISM IS NOT
ECHONOMICAL.
2.5.2.8, Reinforcement for beams
In our site the grade beam is constructed using Ø16.
The most things that took our attention is the place of overlap between bars;-
Top bars of beams

In our site top bars of beams overlaps at the center of the beam, which is correct because top
bars have zero tension at the middle .so it is beast place for bar overlapping.
Bottom bars
KALEAB WORKU 34
The bottom bars overlapped at 1/3 of the effective span of the beam because it is area of
minimum tension.
Overlap length (cm) =4*diameter of bar (mm)
Fig 10 lean concrete above the DPM reinforcement for the grade beam
2.5.2.9, Slab reinforcement placing

The slab reinforcement is placed after 2.5cm spacer is placed above the lean concrete.
the 3rd basement slab has two types of bars ;-
a) Mesh
▪ This is used for avoid the cracking, temperature effect, shrinkage and creep.
b) Negative bars
▪ There are 1m negative bars in our sites which are used for avoiding length effect and
moisture effect.
KALEAB WORKU 35
2.5cm spacers negative bars
Fig 11 Slab reinforcement work

Concrete Casting methodologies of slab and beam.
In our site the concrete used is all Ready mix concrete because of the following reasons.
 We have no enough space to place the mixer on site
 To attain better quality and strength plant is better than mixer
 To get maximum quality of pouring at a time
 To get the correct grade of concrete as it is tasted before.
 To minimize the wastage of concrete during mixing
 To keep the proportion of cement, sand, aggregate & water ratio
Way of testing concrete

A. The pre sampling
 Sample is taken before it comes to our site from the plant.
B. At a time of casting by client side
 Critical time to test concrete when there is change of ingredient in the batching plant
Problems
 Late delivery of concrete
 Sometimes the concrete is very workable (more water) which causes; Decrease strength
of concrete and Segregation and flowing through joint of formwork.
a) Compressive strength test

 Compressive strength test, mechanical test measuring the maximum amount of
compressive load a material can bear before fracturing.
 The test piece, usually in the form of a cube, prism, or cylinder, is compressed between the
platens of a compression-testing machine by a gradually applied load.
Procedure: Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes

▪ For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm
x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used.
KALEAB WORKU 36
▪ For our site cubical molds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are used.
 Step 1:-fill the cube with concrete fully
 Step 2:-wait for the specified day of 1, 3, 7,14and 28.
 The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at
different ages in comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting. Table 9
Age Strength percent
1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%
 Step 3:- after the above days bring the sample to testing lab and apply the compressive force
then take the point of failure.
 Step 4:-then calculate the compressive strength my dividing the failure load with contact
area of the cube.
Compressive Strength of Different Grades of Concrete at 7 and 28 Days Table 10
Grade of Minimum compressive strength Specified characteristic compressive

Concrete N/mm2 at 7 days strength (N/mm2) at 28 days
M15 10 15
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30
M35 23.5 35
M40 27 40
KALEAB WORKU 37
M45 30 45
fig 12 cube sample taking curing the sample cube tasting macine
b) Slump tests
A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete.
The consistency, sometimes described in terms of stiffness, generally indicates how much
water has been used in the mix.
The test allows builders and construction crews to get a good sense of how the mixed product
will perform in a variety of settings, and also gives them the opportunity to add either more
powder or more water in order to get the right balance.
Different projects have different specifications when it comes to concrete stiffness, and
testing the results is usually a lot more accurate than simply following prepared instructions
or making informed guesses.
How the Test Is Performed
Step 1:- the mold is shaped more or less like a cone that is missing its pointed end.
Step 2:-1.5 cm diameter metal rod is inserted into the filled cone and pumped up and down
about 25 times, mainly to remove air bubbles and settle the concrete.
KALEAB WORKU 38
Step 3:-Anything that is spilling over the top of the mold should be leveled off, and then the
mold is generally removed; without the support from the mold, the concrete slumps down
under its own weight. The amount of slumping is the most important thing.
Step 4:-The rod is then usually placed horizontally over the slumped pile of concrete and
balanced on the empty mold, which most measurers will set nearby. A ruler is used to
measure the distance between the rod and the concrete, which represents the height lost when
the concrete slumped down. This number is the “slump” for that particular batch of concrete.
Rating Specifications
In most cases, a slump of 2.5 to 7.6 cm indicates a very stiff mix and is the most suitable for
commercial work. A stiff mix like this can be really difficult to work with, and ordinarily it
requires a mechanical vibrator to get it to consolidate properly. It generally produces the
hardest and strongest concrete.
A slump of 10.1 to 12.7 cm is generally thought to be the most appropriate for residential
work, and pouring concrete is easier with this amount of slump. This sort of material can
usually be worked by hand, and it still results in strong concrete in most cases.
slump of more than 17.8 cm should not be used at all. In most cases it will be too runny to
set properly, and may lack a lot of the strength and durability people generally expect.
Fig 13 Sample taking by cone road bumping up and down measuring the slump
KALEAB WORKU 39
Table 11
10, Concrete pouring steps
▪ Step 1:-First we have to fix our pumping machine.
▪ Step 2:-fix the pumping pipe.
 The pumping machine should be in a place where the mixer truck can reach.
 When we fix the pumping pipe we can use different junction to connect two pipes and
also benders to change directions.
▪ Step 3:-The other task involved in laying the pipe is elevating the pipe up to some height to
make the concrete pouring easy, this is done by fixing pipe holders (kebelatos) up to 1m
high @ a certain spacing.
 In our sites the holders are made of 3 steel bars, which gives better resistance to the
pumping pressure.
▪ Step 4:-Then after start pumping the concrete,
▪ Step 5:-when the concrete reaches the slab vibrators helps to distribute the concrete
through the area and to avoid air space or segregation.
KALEAB WORKU 40
Fig 14 Pumping machine pumping pipe kebeleto

Methods used to distribute the concrete
 Then after casting the concrete the next task if making the surface flat.
 Manual method of flattening:-this is done by using a short flat wood (mefas) and manually
pushing it through the area.
Pouring concrete vibrator
KALEAB WORKU 41
Fig 15 Manual ways of distributing concrete

▪ The last task in the casing process of slab is finishing the surface.
 According to the contract the contractor is agreed to do the finishing of slab for the 3rd
basement and the 11th floor by using his own finishing machine called rotator, which
saves time and gives a good finishes .
 The purpose of finishing is to give the concrete surface fine finish and be water proof.
Fig 16 Rotator machine finished slab

Things to should be taken in to consideration before casting a slab.
o First we need to check weather tasks which have to be done below the slab are done, like
pipe installation and electrical lines.
o The second thing to consider is checking the structures which starts bellow the slab are
fixed like: - ramp bars, Starter bars, stair bars etc…
KALEAB WORKU 42
Fig 17 starter bars
2.5.2.11) Ditch construction

Our building water drain and water from shoring is captured through open ditch then collect
it to manhole and then pumped out to municipal line.
Construction methodology
▪ Step 1:-The slope of the ditch is 5%, to make practical compaction of selected fill by using
Rammer and vibratory plate in 1m horizontal length and drop in 5cm we get 5% slope.
▪ Step 2:- after this they lean 5cm C-15 lean concrete.
▪ Step 3:- then 10cm thick ditch slab reinforcement casting with a diameter of 8mm, 10mm &
12mm,
 From this we learned how to implement the drawing in to practical.
 Manhole /septic tank constructed to hold the drainage and ditch which have a pump.
 There is a place no space to place the ditch we have placed pipe Ø20mm with 135°
elbow and this pipe transfer water from one part of ditch to the other.
KALEAB WORKU 43
Fig 18 Compaction for the ditch reinforcement for ditch finished ditch
2.5.2.12) Work methodologies for concrete column
 Column layout work:-In this stage of works the location of columns are determined
practically in field. It is done by laying rope according to grids shown in the drawing and
then mark the location of columns related to rope. This is done for foundation column.
 The footing is always poured before the column and contains metal "starter bars" that extend
out of its surface. As their name implies, these starter bars provide a place to fix the rebar or
steel bars that will reinforce the concrete itself.
 Column Reinforcement work: After marking the column locations, we then start to place
reinforcement as instructed in the structural drawing. It can be placed by measuring
dimension from the center. For example our column is 40*60 so to place the reinforcement
measure half of 60 or 40 from the center then it gives 30 & 20 respectively then deduct the
spacer from that, so the spacer is 2.5 so the result is (20-2.5=17.5 & 30-2.5=27.5) thus the
reinforcement is placed in (35*55) place of the column from 40*60.
 The bars should be tied together by stirrup and according to the drawing.
 After stirrups, tie the spacer of the column
 Reinforcement inspection as per drawing, lap length, correct lapping guidelines as per code.
 Inspection for concrete cover to reinforcement.This is normally described in the drawing like
–C1-12#16 mm⌀ and stirrup-10 mm⌀ @ 100 c/c.that means column C1 will have 12
numbers of 16 mm diameter bar as vertical bar and 10 mm diameter steel should be placed
100 mm center to center as stirrup.
 In this case we can determine the lap length by 40*D (where ‘’D’’ is diameter of bar.) As
our supervisor tells to us & from our last year class.
 Column formwork: In building, floor height is normally kept 310cm. the slab has beam then
we have to pour concrete up to beam bottom level. Suppose, beam height specified in
drawing is 28cm. So, the casting height of our column will be 292cm. And our formwork
height will be 292cm.
 First it must to make a cratury to keep formwork in place and in correct squadra. The cratury
is made from the column dimension.
 As we have seen in the reinforcement it is also calculated.
KALEAB WORKU 44
 our column is 40*60 so to place the cratury measure half of 60 or 40 from the center then it
gives 30 & 20 respectively then add the thickness of plywood which is 2cm. then the cratury
is in space of 32cm & 22cm respectively then to do fully the cratury is done out of or at the
line of 64*44.thenafter the four sides are checked by squadra.
 Preparing column form work
 Cover the form work by plastic or paint it by wax or olio
 Then erect column formwork
 The erected form work is attached by nail
Thus after this the formwork is braced by scaffolding known as curevat in its site name.
the diagonal bracings are attached to the ground by a wire.
Working a ladder for up lifting concrete
Finally before casting of concrete check the column alignment.
▪ First check the tumbi (bob) its vertical allignment with the ground. And Check the center to
center dimension with other column which is ligna.
Fig 19 Crachery for starting bob(tumbi) alignment check

 Pouring concrete into column after the above process the column is cast with concrete in
this case our site uses ready mix concrete it transported from the ground level to the
basement by chut system.
 Once the formwork has been nailed down around the rebar, the construction crew can mix
and pour the concrete. The concrete mix is very important because the ratio of water to
mortar helps determine both the strength and workability of the concrete, so it must be done
exactly according to specifications. The concrete is then poured into the formwork around the
rebar where it begins to harden.
 Then after that transported to each column manually.
Formwork Removal
 Once the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the formwork is removed. Generally, this
process takes 16_24 of hours. Site Engineers also have a variety of tests they can use to
determine whether the concrete is strong enough to remove the forms. Finally, the concrete is
KALEAB WORKU 45
wrapped in plastic to prevent it from drying out while it cures. Once it's "cured" completely,
the plastic is removed, and the construction crew can move onto the next phase of the project.
 Curing Concrete which is moist cured for 7 days is about 50% stronger than uncured
concrete
2.5.2.13, RETAINING WALLS
▪ Line out the survey of retaining wall on the ground. Excavate the space of survey about 90cm
wide and to the desired depth of 30cm check that the soil's bearing capacity matches the
design specifications. Then Compact and level base laying of C15 lean concrete for the
purpose of reinforcement corrosion.
▪ Install steel reinforcement bars per the construction drawings using cover blocks and spacer
chairs to position them. This is done by deducting the spacer size which is 2.5 cm in one side.
So the formwork work continues after the spacer is placed at the reinforcement.
Check the tumbi (bob) its vertical alignment with the ground.
Working a ladder for up lifting concrete
After inspection, pour the concrete,
As we show in the last page once the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the formwork is
removed. Generally, this process takes 16_24 of hours. Site Engineers also have a variety
of tests they can use to determine whether the concrete is strong enough to remove the
forms. Finally, the concrete is wrapped in plastic to prevent it from drying out while it
cures. Once it's "cured" completely, the plastic is removed, and the construction crew can
move onto the next phase of the project.
Curing Concrete which is moist cured for 7 days is about 50% stronger than uncured
concrete
2.5.2.14, Staircases construction
▪ Stairs are set of steps leading from one floor to another and are provided in building to
afford a means of communication between the various floors.
▪ The primary function of stairs is to provide safe and easy means of travel between floor
levels.
▪ It is a stair with two flights which are connected a rectangular half. During construction
of stair we have to be careful and give more emphasis on the reinforcement detailing.
The work methodology of stair on the site
 Step-1: The starting bar was started from the basement floor monolithically to increase
the strength of the concrete stair
 Step-2: This we continued to place the scaffolding of the soffit of stair & landing
KALEAB WORKU 46
 Step-3: This we placed the soffit formwork and landing formwork after this we placed the
reinforcement bar of the stair and landing
 Step-4: This we placed the riser formwork along the tread checked by the Squadra &
Tumbi to attained in the correct position and dimension with equal distance
 Step-5: The preparation of the riser formwork they casted the rebar with the shape of the
step of stair at the
 Step-6: They cast the concrete & dry for two days they remove the riser and stringer
formwork & the soffit formwork was removed after seven days.
 Step-7: They cure the concrete after waiting of the formwork was removed for 6 hours
STAIR DESIGN GUIDES: rules that govern the construction of stairs and our site reality
constructed were:-
• Equal rise for every step or landing was satisfied.
• Equal going for every parallel thread was satisfied.
• The going of a thread should not be less than 22 cm for ordinary buildings and 30 cm for
public buildings ours were 28cm it was ok!
• The rise of an ordinary stair should at least be 15 cm and not greater than 22 cm ours
were 17.5cm it was ok!
• At least 200 cm head room measured vertically above the pitch line
Top bar
Scaffoldin
g
Bottom
bar
Soffit
formwork
Rebar connected with floor Distribution Side
bar formwork/Stringer
KALEAB WORKU 47
Landing Stair which was connected to the shear

soffit/formwork wall
 As we see from the above diagram the stair was worked on the soffit formwork for landing &
step, rebar, stringer formwork and also shear wall side rebar & formwork was constructed.
Formwork for
stair
Concrete work for
Fig 20 stair construction stair
2.5.2.15, Lift construction

 Lifts are one of the act of carrying/holding people or things from a lower position to a higher
position or from lower floor to higher floor or vice versa.
 Passenger lift a lift intended primarily for carrying people and having automatic sliding
doors. Service lift a lift for transporting goods only (e.g. documents, food) our lifts were used
for both people and goods and it should satisfy the condition/criteria of the lift as it finishes
as we seen from the progress.
 In our site there are two lifts with a dimension of 420*295cm of each and have two doors one
is aligned with the stair and the other is aligned with garbage house
Lift formwork construction methodology
 The formwork of the lifts are casted carefully when we compare with the other formworks
because the lift structure/car is a dimensioned and standard machine to hold inside the lift
skeleton they must be aligned otherwise the lift was not worked properly due to this the
KALEAB WORKU 48
initial activity was correctly executed on the site the carpenters were checked the squadra and
tumbi carefully.
 Step-1: Our lifts were constructed started equally with the foundation pad with the depth of
230 cm & the pad depth of the lift was 80cm which casted the lifts, the stair & garbage house
as a mat foundation pad.
 Step-2: They constructed the retaining wall with in the specified place of the lifts, stair &
garbage house with the same level of the foundation column finished and the retaining walls
had a two types of board I.e. DPM and protective cover in the external wall side of the lift i.e.
the internal DPM was used for protected the water from entering to the lift or stair & the
outer coverage was used as a protection board of the DPM from damage.
 Step-3: The reinforcement bar was executed around the wall position of the lift by
overlapping from the initial bar from the foundation shear wall with a proper dimension and
working drawing/ structural drawing ordered/ after the reinforcement bar was placed
 Step-4: They placed the scaffolding and crachery around the lift area by keep leveling using
water leveling tool & hand leveling/ goma wuha lik & yeji wuhalik in site name.
 Step-5: That placed the formwork/plywood on the crachery with checking of the squadra &
tumbi until the squadra and tumbi was 90o & straight and also checked the diagonal squadra
to place in correct position and braced diagonally to fix stand on
 Step-6: This form work was the internal part of formwork and this form work was casted
with the steel scaffolding and diagonal bracing
 Step-7: The form work was placed in the correct position the external formwork was
executed by keeping the squadra & tumbi of the internal formwork and external formwork
was supported and braced with the steel bracing RHS also passed door openings of the whole
doors.
 Step-8: In order to prepared for the concrete work of the lift to anchored the internal and
external formwork to keeps them in place they were formed hole both sides and this hole was
anchored by tie rod with the outer covering using Conduit for the protection of the tie rod
from contacted with concrete which is used to protect the tie rod from corrosion & rust in
order to reuse for the other work/ activity.
 Step-9: After we prepared this activity we cast the concrete using ready mix concrete with a
C-35 concrete grade the casting was using crane which is the site name of Kato.
 Step-10: They removed the formwork from the lift after two days of casting period.
 Step-11: After they cast the concrete and remove the formwork they also cure for 7 days
some builders on a tight schedule water cure for 3 days as this achieves approximately 80%
of the benefit of water curing for 7 days.
Then the steps were continuing from step four --------------------
KALEAB WORKU 49
Fig 21 lift formwork

2.5.2.16, WORK METHDEOLOGY FOR RAMP
 Ramps are sloped pathways used both inside and outside buildings used to
provide access between vertical levels. Ramps provide an alternative to stairs for
wheelchair users, people with mobility issues and people with prams, bicycles and
other wheeled items.
 The gradient, slope or steepness of a ramp is the angular relationship between its
rise (vertical height) and its horizontal projection or length (run), often expressed as
a ratio.
 When we come to our site practical ramp work is done for the purpose of parking of
cars in the basement floors.
Procedures that we follow for construction of ramp: -
 Step one: - the surveyor assigns the slope of the ramp with the leveling
instrument for the floor finish level of the ramp
 Step two: - the ramp beam reinforcement is reinforced along the ramp slope
 Step three: - the starter bar is reinforced around the grade beam that the
ramp is start to going to next level of basement floor. This starter bar is used to
transfer the imposed load from ramp to the main grade beam b/c the grade
beam is almost casted when they start to do the ramp.
 Step four: - carpenter start to constructs the temporary structure with
eucalyptus (scaffolding) that support the ramp structure which is formwork ….
Reinforcement bar…. Then the concrete. By decreasing the thickness of the
concrete slab of the ramp from marked level.
 Step five: - After construction of scaffolding again the carpenter installs the
formwork on the soffit and the sides of the ramp including the ramp beams
with the plywood formwork. Way of installation was after drilling of the
formwork and then tie with black wire in order to make easy for stripping.
 Step six: -after completing the above three tasks then other groups what we
call the bar man starts to put the spacers (concrete cover) with 2.5cm thick
between the formwork and the bar.
 Step seven: - Then reinforcement work of the slab of the ramp as per the
structural drawing is start. The pattern of the reinforcement bar is like the
one-way suspended slab. That means they mesh the bottom tension
reinforcement within the desired 16mm diameter of bar and also200mm center
to center dimension. Then after they put the Z like spacer (kebalito) with the
regular pattern. Then the top reinforcement is come (1÷3) of the span of the
ramp. The center of the ramp is open with top reinforcement b/c it doesn’t
have tension but it has high compression that can be resist with concrete.
KALEAB WORKU 50
Wires are used to tie main bar and shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
(distribution bar).
 Step eight: - After all work is done and checked by the Forman and supervisor
Casting of C-35 ready mix concrete.
 The last step is curing of the casted concrete for seven days in order to
maintain the desired strength.
Ramp formwork
with plywood
Ramp reinforcement main and
distribution bar respectively
from bottom
Ramp beam
reinforcement
Punching reinforcement
around the columns used
Z-shaped spacer
bar (kebalito)
Fig 22 ramp construction

2.5.2.17, Flat Slab construction (work)
 A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces
such as floors, roof decks and ceilings. A slab is generally several m thick and supported
by beams, columns, walls, or the ground.
 Flat slab:-This is a typically a reinforced slab supported directly by columns without the use
of beams.
 This type of slab is generally the following advantages:-
 Easy to construct.
 Requires little formwork.
 Provides a plain celling.
 Minimizes floor to floor height.
 Less construction time.
 Increase shear strength of the slab.
 Procedures that we follow for construction of slab
▪ Step one: -Assemble and Erect of the scaffolding and these bases support the vertical
stringers which in turn support the horizontal joists. The horizontal joists create a flat surface
where plywood can be used as a base onto which the concrete is poured. Therefore, in our
site before installing of slab formwork they have been erecting temporary structure what we
call scaffolding.
KALEAB WORKU 51
▪ The material used for this purpose is steel. Vertical stringers have U shaped on the top used
to hold horizontal joists, X shaped on the middle used to resists the buckling of vertical
stringers it is used as inclined bracing. And it do have base plate used fix it on the bottom
slab that scaffolding is erecting.
▪ Step two: -installation of metal horizontal joist with center to center 50cm that used to
support and fix the formwork.
▪ Step three: - installation of formwork …. Formwork is the basic usable material on site,
about 50% of works is done with formwork. It also greatly used on construction projects
(works). It used to mold footing, columns, Beams, slabs etc.
▪ Step four: - As usual the bar man starts to put spacer gap (concrete cover) to create cover
between the formwork and reinforcement bar (main bar)
▪ Step five: -After the step four is done the bar man starts to put the bottom reinforcement bar
(main bar) with ф of 10mm and center to center 100mm then after top reinforcement bar is
reinforced with (1÷3) of the span have different ф of bar around the columns 14mm have
170mm c/c and it have negative bar with same diameter but 140mm c/c when come to
reinforcement bar outside column it has 12 in ф and 800mm top reinforcement ( main) and
170mm (dis) in center to center .
Vertical stringers used to

support horizontal joists
X- Shaped structure used to Horizontal joists that helps to

avoid buckling support the formwork
Plywood slab
formwork used
to create flat
Base plate used to fix vertical stringers on the ground

(slab that vertical stringers erecting
Negative bar around

column
U- shaped plate used to

hold horizontal joists Bottom main and dis bar respectively
KALEAB WORKU 52
Z- Shaped spacer bar

(kebalito)
Fig 23 slab reinforcment

2.5.3 Observations from our visit of other sites
 At a time when there are repetitive tasks are going to be executed we have gone to other sites
of BAMACON like bole dembel, friendship and Mexico.
The following are activities that we had observed when we go to other sites.
2.5.3.1 Mat foundation
 One of the site we have arrived is bole DEMBEL SITE around DEMBEL CITY CENTER.
 At the time we arrived they are constructing mat foundation.
 The mat slab is constructed in a depth of 80 cm, with having 2m high submerged mat beam.
Construction methodologies of mat foundations.
 Step 1:- First we compact the selected fill using 30 cm layer.
 Step 2:- Laying of Ø16 perforated pipe at the middle of the building with 5% slope to collect
the ground water.
The perforated pipe also found around the building, it collect up lift water and transport to
the catchment man holes.
Things to be considered in laying perforated pipes;-
There should be a sand bed for the perforated pipe to protect it from breakage.
First the pipe should have a proper slope to transport the up lift water to the catchment.
The perforated side of the pipe should be at the side of the ground water or at the bottom.
There should be membrane which protect the perforated pipe from filing by dust which is
called Geotextile membrane, a membrane which capable to filtrate water.
Fig 24 Excavation for perforated pipe geotextile membrane
KALEAB WORKU 53
 Step 3:- Then place 5cm c-10 lean concrete which is not structural only to avoid direct
contact of the DPM and the ground.
 Step 4:- DPM plating is continued after lean concreting.
 Step 5:- place 7cm c-10 lean concrete above the DPM to protect the DPM from being
affected by the reinforcement of the mat slab.
 Step 6:- place mat mesh with having higher diameter than usual like Ø20&24.
 Step 7:- Mat slab reinforcement continued having a depth of 80cm.
 Step 8:- Also construction of 2m high mat beam is continued, as it is submerged in the slab
its effective height is 1.2m.
 Step 9:-Then the selected fill is to be filled up to the level of the mat beam.
Fig 25 Lean concrete work mat beam and slab

2.5.3.2 Pile shoring construction
▪ In our visit to other site the other thing we have seen is pile shoring, it is temporary retaining
structure which protect the existing building from collapse because of the underground
excavation of the new site, it is now obligatory to do that.
Construction steps of pile shoring
Step 1:- The first thing in the process of pile shoring is, knowing profile of the building and
mark the shoring points.
Step 2:- drill the pile holes around the boundaries with certain spacing (1m-1.5m) and
diameter (60cm-80cm).
 According to our site visit the diameter of the pile is 60cm with 1.5m spacing between
them.
 The drilling depth is according to the depth of the foundation, but the pile should have
some height greater than the foundation depth to have bed (base) for the pile up to 2m,
in the case of the site we have seen the height of the pile is 12m.
Step 3:- insert the pile mush and pouring the concrete.
KALEAB WORKU 54
Fig 26 Drilling the pile holes inserting the pile mush
Step 4:- pour concrete inside the haul.

o The concrete if poured by using inter connected tubes of each 3m long to reach to the
deep depth.
Step 5:- Then we start excavating the internal soil with specific anchoring depth.
▪ Anchoring depth :-is a vertical spacing between anchoring’s ,we have to continue our
excavation by anchoring at each depth, unless if we excavate the whole soil ones the pile will
collapse ,in the site they have used 3.5m of anchoring height.
Step 6:- We have to mush the area between the piles (1.5m) to protect the soil in the middle
at each anchoring depth. And spray with zero aggregated light concrete, with allowing the
overlap for the lower mush this mush is called shooter crick.
▪ The concrete mix for the pile should be first dry mix the sand and aggregate, then when we
are going to poor add water when we are going to spray. This is because dry mix concrete
has high strength and short hardening time.
Step 7:- now anchor the piles towards the retained soil.
Anchoring post tensioning process.
 In this process we have to consider the slope of the tensioning strands, we have to know the
slope should be greater at the higher levels because at that region there is much load to the
pile.
 The first steps drill the pile and the retained soil at a specific slope (300in our site) and the
length of post tensioning (13m in our site), this is done by drilling machine.
 Then we have to have 3 coiled wires or strands that each has 7 coiled wires for tensioning
purpose and also two types of tubes (conduits) used.
Tube one;-tube for water transitions to the grouting for curing purposes their edge is open.
Pipe two;-this are two pipes for the purpose of pouring the grout their one edge is closed
and they are perforated up to the length of the grout.
 The next step is inserting the tubes and the strands inside the drilled hole.
 Then grout the concrete inside the grouting tube in this case we have to consider the
grouting length, we don’t grout the whole drilled lengths for the purpose of strength of the
tension.
KALEAB WORKU 55
As we have discussed above the grouting tube is closed and perforated in the length of
grouting this is for when we pump concrete inside as it is closed it comes back and flow
through the perforation so the grouted length will be filled, in our case it is 6m of the
drilled 13m.
 After grouting the concrete we wait for 14 days of curing before post tensioning.
 After the grout is cured we start tensioning using the tensioning machine with the extended
strand out of the pile (0.5m).
 Then anchor the strands using anchoring plate.
Fig 27 internal excavation inserting strands tensioning machine

3.5.4 Observations from our visit of concrete batching plant
 One of the values of BAMACON engineering is its huge construction facilities, one of thus
construction facilities is concrete batching plant located around bole Mikael.
 We have gotten a chance to visit the plant and we observed the following things.
The plant is very large and it have its own laboratory for doing mix design , material
tests like aggregate quality tests(sieve analysis, specific gravity ,soundness) and for doing
compressive strength test for the produced concrete.
Fig 28 Specific gravity test sound test for aggregate sieves and sieve shaker
The other thing is the batching plant which is consists of many huge bodes starting from
the inlet to the out let.
KALEAB WORKU 56
Operation system of the batching plant

▪ A) Mat select (hopper):-is reservoir like part of a plant which store the aggregate
ingredients loaded by the loader.
▪ B) Transporter belt: - is a ramp like structure to transport the aggregate materials (sand and
course agg) from the hopper to the stoker.
▪ C) Stocker (conveyer):- is a container which weighing the aggregate based on the concrete
grade mix design, for each 1m3of concrete.
▪ D) Balanced selected mat belt: - another ramp for transporting the optimized amount of
aggregate from the stock to the mixer.
▪ E) Mixer:-is a concrete mixing portion which mix the optimized concrete ingredients house
mixing capacity is 1m3 in 15 minutes.
▪ D) Water, cement and admixture hoppers: - which weighing the water, cement and
admixtures.
▪ E) Tubes: - this are used to transport the weighted water, cement and admixtures from the
hopper to the mixer.
▪ F) Operating room: - is a small computerized room found at the middle of the plant which
consists of camera receive (to see the overall process), computers for commanding the the
batching machines based on the grade of concrete, and printer for giving the bathing result
for the delivery.
▪ G) Mixer feeding:- this is the last portion of the batching plant which feeds the mixed
concrete in to the mixer truck.
Observations
 The capacity of the truck is 10m3but they fill only 9m3for the seak of rotation of the
concrete up to it is casted.
 One truck take only 12minutes to be filled.
 After each truck arrived they take sample for cube and slump test.
 There are admixture’s used for the concrete for improving its property.
 Super plasticizers: - this are commonly used chemicals for the purpose of decreasing
the water (12-30%) content but maintain the specified workability, so when the water
content decreases the water to cement ratio decrease so strength of the concrete will
increase. And if the strength is more than needed we can reduce the cement and be
economical.
 The concrete produced varies from weather to weather and time to time.
For example:-the concrete delivered at morning and at the afternoon have no the same
amount of water although the same grade, because the concrete at the afternoon has
highly faced with sun and it may lose its water so we have to take more.
 When we do mix design we have to consider safety factors, if we want c-30 we have to
design to hold more than c-30, because there are safety factors mostly 1.5.
 After the concrete is casted if it faced strength problem with cube tests, we go to
hammer test if it also fails then use core test (chisel the casted structure and take a
sample from it).
KALEAB WORKU 57
If all the above tests show that the strength of the concrete is less than expected mow
there are the following alternatives:-
 Demolish the structure
 Based on the agreement of the client and the structural engineer the change the
function of that structure, if it is designed for shop its minimum floor live load is
4KN/m2, if we change the function in to residence whose minimum floor live load is
2KN/m2 the structure will hold well.
 Reduce the designed service life of the structure,
KALEAB WORKU 58
Transporter belt stocker balanced select mat belt

mixer
Cylinders for cement storing outlet of the

plant cement transporting tube
KALEAB WORKU 59
Operation room final paper given to the truck driver
Fig 29 concrete batching plant
2.6 The challenges facing when I perform in my work task

These were the challenges that I faced in my site tasks .In this part I will try to mention the
problems that occurring on my task and the measure that took to solve these problems.
Some of the challenges are:
▪ The main challenge was that the company has no schedule for internship students.
▪ As I have seen so far the engineers on the site don’t give enough attention to us this
might be due to lack of experience with internship students and also experience with
uninterested inters.
▪ The weather condition of the site was hot and sunny all day, because the site have no
shelter for the workers.
▪ The site office is very small so we didn’t have place to do office works.
▪ There was high shortage of safety facilities like helm ate and reflectors.
▪ The other challenge we faced was the site languages that the staff uses.
▪ At the start of our intern the engineers had no confidence on us but as we go further as
she seen our task she become confident on us.
2.7 The measured I have taken to overcome my challenge
To overcome site challenges, I take the following measures: -
 As there were many interns in our site, we agreed with our project manager to work on
shift three day’s a weak.
 I openly talk to the engineers that I need to know many things from them and I can do
any task they gave me, then gradually they became friends with me.
 To resist the sun we use capes and mostly on the afternoon we spent our time on office
works.
 Instead of working in the site me and my collogues agreed to do office works on
libraries and other public services.
KALEAB WORKU 60
 We told to our PM that there is shortage of protective cloths, then he bring some from
head office.
 To be familiar with the site languages I ask all words that they speak and write them
and I try to know all.
 To make the site engineer I ask to do tasks and I was trying to show my energy, and
also for the site engineer when he tries to measure some thing or when he do
inspections I asked him to give me his task and I told him If I am not correct he can
correct me.
2.8 Problems in our site
2.8.1Organizational Problems on our sites
 There was very repetitive design changes, which creates conflicts between the site engineers
and the consultants and the sub-contractors.
 There is no way of evaluation of the productivity of the working staff.
 Mal use of workmanships.
 There is very shortage of transport down to the basement both for materials and workers.
 Low quality of the reinforcement bar it is much rested bar in our site.
 The temporary stair shown in the above layout is very dangerous to use it because it is very
weak.
 The other problem is that when concrete is arrived the temporary stair is also used as a ramp
for the concrete to slide down which is impossible to use the stair @ that time.
2.8.2 Safety problems in our site
▪ As I discussed earlier there is shortage of safety facilities in our site which makes the workers
not to be concentrated on their task.
 We have informed to the project manager that there is shortage of safety wears but up to
we finish our intern there was no delivery.
▪ The stair down to the basement is weakly constructed and dangerous to be used so most of
the time the engineers supervise by being at the ground level which creates quality problems
in the construction.
 We had told the project manager to solve this problems by constructing a new safer
temporary stair, and he did it, now it is safer.
2.8.3 Structural problems in our site
At the start of the project they (the designers) assumed that the shoring of piles can be used
as a wall for the basement’s but the shoring is only done for the purpose of retaining the soil
around the site from being collapsed when we are excavating the internal part
But they think that attaching the basement floor slabs to the pile shoring have the following
advantages.
 The piles can be used as a wall for the basement floors.
KALEAB WORKU 61
 When we connect the pile with the basement slab we can create a framed structure. Which
helps the shoring from collapsing towards the building
 We save the cost and time of constructing perforated pipe and water proof work for the
retaining wall.
Dis advantages observed
 If we connect the slab with the shoring piles first of all it will Couse structural problems
because the temporary structure or the shoring is not structural component of the building, it
is constructed by Ø8 meshed bars.
 If we use the shoring as a wall for the basements the ground water that comes from the
retained soil will drop inside the building which will bring structural and it creates bad smell
inside the buildings.
 If we connect the shoring with the slab the ditch will be inside the building which is very
dangerous for the basement floor functions.
The causes of the problems
 Lack of professionals assigned for the site from the consultants like the hydraulic engineer who
would be in charge of the drainage and water works of the project , if we had hydraulic engineer
 He would say that :-
 There should be a perforated pipes.
 There should be proper drainage systems in the buildings
Solutions
 Constructing additional shear wall 15cm thick starting from the 3 rd basement
attached to the shooter creep between piles so the ground water outlets will be
provided at far apart and this sheer wall will resist the load of the slab.
 Also this solution have the following drawbacks:-
• The solution cand avoid the ditch from being inside the basement parking.
• It needs chessling os the ditch slab to start bars for the sheer wall.
• It involve working in a very narrow place to cast the sheer wall.
2.8.4 Work methodology problems
KALEAB WORKU 62
 At a time of concrete casting of the column as shown in the figure it drops around 3m height
from the top of the formwork to the ground. But this scenario leads concrete segregation
because as we have learned from past courses we know that dropping concrete from above
1.5 height isn’t suggested during pouring.
 As a solution I have told the site engineer to use a cored formwork at the level of 1.5m to
pour the concrete, then close and fill the remaining from the top of the formwork.
 first of all the site work don’t have that much care for the cost of materials for example
 They had been construct the permanent formwork with the new expensive plywood with
plating a water proof to it which have no guaranty to stick with the sheer wall.
 My recommendation to them was at the design stage we they had to consider the working
space for plating the waterproofs.
 There is no need of punching reinforcement around the columns of the ramp because there
are ramp beams that used to transfer the load to column. So if there are beams no need of
punching reinforcement because the bars are purposely put to protect the column from
punching shear. But they used it when ask the structural engineer on the site he told us we
put them just for trial because the next slab will flat no beams so we will have used it by the
time we reinforced the slab.
 Again they provide sloppy space on the two side of slab in order to smooth access for the
parking but it is also mall use of places.
Fig 29 Un necessary punching bar around the ramp column slab reinforcement attached
3, Benefits I gained from the internship

▪ There were lots of benefits that I gained from my internship. Since it was my first practical
experience everything there was new and important to me. I mentioned the benefits in terms
of: -
 Practical skills
 Theoretical knowledge
KALEAB WORKU 63
 Interpersonal communication skills

 Team playing skills
 Leadership skills
 Work ethics related issues
 Entrepreneurship skills
3.1 In terms of improving my practical skills

In my time of internship period I have learned how to implement my theoretical knowledge
into practical.
 Example:-Readings from drawings the slope of the floor drain pipe is 5%,when
we come to site we have to change this slope in to constructible measurement so
when we change 5% in to horizontal versus vertical drops it comes with in 1m
horizontal distance drop 5cm vertically, so now we have changed it in to
constructible measurement.
Also helped me to know and understand site trends of accomplishing a certain tasks other
than methods at school.
I also learned how to supervise a given tasks systematically.
 Example: - if I want to supervise proper excusion of waterproofing works I can do by
hammering the finished membrane by hand, if it is plated correctly their should not
be any sound, the other method is volumetric method of inspection, In standard 12kg
cylinder acetylene should be used for only 7 members, So by calculation we can know
whether the DPM IS;-Over flamed Under flamed
III.2In terms of upgrading my theoretical skills skill
In addition to the practical skill this program helps me to strengthen my theoretical
knowledge.
All the courses taken except some of them, focused on theoretical part. Since the practice
depends first on theory, it is easy to work for the one having good theoretical base.
In addition to that when I was practicing I relate the theory with the practical, so at this time
it helps to me in upgrading my theoretical knowledge.
It also helped me to know new things happened in the current construction industries like
new construction materials, new types of contracts etc…..
 Example: - the type of contracts in our project is unit price type of contract in addition
the new thing is ,the whole construction materials are provided by the client ,so the
contracting price is only for the labor and machinery cost.
KALEAB WORKU 64
 The other thing is, when we learn in school we learned that when we plate water proofs
we have to use cant strips to avoid 900 bend of the water proof, but in our site they are
using the new made water proofing which have 200gm of pollster (mesh) exists in
between layers which gives elastic properties not to be cut, although it is bended, but
the older one is only bituminized.
3.3 In terms of improving interpersonal communication skill
Since construction work is a team work by its nature you will face different individuals with
different professions and personality come up together and communicates with each other to
solve different problems and run the whole work, so good interpersonal communication skill
will bring success.
When I started the internship program was not able to know how to deal with people at the
work place that I did not know the way to communicate with different workers so that it was
difficult to me to communicate with the workers.
But afterwards I believe that good relation and communication skill is the key for getting the
experience and knowledge require for the internship program.
Based on this I tried to change my approach to the people at the work place and through time
I was able to saw progress on myself.
 Example: - to ask for questions for the foreman’s I helped then in doing tasks like
measuring the works done ,by this method I become very close to our Forman’s
and so I can ask anything new freely.
So as a conclusion I can say that I have got good lesson regarding communication skill while
my stay in the company for the internship program.
3.4 In terms of improving team playing skill
Teams work is the way of success and strength. I learnt that as part of a team, an engineer
should have to works with a positive attitude within a group for the success of a project.
When called upon to lead, an engineer must have good managerial and team playing skill.
Therefore I try to improve my team playing skill in order to be successful engineer.
Confident engineers are able to succeed by gaining the trust of co-workings. Generally
speaking I know that an engineer with good team playing skill has the following qualities.
 Demonstrates reliability
 Communicates constructively
 Listens actively
 Functions as an active participant
 Shares openly and willingly
KALEAB WORKU 65
 Cooperates and pitches in to help

 Exhibits flexibility
3.5 In terms of improving leadership skill
Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples.
The internship helps me to improve my leadership talents to future employers, my ability to
work well with different types of people and my skills in seeing projects through from start to
finish.
I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day to day activities.
Among all other managements I have seen that human resource management is the most
important one.
I have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work
done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan. For the time
being I didn’t practice leadership from the higher level. However I meet with an efficient
project manager and I grasp a lot of knowledge concerning different issues such as how to
treat different persons and how to control the overall activity on the site.
Generally regarding leadership skill I have got a good experience. Also to be an effective
leadership I understood that personal values like: -Confidence, Effective communication.
3.6 In terms of understanding work ethics related issues
Internship helps to me to know the values of the work ethics, so that I try to practice and
understand work ethics related issues during my internship:-
 Punctuality: - means keeping the companies work beginning and ending time and to
complete a given task within the given period.
 Office disciplines: - on work place you don’t have to disturb the working atmosphere. For
example abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things which disturb others
workers mood.
 Reliability: - the worker should be qualified for the part he is supposed to be performing.
He/she must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the task assigned.
 Honesty: - Regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should abstain from bad
behaviors such as cheating, bias, corruption etc.
 Cooperation: - Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while working.
That is because it is through such system problems could be easily solved.
KALEAB WORKU 66
3.7 In terms of upgrading entrepreneurship skills
Entrepreneurship is defined as special human talent that helps manage those factors of
production such as labor machinery and capital and takes risks of making loses.
An entrepreneur is required to establish meaningful relationship between activity and
authority which is intimately related to planning function.
 Human resource management: - Having a quality worker is a must if one needs to be
productive. Therefore I have been able to understand that taking responsibility for the
safety and well-being of employees in job related activities by providing safety wares like
safety shoes & helmets and insurances one can attain high level of support from them.
 Equipment utilization management: - Construction equipment management helps a
person to plan implement and monitor construction equipment’s to: -
 Enhance optimum utilization.
 Increase efficiency or productivity of inputs to the products of the construction.
 Harmonize standards and enhance the quality of work
 Financial management: - Wide financial flow is achieved through detailed market
Studies. A Company should also be able to put well qualified and efficient personnel for
preparation of contracts and payments.
During my internship experience I have been able to grasp ideas about human resources
management, equipment utilization and financial flow and also develop self-confidence to
play my strength in believing in myself and taking risks in my future career.
KALEAB WORKU 67
4. Conclusion and recommendation

4.1 CONCLUSION
 This internship program is proved to be a bridge between the student and
professional.
 The various type of orientation program, task and training that I have been
understand during internship on the site and office increased my skills of
construction.
 I am very glad to that I have learned in the university and I was able to my
theoretical of designing and works in the real life situation.
 The internship program played an important role to break thought that field work can
be implemented by student who hold a people have an experience in building
Construction .
 I was able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise
in building construction.
 During the past four month I had been able to see the different theoretical aspects,
methodologies & how to design the buildings. In the supervision, I have been able
to see the important theoretical & practical aspects of building construction. I had
been fulfill my curiosity into building construction takes to this internship program.
 It also helps me to know my degree of knowledge in my field and in what portion of my field
that I have a weakness to fulfill when I get back to school.
 Overall the internship program laid sound foundation for me to start my career and I
proud to be able to contribute towards during the country’s extremely critical period
of the history. It will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up to replicate in
KALEAB WORKU 68
other disciplines as much as possible. I am also making the long term friendship with
some of the workers, this made an unforgotten pleasure for me.
4.2 Recommendation
 Finally, I want to say something toward and against the company.
Interesting impact of the company:-
 The technology they used.
 Their speed of work.
 Their clarity and quality of work.
 Enough accessibility of the construction material.
 Their perfect modification of the design when it was found to be necessary.
 Respecting of beliefs and attitudes of every worker even their holiday. i.e. there is no
obligatory rule to stand the workers on their task during holiday and when they are sick.
 Their good trend of giving works to sub-contractors.
 Their very good degree of having modern equipment’s and machines.
 Their staffs quality and work ethics.
 There timely delivering projects practice.
Recommendation against the company:-
 There is no proper schedule and supervision of intern students, I recommend that if they can
have schedule and proper supervision.
 The payment for the workers is not that much fair
 here is no adequate guarantees for the workers who were damaged during construction
 There is shortage of safety wears in the sites, so I recommend that safety should be first.
 The payment was not done immediately the workers apply to get it.
 There should be a method of evaluating the productivity of the workers to increase their
productivity and to take measure actions.
 There were the repetition on the modification of the design which is entails that where was
no serious consultation during designing process. I.e. there was careless during the approval
of such type of unfinished and invalid design.
 There was no much interesting communication between the site engineer and the contractor
about the total work flow. i.e there is idea difference between them on some construction
process(environmental idea) which indirectly cause confusion of non- skilled workers.
Recommendation against our campus:-
 In me internship period one of the problem for me was there are courses that we have to
cover before we go out to the internship program like :-
 Cost management
 MS project
KALEAB WORKU 69
 Construction low
 So the above courses should be taken by the students before they join internship.
 The other thing is there was a time delay at the start of the internship period, which creates
shortening of the internship period.
 So the internship period should be started on time to meet its target.
February 10, 2014
5. Reference:-
 From the scope of my view.
 Different documents of bamacon construction and any related materials.
 Internet
 Handout from construction material l and 2.
 Handout from building construction 1and 2.
 Specification handouts.
 Site supervision handouts.
 Scheduling handouts.
 HRM handouts.
 BATCODA, ACI, EBCS.
KALEAB WORKU 70
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FINAL INTERN REPORT 02/10/2019

Name of the intern: ____________________________

2.5.2.12 work methodology of concrete column 40-41

Fig 27 tensioning the shoring piles 52

 we the leaders and followers of this business entity as a team shall:-

1.5 Organizational structure and work flow

On site organizational structure

1.6 Duties of some staff members

-Set out the site.

 Documentation: -keeping contract documents and drawing.

In general the foreman:-

Period % of work Prime

CC 2000 T 2013 1 Owned

1.9 SOME PROJECTS IN HAND AND COMPLITED

Project: - AL-SAM PLC Hotel Building

Project: - Four point by Sheraton, 2B+G+23 Hotel building

2. Over all internship experience

How bamacon gets this project

Nile Source PLC. Zeleke Belay Architect Bamacon Engineering

Project Status before October Table 3

2.3 The work flow in the site

2.4 section of the company that I had been working.

2.5.1 Office works

How to do bar schedule

Example a diameter 24,

Format for bar schedule Table 5

2.5.2 Site works

1) Digging a hole to the depth to be tested

In our site we have used two types of compaction machines:-

Fig 3 Rammer vibratory plate soil tests for moisture

2.5.2.2, Formwork for the grade beam

Fig 5 filling of hardcore

o 270°:-used to bend the pipes to other directions

Fig 6 Different types of elbows T-Pipe conection

Using grece to join pipe and elbows hammering process

Fig 8 Leveling the lean concrete manually

2.5.2.6, WATER PROOFING

1, DPM for both beam and shear wall

2, DPM for slab (sand DPM)

B, negative side water proofing

Construction methodology of water proofing in our site

How to check proper exclusion of DPM work

Over flamed: - makes the membrane thinner.

DPM AND PROTECTION BOARD 12 kg cylinder of acetylene

painting the primer DPM work for sher wall

Fig 9 DPM work for beam DPM work for

Top bars of beams

Overlap length (cm) =4*diameter of bar (mm)

2.5.2.9, Slab reinforcement placing

2.5cm spacers negative bars

Fig 11 Slab reinforcement work

Way of testing concrete

a) Compressive strength test

Procedure: Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes

Age Strength percent

Grade of Minimum compressive strength Specified characteristic compressive

Fig 14 Pumping machine pumping pipe kebeleto

Pouring concrete vibrator