DESIGN AND IMPLENTATION OF

ONLINE BUS RESERVATION

SYSTEM
BY
UNIGWE BENJAMIN IFECHUKWU
REGNO: JOBITECH/C01/0221/2223

SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
JOHN BOSCO INSTITUTION OF TECHENOLOGY
(JOBITECH)
IBOLO OBOSI, ANAMBRA STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER INFORMATION TEECHOLOGY

JUNE, 2023.

1
 APPROVAL

This project report has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the
award John Bosco Institute of Technology Diploma.

Examined and Approved by:

Mr. Ezeh Emmanuel Mr. Ezeh Emmanuel

Supervisor Head of Department

Rev.Fr.Chris Anso
Institute Director

2
 DECLARATION
I UNIGWE BENJAMIN IFECHUKWU declare that the project report titled
“DESIGN AND IMPLENTATION OF ONLINE BUS RESERVATION
SYSTEM” submitted by me to John Bosco Institute of Technology, Ibolo Obosi in
Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Diploma in Computer
Information and Technology is an original project work carried out by me under
the guidance of Mr. Ezeh Emmanuel. I therefore, declare the project work reported
has never been presented to any institution for academic credit and that all resource
has been duly cited and acknowledge.

NAME REG.NUMBER DATE

3
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated specially to Almighty God. To my Dad late Mr. Kennth
Unigwe for his support and also to my sibling, teacher, head of department, friends
and all who in one way or another helped me in the course of my academics
mindless of the way. Also to John Bosco Institute of Technology for impacting
good knowledge in me and for making me to be a better person in the world at
large.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My gratitude to Almighty God who made it possible for me to journey through
courses successfully and to my parent and siblings who gave all the support and
care that I needed to finish my project both financially and parentally. Also I
acknowledge my HOD and supervisor in the person of Ezeh Emmanuel who help
me in finding of my project. Also to all the CIT department lecturers in John Bosco
Institute of Technology. And also to my precious course mates that also add the
little that they know. My prayer is that, to you all, the Almighty God will continue
to guide and bless you in Jesus name. Amen.

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 ABSTRACTS
Online Bus Management System is a Web based application that works within a
centralized network. This project presents a review on the software program
“Online Bus Ticket Reservation System” as should be used in a bus transportation
system, a facility which is used to reserve seats, cancellation of reservation and
different types of route enquiries used on securing quick reservations. OBTRS is
built for managing and computerizing the traditional database, ticket booking and
tracking bus and travel made. It maintains all customer details, bus details,
reservation details

The use of bus traveling is a large growing business in Nigeria and other countries;
the manual use of bus reservation is presently very strenuous and also consumes a
lot of time by having to stay on a long queue. For this reason, an efficient system is
to be proposed in this paper to ease the issue of bus reservation amongst indigenes
within the country. The system is web based application that allows visitors to
check bus availability, buy and pay bus ticket online. In this paper, the proposed
bus reservation system was developed using Extensible Hypertext Markup
Language (XHTML), PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), Structure Query
Language (SQL), Ajax, Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), and JavaScript.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL...............................................................................................................................................2
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................3
DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................5
ABSTRACTS.............................................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................10
1.1Background of the study................................................................................................................10
1.2 Statement of the problem..............................................................................................................12
1.3 Objectives of the study..................................................................................................................12
1.4 Purpose of the study......................................................................................................................13
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS...........................................................................................................14
1.6 Significance of the study................................................................................................................14
1.7 Scope of the study........................................................................................................................14
1.8 Limitations of the study:...............................................................................................................15
1.9 Definition of Terms........................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................................18
LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................................18
2.1 Conceptual Review....................................................................................................................18
2.2 Theoretical Framework.............................................................................................................21
2.3 Empirical Studies.......................................................................................................................22
2.4 Recent Development of the Study.............................................................................................23
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................25
METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................................25
3.1 Research Methodology..............................................................................................................25
3.2 Technology Consideration.........................................................................................................26
3.3 Design Specification...................................................................................................................26
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................29
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION..............................................................................29
4.1 System Design............................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER FIVE:....................................................................................................................................31

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 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION................................................................31

CHARTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology.
3.2 Technology Consideration.
3.3 Design Specification.

8
4.1 System Design.
4.2 System Implementation.
4.3 Software Requirements.
4.4 Installation and Testing.
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION.
5.1 Summary.
5.2 Recommendation.
5.3 Conclusion.
Reference

Appendix

9
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the study
The Online Bus Management and Reservation System is a web-based application
that allows visitors check bus ticket availability, buy bus ticket and pay the bus
ticket online (Asaad, Ayad and Hayder, 2012). This system is established for all
the home/office users after gaining access from the administrator. According to
Invaderzim (2011), Online Bus Management and Reservation System provides bus
transportation system, a facility to reserved seats, cancellation of seats and
different types of enquiry which need an instant and quick reservation. This system
can be used by the users in performing online reservation via internet for their all
business purposes. Users can use this program directly on their websites and no
need to install it.

The use of bus traveling is a large growing business in Nigeria and other
countries; hence bus management and reservation system deals with maintenance
of records of each passenger who had reserved a seat for a journey. It also includes
maintenance of information like schedule and details of each bus (Shivaji, 2010).
Also, we get to know that there are many operations, which they have to do
manually. It takes a lot of time and causes many errors. Due to this, sometimes a
lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes with customers. To
solve the above problem, and further maintaining records of items, seat availability
for customers, price of per seat, bill generation and other things, we are offering
this proposal of reservation system. The reservation system has three modules.
First module helps the customer to enquire the availability of seats in a particular
bus at particular date, the second module helps him to reserve a ticket and with the
third module he can cancel a reserved ticket.

10
 However, since the current reservation system is still conducted manually
and separately at each branch, contact must be made by each branch's front-officer
to the head office for each customer's enquiry in order to get the latest update on
schedule, seat availability and other reservation-related information; as well as to
avoid duplicate bookings or over-capacity. There is also a physical limit to the
reservation availability as each branch only operates during certain hours and
reservations can only be made on-the-spot. These limitations are not the only
issues the company is currently facing. Other factors that create problems include
human errors (e.g. miscalculations in ticket price, mistakes in noting passenger
data, etc.), the fluctuation of passengers during certain periods of time that causes a
bottleneck in the check-in process because of the inability of the front- officer to
multitask and the lack of overview or report of the on-going business; making it
difficult for the company to judge past/current performance or plan future
improvements. Looking at these problems and limitations, it is clear that both the
company and the customers require an integrated reservation system that is more
efficient in information update and reservation handling and also easy to use.
Electronic tickets, or e-tickets, give evidence that their holders have permission to
enter a place of entertainment, use a means of transportation, or have access to
some internet services. Bus Ticket Reservation System enables the customer to buy
bus ticket, make payment, and ask for information online easily. Furthermore, staff
can sell bus ticket using Bus Management Reservation System after check bus
ticket availability for the customer and print the bus ticket to the customer that
queue up in the counter. The method to solve this problem is to create an online
buying bus ticket system. Customer can buy the bus ticket over the Internet, 24
hours a day, 7 days a week and the bus ticket can't be lost, stolen or left behind. In
addition, the online system lets the customers check the availability of the bus
ticket before they buy bus ticket (Wee, 2007). Furthermore, customers no need to
11
pay cash to buy bus ticket because they can pay the bus ticket by using deposit slip
number order by bank.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In Nigeria today, most transport service companies are now providing online
booking which is also termed as e- ticketing to travelers, it is impossible to meet all
customers' need at a time and therefore, it is imperative to prioritize certain
customer and their need (Sara and Erica, 2005). In Nigeria, with the presence of
high competitive road Transport Company, it is hard to earn the trust of customers.
As services is an intangible product and depends directly on customer's experience
and feeling to be satisfied.

Satisfaction in using services is vital as it can determine the repetitive use of

customer on using the service again. Many road transport companies are not up to
the expectation of customers. Some of the online booking services might have
problem on the website. Lagging, too much or very little information, buffering,
too much rules and regulations and the services is not to expectation of customer
make customer change to other online bus booking services. Therefore, this
research is aimed at exploring the impact of online bus booking on customer
satisfaction.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The main objective of this study is to automate the manual procedures of reserving
a bus ticket for any journey made through KIDBEN Transport Company (KTC).
This system is said to be an automatic system and customers can select seats by
themselves. Specifically, objectives of this project will consist of:

i) Providing a web-based bus ticket reservation function where a customer can

buy bus ticket through the online system without a need to queue up at the
counter to purchase a bus ticket.
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ii) Enabling customers to check the availability and types of busses online.
Customer can check the time departure for every KTC bus through the
system.
iii) Easing bus ticket payment by obtaining a bank pin after payments is made
to the various designated banks.
iv) Ability of customers to cancel their reservation.
v) Admin user privileges in updating and canceling payment, route and vehicle
records.

1.4 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the bus management system study is to develop a
comprehensive and modern solution for managing bus transportation services,
which will improve the efficiency and reliability of the service, enhance passenger
experience, and promote the use of public transportation.
Specifically, the study aims to:
Develop a web-based for managing bus transportation services, allowing
passengers to book tickets, receive real-time information about their journey, and
make cashless transactions. Implement a scheduling and routing system that
optimizes routes and schedules, reducing delays, missed connections, and
improving passenger experience. Improve fleet management by implementing a
maintenance and repair system, ensuring that buses are in good condition and
reducing downtime.
Provide real-time information about bus schedules and routes to passengers,
reducing confusion and frustration. Implement a data analysis system that provides
insights into passenger behavior, service usage, and trends, allowing bus
companies to make informed decisions about service improvements. By addressing
these objectives, the bus management system study aims to promote the use of
public transportation.
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1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1 To what extent does Online Bus Management System improve in the area on
transportation.
2 To what extent does Online Bus Management System enable self-service for
customer to perform basic functions and tasks.
1.6 Significance of the study
This study will be of great benefit to the transport industry as it will throw
more light on how to satisfy customers and also to improve on their service quality
in their online booking service to ensure a better patronage in their companies. It
will also add to the body of knowledge in the area of transport services.

1.7 Scope of the study

An online Bus Ticket Reservation is a significant tool, it will enable people
from any point, to search for available tickets and get their data easily without any
prior experience queuing at the counter. Below is some of the significance of this
research work. Customers can check availability of the bus ticket, buy bus ticket,
and pay the bus ticket online. To ease off stress of queuing at the counter.

 Web-based and mobile application for booking tickets, receiving real-time

information, and making cashless transactions.
 Scheduling and routing system for optimizing routes and schedules,
reducing delays, and improving passenger experience.
 Fleet management system for monitoring maintenance and repair needs,
reducing downtime, and improving efficiency.
 Real-time information system for providing passengers with up-to-date
information about bus schedules and routes.
 Data analysis system for providing insights into passenger behavior and
service usage, allowing bus companies to make informed decisions about
service improvements.

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1.8 Limitations of the study:
 The bus management system project has some limitations, including:
 Technical limitations: The project's effectiveness will depend on the
availability and reliability of internet and mobile networks, which can be
limited in some areas.
 Cost limitations: Implementing a comprehensive bus management system
can be costly, and smaller bus companies may not have the resources to
implement all features of the system.

15
  Operational limitations: The effectiveness of the system will depend on the
cooperation of bus companies, drivers, and passengers. Resistance to change
or non-adoption of the system could limit its effectiveness.
 Regulatory limitations: Some regulations, such as those governing data
privacy and security, could limit the implementation of certain features of
the system.
 Geographical limitations: The project's implementation may be limited to
specific regions or countries, and it may not be feasible to implement the
system in all areas due to cultural, social, or political factors.
1.9 Definition of Terms
An online bus management system refers to a platform that is designed to
streamline and automate various aspects of managing bus operations and related
activities. It is typically used by bus companies, transportation agencies, or
educational institutions with their own bus fleets. The system utilizes technology
and online connectivity to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and convenience in
managing bus schedules, reservations, ticketing, fleet tracking, and other related
tasks.
Here are some key terms related to an online bus management system:
1) Bus Scheduling: This refers to the process of creating and managing bus
routes, timetables, and frequencies to ensure efficient and optimized
transportation services.
2) Reservation System: It is a module within the bus management system that
enables passengers or users to book and secure seats or tickets for their
desired bus routes and travel dates.
3) Ticketing System: This component facilitates the issuance and management
of tickets, including e-tickets, digital tickets, or physical tickets. It may

16
 include features such as seat selection, fare calculation, and payment
processing.
4) Fleet Tracking: This feature allows real-time monitoring and tracking of
buses in the fleet using GPS technology. It provides information on bus
locations, speed, and other relevant data to improve operational efficiency
and passenger safety.
5) Passenger Management: This includes managing passenger profiles, contact
information, and travel history. It helps in providing personalized services,
managing passenger queries, and maintaining a database of customer
information.
6) Reporting and Analytics: This functionality provides detailed reports and
analytics on various aspects of bus operations, such as passenger counts,
revenue analysis, fleet utilization, and performance metrics. It helps in
decision-making, identifying areas for improvement, and evaluating the
overall performance of the bus management system.
7) Driver Management: This feature handles driver assignments, shifts, and
attendance tracking. It may include driver performance evaluation, driver
communication, and maintaining driver-related records.
8) Maintenance and Repairs: This module assists in managing bus maintenance
schedules, repairs, and inspections. It helps ensure the proper functioning
and safety of the bus fleet by tracking maintenance tasks, generating
reminders, and managing maintenance history.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The review of literature for this study has been arranged under the following sub-
headings

Conceptual Review

2.1.1 Self-Service/Self-Booking (Bus Ticket)

2.1.2 E-Commerce

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 History of Bus Booking System

2.3 Empirical Studies

2.3.1 Related Works

2.3.2 The Existing

2.3.3 Problems of Existing System

2.4 Recent Development of the Study

2.1 Conceptual Review

Odesser-Torpey (Odesser-Torpey, 2008) reports that most of the Americans hate
waiting for a bus. Therefore, they prefer self-service technology, which can be in
form of web-base. the internet and kiosk. Usually, the customer prefers self-service
because of speed and convenience in getting bus ticket and transactions that self-
activated terminals are more likely to serve as key innovation in the future. The
implementation of alternative ticket booking can free up counter, staff that need to
serve customers and take money handling out of service equation.

18
Bhatnagar (Bhatnagar, 2006) mentioned that the innovation of kiosk and
computerized table top ticket booking screen will force transport company re-
jigger an often-used acronym quick service transport. Customer can get
information or search for available bus and seat from the kiosk and internet. The
kiosk and internet also take transaction and receives credit cards and debit cards
payment. As a result, wrong booking and long queue can be avoided, order staff
can be arranged to somewhere else and focus to speed up transaction process. On
the other hand, a table-top touch screen booking system can take customer ticket as
well, handle other customer requests such as change of seat, change of name, ticket
number, and make payment by credit or debit card.

Bytes, KIDBEN TRANSPORT located at IBOLO OBOSI has been successfully

standing apart from the competitors because of applying online service and the
payment concepts. The system used in bytes allows the customers to get ticket
through the touch screen, and the transaction will be directed to the admin. Touch
screen transaction reduces the need of the admin. The system also provides
database for customers' habits and preferences, generate the management reports,
perform analysis as well as allows the buses and destination to be uploaded
instantly, (Brickers, 2006)

Based on study, it is possible for applying the online Bus management system to
the transport company in Nigeria. This is because the system can improve
workplace efficiency, increase sales of the company as well as reduce making
mistake. As a result, it is worth for investing on the system, whereby it can shorten
the return on investment.

Gan (Gan, 2002) proposed to develop an automated online bus management

system that allows customers to place orders anytime at any place. The system
helps to manage order from customer as well as advertise promotion. It allows
19
admin to view ordering information. This system helps to reduce queue issues
during peak hours. speed up processing time and increase customer volumes.

De Leon (De Leon, 2008) mentioned that there are several aspects that should be
included in a good, automated bus ticket booking system. System should be simple
to navigate, not clustered and easy to make an order. (Sharma, 2007) designed with
professionals looking with search engines optimize capability and available
24hours. The system should also have a secure payment gateway to protect their
customers' credit card information, fast and keep track on orders and sales history
easily as well as generate a comprehensive sales report. (Sharama,2007).

According to Schmitt (2003), analysis of consumer behavior in an appropriate

manner necessitates clear difference to be drawn between customer needs and
wants. He explains that needs relate to necessities associated with living in ideal
conditions and leading the best lifestyle. Whereas wants are artificial extension of
needs to reflect societal and individual preferences. Increasing customer
expectations put more emphasis on tangible and intangible value offered by
transport company, and development of value offers within the settings of
intensive competition requires full knowledge of factors affecting consumer
behavior (Boone and Kurtz 2013).

Winer (2009) argues that with the enhancing role of internet in professional and
personal lives of people, increasing numbers of individuals returning to various
resources in internet when searching for information about product categories or
specific brands. According to Kahle and Close (2006), the nature of influence of
peers, friends and family members upon information search and consumer decision
making process in general depends on a range of factors such as the nature of
relationships, the level of personal influence, the extent of 'opinion leadership
associated with specific individuals etc.
20
Backhaus et al (2007) suggested that purchase decision is one of the important
stages as this stage refers to occurrence of transaction. In other words, once the
consumer recognized the need. searched for relevant information and considered
the alternatives he/she makes decision whether or not to make the decision.
Purchasing decision can further be divided into planned purchase.

According to the findings of Burrow (2008) physical and social environment of the
purchasing location such as existing of long lines directly affect the consumers
buying behavior in a negative way. This can also be one of the reasons of growing
trend of customers who are switching to online shopping in the recent years.
Factors playing significant role on the choice of retailer to make a purchase from at
this stage include the level of satisfaction from past shopping. experiences and the
concentration of time pressure associated with the purchase.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 History of Online Bus management system
The history of online bus management systems can be traced back to the
advancements in technology and the need for efficient management of bus
operations. Here is a brief overview of the history of online bus management
systems:

In the late 20th century, the transportation industry started adopting

computerized reservation systems. These systems were initially developed for
airlines but gradually expanded to include other modes of transportation, including
buses. The early reservation systems allowed passengers to book bus tickets
through travel agencies or directly at bus terminals. With the rise of the internet in
the 1990s, bus companies began exploring online ticketing solutions. Websites
were developed to provide information about bus schedules, routes, and fares.
Passengers could view the available seats and make reservations online,
21
eliminating the need for physical ticketing and reducing the time spent on manual
processes. As e-commerce gained popularity, bus companies started integrating
online payment gateways into their systems. This allowed passengers to not only
reserve tickets online but also make secure online payments.

The introduction of e-ticketing reduced the dependency on physical tickets

and provided passengers with electronic proof of their reservations. With the
advent of GPS technology and mobile connectivity, bus management systems
began incorporating real-time tracking capabilities. GPS devices were installed in
buses, enabling operators to monitor the precise location of their fleet, optimize
routes, and provide accurate arrival time predictions to passengers. This improved
operational efficiency and passenger experience.

In recent years, comprehensive online bus management systems have

emerged. These solutions encompass a wide range of functionalities, including
reservation systems, ticketing, fleet tracking, passenger management, reporting,
and analytics. They are designed to streamline and automate various aspects of bus
operations, providing a centralized platform for bus companies to manage their
fleets and enhance their services. The rise of smartphones and mobile apps has
further revolutionized the bus management system landscape.

Bus companies have developed dedicated mobile applications that allow

passengers to search for bus routes, make reservations, and access real-time
information on bus locations and schedules. Mobile apps have made the process
more convenient for passengers and provided additional features such as push
notifications and in-app communication.

2.3 Empirical Studies

2.3.1 Related Works

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Uber is application which can be used in smartphone to order a ride anywhere in
the World. If the destination is far away, then the charge increases. In Uber there is
no QR code generation. However, when an order is placed, the rider will take you
to your destination. Payment can be done through online. This application based on
a chain of transport who are registered under Uber.

The next advancement was QORDER. It is a portable ordering system for devices.
Here the driver approaches the customers with the Order, a handheld device, rather
than the traditional notebook. He uses the touch screen to enter the ticket
information and then sends it to the admin in real time for processing.
Simultaneously, the POS system receives the ticket information for the purpose of
billing. The POS uses WIFI to easily access every corner of the system,
encompassing all the tablets establishes within. Once the customer wishes to leave.
the driver uses his belt to print the receipt and processes payment with the
handheld unit much like he would on the POS system. But there are still many
areas which require serious attention. Changes in the destination urge obviate the
heap of paper-based records, to assure the customer that he will be served with
what was stated, to record the customer feedback. To establish this, the institution
needs to create an external WIFI network which is not connected with institution
assets, data, and all,

2.4 Recent Development of the Study

2.4.1 Proposed System.

The proposed system is developed to manage bus ticket activities in a company. It

helps to record customer submitted bus ticket orders. The system should cover the
following functions to support the company' business process for achieving the
objective:

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  To allow the customer to make book ticket, view booked ticket and make
changes before submitting their bus ticket and allow them make payment.
 To provide interface that allows promotion and rout.
 Tools that generate reports that can be used in decision making.
 A tool that allows the management to modify the destination or rout
information such as price, add a new destination and many others as well as
for managing user, system rout and promotion
 Records.
 Help customer to know the Bus available and departure time at the moment

The proposed system will also have some other featured such as:

 Accuracy in handling of data.

 The volume of paperwork will be greatly reduced.
 Fast rate of operation as in making the ticket time.
 Flexibility (i.e. it can be accessed at any time)
 Easy way to back up or duplicating data in CD'S in case of data loss
 Better storage and faster retrieval system
 Errors in the reports will be greatly minimized.

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 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Methodology

Research methodology has many research dimensions and methods. The scope of
research methodology is wider than research method. This is mainly adopted by
the researcher in undertaking this research. Methodology is the underlying
principles and rules that govern a system method, on the other hand it is a
systematic procedure for a set of activities. Thus, from these definitions a
methodology encompasses the methods used within a study.

A waterfall model under the software development life cycle (SDLC) is the
methodology used to produce the online Bus Management system and the
customer self-booking system. It is used by system developers to produce or alter
information systems or software. It divides the development process into several
stages or processes. After the completion of one stage, it will logically move to
another stage. Sometimes moving back to the previous stage is necessary due to
failure that occurs in current stage.

System design methods are a discipline within the software development industry
which seeks to provide a framework for activity and the capture, storage,
transformation and dissemination of information so as to enable the economic
development of computer systems that are fit for purpose.

Methods of Data Collection

Although there are various methods of data collection, the researcher chooses the
two main sources of data collection in carrying out this study. They are: Primary
and Secondary source
25
The primary source refers to the sources of collecting original data in which the
researcher made use of empirical approach such as personal interview. The
interview method of data collection can be defined as a systematic way of
collecting data or information from a respondent through asking questions directly
from the respondent and also collecting information with the aim of facilitating
understanding. The oral interview was done between the researcher and the
management of KIDBEN Transport. Reliable facts were gotten based on the
questions posed to the staff by the researcher which help the researcher in starting
the work and also helped in the area of solution presentation of the new design. The
secondary sources of data for this kind of project cannot be over emphasized. The
secondary source of data collection was obtained by questionnaire approach from
the students with four research questions,

3.2 Technology Consideration

 PHP
 MySQL
 HTML, CSS, and Java script
 Third party API: various API's were used for the development of the Bus
Management System
 Google API

3.3 Design Specification

The system is designed with several interaction cues on each web page that makes
up the web application (Bus Management System). These cues are well-defined
such as to make several functionalities that the application exposes to collect,
process and output data. Access to these functionalities is made possible by the
well-designed user interface which embodies several technologies such as PHP,
JavaScript and MySQL to process data. The application is built in a modular form
26
where these functionalities are built into modules. Some of the modules are as
follows:

 Login.php
 Register.php
 Admin_dashboard.php

OUTPUT SPECIFICATION

The system is designed in such a way that it efficiently provides output to the user
promptly and in a well organized manner. The format for the several output are
make available on the output web pages. Output can be relayed using the following
page modules:

 Profile.php
 Service.php
 Notify.php
 Search.php: This displays output information for the ticket report
 About-us.php: This displays output information that talks about the Bus
booking outfit.

INPUT SPECIFICATION

The system is designed to accept several input details efficiently through input
forms and user clicks. The data captured through the user keystrokes and clicks are
received by specific modules on the system and relayed to the back-end of the
system for processing. Input is collected using the following page modules:

1. Index.php: This is used to capture preliminary user navigation information

and preference information which gives the system a method of
personalizing the page for the user on the next visit.

27
 2. Admn_login.php: This is used to capture information about the
administrative personnel who controls content and display on the system.

DATABASE SPECIFICATION

The database system used to implement the back-end of the system is MySQL.
Access to the system was made possible by a graphical interface (phpMyadmin).
The database name is primewa1_simplexexcellence.sql.

28
 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 System Design

Designing is the most important and the most efficient function while software
development. Without a proper design, it is very difficult to develop an appropriate
software that fulfils nearly all user demands. Therefore, managing designing part in
an organization is a critical activity. A designer need to ensure that the design
created by him can be easily understood by all the members of developing a team.
A proper design will allow the coder to implement the system development
planning properly. Similarly, the backend part that includes the database
management plays a key role in any of the system. This system design helps in
specifying hardware and system requirements and helps in defining the overall
system architecture:

Application Architecture

Application architecture is a diagrammatical representation of an applications

structure to give the developers a visualization of what the application may look
like and each page connects to one another. APPENDIX D FIGURE 1: SHOWS
THE APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM.

Use Case

A use case diagram is used to depict the interaction between the users and the
system. It shows the functionalities of the system from a users' point of view and
the different activities a user can perform. APPENDIX D FIGURE 2: SHOWS
THE USE CASE DIAGRAM

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Data Design

Data design is the first design activity, which results in less complex, modular, and
efficient program structure. The information domain model developed during
analysis phase is transformed into data structures needed for implementing the
software. The data objects. attributes, and relationships depicted into entity
relationship diagrams and the information stored in data dictionary provide a base
for data design activity. A data dictionary should be developed to depict hoe
different data objects interact with each other and what constraints are to be
imposed on the elements of data structure. APPENDIX D FIGURE 7: SHOWS
THE DATA DESIGN DIAGRAM.

Activity Diagram

An activity diagram is to elaborate and give more in-depth visualization to the use
(Tanwir, adman, dragos &ivan 2019 This activity diagram shows the process of
registration and logging in of others. APPENDIX D FIGURE 3: SHOWS THE
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

Dataflow Diagram

Data flow diagram is used to show the flow of data in the system. APPENDIX D
FIGURE 4: SHOWS THE DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Control Flow Diagram

A control flow diagram helps us understand the detail process, it shows us where
control starts and ends and where it may branch off in another direction, given
certain situations. APPENDIX D FIGURE 5: SHOW'S THE CONTROL FLOW
DIAGRAM

User Interface Design

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This sections the user interface which is the front-end design which the user will
use to interact with the web application. The user interface design principles can be
broken into two groups. The interface in the web application is designed to limit
free form user input, using mostly drop down menus, radio buttons and check
boxes. This is done for two reasons to simplify the booking ticket process as much
as possible, and to limit SQL injections attempts. Free form inputs are necessary in
the menu management component, however, as all of the values must be user
supplied. The interface for this component contains traditional forms comprised of
text fields and corresponding labels along with save and discard buttons for each of
form.

 Registration page: Appendix D Figure 6.1 shows a picture of the signup

page where prospective users can Register and provide the necessary data
needed to become registered users.
 Login page: Appendix D Figure 6.2 shows a picture of the login page where
registered users fill in their login information to gain access.
 Home page: Appendix D Figure 6.3 shows a picture of the homepage, which
shows the different Bus and Destination the user can select and book from
and also the contact of the Bus System.
 Booking page: Appendix D Figure 6.5 shows a picture of the booking page,
this shows the users destination which they have booked and it shows the
status of the ticket booked, if it has been completed (Successful), cancelled,
pending.

4.2 Software Implementation

The Front End: front end development is the part of web development that
codes and creates front end elements of a website, which are features that are

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directly viewable and accessible by the end-user client. The front-end codes
used in this application include:

 HTML: hypertext markup language, is the standard markup language for

documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted
by technologies such as cascading style sheets (CSS) and scripting
languages such as java script, web browsers receive HTML documents
from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into
multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page
semantically and originally includes cues for the appearance of the
document.
 CSS: cascading style sheet is a style sheet language used for describing
the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML,
CSS is a cornerstone technology of the world wide web, alongside
HTML and JavaScript. CSS is designed to enable the separation of
presentation and content, including layout, colors, and fonts. This
separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and
control in the specification of presentation characters, enable multiple
web pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a
separate CSS file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural
content.
 JavaScript: JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted scripting language that
conforms to the ECMAScript specification. Java script has curly-bracket
syntax, dynamic typing. prototype-based object-orientation and first-class
functions. Alongside HTML and CSS. JavaScript is one of the core
technologies of the world wide web. JavaScript enables interactive web
pages and is an essential part of web applications. The vast majority of

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 websites use it and major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript
engine to execute it. As a multi-paradigm language, JavaScript supports
event-driven. functional, and imperative (including object-oriented and
prototype-based) programming styles. It has APIs for working with text,
arrays, dates, regular expressions, and the DOM, but the language itself
does not include any I/O, such as networking, storage, or graphic
facilities. It relies upon the host environment in which it is embedded to
provide these features.

The Back End: The back end is the code that runs on the server, that receives
requests from the clients, and contains the logic to send the appropriate data back
to the client. The back end also includes the database, which will persistently store
all the data for the application.

The back-end codes used for this application includes:

 PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language that is used to develop static

websites or dynamic websites or web applications. PHP stands for hypertext
pre-processor, that earlier stood for personal home pages. PHP scripts can
only be interpreted on a server that has PHP installed. The client computer
accessing the PHP scripts requires a web browser only. A PHP file contains
PHP tags and ends with the extension “. php". The term PHP is an acronym
for PHP: hypertext preprocessor. PHP is a server-side scripting language
designed specifically for web development. PHP can be easily embedded in
HTML files and HTML codes can also be written in a PHP file. The thing
that differentiates PHP with client-side language like HTML is, PHP codes
are executed on the server whereas HTML codes are directly rendered on the
browser.

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  MySQL: MySQL is an open source relational database management system
(RDBMS) based on structured query language (SQL). It is one part of the
very popular LAMP platform consisting of Linux, apache, MySQL, and
PHP. Currently MySQL database is available on most important OS
platforms. It runs on BSD Unix, Linux, Windows, or Mac OS. Wikipedia
and YouTube use My SQL. These sites manage millions of queries each
day. MySQL comes in two versions: My SQL server system and MySQL
embedded system.

Hardware Components and Analysis:

HP and Lenovo Laptop

4.3 Software Requirements

The following section presents the complete set of functional and non-functional
requirement identified for the subject Bus Management system. The functional
requirement is listed first. Then the non-functional requirement is listed after the
functional requirement.

4.3.1 Functional Requirement Specifications Table 3.1: Functional Requirement

specifications

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 CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

At the end of this project work. I was able to design and develop a software that
can successfully handle online food ordering for Don Bosco Institute of
Technology. In the process of the design. the firsthand information of fast food
business was obtained. This work will also serve as a stepping stone for people
who wish to research more on this topic.

5.2 Recommendations

1. The web application should be converted to mobile application

2. Encourage customers to download the application

3. Make is easy for customers to order food anywhere, anytime.

4. Assign orders and track deliveries with Technology

5. Proper address and client communication.

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6. Package food safely in delivery vehicles

5.3

Conclusion

A canteen ordering system is developed where the customers can make an order
for the food and avoid the hassles of waiting for the order to be taken by the waiter.
Using the web application, the end users register online, read the e-menu, and
select the food from the e-menu to order food online. Once the customer selects the
required food item the chef will be able to see the results on the screen and start
processing the order. This application nullifies the need of a waiter or reduces the
workload of the waiter. The advantage is that in a crowded canteen there will be
chances that the waiters are overloaded with orders and they are unable to meet the
requirement of the customer in a satisfactory manner. Therefore, by using this
application, the users can directly place order for food and get it delivered.

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